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class="icon-search"></i></a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="header-search" class="hide wrapper"> <form role="search" class="searchform" method="get" action="https://schmidtocean.org"> <input type="text" placeholder="Type here and hit enter..." name="s" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" autofocus> <input type="submit" class="hidden"> </form> <a id="search-close"><i class="icon-plus-circled"></i></a> </div> </header> <div class="masthead " style="background-image: url(https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/seafloor-mapping-header-1140x492.jpg)"> <div class="header-content text-white"> <div class="wrapper wide"> <h1 class="title">Seafloor Mapping</h1> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <div class="wrapper"> <p><a href="https://schmidtocean.org/technology/">Technology Development</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap container" role="document"> <div class="content"> <main class="main" role="main"> <div class="wpb-content-wrapper"><div data-vc-full-width="true" data-vc-full-width-init="false" class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1449108175179 vc_row-has-fill"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">R/V </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Falkor</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is equipped with a suite of the most advanced multibeam sonar systems available to oceanographers. Other </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Falkor </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">sonar systems are designed to characterize fish and plankton assemblages, to measure currents, and to create images of the rock and sediment patterns found beneath the seafloor. </span></h4> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row-full-width vc_clearfix"></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1449109541777"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1449108146252"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left wpb_content_element"> <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> <div class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_border_grey"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="768" height="450" src="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/180615naranjomasswaisting03-1-768x450.jpg" class="vc_single_image-img attachment-medium" alt="" title="180615naranjomasswaisting03" srcset="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/180615naranjomasswaisting03-1-768x450.jpg 768w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/180615naranjomasswaisting03-1-320x188.jpg 320w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/180615naranjomasswaisting03-1.jpg 1008w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /></div><figcaption class="vc_figure-caption">Bathymetry imagery shows a clear difference between shapes showing what appears to be “normal” erosion and violent, sudden landslides</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What is Bathymetry?</h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Bathymetry studies the depths and shapes of underwater terrain. In other words, it is the underwater equivalent to topography. The ocean’s floor is as complex as it is deep: huge trenches, walls, flatlands and seamounts fill the seascape and have a direct impact on the water bodies above them. By conducting a multibeam sonar survey similar to a medical ultrasound, scientists are able to image the sea-bottom. Bathymetric data can be applied in several ways, from water transportation or biological oceanography to the study of climate change.</span></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1449108146252"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left wpb_content_element"> <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> <div class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_border_grey"><img decoding="async" width="768" height="432" src="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/nwrota_multibeamdata_thoffman-1-768x432.jpg" class="vc_single_image-img attachment-medium" alt="" title="nwrota_multibeamdata_thoffman" srcset="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/nwrota_multibeamdata_thoffman-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/nwrota_multibeamdata_thoffman-1-320x180.jpg 320w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/nwrota_multibeamdata_thoffman-1-1140x641.jpg 1140w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/nwrota_multibeamdata_thoffman-1.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /></div><figcaption class="vc_figure-caption">Incoming data from the multibeam sonar over Northwest Rota.</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What is multibeam mapping and what does it do?</h3> <p><em>Falkor’s </em>advanced Kongsberg multibeam sonars transmit sound pulses, or ‘pings’, that bounce off the seafloor and return to the ship. The sonar systems calculate the time each pulse takes to reach the seafloor and return, then translates those times into water depths, allowing us to uncover the bathymetry below us. The speed, or velocity, of the pings depends on water temperature and salinity, which we regularly measure.</p> <p>One sonar system is optimized for producing high-resolution maps of the bottom at depths down to 8,000 meters. Another system works best in shallower depths of less than 2,000 meters, such as those found on continental shelves. Both are known as multibeam systems, which means they put out a large fan of sonar beams, making it possible with a single pass to image swaths of seafloor that are several kilometers wide. The deep water multibeam sonar on the R/V Falkor is an EM302 which operates at 30 kilohertz. The continental shelf depth system is an EM710 that operates at 70 to 100 kilohertz. Collectively, the optimized depth ranges for these systems encompass about 90 percent of the world’s seafloor.</p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 30px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1449108146252"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left wpb_content_element"> <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> <div class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_border_grey"><img decoding="async" width="768" height="576" src="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/gondola-768x576.jpg" class="vc_single_image-img attachment-medium" alt="" title="Gondola" srcset="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/gondola-768x576.jpg 768w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/gondola-320x240.jpg 320w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/gondola-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/gondola.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /></div><figcaption class="vc_figure-caption">A view of the sonar gondola beneath Falkor's bow. </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>What is the Gondola?</h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the greatest challenges for sonar systems on most ships are bubbles. As a ship moves faster, or encounters heavy seas, bubbles formed at the surface wash down the hull, where they can interfere with the sending and receiving of sonar signals. To overcome this issue, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Falkor’s</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> sonar systems are installed on the bottom of a streamlined platform called the gondola fitted beneath the ship’s bow. The sonar systems are embedded into the bottom surface of this gondola, where they are isolated from bubbles, which pass between the hull and the top of the gondola. This allows </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Falkor</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to run mapping surveys at up to about 14 m.p.h. without bubble interference, though mapping is generally done at about 9 m.p.h. </span></p> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_inner vc_row-fluid"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-4"><div class="vc_column-inner vc_custom_1449108146252"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_left wpb_content_element"> <figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure"> <div class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_border_grey"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="529" src="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/multibeam_echosounder_falkor_lrg.jpg" class="vc_single_image-img attachment-medium" alt="" title="multibeam_echosounder_falkor_lrg" srcset="https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/multibeam_echosounder_falkor_lrg.jpg 696w, https://schmidtocean.org/wp-content/uploads/multibeam_echosounder_falkor_lrg-320x243.jpg 320w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></div><figcaption class="vc_figure-caption">Multibeam Echosounder image</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div></div></div><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-8"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>Scientific Echosounders on R/V Falkor</h3> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Deep water multi-beam echo sounder – Kongsberg EM 302 1×1 degree</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shallow water multi-beam echo sounder – Kongsberg EM 710 0.5×1</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Single beam echo sounder – Kongsberg EA 600, 12/38/120/200 kHz</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fishery research system – Simrad EK60 , 18/38/70/120/200/710 kHz</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Simrad SH90 high definition omnidirectional fishery sonar, 114 kHz</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sub-bottom profiling system – Knudsen CHIRP 3260, 12kHz</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler -Teledyne Ocean Surveyor, 75 kHz</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler -Teledyne Workhorse Mariner, 300 kHz</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1449108101778"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"><div class="vc_empty_space" style="height: 30px"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div></div></div></div></div><div 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