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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Blackwater (disambiguation)">Blackwater (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Special:EditPage/Blackwater (waste)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blackwater%22+waste">"Blackwater" waste</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blackwater%22+waste+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blackwater%22+waste&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blackwater%22+waste+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blackwater%22+waste">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blackwater%22+waste&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Blackwater</b> in a <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> context denotes <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> from toilets which likely contains <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> that may spread by the <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal–oral route</a>. Blackwater can contain <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, water and toilet paper from <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a>. Blackwater is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackwater and greywater are kept separate in "ecological buildings", such as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">autonomous buildings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicles</a> often have separate holding tanks for greywater from showers and sinks, and blackwater from the toilet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one source: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Blackwater is the mixture of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a> and flushwater along with <a href="/wiki/Anal_cleansing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal cleansing">anal cleansing</a> water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or dry cleansing materials. Blackwater contains the pathogens of faeces and the nutrients of urine that are diluted in the flushwater.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Water coming from domestic equipment other than toilets (e.g., bathtubs, showers, sinks, washing machines) is called greywater. In some sanitation systems, it is preferred to keep the greywater separate from blackwater to reduce the amount of water that gets heavily polluted and to simplify treatment methods for the greywater.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackwater is a term dating to at least the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> regional usage, an alternative term for blackwater is "soil water".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_processes">Treatment processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackwater contains pathogens that must decompose before they can be released safely into the environment. It is difficult to process blackwater if it contains a large quantity of excess water, or if it must be processed quickly, because of the high concentrations of organic material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_near_aquifer">Treatment near aquifer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treatment near aquifer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safeguarding groundwater quality is imperative when treating blackwater in proximity to an aquifer. An aquifer refers to a subsurface stratum composed of permeable rock, soil, or sediment that retains and facilitates the movement of water. Inadequate management of the treated water from blackwater treatment procedures can introduce contaminants into the aquifer, posing a significant risk. </p><p>When evaluating the safety of treating blackwater in close proximity to an aquifer, various considerations come into play: </p> <ol><li><b>Hydrogeology Assessment</b>: It is essential to comprehend the geological and hydrogeological features of the region. The permeability of the soil or rock layer between the treatment site and the aquifer plays a significant role in determining the potential for contaminants to reach the groundwater.</li> <li><b>Effectiveness of Treatment</b>: The efficiency of the blackwater treatment system is of utmost importance. The treated water must adhere to stringent quality standards to ensure thorough removal of contaminants before any discharge or potential infiltration.</li> <li><b>Creation of Buffer Zones</b>: Implementing buffer zones between the treatment facility and the aquifer is crucial for minimizing contamination risks. These zones act as natural barriers, allowing for additional treatment and reduction of potential contaminants.</li> <li><b>Adherence to Regulations</b>: Strict compliance with local, state, and national environmental regulations is a fundamental requirement. Authorities often establish guidelines and standards to safeguard groundwater quality, and adherence to these regulations is vital for the safety of water treatment practices.</li> <li><b>Monitoring and Maintenance</b>: Regular monitoring of both groundwater quality and the treatment system's performance is essential. A robust monitoring program facilitates early detection of issues, enabling prompt corrective action.</li> <li><b>Risk Assessment</b>: A comprehensive risk assessment, including modeling potential pathways for contaminant transport, is necessary. This helps identify and mitigate potential risks to the aquifer.</li></ol> <p>Entities planning to treat blackwater near an aquifer should engage with relevant environmental authorities, secure necessary permits, and involve experts in hydrogeology and environmental engineering. Stringent precautions must be taken to prevent any adverse impacts on groundwater quality, ensuring the long-term sustainability and safety of water treatment practices in such areas. Consequently, the most prudent choice is to refrain from treating blackwater near an aquifer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composting">Composting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, if blackwater does not contain excess water, or if it receives primary treatment to de-water, then it is easily processed through <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">composting</a>. The heat produced by naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Thermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilic">thermophilic</a> microorganisms will heat the compost to over 60 °C (140 °F), and destroy potential pathogens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Blackwater generation can be avoided by making use of <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">vermifilter</a> toilets. In certain autonomous buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">earthships</a>, this is almost always present and allows the water requirements of the building (which, with earthships, are self-generated) to be heavily reduced. Besides saving water, composting toilets allow the user to reuse the nutrients found therein (e.g., for growing crops/trees).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">Container-based sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_soil" title="Night soil">Night soil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTilley,_E.Ulrich,_L.Lüthi,_C.Reymond,_Ph.2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/"><i>Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies</i></a> (2nd Revised ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0"><bdi>978-3-906484-57-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Sanitation+Systems+and+Technologies&rft.place=Duebendorf%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Aquatic+Science+and+Technology+%28Eawag%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-906484-57-0&rft.au=Tilley%2C+E.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BCthi%2C+C.&rft.au=Reymond%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Zurbr%C3%BCgg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2Fsandec%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackwater+%28waste%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3915857">US Patent 3915857</a>, issued in October 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Drainage">Drainage - Designing Buildings Wiki</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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