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J. M. Mackenzie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">W. J. M. Mackenzie<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">FBA</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William James Millar Mackenzie</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1909-04-09</span>)</span>9 April 1909<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-08-22)</span> (aged 87)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William James Millar Mackenzie</b> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">FBA</a> (9 April 1909 – 22 August 1996), also known as <b>Bill Mackenzie</b>, was professor of government at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> and professor of politics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ObituaryIndependent_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObituaryIndependent-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ObituaryHerald_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObituaryHerald-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in 1963 and a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> (FBA) in 1968. </p><p>The <b>W. J. M. Mackenzie Book Prize</b> of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Studies_Association" title="Political Studies Association">Political Studies Association</a> is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._J._M._Mackenzie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie,_Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie%2C_Morningside_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie%2C_Morningside_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie%2C_Morningside_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie%2C_Morningside_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie%2C_Morningside_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-The_grave_of_W_J_M_MacKenzie%2C_Morningside_Cemetery%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The grave of W J M MacKenzie, <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh" title="Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh">Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>He was born on 9 April 1909, the son of Laurence Millar Mackenzie WS (1860–1932) and his wife Anna Marion McClymont. They lived at 63 Morningside Park in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After schooling at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a>, Mackenzie studied <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, where he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Double_first" class="mw-redirect" title="Double first">double first</a>, and then obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. In 1933 he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> in classics at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, before switching fields to teach <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy, Politics and Economics">Philosophy, Politics and Economics</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he worked first at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a>, and later with the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>. </p><p>After the war Mackenzie initially returned to Magdalen College, but in 1948 he was appointed chair of government and administration at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. In 1966 he returned to Scotland as professor of politics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. </p><p>He died on 22 August 1996 and is buried with his family in <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Cemetery,_Edinburgh" title="Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh">Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._J._M._Mackenzie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Federalism and Regionalism</i> (1951)</li> <li><i>Free elections</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Theories of Local Government</i> (1964)</li> <li><i>Politics and Social Science</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Explorations in Government: Collected Papers, 1951-68</i> (1975)</li> <li><i>Power, Violence, Decision</i> (1975)</li> <li><i>Biological Ideas in Politics</i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Political Identity</i> (1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._J._M._Mackenzie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKavanagh1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kavanagh" title="Dennis Kavanagh">Kavanagh, Dennis</a> (26 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-wjm-mackenzie-1311688.html">"Obituary: Professor W. J. M. Mackenzie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Professor+W.+J.+M.+Mackenzie&rft.date=1996-08-26&rft.aulast=Kavanagh&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-professor-wjm-mackenzie-1311688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+J.+M.+Mackenzie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ObituaryHerald-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ObituaryHerald_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12034039.Professor_W_J_M_Mackenzie/">"Professor W J M Mackenzie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a></i>. Glasgow. 29 August 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Professor+W+J+M+Mackenzie&rft.date=1996-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F12034039.Professor_W_J_M_Mackenzie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AW.+J.+M.+Mackenzie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1909-1910</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136990630">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041840">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12622401t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12622401t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mackenzie, William James Millar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV028844">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2011660237&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070700842">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mackenzie, William James Millar, 1909-1996"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000341057&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623845005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274118005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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