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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution - Louis P. Ronse De Craene - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_d24934d8eb640d38657af1a0dd93bca0/kl_about_this_book_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/atb_d24934d8eb640d38657af1a0dd93bca0__en.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Floral_Diagrams.html?id=24p-LgWPA50C"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Floral_Diagrams.html?id=24p-LgWPA50C"/><meta name="title" content="Floral Diagrams"/><meta name="description" content="Floral morphology remains the cornerstone for plant identification and studies of plant evolution. This guide gives a global overview of the floral diversity of the angiosperms through the use of detailed floral diagrams. These schematic diagrams replace long descriptions or complicated drawings as a tool for understanding floral structure and evolution. They show important features of flowers, such as the relative positions of the different organs, their fusion, symmetry, and structural details. The relevance of the diagrams is discussed, and pertinent evolutionary trends are illustrated. The range of plant species represented reflects the most recent classification of flowering plants based mainly on molecular data, which is expected to remain stable in the future. This book is invaluable for researchers and students working on plant structure, development and systematics, as well as being an important resource for plant ecologists, evolutionary botanists and horticulturists."/><meta property="og:title" content="Floral Diagrams"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=24p-LgWPA50C&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE70odrhIdpZ7M3w9a9DKtRWr5QqBUrKr8hcPOh6IegF5VDuSNtyMGdgWKzuAkkwrgbu7_NeQ9Qt43fjzVG6kJn8BoPPmfYYgcmNPizQOZP-1uXAfB_9kT830vdiDGVlp97JrU0L_"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=24p-LgWPA50C&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE70odrhIdpZ7M3w9a9DKtRWr5QqBUrKr8hcPOh6IegF5VDuSNtyMGdgWKzuAkkwrgbu7_NeQ9Qt43fjzVG6kJn8BoPPmfYYgcmNPizQOZP-1uXAfB_9kT830vdiDGVlp97JrU0L_"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3D24p-LgWPA50C%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&redir_esc=y&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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Ronse De Craene</span></a></div><div><span dir=ltr>Cambridge University Press</span>, <span dir=ltr>4 Feb 2010</span> - <a class="secondary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Science%22&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0"><span dir=ltr>Science</span></a></div></div><div id=synopsis><div id=synopsis-window><div id=synopsistext dir=ltr class="sa">Floral morphology remains the cornerstone for plant identification and studies of plant evolution. This guide gives a global overview of the floral diversity of the angiosperms through the use of detailed floral diagrams. These schematic diagrams replace long descriptions or complicated drawings as a tool for understanding floral structure and evolution. They show important features of flowers, such as the relative positions of the different organs, their fusion, symmetry, and structural details. The relevance of the diagrams is discussed, and pertinent evolutionary trends are illustrated. The range of plant species represented reflects the most recent classification of flowering plants based mainly on molecular data, which is expected to remain stable in the future. This book is invaluable for researchers and students working on plant structure, development and systematics, as well as being an important resource for plant ecologists, evolutionary botanists and horticulturists.</div></div></div><div class="search_box_wrapper"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="redir_esc" value="y"><input type=hidden name="id" value="24p-LgWPA50C"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Search inside" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div> </div></td><td><input type=submit value="Search inside"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form><div id="preview-link"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&printsec=frontcover" class="primary"><span dir=ltr>Preview this book</span> »</a></div></div></td> </tr></table><div id="summary-second-column"></div></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="selected_pages_anchor"></a>Selected pages</h3><div id=selected_pages class=about_content><div id=selected_pages_v><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PR3&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U0zl-PFpEHMMlpwkRzeXVKszKCBXQ" alt="Title Page" title="Title Page" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Title Page</a></div><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PR7&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PR7&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U2jNKQv1S34HZp4Ti6bvyfeXBp0rw" alt="Table of Contents" title="Table of Contents" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PR7&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Table of Contents</a></div><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA414&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA414&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U0dZfT9GgvakO2fJuy7VDNdxmvYBg" alt="Index" title="Index" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA414&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Index</a></div><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA368&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA368&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U0FSYecJrjMokunhlj910Ecm3aKNQ" alt="References" title="References" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA368&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >References</a></div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="toc_anchor"></a>Contents</h3><div id=toc class=about_content><div id=toc_v><div class="first_toc_column"><div class="first_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>1 Introduction to flower morphology</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>3</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>2 Floral diagrams</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>36</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>3 Floral diagrams used in this book</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>51</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Part II Floral diagrams in the major clades</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>55</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>4 Systematic significance of floral diagrams</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>57</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>the ascent of flowers</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>63</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>variation on a trimerous Bauplan</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>88</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>a transition between two worlds</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>129</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="second_toc_column"><div class="second_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>tubes and pseudanthia</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>292</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Part III Conclusions</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>349</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>12 Distinctive systematic characters and cryptic apomorphies</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>351</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>13 Floral diagrams and major angiosperm groups</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>353</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>14 Outlook</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>364</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>References</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>365</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Glossary</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>403</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA414&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2" ><span title="Taxonomic index" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Taxonomic index</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>414</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><br style="clear:both;"/></div><span onclick="_OC_setListSectionVisible('toc_h', 1)" class=morelesslink id=toc_hc0 style="display:none"><br>More</span><div id=toc_hd1><div class="first_toc_column"><div class="first_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>the event of pentamerous flowers</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>149</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>how to reinvent lost petals</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>163</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>the diplostemonous alliance</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>193</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="second_toc_column"><div class="second_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&pg=PA430&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2" ><span title="Subject index" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Subject index</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>430</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&printsec=copyright" ><span title="Copyright" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Copyright</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><br style="clear:both;"/><span onclick="_OC_setListSectionVisible('toc_h', 0)" class=morelesslink id=toc_hc1 style="display:none"><br>Less</span></div><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_setListSectionVisible']) {_OC_setListSectionVisible('toc_h', 0);}</script></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="book_other_versions_anchor"></a>Other editions - <a href='https://books.google.com.sg/books?q=editions:ISBN1139484559&id=24p-LgWPA50C'>View all</a></h3><div id=book_other_versions class=about_content><div id=book_other_versions_v><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3BNkEAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=3BNkEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3BNkEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3"><span dir=ltr>Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Louis+P.+Ronse+De+Craene%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Louis P. Ronse De Craene</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#99522e">Limited preview</span> - 2022</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=i4lmEAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=i4lmEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=i4lmEAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3"><span dir=ltr>Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Louis+P.+Ronse+De+Craene%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Louis P. Ronse De Craene</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#999">No preview available</span> - 2022</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><script>(function () {var fn = window['_OC_WSBookList'] || window['_OC_BookList'];fn && fn('book_other_versions', [{"title":"Floral Diagrams","authors":"Louis P. 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Floral diagrams are two-dimensional representations of flowers that replace extensive ...","subject":"Science","info_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=i4lmEAAAQBAJ\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","preview_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=i4lmEAAAQBAJ\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","thumbnail_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=i4lmEAAAQBAJ\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=1","num_pages":549,"viewability":4,"preview":"noview","embeddable":false,"my_ebooks_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fas_coll%3D7\u0026hl=en","has_flowing_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false,"subtitle":"An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution"}]);})();</script></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="word_cloud_anchor"></a>Common terms and phrases</h3><div id=word_cloud class=about_content><div id=word_cloud_v><style type="text/css">.cloud9 {color: #7777cc;font-size: 10px;}.cloud8 {color: #6963CC;font-size: 10.5px;}.cloud7 {color: #6057CC;font-size: 11px;}.cloud6 {color: #574BCC;font-size: 11.5px;}.cloud5 {color: #4E3DCC;font-size: 12px;}.cloud4 {color: #4632CC;font-size: 14px;}.cloud3 {color: #3D26CC;font-size: 16px;}.cloud2 {color: #341ACC;font-size: 18px;}.cloud1 {color: #2B0DCC;font-size: 20px;}.cloud0 {color: #2200CC;font-size: 22px;}.cloud {margin-top: 4px;line-height: 24px;}.cloud a {margin-right: 6px;text-decoration: none;}.cloud a:hover {text-decoration: underline;}</style><div class=cloud><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=abaxial&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>abaxial</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=adaxial&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>adaxial</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=aestivation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>aestivation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=androecium&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>androecium</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=angiosperms&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>angiosperms</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=antepetalous+stamens&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>antepetalous stamens</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=antesepalous&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>antesepalous</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=anthers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>anthers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=apical&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>apical</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=appendages&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>appendages</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=arrangement&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>arrangement</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=asterids&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>asterids</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=basal+angiosperms&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>basal angiosperms</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=base&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>base</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=bracteoles&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>bracteoles</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=bracts&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>bracts</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=calyx&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>calyx</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=carpels&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>carpels</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Caryophyllales&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Caryophyllales</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=characters&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>characters</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=clade&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>clade</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=core+eudicots&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>core eudicots</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=corolla&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>corolla</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Craene+and+Smets&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Craene and Smets</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=dimerous&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>dimerous</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=diplostemonous&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>diplostemonous</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Eichler&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Eichler</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Endress&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>Endress</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=evolution&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>evolution</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=families&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>families</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%81laments&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>铿乴aments</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%81rst&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>铿乺st</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%81ve&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>铿乿e</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%82oral&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>铿俹ral</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%82oral+development&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>铿俹ral development</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%82oral+diagrams&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>铿俹ral diagrams</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%82oral+organs&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>铿俹ral organs</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%82owers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>铿俹wers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=%EF%AC%82owers+e.g.&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>铿俹wers e.g.</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=formula&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>formula</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=fused&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>fused</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=fusion&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>fusion</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=genera&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>genera</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=groups&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>groups</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=gynoecium&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>gynoecium</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=hypanthium&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>hypanthium</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=imbricate&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>imbricate</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=inferior+ovary&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>inferior ovary</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=initiation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>initiation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=inner&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>inner</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=interpreted&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>interpreted</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Lamiales&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Lamiales</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=linked&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>linked</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=lobes&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>lobes</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=locule&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>locule</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Malvaceae&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Malvaceae</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=median&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>median</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=merism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>merism</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=monocots&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>monocots</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=monosymmetric&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>monosymmetric</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=morphological&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>morphological</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=nectaries&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>nectaries</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=number+of+carpels&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>number of carpels</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=number+of+stamens&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>number of stamens</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=occasionally&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>occasionally</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=outer+stamens&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>outer stamens</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=ovary&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>ovary</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=ovules&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>ovules</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=pairs&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>pairs</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=parietal&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>parietal</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=partial+in%EF%AC%82orescence&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>partial in铿俹rescence</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=pentamerous+%EF%AC%82owers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>pentamerous 铿俹wers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=perianth&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>perianth</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=petaloid&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>petaloid</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=petals&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>petals</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=phyllotaxis&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>phyllotaxis</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=phylogenetic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>phylogenetic</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=pistillate&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>pistillate</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=pistillate+%EF%AC%82owers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>pistillate 铿俹wers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=pollination&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>pollination</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Polygonaceae&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Polygonaceae</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=polysymmetric&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>polysymmetric</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=position&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>position</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=primordia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>primordia</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=rarely&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>rarely</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=reduced&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>reduced</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=re%EF%AC%82ected&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>re铿俥cted</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=ring+primordium&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>ring primordium</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Ronse+De+Craene&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>Ronse De Craene</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=rosids&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>rosids</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Rudall&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Rudall</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=secondary&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>secondary</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=sepals&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>sepals</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=sepals+and+petals&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>sepals and petals</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=septa&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>septa</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=septal+nectaries&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>septal nectaries</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=single&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>single</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Soltis&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Soltis</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=species&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>species</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=speci%EF%AC%81c&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>speci铿乧</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=spiral&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>spiral</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=stamen+number&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>stamen number</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=stamen+whorls&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>stamen whorls</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=stamens&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>stamens</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=stamens+e.g.&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>stamens e.g.</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=staminate+%EF%AC%82owers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>staminate 铿俹wers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=staminodes&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>staminodes</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=structure&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>structure</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=style&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>style</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=sympetaly&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>sympetaly</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=taxa&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>taxa</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=tepals&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>tepals</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=tetramerous&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>tetramerous</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=trimerous&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>trimerous</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=Tucker&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Tucker</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=unisexual+%EF%AC%82owers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>unisexual 铿俹wers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=valvate&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>valvate</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&q=variable&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>variable</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="about_author_anchor"></a>About the author <span style="color:#666; font-weight:normal">(2010)</span></h3><div id=about_author class=about_content><div id=about_author_v><div class=textmodulecontent><p>Dr Louis Ronse De Craene obtained an MSc at the University of Reading and a PhD at the University of Leuven (Belgium) and became attached to the laboratory of Systematics in Leuven as postdoctoral researcher. Since 2002, he has been director of the MSc course on the Biodiversity and Taxonomy of Plants at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. His research interests include the morphology and evolution of flowers and encompass a broad range of angiosperm families. His particular interests lie in floral ontogeny, an important tool in modern systematic research; he applies data from comparative morphology in a phylogenetic and evolutionary-developmental context, to address hypotheses on the evolution of floral forms and systematic relationships. As such he has built up an extensive expertise in floral structure and development. He is author of more than 80 publications, mostly in peer-reviewed international journals and is also an associate editor for the international journal Plant Systematics and Evolution.</p> </div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class="about_title">Bibliographic information</h3><div class="about_content" id="metadata_content" style="padding-bottom:.3em"><div class="metadata_sectionwrap"><table id="metadata_content_table"><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label">Title</td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Author</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Louis+P.+Ronse+De+Craene%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=6"><span dir=ltr>Louis P. Ronse De Craene</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Publisher</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>Cambridge University Press, 2010</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>ISBN</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>1139484559, 9781139484558</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Subjects</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Science%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Science</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Science+Life+Sciences%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Life Sciences</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Science+Life+Sciences+Botany%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Botany</span></a></div><br><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Science+/+Life+Sciences+/+Botany%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=6"><span dir=ltr>Science / Life Sciences / Botany</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td>&nbsp</td><td>&nbsp</td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Export Citation</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/Floral_Diagrams.bibtex?id=24p-LgWPA50C&output=bibtex"><span dir=ltr>BiBTeX</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/Floral_Diagrams.enw?id=24p-LgWPA50C&output=enw"><span dir=ltr>EndNote</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/Floral_Diagrams.ris?id=24p-LgWPA50C&output=ris"><span dir=ltr>RefMan</span></a></td></tr></table></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><script>_OC_addFlags({Host:"https://books.google.com.sg/", IsBrowsingHistoryEnabled:1, IsBooksRentalEnabled:1, IsBooksUnifiedLeftNavEnabled:1, IsZipitFolderCollectionEnabled:1});_OC_Run({"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3D24p-LgWPA50C%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en"}, {"volume_id":"24p-LgWPA50C","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=24p-LgWPA50C\u0026source=gbs_atb_hover","is_browsable":true,"is_public_domain":false}, {});</script><div id="footer_table" style="font-size:83%;text-align:center;position:relative;top:20px;height:4.5em;margin-top:2em"><div style="margin-bottom:8px"><a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/about.html"><nobr><nobr>About Google Books</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/privacy.html"><nobr><nobr>Privacy Policy</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/tos.html"><nobr><nobr>Terms of Service</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/partner/?hl=en-SG"><nobr><nobr>Information for Publishers</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/answer/180577?hl=en-SG&url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C&redir_esc=y&hl=en&v=24p-LgWPA50C&is=atb"><nobr><nobr>Report an issue</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/topic/4359341?hl=en-SG"><nobr><nobr>Help</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="https://www.google.com.sg/"><nobr><nobr>Google Home</nobr></nobr></a></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>