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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>Unicode Names</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="keywords" content="Unicode, Character Map, search, find, characters"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cms/assets/misc/css/default.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cms/sites/nrsi/themes/default/_css/default.css" type="text/css"> <style type="text/css">  </style>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-FVXRGR2Q9V"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-FVXRGR2Q9V'); </script> <title>Unicode Names</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0"> <style> .archive_notice { /* box-shadow: black 0pt 4pt 20px -8px inset; */ display: block; background-color: orange; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: lighter; line-height: 100%; padding: 5pt; text-align: center; width: auto; } form { display: none } .webform::before { content: "Forms are disabled on this static version of the site."; display: block; width: fit-content; } </style> <div class="archive_notice"> This is an archive of the original scripts.sil.org site, preserved as a historical reference. 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padding:0 0 0 25; height:36px; margin:0; color:#FFFFFF;"> Computers & Writing Systems </div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 0; background-color:#000000; color:#FFFFFF"> <table width='100%'> <tr> <td style="padding: 0 0 0 25px"><a class="GlobalNavLink" href="http://www.sil.org/">SIL HOME</a> | <a class="GlobalNavLink" href="https://software.sil.org/products/">SIL SOFTWARE</a> | <a class="GlobalNavLink" href="/support.html">SUPPORT</a> | <a class="GlobalNavLink" href="https://www.givedirect.org/donate/?cid=13536">DONATE</a> | <a class="GlobalNavLink" href="/privacy-policy.html">PRIVACY POLICY</a> </td> <td align='right' width='20%'> <script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=0760bf09a6bff4b0c"></script><style>.gsc-control-cse {padding: 0.6em; min-width: 10em; width: 18em; max-width: 20em} form.gsc-search-box {display: unset;}</style><div class="gcse-search"></div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style="padding:0 25 25 25"> You are here: <a class='CategoryPath' href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dencoding%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Encoding</a> > <a class='CategoryPath' href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dunicode%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Unicode</a> > <a class='CategoryPath' href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dunicodetraining%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Training</a> Short URL: <a href='/unicodenames.html'>https://scripts.sil.org/UnicodeNames</a>   Unicode Transition Training<h1>Unicode Names </h1> Kent Spielmann, 2005-08-10<div class='Sidebar'> Please be patient To ensure that all the Unicode characters display properly in your browser, they are inserted as images. The following information is based on an English language operating system. How Unicode names are displayed on other language operating systems may be different. </div> Contents <div class='TOC'> <ol> <li class='TOC1'><a href='#d1b46443'> Letter Names</a> <ol> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#74f1b73c'> Regular Letter Names</a></li> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#6e1e7dca'> Written Out Latin Letter Names</a></li> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#4469f732'> Case Pairs</a></li> </ol> </li> <li class='TOC1'><a href='#9a588210'> Modified Letters</a> <ol> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#0a318223'> Overall Modifications</a></li> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#5fe63b81'> Added Feature Modifications</a></li> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#d2d78bcd'> Exceptions</a></li> </ol> </li> <li class='TOC1'><a href='#eaeddcc0'> Modifier Letters</a> <ol> <li class='TOC2'><a href='#2b46fe32'> Tone Bars</a></li> </ol> </li> <li class='TOC1'><a href='#4d2aa980'> Combining characters</a></li> <li class='TOC1'><a href='#d332d72e'> Combined letter forms</a></li> <li class='TOC1'><a href='#cad45793'> Abbreviations</a></li> </ol> </div> If you know how Unicode characters are named you can use tools like Windows Character Map to find the characters you want more easily. This page focuses on how Unicode letters are named, especially those in the Latin character set. <a name='d1b46443'></a> <h2> Letter Names</h2> Letters are the basic constituent of all texts written in alphabetic writing systems. Letters contrast with punctuation, combining diacritics, digits (numbers), ideographs (i.e. Chinese), syllables (i.e. Korean, Ethiopic), and various symbols, signs, and shapes. Unicode names are officially in uppercase and in English, but are not case sensitive. The names may only use the letters A to Z, the digits 0 to 9, space, and hyphen. <a name='74f1b73c'></a> <h3> Regular Letter Names</h3> Most letter names contain the following four elements in order: <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li>Language or writing system name</li> <li>Case, if the writing system has that distinction</li> <li>Class LETTER</li> <li>Letter name</li> </ul> For the Latin system the letter name is usually just the letter. In other systems the name is usually written out. Examples: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Language</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Case</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Class</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Letter Name</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Glyph</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Code point</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >CAPITAL</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >B</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0000-007F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -37px; top: -154px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0042</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >GREEK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >SMALL</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >BETA</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0380-03FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -30px; top: -117px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >03B2</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >CYRILLIC</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >CAPITAL</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >BE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0400-047F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -18px; top: -38px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0411</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >ARMENIAN</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >SMALL</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >BEN</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0500-057F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -36px; top: -234px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0562</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >DEVANAGARI</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >BA</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0900-097F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -72px; top: -106px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >092C</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Unicode names for 'Bs' in different scripts <div class='Note'>NoteLetters that are part of writing systems always have the word LETTER in their name. Do not use Unicode letter-like shapes that do not have LETTER in their name (e.g. <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -21px; top: -42px;'> U+00A2 CENT SIGN) for orthographies. Also, never use the Fullwidth Letters or Halfwidth letters, which are for backward compatibility with older encodings. </div><div class='Sidebar'><a href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dlatinwrittenoutnames%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Click here</a> for a complete list of Latin letters with written out names (Unicode 5.0). </div> <a name='writtenout'></a> <a name='6e1e7dca'></a> <h3> Written Out Latin Letter Names</h3> The Latin writing system includes a number of letters whose basic names are written out. Examples: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Language Case Class</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Letter Name</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Glyph</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Code point</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN CAPITAL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >AE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -126px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >00C6</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN CAPITAL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >ENG</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -32px; top: -178px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >014A</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN SMALL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >EZH</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -30px; top: -42px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0292</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN SMALL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >HENG</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -104px; top: -239px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0267</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN SMALL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IOTA</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -12px; top: -259px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0269</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Latin letters with written out names Do not use Unicode letter-like shapes that do not have LETTER in their name (e.g. <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -21px; top: -42px;'> U+00A2 CENT SIGN) for orthographies. Also, never use the Fullwidth Letters or Halfwidth letters, which are for backward compatibility with older encodings. A few IPA letters have a phonetic description as their Unicode name. Examples: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Language (case) Class</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Letter Name</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Glyph</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Code point</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >BIDENTAL PERCUSSIVE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -84px; top: -102px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >02AD</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >BILABIAL CLICK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -62px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0298</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >GLOTTAL STOP</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -56px; top: -42px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0294</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN CAPITAL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >GLOTTAL STOP</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -15px; top: -159px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0241</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -69px; top: -42px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0295</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >VOICED LARYNGEAL SPIRANT</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -60px; top: -60px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >1D24</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> IPA letters with phonetic names <a name='4469f732'></a> <h3> Case Pairs</h3> In the Latin writing system, most letters are specified as either CAPITAL (uppercase) or SMALL (lowercase) and generally have a corresponding lower/uppercase equivalent character. This means that if you “toggle” the case of a word, most Latin letters change their case. Those letters not specified for case in their name generally do not have a corresponding upper/lowercase equivalent, and therefore do not change. The following tables give exceptions to the rule: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Upper case</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' > Lower Case</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -134px; top: -277px;'> U+01F7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER WYNN</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -95px; top: -134px;'> U+01BF LATIN LETTER WYNN</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -102px; top: -74px;'> U+01A6 LATIN LETTER YR</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -2px;'> U+0280 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Upper/lowercase pairs where one member is not specified for case <div class='Note'>NoteIn Unicode 5.0 Capital Glottal Stop was given a lower case version. The neutral case version should be used for phonetic writing systems that do not need this distinction, such as IPA. <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Upper case</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' > Lower Case</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Neutral case</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -15px; top: -159px;'> U+0241 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -28px; top: -159px;'> U+0242 LATIN SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -56px; top: -42px;'> U+0294 LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Three way distiction for Glottal Stop </div>There are two CAPITAL letters for SENĆOŦEN (British Columbia) that do not have a corresponding lowercase equivalent. SENĆOŦEN orthography does not use lowercase letters. <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -40px; top: -139px;'> U+023A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH STROKE,</li> <li><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -139px;'> U+023E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DIAGONAL STROKE</li> </ul> Unicode SMALL CAPITAL letters do not have lowercase equivalents. They should only be for phonetic transcriptions, otherwise you should use character formatting. <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Characters</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' > Comment</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >U+0262 <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -32px; top: -239px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced uvular plosive</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >U+026A <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -22px; top: -259px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL I</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: Near-close front-unrounded vowel</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >U+0274 <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -74px; top: -279px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced uvular nasal</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >U+0276 <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -103px; top: -279px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: Open front-rounded vowel</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >U+0280 <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -2px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced uvular trill</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >U+0281 <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -2px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced uvular fricative</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >U+028F <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -101px; top: -22px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL Y</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: Near-close near-front rounded vowel</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >U+0299 <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -18px; top: -62px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced bilabial trill</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >U+029B <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -45px; top: -62px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G WITH HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced uvular implosive</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >U+029C <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -61px; top: -62px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL H</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiceless epiglottal fricative</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >U+029F <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -103px; top: -62px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: Voiced velar lateral approximate</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >U+1D00–U+1D2B: <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -52px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -66px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -79px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -93px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -107px; top: -2px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -24px; top: -14px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -36px; top: -14px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -50px; top: -14px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -63px; top: -14px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -80px; top: -14px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -95px; top: -14px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -29px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -77px; top: -29px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -44px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -15px; top: -44px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -30px; top: -44px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -44px; top: -44px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -57px; top: -44px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -60px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -17px; top: -60px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -35px; top: -60px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -47px; top: -60px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -89px; top: -60px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -101px; top: -60px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -76px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -17px; top: -76px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -31px; top: -76px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1D00-1D7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -47px; top: -76px;'>, etc.</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Uppercase letters without lowercase equivalents SMALL case letters without a corresponding uppercase equivalent in Unicode (besides phonetic characters): <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Character</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' > Uppercase</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/080-0FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; '> U+0DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >German: Uppercase is SS (Double capital S) </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -136px;'> U+0138 LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Greenlandic (old orthography): Uppercase is K’ (K+U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Lowercase letters without uppercase Unicode equivalents <a name='ModifiedLetters'></a> <a name='9a588210'></a> <h2> Modified Letters</h2> <div class='Sidebar'>Important Do not confuse these with <a href='#ModifierLetters'>Modifier Letters</a>. </div> There are two basic ways letters may be modified. Letters may be modified by either or both of these ways. <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li>Overall change: If the basic letter is modified in an overall manner, the name of the modification is put before the letter name.</li> <li>Added feature change: If accents or other additional strokes or hooks are added to the basic letter, WITH is put after the basic letter name, followed by the names of the features.</li> <li>Both of the above changes: If both of the above modifications are applied to a letter, its Unicode name is modified accordingly.</li> </ul> This is easier to see than explain, so look at these examples drawn from the Latin writing system, which has the most modified letters. Lists of other modifiers follow the examples. <a name='0a318223'></a> <h3> Overall Modifications</h3> Overall modifications to a letter are normally indicated by a word or words that precede the letter name. Examples: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Language (Case) Class</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Overall Modification</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Letter Name</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Glyph</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Code point</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >INVERTED</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >GLOTTAL STOP</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -82px; top: -42px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0296</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN SMALL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >REVERSED</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >OPEN E</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -57px; top: -219px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >025C</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN SMALL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >CLOSED REVERSED</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >OPEN E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -85px; top: -219px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >025E</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN SMALL LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >TURNED</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >H</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -239px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0265</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >STRETCHED</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >C</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -95px; top: -42px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0297</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >SMALL CAPITAL</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >N</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -74px; top: -279px;'></td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0274</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='right' >LATIN LETTER</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >R</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -2px;'></td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0281</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Examples of overall modifications to Latin letter names This table shows the most common overall modifications that precede letter names. <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Modification</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Examples</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Code point</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Small Capital</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -2px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0280</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -103px; top: -279px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0276</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -45px; top: -62px;'> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G WITH HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >029B</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Turned </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -29px; top: -199px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0252</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -97px; top: -2px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0287</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -86px; top: -22px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED Y</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >028E</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Reversed </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -94px; top: -19px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >018E</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -219px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED E</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0258</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -70px; top: -2px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER SQUAT REVERSED ESH</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0285</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -85px; top: -219px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED REVERSED OPEN E</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >025E</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Modifications that precede letter names This table shows additional overall modifiers that are restricted to certain letters in the Latin script. <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Term</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Used with</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Glyph</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Code point</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Barred</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >o</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -89px; top: -279px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0275</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Closed</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Omega</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -120px; top: -279px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0277</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Open E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -32px; top: -62px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER CLOSED OPEN E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >029A</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Dotless</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >I</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -12px; top: -115px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0131</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >J</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -219px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >025F</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Inverted</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Glottal Stop</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -83px; top: -134px;'> LATIN LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP WITH STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >01BE</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Long</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >S</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -99px; top: -304px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >017F</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Open</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >O</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -92px; top: -2px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN O</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0186</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >o</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -57px; top: -199px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >0254</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >E</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -36px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0190</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >e</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -44px; top: -219px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >025B</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Stretched</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >C</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -95px; top: -42px;'> LATIN LETTER STRETCHED C</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0297</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Sharp</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >S</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -116px; top: -189px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >00DF</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Script</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >g</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -18px; top: -239px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >0261</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Subscript</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >a</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/scripts/../sites/nrsi/media/U2090.jpeg' height='6' width='6'> LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >2090</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >e</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/scripts/../sites/nrsi/media/U2091.jpeg' height='6' width='6'> LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER E</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >2091</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >o</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/scripts/../sites/nrsi/media/U2092.jpeg' height='6' width='8'> LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >2092</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >x</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/scripts/../sites/nrsi/media/U2093.jpeg' height='6' width='7'> LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER X</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >2093</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >schwa</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/scripts/../sites/nrsi/media/U2094.jpeg' height='6' width='7'> LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SCHWA</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >2094</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Superscript</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >i</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2000-207F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -262px;'> SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER I</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >2071</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >n</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2000-207F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -71px; top: -283px;'> SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER N</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >207F</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Modifications restricted to certain letters <a name='5fe63b81'></a> <h3> Added Feature Modifications</h3> Accents, strokes or hooks added to the basic letter, are normally indicated by adding after the letter name WITH followed by the name of the feature or features. Features that follow letter names (preceded by WITH) <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Name </th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Example</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Related characters</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Acute</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -147px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Double</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -199px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><a name='bar'></a> Bar </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -22px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >See also <a href='#CombiningCharacters'>Combining Stroke</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Top</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -34px; top: -2px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH TOPBAR</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Belt</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -43px; top: -259px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Breve</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -73px; top: -38px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH BREVE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Below</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E00-1E7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -34px; top: -106px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH BREVE BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Inverted</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -87px; top: -2px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH INVERTED BREVE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><a name='caron'></a> Caron</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -58px; top: -20px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Cedilla</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -97px; top: -210px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><a name='circumflex'></a> Circumflex</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -59px; top: -252px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Below</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E00-1E7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -51px; top: -194px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Circle <a href='#ring'>See ring</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Comma Below</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -59px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><a name='curl'></a> Curl</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -70px; top: -199px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Compare with Esh Loop</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><a name='diaeresis'></a> Diaeresis </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -58px; top: -273px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Dot</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Above</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -17px; top: -75px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Below</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E00-1E7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -76px; top: -22px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Grave</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -231px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Double</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -31px; top: -75px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Hacek <a href='#caron'>See caron</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Hat <a href='#circumflex'>See circumflex</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Hook</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -17px; top: -2px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Above</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E80-1EFF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -31px; top: -77px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH HOOK ABOVE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Retroflex</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -54px; top: -259px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Palatal</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -41px; top: -94px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Fishhook</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -80px; top: -299px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Left</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -40px; top: -279px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Horn</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -74px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Long Leg</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -56px; top: -299px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH LONG LEG</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Right</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -55px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LONG RIGHT LEG</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Line See also <a href='#bar'>bar</a> and <a href='#stroke'>stroke</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Line Below</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E00-1E7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -19px; top: -194px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Macron</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -46px; top: -38px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Ogonek</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -77px; top: -95px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Used in Polish as well as some Americanist phonetic systems for nasalized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'><a name='ring'></a> Ring </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Above</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -82px; top: -126px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Below</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E00-1E7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -2px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Right Half</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E80-1EFF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -35px; top: -57px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Slash See stroke</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><a name='stroke'></a> Stroke </td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -38px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -14px; top: -157px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >See also <a href='#bar'>bar</a> </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Vertical</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0480-04FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -59px; top: -70px;'> CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH VERTICAL STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Diagonal</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -139px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DIAGONAL STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >See also <a href='#CombiningCharacters'>Combining Solidus Overlay</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Tail</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -30px; top: -134px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH TAIL</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Crossed</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -76px; top: -62px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CROSSED-TAIL</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><a href='#curl'>See also curl</a></td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Swash</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -159px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH SWASH TAIL</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Tilde</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -95px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > Below</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/1E00-1E7F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -43px; top: -64px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > Middle</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -32px; top: -259px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' colspan='3'>Umlaut <a href='#diaeresis'>See diaeresis</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Features that follow letter names <a name='d2d78bcd'></a> <h3> Exceptions</h3> Some older Unicode names are not consistent with the current naming practice. For example: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Modification</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Name</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Comment</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Barred</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -89px; top: -279px;'> U+0275 LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED O</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >should be O WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE c.f <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -273px;'> U+00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Bar</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -22px;'> U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >should be U WITH STROKE</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Loop</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -28px; top: -94px;'> U+01AA LATIN LETTER REVERSED ESH LOOP</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >should be ESH WITH LOOP</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Reversed</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -134px;'> U+01B8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EZH REVERSED</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >should be REVERSED EZH</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Exceptions to Unicode naming conventions <a name='ModifierLetters'></a> <a name='eaeddcc0'></a> <h2> Modifier Letters</h2> <div class='Sidebar'>Important Do not confuse Modifier Letters with <a href='#ModifiedLetters'>Modified Letters</a> </div> Modifier letters are small raised or lowered letters and other symbols that generally do not stand alone and usually to modify the preceding regular letter or base character: <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -122px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -43px; top: -182px;'>, <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -202px;'>.<a href='#footnote_1' name='_ftnref_1'>1</a> In some cases modifier letters do represent a separate sound, such as <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -44px; top: -142px;'> MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE when used as glottal stop. Also sometimes they are associated the following letter(s), such as when marking stress. Modifier letters behave differently from regular letters and symbols. <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li>Modifier letters that have letter shapes do not have case pairs. Thus, if you “toggle” the case of a word, modifier letters will not change case as would superscripted Latin letters.</li> <li>Modifier letters that look like symbols or punctuation are not considered to be word break characters when wrapping lines of text or selecting words.<a href='#footnote_2' name='_ftnref_2'>2</a></li> </ul> Modifier letters should be used for the raised letters and symbols used in IPA and other phonetic transcription systems. They can be thought of as spacing diacritics, in contrast to <a href='#CombiningCharacters'>combining diacritics</a>, which are non-spacing. Also, use <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -44px; top: -142px;'> MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE for an apostrophe that represents a glottal stop in a regular orthography. <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Name </th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Use</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -122px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >aspirated</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -14px; top: -122px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H WITH HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >breathy voiced release</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -26px; top: -122px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: palatalized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -78px; top: -122px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL W</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >labialized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -142px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Y</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Amer: palatalized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -242px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL GAMMA</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: velarized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -242px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL L</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: lateral release</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -42px; top: -242px;'> MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA:pharyngealized Amer: implosive</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -14px; top: -142px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'> MODIFIER LETTER PRIME</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Amer: stress, secondary stress</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -23px; top: -142px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'> MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Amer: primary stress (when secondary stress is marked)</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -44px; top: -142px;'> MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: ejective, Orthographic: glottal stop</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -182px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'> MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: primary stress</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -43px; top: -182px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'> MODIFIER LETTER LOW VERTICAL LINE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: secondary stress</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -202px;'> MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: long</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -12px; top: -202px;'> MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: half-long</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Some commonly used modifier letters Unicode versions 4.0 and 4.1 added nearly 100 modifier letters intended for representing secondary articulations, such as diphthongs, releases, glides, epenthetic sounds, etc. check out the characters at U+1D43..U+1D61 and U+1D9B..U+1DBF in an SIL font like <a href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dfontdownloadsdoulos%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Doulos SIL</a>. <a name='2b46fe32'></a> <h3> Tone Bars</h3> Tone bars are modifier letters used in phonetic transcriptions of tonal languages, particularly in Asia. There are five tone bar letters <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -52px; top: -242px;'> U+02E5 to <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -262px;'> U+02E9 which individually display as horizontal tonebars with a vertical staff on the right. Tone Bars have special properties: When using a smart font like <a href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dfontdownloadsdoulos%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Doulos SIL</a>, two or three sequential tone bar letters will combine to create a contour. <div class='mediacontainer'> <img src='/cms/scripts/../sites/nrsi/media/PitchCont3.jpeg' height='35' width='143'> Smart font behavior of Doulos SIL </div> <a name='CombiningCharacters'></a> <a name='4d2aa980'></a> <h2> Combining characters</h2> Combining Unicode characters are non-spacing characters of two basic types: <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li>Those that rest above or below the preceding character (overstrike and understrike) for example accents</li> <li>Those that are actually superimposed upon or connect to the preceding character (overlay and combining hooks)</li> </ul> <div class='Sidebar'> Note Composite overlay characters may not display properly in your browser. Overlay characters appear as boxes in Internet Explorer 6. </div> Overstrike and understrike diacritics can be used to create letter-diacritic combinations that are not in Unicode. They may also be used as an alternate way of encoding precomposed letter-diacritic combinations. Combining overlay and hook characters should be avoided since they often do not combine well with base characters and cause other typographical problems. Unicode now has a policy of approving precomposed versions of all necessary overlay and hook combination characters. Compare: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Character type</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >code points</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Browser rendering</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Composite overstrike</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0000-007F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -230px;'> + <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -2px;'> U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > á </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Precomposed</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -15px; top: -210px;'> U+00E1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > á </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Composite overlay </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0000-007F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -249px;'> + <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -74px; top: -102px;'> U+0335 COMBINING SHORT STROKE OVERLAY</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >h̵</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Precomposed</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -110px; top: -75px;'> U+0127 LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >ħ</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Overstrike and understrike diacritics are useful for phonetic transcriptions <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Example</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Uses</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -2px;'> U+0300 COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >high tone</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -18px;'> U+0309 COMBINING HOOK ABOVE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Amer: laryngealized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -51px;'> U+0318 COMBINING LEFT TACK BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: advanced</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -73px; top: -68px;'> U+0325 COMBINING RING BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: voiceless</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -85px;'> U+0328 COMBINING OGONEK</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Amer: nasal</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Combining overstrike and understrike characters The Unicode standard has deprecated overlay and palatalized and retroflex hook diacritics. Composite characters that use them are not considered equivalent to precomposed characters. Always use precomposed versions if possible. Precomposed Unicode characters are available for all common and many rare combinations. If you cannot find the precomposed version you need, contact <a href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dcatcontact%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>NRSI</a> to see if it can be added to Unicode. <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Deprecated combining characters </th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Precomposed character example</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Use </th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -68px;'> U+0321 COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -41px; top: -94px;'> U+01AB LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: palatalized superseded by <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -26px; top: -122px;'> U+02B2 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL J</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -30px; top: -68px;'> U+0322 COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -42px;'> U+0290 LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >IPA: retroflex superseded by <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -64px; top: -222px;'> U+02DE MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -60px; top: -102px;'> U+0334 COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -32px; top: -259px;'> U+026B LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >IPA: velarized or pharyngealized</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -74px; top: -102px;'> U+0335 COMBINING SHORT STROKE OVERLAY</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0280-02FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -13px; top: -22px;'> U+0289 LATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Amer: fricative or central vocoid, Some orthographies</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -88px; top: -102px;'> U+0336 COMBINING LONG STROKE OVERLAY</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0180-01FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -82px; top: -235px;'> U+01E5 LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Amer: fricative or central vocoid, Some orthographies</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -103px; top: -102px;'> U+0337 COMBINING SHORT SOLIDUS OVERLAY</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -71px; top: -139px;'> U+023C LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >Obs: fricative, Some orthographies</td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0300-037F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -119px;'> U+0338 COMBINING LONG SOLIDUS OVERLAY</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0200-027F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -139px;'> U+023E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DIAGONAL STROKE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >Obs: fricative, Some orthographies</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Combining overlay and combining hook characters <a name='CombinedLetter'></a> <a name='d332d72e'></a> <h2> Combined letter forms</h2> <div class='Sidebar'><a href='/cms/scripts/page.php%3Fid%3Dlatinlettercombinations%26site_id%3Dnrsi.html'>Click here</a> for a complete list of Unicode two and three Latin letter combinations (Unicode 4.1). </div> Letters that are combinations of two letters may be named <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li>by simply combining the two letter names</li> <li>by combining the two letter names and adding DIGRAPH to the name, or</li> <li>as LIGATURES instead of LETTERS.</li> </ul> Examples: <div class='dDataViewTable'> <div class='bd'> <table class='Table_Default'> <tr><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Combination</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Name</th><th class='Table_Header_Row' align='left' >Comment</th></tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >A E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0080-00FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -98px; top: -126px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE </td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' >d b</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/F200-F27F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -2px; top: -186px;'> LATIN SMALL LETTER DB DIGRAPH</td> <td class='Table_Even_Row' align='left' > </td> </tr> <tr><td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >O E</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' ><img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -32px; top: -199px;'> LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/0100-017F.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -51px; top: -199px;'> LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE</td> <td class='Table_Odd_Row' align='left' >These are the only two Unicode characters with LIGATURE in their name that should be used as letters</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> Unicode two letter combinations Most Unicode digraphs are two letters that touch but are otherwise unmodified. However, in some fonts the letters of some digraphs may not touch. Most Unicode ligatures (with exception of the OE and oe Ligatures used as phonetic letters) are only for backward compatibility and should not be used.<a href='#footnote_3' name='_ftnref_3'>3</a> <a name='cad45793'></a> <h2> Abbreviations</h2> <ul class='dListUnordered'> <li>IPA International Phonetic Alphabet. International standard for writing languages phonetically. </li> <li>Amer Americanist phonetic writing system. Popularized by American linguists in the 50s and 60s. Designed to use characters that could be written using a typewriter.</li> <li>UPA Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. Finno-Ugric phonetic transcription system that has been used primarily in Finland since 1903.</li> </ul> <hr clear='all'>Note: the opinions expressed in submitted contributions below do not necessarily reflect the opinions of our website.<div class='Message'> "[libcat]", Sat, Sep 24, 2005 19:32 (EDT) Under 'Exceptions': where you have "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EZH REVERSED should be REVERSED ESH", the 'should be' should read "REVERSED EZH", not "ESH". </div> <div style='margin: 0 0 0 30px;'> <div class='Message'> kent_spielmann, Mon, Sep 26, 2005 14:23 (EDT) [modified by martinpk on Mon, Sep 26, 2005 14:25 (EDT)] Re: REVERSED ESH/EZH Thank you for your careful attention to detail. The correction has been made. </div> </div> <hr> <hr align='left' class='footnote_rule'><table> <tr> <td class='footnote_number' align='top'><a href='#_ftnref_1' name='footnote_1'>1</a></td> <td class=footnote_text>The dotted circle <img src='/cms/sites/nrsi/media/usv/2580-25FF.0.12pt.png' border='0' style='position: absolute; left: -75px; top: -164px;'> used to represent a base character is Unicode number 25CC.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class='footnote_number' align='top'><a href='#_ftnref_2' name='footnote_2'>2</a></td> <td class=footnote_text>Unfortunately this is not true in Word (2003 and earlier versions) when selecting words. This is a bug which hopefully will be fixed in a future version of Word.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class='footnote_number' align='top'><a href='#_ftnref_3' name='footnote_3'>3</a></td> <td class=footnote_text> Ligatures are nominally typesetting characters that make certain letter combinations look better, particularly those with f, i and j. Most modern software will display or print them automatically so they should not be used in the actual data.</td> </tr> </table> <hr> © 2003-2024 <a href='http://www.sil.org/' target='_blank'>SIL International</a>, all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted elsewhere on this page. Provided by SIL's Writing Systems Technology team (formerly known as NRSI). Read our <a href="/privacy-policy.html">Privacy Policy</a>. <a href='/support.html'>Contact us here.</a> </div> </td> </table> </body> </html>