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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Bluebook's_prolixity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Bluebook's_prolixity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Criticism of <i>Bluebook</i><span>'</span>s prolixity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Bluebook's_prolixity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BabyBlue_copyright_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BabyBlue_copyright_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>BabyBlue</i> copyright controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BabyBlue_copyright_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Financial controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_technology_and_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_technology_and_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal technology and future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_technology_and_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style guide on legal citation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legal citation style guide. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blue_book_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Blue book (disambiguation)">Blue book (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Bluebook <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bluebook&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BHarvard+Law+Review%5D%5D%27%27%3Cbr+%2F%3E%27%27%5B%5BColumbia+Law+Review%5D%5D%27%27%3Cbr+%2F%3E%27%27%5B%5BUniversity+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review%5D%5D%27%27%3Cbr+%2F%3E%27%27%5B%5BYale+Law+Journal%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=info:oclcnum/910917659"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif/180px-The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif/270px-The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif/360px-The_Bluebook_18th_ed_Cover.gif 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="770" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the 18th edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">Legal citations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1926–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910917659">910917659</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalbluebook.com">legalbluebook<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guides</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-style: italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACS_style" title="ACS style">ACS style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIP_style" title="AIP style">AIP style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASA_style" title="ASA style">The ASA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Business_Style_Handbook" title="The Business Style Handbook">The Business Style Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Guide_to_English_Usage" title="The Cambridge Guide to English Usage">The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citing_Medicine" title="Citing Medicine">Citing Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_English_Usage" title="Garner's Modern English Usage">Garner's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_style" title="IEEE style">IEEE style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide" title="MHRA Style Guide">MHRA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Manual_of_Style" title="Microsoft Manual of Style">Microsoft Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="MLA Handbook">MLA Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities" title="Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities">Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">Turabian: A Manual for Writers</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guide_abbreviations" title="List of style guide abbreviations">List of style guide abbreviations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Styles" title="Template:Styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Styles" title="Template talk:Styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation</b></i> (commonly known as the <b>Blue Book</b> or <b>Harvard Citator</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> that prescribes the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">legal citation</a> system in the United States. It is taught and used at a majority of <a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">U.S. law schools</a> and is also used in a majority of <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal courts</a>. Legal publishers also use several "house" citation styles in their works. </p><p><i>The Bluebook</i> is compiled by the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> Association, the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia Law Review</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i>. Currently, it is in its 21st edition (published July<span class="nowrap"> </span>2020). Its name was first used for the 6th edition (1939).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinions have differed regarding its origins at Yale and Harvard Law Schools, with the latter long claiming credit.<sup id="cite_ref-Liptak_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liptak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> uses its own unique citation style in its opinions, even though most of the justices and their <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a> obtained their <a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">legal education</a> at law schools that use <i>The Bluebook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, many <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a> have their own citation rules that take precedence over the guide for documents filed with those courts. Some of the local rules are simple modifications to <i>The Bluebook</i> system. <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Delaware">Supreme Court</a> has promulgated rules of citation for unreported cases markedly different from its standards, and custom in that state as to the citation format of the Delaware Uniform Citation code<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also differs from it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other states, the local rules differ from <i>The Bluebook</i> in that they use their own style guides. Attorneys in those states must be able to switch seamlessly between citation styles depending upon whether their work product is intended for a federal or state court. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> has allowed citations in Bluebook as well as the state's own style manual,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many practitioners and courts continue recommending the <i><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An online-subscription version of <i>The Bluebook</i> was launched in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mobile version was launched in 2012 within the Rulebook app, which enables access for legal professionals to federal or state court rules, codes, and style manuals on <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, and other mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 21st edition of <i>The Bluebook</i> governs the style and formatting of various references and elements of a legal publication, including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Structure and use of citations</li> <li>Typefaces for law reviews</li> <li>Subdivisions</li> <li>Short citation forms</li> <li>Quotations</li> <li>Abbreviations, numerals, and symbols</li> <li>Italicization for style and in unique circumstances</li> <li>Capitalization</li> <li>Titles of judges, officials, and terms of court</li> <li>Cases</li> <li>Constitutions</li> <li>Statutes</li> <li>Legislative materials</li> <li>Administrative and executive materials</li> <li>Books, reports, and other nonperiodic materials</li> <li>Periodical materials</li> <li>Unpublished and forthcoming sources</li> <li>Electronic media and other nonprint resources</li> <li>Services</li> <li>Foreign materials</li> <li>International materials</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the legal citation manuals go as far back as 15th century (<i>Modus Legendi Abbreviaturas in Utroque Iure</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1475</span>), there were very few examples prior to the 20th century; law professor Byron D. Cooper mentions only few short articles "Rules for Citation" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Law_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Law Review (page does not exist)">The American Law Review</a>, 1896) and "Methods of Citing Statute Law" (Ruppenthal, <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Library Journal">Law Library Journal</a>, 1919).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198220–21_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198220–21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Uniform System of Citations</i> thus became a "pioneer" manual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Harvard, the origin of <i>The Bluebook</i> was a pamphlet for proper citation forms for articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i> written by its editor, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Griswold" title="Erwin Griswold">Erwin Griswold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to a 2016 study by two <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> librarians,<sup id="cite_ref-Liptak_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liptak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvard's claim is incorrect. They trace the origin of <i>The Bluebook</i> to a 1920 publication by <a href="/wiki/Karl_N._Llewellyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl N. Llewellyn">Karl N. Llewellyn</a> at Yale on how to write law journal materials for the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors point out that some of the material in the 1926 first edition of <i>The Bluebook</i> (as well as that in a 1922 Harvard precursor to it published as <i>Instructions for Editorial Work</i>) duplicate material in the 1920 Llewellen booklet and its 1921 successor, a blue pamphlet that the <i>Yale Law Journal</i> published as <i>Abbreviations and Form of Citation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For several years before the first edition of <i>The Bluebook</i> appeared, Yale, Columbia, and several other law journals "worked out a tentative citation plan", but Harvard initially opposed it "because of skepticism as to the results to be attained and in part because of a desire not to deviate from our forms especially at the solicitation of other Reviews". Eventually, Harvard "reversed course" and joined the coalition by 1926. According to Judge <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Friendly">Henry J. Friendly</a>, "Attorney General [Herbert] Brownell, whom I had known ever since law school—he was Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Yale Law Journal</i> the year I was at the <i>Harvard Law Review</i> and he and I and two others [from Columbia and Pennsylvania] were the authors of the first edition of the <i>Bluebook</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cover of the 1926 <i>A Uniform System of Citation</i> was green. The color was "brown from the second (1928) edition through the fifth (1936) edition. It was only with the sixth (1939) edition that it became blue."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, the cover of the book was changed from brown to a "more patriotic blue", allegedly to avoid comparison with a color associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eleventh edition, published in 1967, was actually white with a blue border.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cover color returned to blue in the twelfth edition of 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full text of the first (1926) through the fifteenth (1991) editions is available on the official website.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Bluebook</i> uses two different styles. Practitioners use the first in preparing court documents and memoranda, while the second is used primarily in academic settings, such as <a href="/wiki/Law_reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Law reviews">law reviews</a> and journals.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter uses specific formatting to identify types of references, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a> for books, newspapers, and law reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rule of thumb used by many is to see if the formatting can be reproduced on a <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>—if so, practitioners use it, if it requires typesetting, it is used for academic articles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2011, <i>The Bluebook</i> was "the main guide and source of authority" on legal references for the past 90 years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recognized as the "gold standard" for legal references in the United States, even though it was originally designed only to help teach law students how to cite cases and other legal material.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other citation systems exist, they have limited acceptance, and in general, <i>The Bluebook</i> is followed in the legal citation as the most widely accepted citation style,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the "Bible", the "final arbiter", even the legal citation "<a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states have adopted <i>The Bluebook</i> in full, while others have partially adopted <i>The Bluebook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States such as Texas have supplements, such as <i>The Greenbook</i>, that merely address citation issues unique to Texas and otherwise follow <i>The Bluebook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General">Solicitor General</a> issues a style guide that is designed to supplement <i>The Bluebook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This guide focuses on citation for practitioners, so as an example, only two typefaces are used for law reviews, normal and italics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other changes are also minor, such as moving <i>supra</i> from before the page referenced to after the page number.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guide does state that unless explicitly specified otherwise, <i>The Bluebook</i> rule takes precedence in the event of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>California used to require use of the <i>California Style Manual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> issued a rule giving an option of using either the <i>California Style Manual</i> or <i>The Bluebook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two styles are significantly different in citing cases, in use of <i>ibid.</i> or <i>id.</i> (for <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i></span></i>), and in citing books and journals.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michigan uses a separate official citation system issued as an administrative order of the Michigan Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary difference is that the Michigan system "omits all periods in citations, uses italics somewhat differently, and does not use 'small caps.'"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted, Texas merely supplements <i>The Bluebook</i> with items that are unique to Texas courts, such as citing cases when Texas was an independent republic,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> petition and writ history,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General" title="Texas Attorney General">Attorney General</a> Opinions,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Bluebook's_prolixity"><span id="Criticism_of_Bluebook.27s_prolixity"></span>Criticism of <i>Bluebook</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s prolixity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism of Bluebook's prolixity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At over 500 pages for the 19th edition, <i>The Bluebook</i> is significantly more complicated than the citation systems used by most other fields. Legal scholars have called for its replacement with a simpler system.<sup id="cite_ref-yale_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> uses the simplified "<a href="/wiki/Maroonbook" title="Maroonbook">Maroonbook</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even simpler systems are in use by other parties. </p><p>Judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> is "one of the founding fathers of <i>Bluebook</i> abolitionism, having advocated it for almost twenty-five years, ever since his 1986 <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i> article<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the subject." In a 2011 <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i> article, he wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation</i> exemplifies hypertrophy in the anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth, remote from the functional need for legal citation forms, that serves obscure needs of the legal culture and its student subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-yale_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>He wrote that a cursory look at the Nineteenth Edition "put [him] in mind of Mr. <a href="/wiki/Kurtz_(Heart_of_Darkness)" title="Kurtz (Heart of Darkness)">Kurtz</a>'s dying words in <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i>—'The horror! The horror!'"<sup id="cite_ref-yale_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Posner personally uses a far simpler citation system based largely on the First Edition of the <i>Bluebook</i>. This system, which he includes in a manual he provides for his law clerks, was reprinted in the aforementioned <i>Yale Law Journal</i> article. At the time of the article, his citation system was 885 <i>words</i> long, or about two printed pages—far shorter than the 511 pages of the Nineteenth Edition, the 640 pages of the then-current <i>ALWD Citation Manual</i>, or the over 1,000 pages of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-yale_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BabyBlue_copyright_controversy"><i>BabyBlue</i> copyright controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: BabyBlue copyright controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg/220px-Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg/330px-Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg/440px-Cover_of_Baby_Blue%27s_Manual_of_Legal_Citation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i><a href="/wiki/BabyBlue" class="mw-redirect" title="BabyBlue">BabyBlue</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Indigo_Book_cover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Indigo_Book_cover.png/220px-The_Indigo_Book_cover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Indigo_Book_cover.png/330px-The_Indigo_Book_cover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/The_Indigo_Book_cover.png/440px-The_Indigo_Book_cover.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Indigo_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo Book">Indigo Book</a></i> cover</figcaption></figure> <p>Another dispute is over the copyright status of <i>The Bluebook</i>. Open-source advocates claim that <i>The Bluebook</i> is not protected under copyright because it is a critical piece of legal infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawyers who represent the Bluebook publishing consortium claim that the "carefully curated examples, explanations and other textual materials" are protected by copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group led by Professor Christopher J. Sprigman at NYU Law School prepared a "public-domain implementation of the <i>Bluebook</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Uniform System of Citation," which his group calls <i>BabyBlue</i>. However, a law firm (Ropes & Gray) representing the Harvard Law Review Association (HLRA) sent him a letter stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[W]e believe that <i><a href="/wiki/BabyBlue" class="mw-redirect" title="BabyBlue">BabyBlue</a></i> may include content identical or substantially similar to content or other aspects of <i>The Bluebook</i> that constitute original works of authorship protected by copyright, and which are covered by various United States copyright registrations. ... </p><p>[M]y client has been and remains concerned that the publication and promotion of such a work may infringe the Reviews' copyright rights in <i>The Bluebook</i> and <i>The Bluebook</i> Online, and may cause substantial, irreparable harm to the Reviews and their rights and interests in those works. ... </p><p> [I]t is our client's position that the title <i>BabyBlue</i>, or any title consisting of or comprising the word "Blue", when used on or in connection with your work, would so resemble the <i>BLUEBOOK</i> Marks as to be likely, to cause confusion, mistake, and/or deception…Accordingly, and to avoid any risk of consumer confusion, my client respectfully demands that you agree (i) not to use the title or name <i>BabyBlue</i>, or any other title or name including the word "blue", for your work.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In response to the HLRA letter to Sprigman, over 150 students, faculty, staff, and alumni of Harvard Law School signed a petition supporting <i>BabyBlue</i>. Yale and NYU students added their separate petitions supporting <i>BabyBlue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HLR_Feb_2016_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLR_Feb_2016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A posting in the <i>Harvard Law Record</i> commented: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The intellectual property claims that the HLR Association made may or may not be spurious. But independent of that, the tactics employed by the HLR Association's counsel in dealing with Mr. Malamud and Prof. Sprigman are deplorable. The Harvard Law Review claims to be an organization that promotes knowledge and access to legal scholarship. It is a venerated part of the traditions of Harvard Law School. But these actions by the Harvard Law Review speak of competition and not of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-HLR_Feb_2016_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLR_Feb_2016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The posting also suggested that HLRA should "redirect the money it spends on legal fees ($185,664 in 2013)" to a more worthy purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-HLR_Feb_2016_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLR_Feb_2016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Post commented: "It's copyright nonsense, and Harvard should be ashamed of itself for loosing its legal hounds to dispense it in order to protect its (apparently fairly lucrative) publication monopoly."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 31, 2016, it was announced that the project had changed its name to the <i><a href="/wiki/Indigo_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo Book">Indigo Book</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_controversy">Financial controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Financial controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first 50 years of the <i>Bluebook</i>'s history, the Harvard Law Review kept 100 percent of the revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_History_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_History-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the editors of the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Columbia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Reviews</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i> apparently discovered this, due to an indiscretion.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They complained that Harvard was illegally keeping all profits from the first eleven editions, estimated to total $20,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they threatened to sue, and considerable wrangling, Harvard agreed with them to split the revenue: 40 percent for Harvard, 20 percent each for Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Yale; Harvard would continue to provide the production and distribution services.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law reviews have not disclosed the revenues of the <i>Bluebook</i> themselves, but revenues from the sale of the <i>Bluebook</i> have been estimated "in the millions of dollars".<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_History_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_History-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 review of the Harvard Law Review's non-profit disclosures found that the <i>Bluebook</i> had made $1.2 million in profits in 2020, with <i>The Harvard Law Review</i> taking an 8.5% cut of profits for administrative services and the remainder split equally among the four law reviews. Profits from the <i>Bluebook</i> totaled $16 million between 2011 and 2020. Excluding the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, the law review's endowments total $59.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_technology_and_future">Legal technology and future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal technology and future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bluebook</i> has also been affected by the disruptions to the legal industry due to <a href="/wiki/Legal_technology" title="Legal technology">legal technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LawTechToday_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawTechToday-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup company</a> LegalEase<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched a <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">legal citation</a> generator that enables its users to create citations in the <i>Bluebook</i> format.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LawStar.io offers a similar product with the addition of 1-click citations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">Case citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_citation_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal citation signals">Legal citation signals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Guide_to_Uniform_Legal_Citation" title="Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation">Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities" title="Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities">Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities</a></i> (<i>OSCOLA</i>; UK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198221-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198221_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1982">Cooper 1982</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liptak-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liptak_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liptak_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liptak, Adam <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/us/politics/yale-finds-error-in-legal-stylebook-harvard-did-not-create-it.html">"Yale Finds Error in Legal Stylebook: Harvard Did Not Create It"</a> <i>The New York Times</i>, December 7, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmon1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salmon1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalmon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Salmon, Susie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5289&context=mulr">"Shedding the Uniform: Beyond 'A Uniform System of Citation' to a More Efficient Fit"</a>. <i>Marquette Law Review</i>. <b>99</b>. Milwaukee: Marquette University: 792<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marquette+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Shedding+the+Uniform%3A+Beyond+%27A+Uniform+System+of+Citation%27+to+a+More+Efficient+Fit&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=792&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.marquette.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5289%26context%3Dmulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohrbacher, Blake <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courts.delaware.gov/superior/pdf/de_uniform_citation_2008.pdf">"Delaware Uniform Citation"</a> 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.delaware.gov/forms/download.aspx?id=39368">Rule 14(g)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190900/http://courts.delaware.gov/forms/download.aspx?id=39368">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rules of the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cal. Rule of Court 1.200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmon2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salmon2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Salmon, Susie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5289&context=mulr">"Shedding the Uniform: Beyond 'A Uniform System of Citation' to a More Efficient Fit"</a>. <i>Marquette Law Review</i>. <b>99</b>. Milwaukee: Marquette University: 791<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marquette+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Shedding+the+Uniform%3A+Beyond+%27A+Uniform+System+of+Citation%27+to+a+More+Efficient+Fit&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=791&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.marquette.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5289%26context%3Dmulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009085954/http://www.law.yale.edu/news/6288.htm">The Bluebook Legal Citation Guide Now Available Online</a></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Yale Law School</span>, (Feb. 22, 2008) (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.yale.edu/news/6288.htm">original</a> Oct. 9, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Law Librarianship in the Digital Age</span> 142 (Ellyssa Kroski ed. 2013); Gabriella Khorasanee, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206163441/https://blogs.findlaw.com/technologist/2013/08/theres-an-app-for-that-top-10-apps-for-law-students.html?DCMP=NWL-pro_top">There's An App For That: Top 10 Apps for Law Students</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Findlaw.com</span>, (Aug. 23, 2013) (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.findlaw.com/technologist/2013/08/theres-an-app-for-that-top-10-apps-for-law-students.html?DCMP=NWL-pro_top">original</a> Dec. 6, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198220–21-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198220–21_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1982">Cooper 1982</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Hurt, <i>The Bluebook at Eighteen: Reflecting and Ratifying Current Trends in Legal Scholarship</i>, 82 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Ind. L.J.</span> 49, 51–52 (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred R. Shapiro & Julie Graves Krishnaswami, <i>The Secret History of the Bluebook</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ShapiroKrishnaswami_ONLINEPDF.pdf">100 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Minn. L. Rev.</span> 1563</a> (2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Karl N. Llewellyn, The Writing of a Case Note</span> (1920). This booklet had a blue cover, which Shapiro and Krishnaswami point out is "appropriate for its University," whose official color is blue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Shapiro and Krishnaswami: <blockquote><p><i>Bluebook</i> 1 (1926) has approximately 30 sentences in common with <i>Yale Law Journal</i> ’s <i>Abbreviations and Form of Citation</i> (1921), as well as many of the sample citations, all of the proofreading signs, and virtually all of the items in the long list of abbreviations. They both begin with the same sentence: “This pamphlet does not pretend to include a complete list of abbreviations or all the necessary data as to form.” The subtitle of the <i>Bluebook</i> is “Abbreviations and Form of Citation.” The <i>Jones v. Smith</i> Connecticut citation that is the basic case citation example used by the Yale precursors back to Llewellyn-Field is the basic case example used in Bluebook 1. The Haines <i>Yale Law Journal</i> citation that is the basic periodical citation example used by the Yale precursors back to Llewellyn-Field is the basic periodical example used in <i>Bluebook</i> 1. Most of the section on treatises is identical between 1921 and 1926.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Dorsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ctStY3580C&pg=PA71"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Henry Friendly, Greatest Judge of His Era</span></a> 71 (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro and Krishnaswami.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Darby Dickerson, <i>An Un-Uniform System of Citation: Surviving with the New Bluebook</i>, 26 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Stetson L. Rev.</span> 53, 58–60 (1996). According to Shapiro and Krishnaswami, however, "The abandonment of brown is often attributed to the association of that color with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, but that idea appears to trace to a joke by Alan Strasser," in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresults&handle=hein.journals/hcrcl12&id=515&size=2&collection=journals&terms=Alan%20Strasser&termtype=phrase&set_as_cursor=10"><i>Technical Due Process: ?</i></a>, 12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Harv. C.R.-C.L. Rev.</span> 507, 508 (1977). Strasser states, referring to the eleventh edition's change of cover color to white with a blue border promising a "new life," that "the 1939 <i>Blue Book</i> had electrified the nation by parading patriotic blue covers instead of the Germanic brown ones that had disgraced the 1936 edition." <i>Id</i>. (footnote omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302144344/http://blawg.law.sc.edu/2015/07/13/all-the-fun-facts-about-the-bluebook/"><i>All the Fun Facts about the Bluebook</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strasser, at 508. Strasser states that the first printing was a "timid" blue-gray but later printings were a "more self-assured" navy blue. <i>Id</i>. n.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716192512/https://www.legalbluebook.com/public/introduction.aspx">Introduction</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bluebook.com</span>, (2010), (archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalbluebook.com/public/introduction.aspx">original</a> June 24, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Deborah E. Bouchoux</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ4vlBrWu0MC&dq=cite+checker+bouchoux&pg=PR4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Cite-Checker: A Hands-on Guide to Learning Citation Form</span></a> 9 (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bouchoux</span>, at 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bouchoux</span>, at 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">William H. Putman</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Legal Research, Analysis, and Writing</span> 468 (4th ed. 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bouchoux</span>, at 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Putman</span>, at 468; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Bouchoux</span>, at 2; Kroski, at 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Putman</span>, at 468–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Brandon D. Quarles & Matthew C. Cordon</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Legal Research for the Texas Practitioner</span> 16 (2003); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">The Greenbook: Texas Rules of Form</span> iv (12th ed. 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">The Solicitor General's Style Guide</span> 1 (Jack Metzler ed. 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzler, at 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzler, at 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzler, at 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Edward W. Jessen</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">California Style Manual</span> 1 (4th ed. 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2013 Calif. R. of Ct. 1.200; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation</span> 30 (Mary Miles Prince ed., 19th ed. 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.law.ucla.edu/loader.php?type=d&id=92912">Legal Research and Writing Manual</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">UCLA School of Law</span> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elan S. Nichols, <i>Checklists for Drafting, Formatting, and Submitting Litigation and Other Documents: Instructive Material for Law Students Practicing in Law School Clinics, and Reminders for the Practicing Attorney and Her Staff</i>, 15 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">T.M. Cooley J. Prac. & Clinical L.</span> 57, 58 (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, at 58 n.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">The Greenbook</span>, at 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">The Greenbook</span>, at 20–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">The Greenbook</span>, at 76–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yale-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yale_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Posner, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalelawjournal.org/review/the-bluebook-blues">The Bluebook Blues</a></i>, 120 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Yale L.J.</span> 850–861 (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">80 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.uchicago.edu/page/maroonbook">The University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation</a></span> 1 (Bradley G. Hubbard, Taylor A.R. Meehan, & Kenneth A. Young eds. 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Posner, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2797&context=journal_articles">Goodbye to the Bluebook</a></i>, 53 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Chi. L. Rev.</span> 1343 (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Post called it "the most boring piece of intellectual property imaginable." Adam Liptak described it as "a comically elaborate thicket of random and counterintuitive rules about how to cite judicial decisions, law review articles and the like [that] is both grotesque and indispensable." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/02/09/the-new-and-much-improved-bluebook-caught-in-the-copyright-cross-hairs/"><i>The new (and much improved) 'Bluebook' caught in the copyright cross-hairs</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Washington Post</span>, <i>The Volokh Conspiracy</i> (Feb. 9, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition, according to NYU Professor Christopher Sprigman, "the copyright for the 10th edition of the tome, published in 1958, was never renewed, and ... that means it is in the public domain." See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abovethelaw.com/2016/02/yale-law-students-support-the-end-of-the-bluebook/?rf=1"><i>Yale Law Students Support The End Of The Bluebook</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Above the Law</span> (February 9, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_A._Gordon2015" class="citation web cs1">Leslie A. Gordon (February 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/legal_minds_differ_on_whether_the_bluebook_is_subject_to_copyright_protecti">"Legal minds differ on whether The Bluebook is subject to copyright protection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+minds+differ+on+whether+The+Bluebook+is+subject+to+copyright+protection&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.au=Leslie+A.+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Flegal_minds_differ_on_whether_the_bluebook_is_subject_to_copyright_protecti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter quoted in Jacob Gershman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/12/28/bluebook-critics-incite-copyright-clash/?mod=WSJBlog"><i>Bluebook Critics Incite Copyright Clash</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Wall Street Journal Law Blog</span> (December 28, 2015), and in Mike Masnick, <i>Harvard Law Review Freaks Out, Sends Christmas Eve Threat Over Public Domain Citation Guide</i>], in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Techdirt</span> (December 28, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLR_Feb_2016-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HLR_Feb_2016_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLR_Feb_2016_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HLR_Feb_2016_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hlrecord.org/2016/02/harvard-law-review-should-welcome-free-citation-manual-not-threaten-lawsuits/"><i>Harvard Law Review Should Welcome Free Citation Manual, Not Threaten Lawsuits</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Harvard Law Record</span> (February 16, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/02/09/the-new-and-much-improved-bluebook-caught-in-the-copyright-cross-hairs/"><i>The new (and much improved) 'Bluebook' caught in the copyright cross-hairs</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Washington Post</span>, <i>The Volokh Conspiracy</i> (February 9, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman" class="citation web cs1">Zuckerman, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2806393/Harvard-Response-20160331.pdf">"Response"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Public.resource.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Public.resource.org">public.resource.org</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response&rft.pub=public.resource.org&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F2806393%2FHarvard-Response-20160331.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secret_History-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Secret_History_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Secret_History_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1176897979">.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFShapiroKrishnaswami2016">Fred R. Shapiro & Julie Graves Krishnaswami, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2697068">The Secret History of the Bluebook</a></span>, 100 Minnesota Law Review 222 (2016)</cite>, Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 560</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Wexler" title="Joan Wexler">Joan G. Wexler</a>, Dean and then President of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School" title="Brooklyn Law School">Brooklyn Law School</a>, some members of the <i>Harvard Law Review</i> disclosed to her at a lunch one day in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> where they were all summer associates "[w]hat a cash cow" the <i>Bluebook</i> was for their review. She consulted Professor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_S._Brown" title="Ralph S. Brown">Ralph S. Brown</a> at Yale Law School, who taught copyright, and he said, "sue them!" See Shapiro and Krishnaswami.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Duane Benton, <i>Developments in the Law – Legal Citation</i>, 86 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Yale</span> L.J. 197, 202 (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2022" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Daniel (9 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danielstone.substack.com/p/legal-bluebook-profits-havard-yale-columbia-penn">"Harvard-led Citation Cartel Rakes in Millions from Bluebook Manual Monopoly, Masks Profits"</a>. <i>danielstone.substack.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danielstone.substack.com&rft.atitle=Harvard-led+Citation+Cartel+Rakes+in+Millions+from+Bluebook+Manual+Monopoly%2C+Masks+Profits&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanielstone.substack.com%2Fp%2Flegal-bluebook-profits-havard-yale-columbia-penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LawTechToday-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LawTechToday_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2014" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Bob (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawtechnologytoday.org/2014/12/smart-startups/">"Four Areas of Legal Ripe for Disruption by Smart Startups"</a>. Law Technology Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Four+Areas+of+Legal+Ripe+for+Disruption+by+Smart+Startups&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawtechnologytoday.org%2F2014%2F12%2Fsmart-startups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legaleasecite.com/bluebook-citation-generator">"LegalEase official website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LegalEase+official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legaleasecite.com%2Fbluebook-citation-generator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyberg" class="citation web cs1">Nyberg, Cheryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=375743&p=2550183">"Bluebook 101 Online Citation Generators"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bluebook+101+Online+Citation+Generators&rft.aulast=Nyberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.uw.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D375743%26p%3D2550183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawstar.io">"LawStar official website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LawStar+official+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawstar.io&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1982" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Byron D. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/1745/">"Anglo-American Legal Citation: Historical Development and Library Implications"</a>. <i>Law Library Journal</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 1745–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Anglo-American+Legal+Citation%3A+Historical+Development+and+Library+Implications&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1745-&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Byron+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Ffacpub%2F1745%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABluebook" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html">The Indigo Book: An Open and Compatible Implementation of a Uniform System of Citation</a></i>, a public-domain implementation of the <i>Bluebook</i> rules</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/">Introduction to legal citation</a>, by Peter W. Martin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suffolk.edu/law/library/19543.php">A Bluebook Guide for Law Students</a>, by Scott Akehurst-Moore</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&oldid=1257450660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluebook&oldid=1257450660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_law_journals" title="Category:American law journals">American law journals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliography" title="Category:Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_citation_guides" title="Category:Legal citation guides">Legal citation guides</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 23:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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