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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Portal:History</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <div id="portals_browsebar" style="font-size:95%;margin:-3px auto 0.2em;text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul style="line-height:1.35em;"> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Wikipedia portals</a></b><br/> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Natural sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">People</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr/> <div style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div id="history_portals_browsebar" class="hlist" style="font-size:95%;margin-top:-3px;text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;margin-bottom:0.2em;"> <ul> <li><span style="" title="Featured Article"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="image" title="Featured article"><img alt="Featured article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <b><strong class="selflink">History</strong></b><br/> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Germanic_culture" title="Portal:Ancient Germanic culture">Ancient Germanic Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Japan" title="Portal:Ancient Japan">Ancient Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Near_East" title="Portal:Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Archaeology" title="Portal:Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Austria-Hungary" title="Portal:Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><span style="" title="Featured Article"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="image" title="Featured article"><img alt="Featured article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bulgarian_Empire" title="Portal:Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dacia" title="Portal:Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History_of_Canada" title="Portal:History of Canada">History of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History_of_Imperial_China" title="Portal:History of Imperial China">Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_Civilisation" title="Portal:Classical Civilisation" class="mw-redirect">Classical Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colonialism" title="Portal:Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Crusades" title="Portal:Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Disasters" title="Portal:Disasters">Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><span style="" title="Featured Article"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="image" title="Featured article"><img alt="Featured article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indian_independence_movement" title="Portal:Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Khitan" title="Portal:Khitan">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_France" title="Portal:New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ottoman_Empire" title="Portal:Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russian_Empire" title="Portal:Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Seljuk_Empire" title="Portal:Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mughal_Empire" title="Portal:Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><span style="" title="Featured Article"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="image" title="Featured article"><img alt="Featured article" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:War" title="Portal:War">War</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3C;"> <tr> <td width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;"> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Intro&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_History_Portal"><big>The History Portal</big></span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <p><br/></p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> <center><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></center> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry"><img alt="Chivalry" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg/150px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg" width="150" height="222" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg/225px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg/300px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1434"/></a><br/></p> </div> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></b> is the discovery, collection, organization, analysis and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean a continuous, typically chronological, record of important or public events or of a particular trend or institution. Scholars who write about history are called <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>. It is a field of <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> which uses a <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the legends surrounding <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>) are usually classified as <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> rather than the "disinterested investigation" needed by the discipline of history. Events of the past prior to written record are considered <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>.</p> <p>Amongst scholars, the fifth century BC <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> historian <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> is considered to be the "father of history", and, along with his contemporary <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, forms the foundations for the modern study of history. Their influence, along with other historical traditions in other parts of their world, have spawned many different interpretations of the nature of history which has evolved over the centuries and are continuing to change. The modern study of history has many different fields including those that focus on certain regions and those which focus on certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in university studies.</p> <table width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin:0; background:transparent;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:-4px;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">More about History…</a></b></td> </tr> </table> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>View new selections below</b> (purge)</span></a></span></div> </div> <div class="portal-column-left"> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Featured_article/21&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_article">Selected article</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <div style="float:left;margin-right:1em"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes firing a broadside.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/150px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg" width="150" height="108" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/225px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg/300px-Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1332"/></a></div> A <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American dreadnought race</a></b> involving <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> began when the Brazilian government announced its intention to purchase three <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>—powerful <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> whose capabilities far outstripped older vessels in the world's navies—in 1907. Two ships of the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship"><i>Minas Geraes</i> class</a> were laid down immediately with a third to follow. The Argentine and Chilean governments immediately canceled a naval-limiting pact between them, and both ordered two dreadnoughts (the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivadavia-class_battleship" title="Rivadavia-class battleship"><i>Rivadavia</i></a> and <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirante_Latorre-class_battleship" title="Almirante Latorre-class battleship"><i>Almirante Latorre</i> classes</a>, respectively). Meanwhile, Brazil's third dreadnought was canceled in favor of an even larger ship, but the ship was laid down and ripped up several times after repeated major alterations to the design. When the Brazilian government finally settled on a design, they realized it would be outclassed by the Chilean dreadnoughts' larger armament, so they sold the partly-completed ship to the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and attempted to acquire a more powerful vessel. By this time the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> had broken out in Europe, and many shipbuilders suspended work on dreadnoughts for foreign countries, halting the Brazilian plans. Argentina's two dreadnoughts were delivered, as the United States remained neutral in the opening years of the war, but Chile's two dreadnoughts were purchased by the United Kingdom. In the years between the First and <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, many naval expansion plans, some involving dreadnought purchases, were proposed. While most never came to fruition, in April 1920 the Chilean government reacquired one of the dreadnoughts taken over by the United Kingdom. No other dreadnoughts were purchased by a South American nation, and all were sold for <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">scrap</a> in the 1950s. <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_article" title="Portal:History/Featured article">...Archive/Nominations</a></b></div> </td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Read more...</a></b></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Featured_biography/1&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_biography">Selected biography</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <div style="float:left;margin-right:1em"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg" class="image" title="In this circa 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley, Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter, which he viewed as a constitution that protected the peoples' rights"><img alt="In this circa 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley, Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter, which he viewed as a constitution that protected the peoples' rights" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg/150px-J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg" width="150" height="194" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg/225px-J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg/300px-J_S_Copley_-_Samuel_Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="775"/></a></div> <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></b> (September 27 [<a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> September 16] 1722 – October 2, 1803) was an <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> statesman, <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a>, and one of the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>. As a politician in <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">colonial Massachusetts</a>, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and was one of the architects of the principles of <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">American republicanism</a> that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>. <p>Born in <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Adams was brought up in a religious and politically active family. A graduate of <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, he was an unsuccessful businessman and tax collector before concentrating on politics. As an influential official of the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Town_Meeting" title="Boston Town Meeting" class="mw-redirect">Boston Town Meeting</a> in the 1760s, Adams was a part of a movement opposed to the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a>'s efforts to tax the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British American</a> colonies without their consent. His 1768 <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">circular letter</a> calling for colonial cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> of 1770. To help coordinate resistance to what he saw as the British government's attempts to violate the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Constitution" title="British Constitution" class="mw-redirect">British Constitution</a> at the expense of the colonies, in 1772 Adams and his colleagues devised a <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence" title="Committee of correspondence">committee of correspondence</a> system, which linked like-minded <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> throughout the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Continued resistance to British policy resulted in the 1773 <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> and the coming of the American Revolution.</p> <p>After Parliament passed the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive_Acts" title="Coercive Acts" class="mw-redirect">Coercive Acts</a> in 1774, Adams attended the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in Philadelphia, which was convened to coordinate a colonial response. He helped guide Congress towards issuing the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776, and helped draft the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitution" title="Massachusetts Constitution" class="mw-redirect">Massachusetts Constitution</a>. Adams returned to Massachusetts after the American Revolution, where he served in the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">state senate</a> and was eventually elected governor.</p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_biography" title="Portal:History/Featured biography">...Archive/Nominations</a></b></div> </td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Read more...</a></b></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Did_you_know/8&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Did_you_know...">Did you know...</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <div style="float:right; margin-left:0.5em;"> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mimoyecques2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Mimoyecques2.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mimoyecques2.jpg/100px-Mimoyecques2.jpg" width="100" height="75" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mimoyecques2.jpg/150px-Mimoyecques2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mimoyecques2.jpg/200px-Mimoyecques2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a></p> </div> <ul> <li>... that the underground <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Mimoyecques" title="Fortress of Mimoyecques">Fortress of Mimoyecques</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> was built by Nazi Germany to bombard London with 10 shells a minute using the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-3_cannon" title="V-3 cannon">V-3 supergun</a>?</li> <li>... that <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Desegregation of the United States Marine Corps" class="mw-redirect"><b>Howard P. Perry</b></a> was the first <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">recruit</a> in the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>?</li> <li>... that the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sections_of_Chester_city_walls_and_associated_structures" title="List of sections of Chester city walls and associated structures">Chester city walls</a></b> form the most complete circuit of <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> and <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive town walls</a> in Britain?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Weishi" title="Sun Weishi">China's first female director</a></b> was adopted by the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">first Premier of the People's Republic of China</a>?</li> <li>... that the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Merchant%27s_House" title="Medieval Merchant's House">Medieval Merchant's House</a></b> in <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> was being used as a <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothel</a> when bomb damage during <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> revealed the building's important <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">medieval architecture</a>?</li> <li>... that the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a> "river of paradise", the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubur" title="Hubur">Hubur</a></b>, derived partly from real <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> before becoming a demonic fantasy?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Foley" title="Bill Foley">Bill Foley</a></b>'s photograph "The Last Smile" shows <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> only moments before <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">his assassination</a>?</li> <li>... that the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Sarez_earthquake" title="1911 Sarez earthquake">1911 Sarez earthquake</a></b> triggered a huge landslide, forming the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoi_Dam" title="Usoi Dam">tallest dam in the world</a>?</li> </ul> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:left;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Did_you_know" title="Portal:History/Did you know">...Archive/Nominations</a></b></div> </td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions" title="Wikipedia:Recent additions">More...</a></b></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> </div> <div class="portal-column-right"> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Featured_picture/1&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_picture">Selected picture</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <center> <table style="margin-right: 14px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 7px; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; background: beige; border:4px ridge #4B5320;"> <tr> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Quaterionenadler David de Negker.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg/275px-Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg" width="275" height="214" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg/413px-Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg/550px-Quaterionenadler_David_de_Negker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3586" data-file-height="2792"/></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>The <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">Double-headed eagle</a></b> is a state symbol of the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, symbolizing its <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">continuation</a> of the Roman imperial tradition. This hand-colored woodcut depicts the eagle among various states that made up the Empire at the time of the woodcut's creation, in 1510. Through its important symbology in Roman <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, the eagle came to occupy an important position in European coat of arms, and still does today, most prominently as the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms of Russia</a>.</p> </center> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Featured_picture" title="Portal:History/Featured picture">...Archive/Nominations</a></b></div> </td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">Read more...</a></b></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/March_23&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="On_this_day">On this day</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a></b>: <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Republic Day</a></b> in Pakistan (<a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a>); <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_and_Hungarian_cousins_be" title="Pole and Hungarian cousins be">Day of Hungarian–Polish Friendship</a></b> in Hungary and Poland</p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_(c._1897).jpg" class="image" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad"><img alt="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg/69px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg" width="69" height="100" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg/104px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg/139px-Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_%28c._1897%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2127"/></a></p> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a> – <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>: <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> made his "<b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_me_liberty,_or_give_me_death!" title="Give me liberty, or give me death!">Give me liberty, or give me death!</a></b>" speech to the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses_of_Virginia" title="House of Burgesses of Virginia" class="mw-redirect">House of Burgesses of Virginia</a>, urging military action against the British Empire.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a> – <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> <i>(pictured)</i>, founded the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></b> Islamic religious movement in <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> – About 1,500 <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretans</a>, led by <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, met at the village of <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriso" title="Theriso">Theriso</a> to call for the island's unification with Greece, beginning the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a></b>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> – <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>: During its three-day general session, the <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> drafted the <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></b>, calling for greater autonomy in <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> – A <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_City_Refinery_explosion" title="Texas City Refinery explosion">fire and explosion</a></b> at the third-largest <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> in the United States killed 15 workers and kicked off process safety programs throughout the world.</li> </ul> <p>More anniversaries: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> –</span> <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a></b> –</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a></span></p> <div style="text-align: right;" class="noprint"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/March" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/March">Archive</a></b> –</span> <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/daily-article-l" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b> –</span> <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_anniversaries" title="List of historical anniversaries">List of historical anniversaries</a></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: right;"><small>It is now <span class="nowrap">March 23, 2015</span> (<a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>) – <span class="plainlinks" id="purgelink"><span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&action=purge">Reload this page</a></span></span></small></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Quote/3&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_quote">Selected quote</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.</p> <div class="templatequotecite">—<a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <cite>author, in <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen-Eighty_Four" title="Nineteen-Eighty Four" class="mw-redirect">Nineteen-Eighty Four</a></cite></div> </blockquote> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:left;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Quote" title="Portal:History/Quote">...Archive</a></b></div> </td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><span class="plainlinks"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Orwell" class="extiw" title="q:George Orwell">More...</a></span></b></p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Subportals/11&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_portal">Selected portal</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <center> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages"><img alt="Grandes chroniques Roland.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/150px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" width="150" height="159" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/225px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg/300px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1286"/></a><br/> <b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></b></p> <div style="margin: 5px; align:center; font-size: 90%"> <p>"The ultimate binding element in the medieval order was subordination to the divine will and its earthly representatives, notably the pope."<br/> — <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Irving Babbitt</a></p> </div> </center> <table width="99%"> <tr> <td> <div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Subportals" title="Portal:History/Subportals">...Archive/Nominations</a></b></div> </td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Read more...</a></b></div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/Things_you_can_do&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Things_you_can_do">Things you can do</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <table> <tr valign="top"> <td> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clipboard.svg" class="image" title="NaodW29-nowiki286369b71e7b327900000001"><img alt="NaodW29-nowiki286369b71e7b327900000001" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/48px-Clipboard.svg.png" width="48" height="48" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/72px-Clipboard.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Clipboard.svg/96px-Clipboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a></div> </td> <td style="padding-left: 5px;"> <div style="position:relative;left:-15px;margin-right:-10px;z-index:15">   Here are some <i><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History/Things_you_can_do" title="Portal:History/Things you can do">Open Tasks</a></b></i> : <ul style="font-size:85%;padding:.3em 0 .3em 25px;margin:0"> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Aren%27t_These_Pages_Copy-edited" title="Wikipedia:Why Aren't These Pages Copy-edited" class="mw-redirect">Copy/edit</a>:</b> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>, <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history" title="Modern history">Modern history</a>, <i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pages_needing_attention/Social_Sciences_and_Philosophy#History" title="Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Social Sciences and Philosophy">More...</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikify#wiki_markup" title="Wikify" class="mw-redirect">Wikify</a>:</b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Duplicate_articles" title="Wikipedia:Duplicate articles" class="mw-redirect">Merge</a>:</b> <i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Duplicate_articles#Articles_to_be_merged" title="Wikipedia:Duplicate articles" class="mw-redirect">More...</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Requests</a>:</b> , <i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Social_sciences/History" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/History">More...</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Find_or_fix_a_stub" title="Wikipedia:Find or fix a stub" class="mw-redirect">Stubs</a>:</b> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Liberation_Movement" title="Panhellenic Liberation Movement">Panhellenic Liberation Movement</a>, <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_stubs" title="Category:History stubs">More...</a></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Requested pictures</a></b> - of <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_history" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of history">history topics</a></li> <li><b>Are you a historian,</b> i.e. one who studies and writes history, and who has a keen interest in writing outstanding articles? <b>Join</b> our fine group by adding <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedian_historians" title="Category:Wikipedian historians">Category:Wikipedian historians</a> to the bottom of your <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_page" title="User page" class="mw-redirect">user page</a>.</li> <li style="list-style: none; display: inline"> <p><br/></p> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History/WikiProjects&action=edit"><span style="color: black">edit</span></a>  </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="WikiProjects">WikiProjects</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <div style="float:right"> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Community.png" class="image" title="WikiProjects"><img alt="WikiProjects" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Community.png" width="55" height="37" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="32"/></a></p> </div> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History">History</a></b></p> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ancient_Near_East" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Australian_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian history">Australian History</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_Greece_and_Rome" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical Greece and Rome">Classical Greece and Rome</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Dacia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Dacia">Dacia</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Former_countries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Former countries">Former countries</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Canada" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Canada">History of Canada</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chinese_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese history">Chinese history</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_European_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject European history">European history</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Heraldry_and_vexillology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Heraldry and vexillology">Heraldry and vexillology</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian history">Indian history</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Jewish_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish history">Jewish history</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medieval_Scotland" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medieval Scotland">Medieval Scotland</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mesoamerica" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history">Military history</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Science">History of Science</a></p> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Time" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Time">Time</a></b></p> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Days_of_the_year" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Days of the year">Days of the Year</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Years" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Years">Years</a></p> <p><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">Biography</a></b></p> <p><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Composers" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Composers">Composers</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Politics_and_government" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Politics and government">Political figures</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Saints" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Saints">Saints</a> • <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_United_States_Presidents" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject United States Presidents">United States Presidents</a></p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"> </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Topics">Topics</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_sciences&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Primary</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrative</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Interdisciplinary</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental (<a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_studies" title="International studies">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Planning <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" title="Science, technology and society">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other categorizations</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Social_sciences" title="Portal:Social sciences">Portal:Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sociology" title="Portal:Sociology">Portal:Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sociology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sociology">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_Sciences" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Portal:Social Sciences">Wikiversity</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Humanities&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;height:2.5em;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ee9;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><span title="View this template" style="background:#ee9;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style="background:#ee9;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_topics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style="background:#ee9;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;">Key concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">futurology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_future" title="Far future">far future</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_eternity" title="Arguments for eternity">arguments for</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <div><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg" class="image" title="Wooden hourglass"><img alt="Wooden hourglass" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/76px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg" width="76" height="154" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/114px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/152px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1959"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;">Measurement and<br/> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></b></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_time" title="Planck time">Planck time</a></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></b></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_year" title="Solar year" class="mw-redirect">Solar year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">Sidereal year</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_measurement" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br/> systems</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal time</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horology" title="Horology">Horology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock#Time-measuring_devices" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_clock" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul style="line-height:1.2em;"> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li>History</li> </ul> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul style="line-height:1.2em;"> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li> <li>Mythology</li> </ul> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)" title="Kāla (time)">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-series_and_B-series" title="A-series and B-series">A-series and B-series</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Presentism (philosophy of time)" class="mw-redirect">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;">Human experience<br/> and use of time</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_period" title="Accounting period">Accounting period</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">Procrastination</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_database" title="Temporal database">Temporal database</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_(time)" title="Term (time)">Term</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_discipline" title="Time discipline">Time discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Time perception</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specious_present" title="Specious present">Specious present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-tracking_software" title="Time-tracking software">Time-tracking software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">Time-use research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency (time banking)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesheet" title="Timesheet">Timesheet</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;">Time in</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_(geology)" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_(geology)" title="Eon (geology)" class="mw-redirect">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_(geology)" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(geology)" title="Period (geology)">period</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#dd9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_time_and_space" title="Absolute time and space">Absolute time and space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_epoch" title="Planck epoch">Planck epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_time" title="Planck time">Planck time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)" title="Rate (mathematics)">Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">gravitational</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#dd9;">other subject<br/> areas</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_methodologies_in_archaeology" title="Dating methodologies in archaeology">Dating methodologies in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ee9;;background:#dd9;">Related topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">Carpe diem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_position" title="Clock position">Clock position</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity" title="Time complexity">Time complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ee9;"> <div><b><span class="metadata"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MontreGousset001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/16px-MontreGousset001.jpg" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/24px-MontreGousset001.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/32px-MontreGousset001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="697"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Time" title="Portal:Time">Time portal</a></b></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dd9;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#dd9;;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#dd9;;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Chronology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";background:#dd9;;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li> </ul> </div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish era</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%27in" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haab%27" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:King_lists" title="Category:King lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_name" title="Era name" class="mw-redirect">Era names</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a> (Plains Indians)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#fff;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dating" title="Optical dating">Optical dating</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium-neodymium_dating" title="Samarium-neodymium dating">Samarium-neodymium dating</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_methodologies_in_archaeology" title="Dating methodologies in archaeology">Archaeological<br/> methods</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-lead_dating" title="Uranium-lead dating">Uranium-lead</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium-argon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a 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data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Events">Events</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Historical_geography" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_geography">Historical geography</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Historians" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historians">Historians</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet">►</span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historians_of_economic_thought">Historians of economic thought</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Historiography" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historiography">Historiography</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Legacies" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Legacies">Legacies</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Oral_history" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oral_history">Oral history</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="History_of_organizations" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_organizations">History of organizations</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="History_organizations" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_organizations">History organizations</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="History_painters" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_painters">History painters</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Philosophy_of_history" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_history">Philosophy of history</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Historic_preservation" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historic_preservation">Historic preservation</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Pseudohistory" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet">►</span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacred_history">Sacred history</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Theories_of_history" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theories_of_history">Theories of history</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Historical_timelines" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_timelines">Historical timelines</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Historical_works" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_works">Historical works</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Works_about_history" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_about_history">Works about history</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="Wikipedia_books_on_history" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_books_on_history">Wikipedia books on history</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="History_images" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_images">History images</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> <div class="CategoryTreeSection"> <div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" style="display: none;" data-ct-title="History_stubs" title="expand" data-ct-state="collapsed">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_stubs">History stubs</a></div> <div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="float:left; width:100%;"> <div style="clear: both; border: solid #C27E3A; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #DAAF85; color: black; padding: .1em;padding-top: .1em;padding-left: .1em;padding-right: .1em;padding-bottom: .1em;text-align: center;font-family: sans-serif;font-size:100%;margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="plainlinks" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;font-size:80%; color: black"> </div> <h2 style="font-family:sans-serif; font-size:100%; font-weight:bold; border: none; margin: 0; padding:0; padding-bottom:.1em; color:black;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Associated_Wikimedia">Associated Wikimedia</span></h2> </div> <div style="border: 1px solid #C27E3A; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: #EEDCC8;opacity: 1; color: black; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 1em;padding-top: .3em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The following <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia" title="Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect">Wikimedia</a> sister projects provide more on this subject:</div> <table class="noprint" align="center" style="clear:both; background: transparent; text-align:center; font-size:91%" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3" rules="none" border="0"> <tr style="vertical-align;top;"> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/History">Wikibooks</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:History" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:History">Wikimedia Commons</a></b></td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/History">Wikinews</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/History">Wikiquote</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/History">Wikisource</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/History">Wikiversity</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Special:Search/History">Wikivoyage</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/History">Wiktionary</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/History" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/History">Wikidata</a></b> </td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align;top;"> <td>Books</td> <td>Media</td> <td>News</td> <td>Quotations</td> <td>Texts</td> <td>Learning resources</td> <td>Travel guides</td> <td>Definitions</td> <td>Database</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align;top;"> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/46px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="46" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/70px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/92px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/31px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="31" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/48px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/63px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/History"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/45px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="45" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/68px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/89px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"/></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="hlist" style="text-align: center; clear:both; padding:0.25em 0 0.5em;"> <ul> <li><b>What are <a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a>?</b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">List of portals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_portals" title="Portal:Featured portals">Featured portals</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_portals" title="This is a featured portal. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a featured portal. Click here for more information." src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/15px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" width="15" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/23px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="438"/></a></div>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&oldid=649200026">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&oldid=649200026</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_portal" title="Category:History portal">History portal</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_portals" title="Category:History portals">History portals</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">History</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Semi-protected_portals" title="Category:Semi-protected portals">Semi-protected portals</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Featured_portals" title="Category:Featured portals">Featured portals</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3AHistory&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3AHistory" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Portal%3AHistory&oldid=649200026&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150323203033/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gschicht" title="Portal:Gschicht – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingang:St%C7%A3r" title="Ingang:Stǣr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal" title="featured portal"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="بوابة:تاريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarix" title="Portal:Tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ইতিহাস – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:История – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gschicht" title="Portal:Gschicht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Istor" title="Porched:Istor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hist%C3%B2ria" title="Portal:Història – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghaan:Kasaysayan" title="Ganghaan:Kasaysayan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Historie" title="Portál:Historie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porth:Hanes" title="Porth:Hanes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geschichte" title="Portal:Geschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Ajalugu" title="Portaal:Ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari:Historia" title="Atari:Historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="درگاه:تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Histoire" title="Portail:Histoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Skiednis" title="Tema:Skiednis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarih" title="Portal:Tarih – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="포털:역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC:%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտալ:Պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Povijest" title="Portal:Povijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sejarah" title="Portal:Sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Storia" title="Portale:Storia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פורטל:היסטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapura:Sajarah" title="Gapura:Sajarah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Amlat" title="Portal:Amlat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарых – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta:Historia" title="Porta:Historia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C4%81ls:V%C4%93sture" title="Portāls:Vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geschicht" title="Portal:Geschicht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Istorija" title="Vikisritis:Istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem" title="Portál:Történelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Историја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കവാടം:ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दालन:इतिहास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="بوابة:التاريخ – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="پورتال:تاریخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sejarah" title="Portal:Sejarah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="Portal:သမိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Geschiedenis" title="Portaal:Geschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="Portal:इतिहास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtale:Storia" title="Purtale:Storia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ков:Истори – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Historie" title="Tema:Historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Portal:Istòria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarix" title="Portal:Tarix – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95:%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫਾਟਕ:ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تانبه:تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal" title="featured portal"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Portal:História – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Istorie" title="Portal:Istorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Wi%C3%B1ay_kawsay" title="Punku p'anqa: Wiñay kawsay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:История – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Geskichte" title="Portoal:Geskichte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Histori" title="Portal:Histori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්වාරය:ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Portál:História – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Zgodovina" title="Portal:Zgodovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taariikh" title="Portal:Taariikh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88" title="دەروازە:مێژوو – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Историја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Historia" title="Teemasivu:Historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Historia" title="Portal:Historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada:Kasaysayan" title="Portada:Kasaysayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வலைவாசல்:வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Тарих – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถานีย่อย:ประวัติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Портал:Таърих – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarih" title="Portal:Tarih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Портал:Історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="باب:تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%E1%BB%81:L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Chủ đề:Lịch sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%80:%E5%8F%B2" title="門:史 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Geschiedenisse" title="Portoal:Geschiedenisse – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt:_taariix" title="Bunt: taariix – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:歷史 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tarix" title="Portal:Tarix – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323203033/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175361#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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