Mohamed ElBaradei - Academy of Achievement

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.achievement.org:80/achiever/elbaradei","20190103171344","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1546535624"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"/> <meta name="application-name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"/> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,600,400italic,600italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <title>Mohamed ElBaradei - Academy of Achievement</title>  <meta name="description" content="There is no more frightening issue in international relations today than the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the possibility that they will fall into the hands of aggressive dictators or terrorists. For 12 years, the man charged by the world community with averting this calamity was Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei. An Egyptian diplomat with a doctorate in law from New York University, he was a member of the delegation that negotiated the peace settlement with Israel at Camp David in 1978. In 1991, he headed the UN inspection team that demolished Saddam Hussein's nuclear weapons program. From 1997 to 2009, he served as Director General of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), founded 40 years earlier at the instigation of President Dwight Eisenhower. From observing the opening of a radiation clinic in Ghana, to leading grueling negotiations with the leaders of North Korea or Iran, ElBaradei carried out his duties with patient resolve, and won the respect of the world. In 2005, the Nobel Prize committee honored Dr. ElBaradei and the agency he led for his courageous efforts "to prevent nuclear energy for being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." After retiring from the UN, he returned to Egypt to lead a national movement for democratic reform. In 2013, he served as Vice President of Egypt in the interim government of Adly Mansour. "/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Mohamed ElBaradei - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">There is no more frightening issue in international relations today than the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the possibility that they will fall into the hands of aggressive dictators or terrorists. For 12 years, the man charged by the world community with averting this calamity was Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei.</p> <p class="inputText">An Egyptian diplomat with a doctorate in law from New York University, he was a member of the delegation that negotiated the peace settlement with Israel at Camp David in 1978. In 1991, he headed the UN inspection team that demolished Saddam Hussein's nuclear weapons program. From 1997 to 2009, he served as Director General of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), founded 40 years earlier at the instigation of President Dwight Eisenhower.</p> <p class="inputText">From observing the opening of a radiation clinic in Ghana, to leading grueling negotiations with the leaders of North Korea or Iran, ElBaradei carried out his duties with patient resolve, and won the respect of the world. In 2005, the Nobel Prize committee honored Dr. ElBaradei and the agency he led for his courageous efforts "to prevent nuclear energy for being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." After retiring from the UN, he returned to Egypt to lead a national movement for democratic reform. In 2013, he served as Vice President of Egypt in the interim government of Adly Mansour.</p> <p class="inputText"></p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/elbaradei-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">There is no more frightening issue in international relations today than the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the possibility that they will fall into the hands of aggressive dictators or terrorists. For 12 years, the man charged by the world community with averting this calamity was Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei.</p> <p class="inputText">An Egyptian diplomat with a doctorate in law from New York University, he was a member of the delegation that negotiated the peace settlement with Israel at Camp David in 1978. In 1991, he headed the UN inspection team that demolished Saddam Hussein's nuclear weapons program. From 1997 to 2009, he served as Director General of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), founded 40 years earlier at the instigation of President Dwight Eisenhower.</p> <p class="inputText">From observing the opening of a radiation clinic in Ghana, to leading grueling negotiations with the leaders of North Korea or Iran, ElBaradei carried out his duties with patient resolve, and won the respect of the world. In 2005, the Nobel Prize committee honored Dr. ElBaradei and the agency he led for his courageous efforts "to prevent nuclear energy for being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." After retiring from the UN, he returned to Egypt to lead a national movement for democratic reform. In 2013, he served as Vice President of Egypt in the interim government of Adly Mansour.</p> <p class="inputText"></p>"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Mohamed ElBaradei - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/elbaradei-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190103171344\/http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebSite","@id":"#website","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190103171344\/http:\/\/www.achievement.org\/","name":"Academy of Achievement","alternateName":"A museum of living history","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190103171344\/http:\/\/www.achievement.org\/search\/{search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}}</script> <script 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container"> <div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Mohamed ElBaradei</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Nobel Prize for Peace</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-2295 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-public-service"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade in active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">We cannot erect walls between the north and the south, between the rich and the poor.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">Preventing a Nuclear Nightmare</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 17, 1942 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Mohamed ElBaradei was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. His attorney father, who headed the Egyptian Bar Association, often found himself at odds with the dictatorial regime of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Following in his father’s footsteps, young ElBaradei earned his law degree at the University of Cairo in 1962.</p> <figure id="attachment_17602" style="width: 1204px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17602 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17602 size-full lazyload" alt="Mohamed ElBaradei as a young man, with his mother, Aida Hegazi, while he was studying Law at the University of Cairo, Egypt. (Photo courtesy of Mohamed ElBaradei)" width="1204" height="1816" data-sizes="(max-width: 1204px) 100vw, 1204px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139.jpg 1204w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139-252x380.jpg 252w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139-504x760.jpg 504w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Mohamed ElBaradei as a young man, with his mother, Aida Hegazi, while he was studying law at the University of Cairo, Egypt. (Photo courtesy of Mohamed ElBaradei)</figcaption></figure><p>He joined Egypt’s diplomatic service in 1964, and was assigned to his country’s United Nations missions in New York and Geneva. He was placed in charge of political and legal matters and gained his first experience in arms control issues. While serving with Egypt’s UN mission, ElBaradei undertook studies at New York University School of Law, receiving a doctorate in International Law in 1974. He credits his years in New York City with broadening his worldview, teaching him to see the world in terms more global than nationalistic.</p> <p>After completing his doctorate, he was appointed Special Assistant to the Foreign Minister of Egypt, a position he held until 1978. President Nasser’s successor, Anwar al-Sadat, broke the close ties to the Soviet Union that Nasser had cultivated. Instead, Sadat sought closer ties with the West and peace with Israel. ElBaradei served on the Egyptian negotiating team at the historic Camp David peace talks that led to Egypt’s peace treaty with Israel.</p> <p>ElBaradei left the Egyptian diplomatic service in 1980 to work directly for the United Nations. He served first as a senior fellow in charge of the International Law Program at the UN Institute for Training and Research. From 1981 to 1987 he was also an Adjunct Professor of International Law at New York University. He was first assigned to the UN’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984, serving as a senior staff member of the IAEA Secretariat, as the agency’s Legal Advisor and later as Assistant Director General for External Relations.</p> <figure id="attachment_17605" style="width: 1690px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17605 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17605 size-full lazyload" alt="United States Secretary of State Colin Powell confers with Mohamed ElBaradei at UN headquarters in New York, March 7, 2003. (© Reuters/CORBIS)" width="1690" height="2048" data-sizes="(max-width: 1690px) 100vw, 1690px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711.jpg 1690w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711-314x380.jpg 314w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711-627x760.jpg 627w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2003: Secretary of State Colin L. Powell confers with Mohamed ElBaradei at the UN headquarters in New York City.</figcaption></figure><p>In the wake of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, ElBaradei was sent to Iraq to uproot the country’s nuclear weapons program. His team blew up laboratories and pulverized equipment. In 1997, ElBaradei was chosen to succeed Hans Blix as Director General of the IAEA. The following year, Saddam Hussein expelled the weapons inspectors from his country. By then, ElBaradei was convinced they had destroyed Iraq’s entire nuclear weapons program, although the status of chemical and biological weapons remained more mysterious.</p> <figure id="attachment_17604" style="width: 2200px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17604 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17604 size-full lazyload" alt="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei speaks to the press outside the White House, March 17, 2004, following a meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush. (© JASON REED/Reuters/Corbis)" width="2200" height="1701" data-sizes="(max-width: 2200px) 100vw, 2200px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884.jpg 2200w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884-380x294.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884-760x588.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2004: ElBaradei speaks to the press outside the White House following a meeting with President George W. Bush.</figcaption></figure><p>As Director General of IAEA, ElBaradei found himself embroiled in a second confrontation with Iraq. After terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001, the United States insisted that Iraq comply with the UN weapons inspection regime. When IAEA inspectors returned to Iraq in 2002, they found no trace of the previous nuclear program. In a State of the Union address, U.S. President Bush asserted that Iraq was buying uranium in Africa. Several weeks elapsed before the U.S. presented the IAEA with a document, obtained in Italy, that purported to validate the allegation. IAEA investigators quickly identified the document as a forgery. ElBaradei dismissed the evidence before the UN Security Council.</p> <figure id="attachment_17600" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17600 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17600 size-full lazyload" alt="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei with nuclear inspectors and safety experts of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria, October 13, 2005. (© Micheline Pelletier/Corbis)" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226.jpg 2280w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2005: Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei with nuclear inspectors of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria.</figcaption></figure><p>Subsequent developments have suggested that ElBaradei’s evaluation of Iraq’s nuclear program was correct. ElBaradei recalled an appropriate proverb, “It’s dangerous to be proved wrong, but sometimes it’s even more dangerous to be proved right in the end.” It was rumored that the Bush administration opposed his reappointment to the IAEA. The <em>Washington Post</em> reported that his phone in Vienna was bugged by the CIA.</p> <p>In 2005, ElBaradei and the agency he heads were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts “to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.”</p> <figure id="attachment_17601" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17601 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17601 size-full lazyload" alt="Mohamed ElBaradei with his wife Aida and daughter Laila, at home in Vienna, 2005. (© Micheline Pelletier/Corbis)" width="2280" height="3420" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290.jpg 2280w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290-507x760.jpg 507w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2005: Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei with his wife, Aida, and daughter, Laila, at home in Vienna. (© Micheline Pelletier)</figcaption></figure><p>Dr. ElBaradei served three terms as the Director General of the IAEA. As Director, ElBaradei was tasked with helping all member states of the UN to enjoy the benefits of progress in science and technology, while applying strict safeguards to ensure the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The agency’s first priority is to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, by discouraging new nations from acquiring the weapons, while holding existing nuclear powers to their commitments to reduce their arsenals. During his time at the IAEA, ElBaradei called for a five-year worldwide moratorium on plans for new uranium enrichment and fission facilities, and pressed the existing nuclear powers to renounce their weapons for good. ElBaradei also made a priority of promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear power, striving to make radiation therapy available in less-developed countries for the treatment of diseases such as cancer and malaria.</p> <figure id="attachment_17603" style="width: 1897px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17603 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17603 lazyload" alt="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei displays Nobel Peace Prize diploma and medal during award ceremony in Oslo, Norway, December 10, 2005. (© ALEX GRIMM/Reuters/Corbis)" width="1897" height="2282" data-sizes="(max-width: 1897px) 100vw, 1897px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999.jpg 1897w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999-316x380.jpg 316w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999-632x760.jpg 632w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2005: Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei displays Nobel Peace Prize diploma and medal during ceremony in Oslo, Norway.</figcaption></figure><p>Mohamed ElBaradei is married to Aida Elkachef, an early childhood teacher. While he worked for the IAEA, they made their home in Vienna, Austria. They have two grown children who live and work in London, England. After 12 years as Director, Mohamed ElBaradei retired from IAEA, and maintains homes in both Cairo and Vienna. In 2010, he founded the National Association for Change, a non-partisan group that works for democratic reforms of Egypt’s electoral. ElBaradei himself has been widely seen as a potential presidential candidate. He attracted support from a broad spectrum of political parties and factions, but has indicated that he would not run for President of Egypt unless specific reforms were made to guarantee free elections. When the government of President Hosni Mubarak refused to negotiate with reform advocates, ElBaradei returned to self-imposed exile in Vienna.</p> <figure id="attachment_51779" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-51779 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-side-06Academy_1170.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-51779 size-full lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1145" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-side-06Academy_1170.jpg 2280w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-side-06Academy_1170-380x191.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-side-06Academy_1170-760x382.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-side-06Academy_1170.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Two Nobel Peace Prize laureates: Academy of Achievement Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu escorts Mohamed ElBaradei into the 2006 Banquet of the Golden Plate gala ceremonies in Los Angeles, California; Archbishop Desmond Tutu presents the Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei.</figcaption></figure><p>In 2011, a wave of massive street demonstrations swept Egypt’s cities, calling for free elections and an end to the 30-year rule of President Hosni Mubarak. ElBaradei traveled to Cairo once more to join the demonstrators’ calls for democratic reform. After he and his fellow demonstrators were rebuffed with tear gas and water cannons, ElBaradei was not seen in public for several days. It was reported that he had been placed under house arrest, but he soon reappeared, defying a government curfew, and emerged as a leader of the democratic opposition. Mubarak resigned in February 2011 and was later sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the killing of peaceful protesters.</p> <figure id="attachment_18319" style="width: 1200px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-18319 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-18319 size-full lazyload" alt="Egyptian Nobel Peace Prize laureate and democracy advocate Mohamed ElBaradei addresses the crowd at Tahrir Square in Cairo, Sunday January 30, 2011. (AP Photo/Khalil Hamra)" width="1200" height="1722" data-sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051.jpg 1200w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051-265x380.jpg 265w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051-530x760.jpg 530w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2011: Democracy advocate Mohamed ElBaradei addresses the crowd at Tahrir Square in Cairo. (AP Photo/Hamra)</figcaption></figure><p>Although Mohamed ElBaradei was urged by many to run for President of Egypt, he declined to compete in the 2012 presidential election. The winner in that contest, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi, antagonized large sections of Egyptian society. Following renewed street demonstrations, and violent clashes between pro- and anti-Morsi factions, the Egyptian military removed Morsi from office in July 2013. Adly Mansour, the chief of the country’s constitutional court, assumed the role of interim president until new elections could be held. Egyptian state media reported that Interim President Mansour had appointed ElBaradei to serve as Prime Minister, but the appointment was retracted, after Islamist members of the ruling coalition threatened to withdraw their support for Mansour. Instead, Mohamed ElBaradei was chosen to serve as Interim Vice President, with special responsibility for foreign policy. He was sworn into office on July 14, 2013. In office, ElBaradei attempted to broker a resolution to the conflict between Islamist supporters of former President Morsi and hardliners in the new government. When the government employed lethal force to disperse pro-Morsi demonstrators in Cairo, ElBaradei resigned in protest, exactly one month after taking office.</p></body></html> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 2006 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.public-service">Public Service</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 17, 1942 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">There is no more frightening issue in international relations today than the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the possibility that they will fall into the hands of aggressive dictators or terrorists. For 12 years, the man charged by the world community with averting this calamity was Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei.</p> <p class="inputText">An Egyptian diplomat with a doctorate in law from New York University, he was a member of the delegation that negotiated the peace settlement with Israel at Camp David in 1978. In 1991, he headed the UN inspection team that demolished Saddam Hussein’s nuclear weapons program. From 1997 to 2009, he served as Director General of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), founded 40 years earlier at the instigation of President Dwight Eisenhower.</p> <p class="inputText">From observing the opening of a radiation clinic in Ghana, to leading grueling negotiations with the leaders of North Korea or Iran, ElBaradei carried out his duties with patient resolve, and won the respect of the world. In 2005, the Nobel Prize committee honored Dr. ElBaradei and the agency he led for his courageous efforts “to prevent nuclear energy for being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.” After retiring from the UN, he returned to Egypt to lead a national movement for democratic reform. In 2013, he served as Vice President of Egypt in the interim government of Adly Mansour.</p> <p class="inputText"> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/xhH8pMz6-Rc?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=2453&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_12_26_25.Still005-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_12_26_25.Still005-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">Preventing a Nuclear Nightmare</h2> <div class="sans-2">Los Angeles, California</div> <div class="sans-2">June 3, 2006</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtextfirst"><b>Your Nobel Prize for Peace was viewed in some quarters as a slap in the face to the President of the United States because of the way you had disagreed in recent years. Can you tell us how you heard about winning the Prize and what it has meant to you both personally and professionally?</b></p> <p class="inputtext">Mohamed ElBaradei: Personally, of course, it was an absolutely great feeling, particularly that my wife and I knew about it from watching television. They usually call you half an hour before, to give you the good news, but in our case, they thought if they would call, the media would know about it before they formally announced it. So it was just an exhilarating experience. We were jumping for joy watching television. But in a more professional way, the timing was absolutely perfect. We were getting lots of criticism.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/eSQdrmomGZU?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_12_12_17.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_12_12_17.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">I was getting lots of criticism by being outspoken, by speaking “out of the box,” so to say, and I have been telling them then, I continue to tell them now, “I have no box. I have a job.” I know that it can make the difference between war and peace, and I owe it to the people — I owe it to the silent majority — to speak up on what I see is going wrong and how we can fix it.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_17607" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17607 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17607 lazyload" alt="The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Director General Mohamed ElBaradei and the IAEA, represented by Japanese Ambassador Yukiya Amano, in Oslo, Norway. " width="2280" height="1514" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize.jpg 2280w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize-380x252.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize-760x505.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Dr. ElBaradei and the IAEA, represented by Yukiya Amano, in Oslo.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">So the Nobel Peace Prize was a shot in the arm for us. There’s no question. It gives us additional visibility. It gives us credibility, but it also gives us additional responsibility. There’s a lot of expectation that we can and we should move forward to the best of our ability. I keep trying to lower these expectations by telling people we are just one player. You know, “I can succeed if you help me.” That’s why, wherever I go, I say…</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/aWoF9THRry0?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_19_20_03.Still009-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_19_20_03.Still009-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Civil society has a key role in helping me and helping my organization create a better security system, because in the past, civil society has always focused on trade, on environment, but they thought that security is too sophisticated, that it should be left to government. That is bogus to me. This is an issue that has to do with our survival, and every one of us has a special responsibility to send a powerful message to the government that we need a better system, so that we do not see millions of people dying every year in internal conflict or as a result of war. In the last decade, there are 11 million people who died in internal strifes. This, to me, are 11 million lives too many.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p class="inputtext">In Iraq, we have so far over 100,000 civilians who died — innocent civilians who died — during that war. This is to me, again, is 100,000 people too many. We still have 27,000 warheads. This is to me, 27,000 warheads too many. We need to think outside the box. People don’t like to be reminded of these realities, but these are realities. Many times I ask myself. We must have a better way to resolve our differences than through just killing each other.</p> <figure id="attachment_17610" style="width: 2780px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17610 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17610 lazyload" alt="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director General Mohamed ElBaradei addresses the General Assembly. The Nobel Committee selected the IAEA and Director General Mohamed ElBaradei as the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize due to “their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.” (UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe)" width="2780" height="2206" data-sizes="(max-width: 2780px) 100vw, 2780px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei.jpg 2780w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei-380x302.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei-760x603.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director General Mohamed ElBaradei addresses the General Assembly. The Nobel Committee selected the IAEA and Director General Mohamed ElBaradei as the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize due to “their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.” (UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext"><b>You mentioned the toll on civilians in Iraq. Those are figures the U.S. government doesn’t talk about very often, but they can’t avoid the figures of 2,000-plus American soldiers. Can you talk about how the United States got into this war?</b></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/aTj6z6i3XeE?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_05_44_07.Still002-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_05_44_07.Still002-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Mohamed ElBaradei: I grieve about every person who dies in war. I grieve about the 2,200 American soldiers who lost their life. I grieve about that. The Iraqi civilians. I grieve about the three million-some who died in the Congo War. I grieve about the 3,000-some who died in 9/11. These are all lives lost unnecessarily, and they could have stayed with us, and it’s a blot on our conscience. We need to understand that, before deciding to go to war, that we have exhausted every other possibility of reaching our differences through peaceful means.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p class="inputtext">Unfortunately, in the case of Iraq, I believe we could have done that through an inspection process. I was calling for a few months more to complete our work. We hadn’t seen indications of weapons of mass destruction. We hadn’t seen indications of nuclear weapons.</p> <figure id="attachment_17595" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17595 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17595 size-full lazyload" alt="U.S. Congresswoman Jane Harman and Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei discuss global security issues at the International Achievement Summit, Los Angeles, 2006. (Academy of Achievement)" width="2280" height="1516" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967.jpg 2280w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967-760x505.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2006: U.S. Congresswoman Jane Harman and Nobel laureate Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei discuss global security issues at the 45th annual International Achievement Summit in Los Angeles, California. (Academy of Achievement)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">I remember, I asked the Security Council for three more months to complete my work. I said, “This is an investment in peace.” Unfortunately, it didn’t work that way. There was faulty intelligence. There were lots of other considerations that made a decision to go to war tempting, to get rid of Saddam Hussein.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/r-onywOn2lA?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_27_27_24.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_27_27_24.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Saddam Hussein was a dictator, a ruthless dictator. There’s no question about it, but I’m not sure that getting rid of every ruthless dictator around the world justified that we killed civilians. So there’s lots of lessons I think we are learning from Iraq, that one is we should not and could not jump the gun. We have to rely on absolutely factual information. We have to verify, authenticate our information before we go. A second lesson, that as long as we have no imminent threat, no clear and present danger, we should continue to dialogue, and that we also need to understand where people are coming from.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtext">You know, we need to understand that a lot of these frustrations, a lot of these aggravations are feelings of a sense of humiliation.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/vHeb2rV3iFk?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_02_47_06.Still001-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_02_47_06.Still001-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">I think I have come to realize that it’s not really poverty that drives people bananas. It’s really a sense of injustice. There’s a lot of poor people around the world, but when you repress the right of people to speak, when people fear that they are not being justly treated — and you see a lot of that in the Middle East, you see a lot of that in the Muslim world — I think people are getting it both ways. They are getting it from their government when they feel that they are repressed by their government — they are not allowed to have the right to live in freedom and dignity — and they are getting it from the outside world when they feel that the outside world is not fairly treating them. They wake up in the morning, and they see people dying in Iraq and Afghanistan, in the Palestinian territories. The sense of injustice, the sense of humiliation is very much there.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtext">I visit there. I see that emotional anger. If we want to start a system of security, we really need to address more than the symptoms.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/9Mi_5IYd2Ek?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_16_40_05.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_16_40_05.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>When we talk about terrorism, we cannot just say, “Let us use more force.” Force is not going to end that phenomenon. We need to understand why these people are feeling the way they are feeling. This is a long-term process. This sometimes goes beyond the term of any government whose interest-span goes up to their next round of elections. These are long-term processes that we need to endure. We need to go and understand the causes. Otherwise, it will be a flash fire somewhere. It will be, “Today is Iraq, tomorrow is Libya, after tomorrow is Iran.” But if we really want to avoid these temptations to develop weapons of mass destruction, we need to provide security for people, and as I said, we need the big boys to lead by example.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Any country who feels that they are threatened, or if they are craving power or influence, they would look at the guys who are playing in the major league, and the guys in the major league are saying, “We would like to keep our nuclear weapons because our nuclear weapons are very important for our security.”</p> <figure id="attachment_17606" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-17606 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-17606 size-full lazyload" alt="IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei at a press briefing during the International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century, April 2009." width="2280" height="1643" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_.jpg 2280w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_-380x274.jpg 380w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_-760x548.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2009: Mohamed ElBaradei at a press briefing during the International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Energy.</figcaption></figure><p>You cannot say that and ask everybody else to give up nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction. I used once the metaphor that you cannot continue to be a heavy smoker and dangle a cigarette from your mouth and tell your kids not to smoke. It doesn’t work.</p> <p><strong>You used the baseball analogy. The idea of getting into the major league is terribly seductive. As I hear you saying it, the only way to change that vision is for the people in the major leagues to say, “These bats and gloves aren’t really worth anything to us.”</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Correct. Absolutely. These bats and gloves does not mean much to us. We do not want to need them in the future. We need, all of us, to be part of one league, where the rules of the game are the same for everybody.</p> <p><strong>What about Iran right now?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Iran is a very complicated issue. Iran is really about security in the Middle East.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/AlxiCAYSaME?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=78&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_14_38_04.Still006-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_14_38_04.Still006-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">The nuclear issue is the tip of the iceberg in Iran. It masked a lot of grievances from both sides, ranging from the hostage-taking in 1979 to the overthrow of the nationally elected government in Iran in the ’50s, the Mossadeq government. So there’s a lot of grievances that span over five, six decades, and the only way to resolve these issues of grievances, insecurities is just for all the parties to sit and talk together. I am delighted that now the U.S. have decided to go and talk to the Iranians directly, face to face, put all the issues on the table. That is the only way. I have been saying that for a couple of years. There is no other solution. There is no military solution, and there is no solution that is enduring which is not a negotiated solution. Talking to each other does not mean weaknesses. Talking to each other does not mean that you legitimize or de-legitimize a particular regime or you accept the records of human rights, none of that. Talking to each other means that we have differences, and we can only settle our differences through talking face to face.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>So I am hopeful. I hope that dialogue will flourish, and I will continue to do my very best to make sure that I continue in my little way to undergird that process and make sure that it comes to fruition.</p> <figure id="attachment_17608" style="width: 1535px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17608 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-17608 lazyload" alt="IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei, April 2009 (Dean Calma / IAEA)" width="1535" height="2126" data-sizes="(max-width: 1535px) 100vw, 1535px" data-srcset="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018.jpg 1535w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018-274x380.jpg 274w, /web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018-549x760.jpg 549w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed ElBaradei, April 2009. (Dean Calma / IAEA)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Do you think sanctions would be effective?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I don’t believe in sanctions. You can go through escalation. You can go through using sanctions, using pressure. It’s a process when both parties will hurt each other. We will go into a period of mutual hurting.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103171344if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/symmOmG-V28?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_14_17_13.Still008-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ElBaradei-Mohamed-Upscale-MasterEdit.00_14_17_13.Still008-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Sanctions didn’t work in the past, will not work in the future. In fact, it puts the hard-liners in both camps in the driver’s seat when you apply pressure. It’s the hard-liners who become popular. When you start dialogue, when you start to exchange ideas, goods, when people start to travel, when the Iranian people will continue to enjoy a new fleet of Boeing aircraft, when they start getting their new computer software, I think that is when you empower the silent majority in every country who are eager to have a decent life as part of the human community.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtext">So the more we — the more we de-emphasize the muscle and the punching, and the more we emphasize the shared humanity, the incentives, the better off we are.</p> </div>    <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Before we discuss your present work, we’d like to hear something about your childhood and your parents. What kind of work did they do, and how do you think that influenced your own personal journey?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: My father was a lawyer. My mother was a homemaker. My father was president of the Egyptian Bar Association. He was involved very much during the Nasser era — which was one of the most repressive eras in Egyptian history — in fighting for democracy, fighting for human rights, and I think that to a lot of extent shaped my view as to what I wanted to do in the future. I wanted to have a world where people are free to express their views, to have freedom of worship, to have freedom from want, and I saw poverty in Egypt when I grew up. To me, freedom, in the larger sense — to be able to speak, to worship, free from want, free from fear — I think it was a key as to what I thought I would like to do when I grow up.</p> <p><strong>Did you have any siblings?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I had two sisters and two brothers. I was the eldest. So I was sort of a role model for my siblings.</p> <p><strong>When did you first think about going into law?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: It always was on my mind, I think, to be a lawyer. I guess I thought law would give me the opportunity to work as a social engineer, if you like, to try to develop a society that is free, that is at peace with itself. I always wanted to be a lawyer. I’m not sure that I was influenced by my father.</p> <p>I think I was just influenced by the environment under which I am living. I lived in an upper middle-class community, so I didn’t really, personally, have to suffer any of — at least, you know — freedom from want or any of that stuff, but there was always fear around. You know, there was always fear around, and I saw that my father at one point was harassed just (for) trying to speak freely, and that actually affected me deeply, and I thought law is the best way for me to influence the shape of the future.</p> <p><strong>What was he harassed about? What was he trying to say?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: During the Nasser time — the 1960s — he was calling for multi-party democracy, calling for freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and he was harassed. He was harassed by the state authorities in subtle and unsubtle ways.</p> <p><strong>What kind of unsubtle ways?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Trying to tap our telephone conversations, trying to discourage people from going to him as a lawyer, trying to sort of restrict his practices, lots of what you call “dirty tricks.”</p> <p><strong>Were they effective in suppressing him?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: No, they were not. I mean, my father was a very low-key person, very short, very affable person, but he had an iron will, and I don’t think it affected him. I think he continued believing in what he believed in. He continued to speak his mind. In my view, he died as a hero.</p> <p><strong>When was that?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: 1977.</p> <p><strong>So he did not live to see the situation you’re in today.</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: No, he did not. I always hate it, but he did not.</p> <p><strong>So you had seen an example of the strength and courage to speak out, even though you were being harassed.</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Sure. I thought it should not affect you. I think if you have a larger cause to serve, that’s much more important than being intimidated by personal harassment.</p> <p><strong>Tell us a little bit about your school life. Did you like to read? </strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I liked to read a lot. My father made available to us all sorts of books in all sorts of languages. He encouraged us to read in English, in French, in Arabic — literature, sociology, politics. We had a huge library available at home, and he didn’t force us to read, but he was the one person I see every night after dinner, picking a book and reading, and listening to classical music. Culture for him, expanding your knowledge, I think was very important.</p> <p><strong>What books did you particularly like as a kid?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Lots of books. Literature and history, I think were the two areas where I was impressionable. History gave me the sense of perspective, you know, and literature would just allow you to dream.</p> <p><strong>Any particular authors that come to mind?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Well, many. I think Steinbeck, for example, was one of my favorites, Somerset Maugham, Hemingway. Quite a few.</p> <p><strong>Do you still read fiction?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Unfortunately, I don’t. My wife now reads fiction. I don’t have the time to read fiction. My wife reads the fiction and summarizes it to me, but I wish at one point I’ll have time again to read fiction. It is a luxury I cannot afford right now.</p> <p><strong>Because you have too many facts to read about?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: There’s so many facts to read about. Even more than I can grasp. Absolutely.</p> <p><strong>How did you come to enter a diplomatic career?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I wanted to be a lawyer in Egypt. I wanted to practice there. I wanted to be directly involved in my society, where I grew up, but things were just too tough, and I didn’t see how I could do much with the policy of socialism which basically gave very little for private practice for a lawyer to be able to work and express himself, and I thought for a while, maybe diplomacy will give me the opportunity to go abroad, to see an alternative lifestyle and see what I can learn. Eventually, I thought I should learn, through diplomacy, through living abroad, and then come back to Egypt and be able to effect change.</p> <p>Unfortunately, it has been over 30 years while I am going through the journey, but you never plan your life the way you wanted. I know what I want to do, and that’s what I’m still doing, but I’m doing it in different ways. I think my vision probably has been enlarged.</p> <p>My focus when I left Egypt in the ’60s was Egypt-centered, but then I went to New York, and I went to do my graduate work in New York, and there, again, I recognized both through my academic studies, through my mentors at university, through living in this melting pot that the world is just bigger than one country, and you are really better off if you have a global picture. If you want to achieve change, you shouldn’t focus on one particular people, one particular country, one particular language, but try to look at the global picture and try to integrate humanity, and I think that — that really now is my passion, and I think by doing this, I am serving every single person in the world by trying to get all of us together.</p> <p><strong>So there you were in New York, and there was the United Nations building. At what point did you feel attracted to that building and think of yourself working there?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I sort of found my niche there. I found that I am dealing with people from over 160-70 nations at that time. I’ve been exposed to every culture, to every language, to every cuisine, and I felt very much at home. I had a lot of fun, and I realized how much we have in common. That was a key, how much we have in common, how much our values are shared values, how much our differences are really superficial at many levels. We talked about borders, nationality, ethnicity, but you look at — fundamentally, our core values are absolutely shared. We have the same hopes, same aspirations, would like to get the best for our children, would like to live a good life, and that is really what I got from living in New York. That’s what I got from working at the UN. That’s what I got through going to NYU Law School and getting that intellectual discipline, how to channel this vision into a more effective way.</p> <p><strong>One advantage you had was being exposed to different languages at an early age. When did you first study English and French and so forth?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: We had English at school. In primary school, we studied English, and I think at grammar school, we had some French. I had for a couple of years a French nanny. Again, that was my father’s long-term vision. He thought that languages are key to development. So I grew up with three languages, if you like, and of course, they came in handy in the future. My children are even more fortunate. They have four languages.</p> <p><strong>What’s their fourth language?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: German. From living in Vienna, of course. They went to high school in Vienna.</p> <p><strong>Did you pick up German too, along the way?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Unfortunately, I didn’t. Right now, I live in a cocoon. I live and speak and think in English right now. I rely on my wife and my children when I need German, but I have enough German to get by, at least in Vienna.</p> <p><strong>Could you tell us about your first missions at the UN?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: My first mission — I was a young diplomat there — and I was looking into the UN budget, the UN management. I was assigned also to look at the legal aspect of working, treaty-making. I was also looking into or giving a glimpse into the effort to control nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. It was a variety of experience. I was an apprentice at that time, and that is usually very helpful because you don’t have the responsibility. You can just sit in the corner and look at what other people are doing, and learning by watching people doing, going around their job.</p> <p>But later on, of course, then I progressed. After New York, I went to Egypt, and I worked as a special assistant to the Foreign Minister, who picked me up after I completed my doctorate in law. I was a young, ambitious diplomat at that time, who would like to see things done differently, and this was very crucial.</p> <p><strong>When you returned to Egypt, did you think you were changed by your experience in New York?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Going back, I should say, during NYU, I think this was a fantastic time of my life. I had three years living in Greenwich Village in New York, exposed to the culture at that time, seeing the different perspectives on life, seeing people rejecting the Vietnam War, supporting George McGovern at that time. McGovern only got Massachusetts, and I guess Greenwich Village, but it showed how liberal an environment I was living in. One of my mentors, Tom Frank, a professor of law at NYU, he was really instrumental in making me understand that we need to look at the global picture, and we always need to not take anything for granted, but go very much through a process of critical thinking before we formulate our views. So he was, I think, instrumental in shaping my views as to how to pursue my career in the future.</p> <p>Then I went back. I mentioned working with the Foreign Minister in 1974 in Egypt, and this was a crucial time. This was a time after the ’73 war between Israel and Egypt, and the effort to start a peace process.</p> <p>It was fantastic for me as a young diplomat to sit in meetings with Henry Kissinger, going through his shuttle diplomacy, going to a meeting in the Oval Office with President Carter, going to see a meeting with the Foreign Minister of Russia — Gromyko. I was all over the place, seeing people at the very high level of diplomacy, watching carefully, seeing how people negotiate, how people interact, how people cut a deal, and I would say these three, four years in working as a special assistant, as a confidante to the Foreign Minister of Egypt — Mr. (Ismail) Fahmi at that time — was crucial in getting the practical experience, how nations and people interact, and you realize at the end of the day how important the psychology is.</p> <p>It is not as much about substance as about how to connect with people, how to bring your views across, how to understand where people are coming from, and at the end of the day, how you cut a deal, how you make a compromise.</p> <p>I think that is the most important lesson you learn in life, that you have to be ready to make a compromise. You do not compromise your principles, but you have to be ready to compromise. You have to understand that you cannot get your way 100 percent. Life is too complicated. You are not an island, and you work in a social setting, and you need to understand that you work always — at the family level, at the society level — to work out the compromise that is perceived to be fair. You don’t get 100 percent of what you want, but at least you will get the basic minimum that you require.</p> <p><strong>You mentioned President Carter. It is often suggested that he had more influence on the world after his presidency than during it, because he has some of those gifts.</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Sure.</p> <p><strong>How did you find him at that time?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I found him a man of integrity, absolutely. People disagreed on how effective he was as President, but I think everybody agreed that he’s the most effective former President alive right now. I have a lot of respect and admiration for President Carter. It was a delight when I got the Nobel Peace Prize to get a letter from him. It meant a lot to me, getting that letter from a man who is my idol in many ways.</p> <p><strong>What did he say?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: He said, “Rosalyn and I are very delighted that you got the Nobel Peace Prize,” and he had a few nice words to say about my work. This meant a lot to me.</p> <p><strong>In what way was he a model for you?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: He always has the courage to express his views, his convictions. He doesn’t hesitate to run against the current. He has always had a moral certitude. He looks at the ethics and morality of his action, and that’s key. Whatever we do in life, whether privately or publicly, we need to have a compass. We need to be sure that what we do is not only good for us, but good for the people at large. That’s ethics. That’s morality. I think we need to always know that our work is not just good for us in the short term, but it’s morally correct. And when I talk about morality, I don’t talk about religion. I talk about a moral code, a moral value, which I think we all have, being honest, being fair, being correct. These are values I think we all share.</p> <p><strong>As a parent, did you talk about that with your kids, or did you see it more as a process of modeling?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I think it’s more modeling. I never bring in my children and say, “Listen, these are the values you should follow in life.” I think it’s a modeling by my wife and me. I think we give them a good life. They saw how we go through life: a difficult time, a hard time, good time. I am very happy. I think they are good kids. If I have hope, it’s because I look at my children.</p> <p>My children grew up in six countries. They were born in Geneva. They went to grammar school in New York. They went to high school in Vienna. They went to college in London. They went to graduate schools in the U.S., and now they are working both in London. So for them, they are absolutely color-blind. They are absolutely religious-blind. They are absolutely ethnic-blind. For them, home is the world. For them, every human being is just one member of that large human family you have.</p> <p>So, if we have more of these kids, if we have more children like mine, in my view, we will not have war. We will not continue to kill each other like we did in the Stone Age. The key is get as many people as possible exposed. The key is to get many people to travel. The Achievement Summit is exactly what we need, 100 million times. Get everybody to see the rest of the world, to interact with the other people. Then you realize how much the stereotyping, the us-versus-them will evaporate.</p> <p><strong>It’s also an enrichment of culture. Young people who study the arts and culture of other countries feel more at home in the world.</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Sure. I’m exactly the same. I was saying the other day that my wife and I, having spent 35 years in different countries, we fit more or less, everywhere. We do not fit 100 percent anywhere, but we fit, more or less, everywhere in the world. So we feel comfortable wherever we are, which is a great feeling.</p> <p><strong>Could you tell us how you made the transition from working for the Foreign Minister to where you are today and how you became more involved in the issue of nuclear energy?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I worked with the Foreign Ministry for a while, until 1980. I thought at that time, it was my view that I need to look at the global picture. I need to work with the international community at large. I felt working with the Foreign Service is too restricting for me, and I grabbed the opportunity when I was offered a job with the United Nations in 1980. That’s how I started working with international institutions.</p> <p>I worked with the UN Institute for Training and Research for a number of years. I was teaching international law at NYU at that time, and then I moved to the IAEA, the International Atomic Energy Agency, in 1984. This was a journey of 21 years. I started as the agency rep in New York, then a legal advisor to the agency in Vienna, and then Assistant Director-General. Since 1997, I have been elected Director-General, and it hasn’t been a quiet time since. As you know, we got into Iraq, we got into North Korea, we will get into Iran.</p> <p>I have come to realize that a lot of our work would make the difference between war and peace, and it’s work that in a way is my passion because I know we can — not only through our work, but through my work and other people who are doing similar work — create a safe and more humane world or we can usher the beginning of our destruction. Some people call it “God’s work.” I don’t call it that way. I call it the work that — I cannot see that I would stop doing as long as I am able to do it.</p> <p><strong>We all have our stresses and conflicts, but we don’t have the kinds of pressures that you do. Your work is concerned with the world’s survival. How do you deal with the stress?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: First of all, you learn to manage stress. You learn to live with stress. I mean, stress is there all the time. There’s no question about it. It’s in the morning. It’s at night. It’s at 3:00 in the morning, but you need to learn how to manage stress. Sometimes it’s more difficult than others, but you try to distract yourself. Whenever I have the chance, I like to go and have a round of golf. I have a passion for modern art. I have a passion for antique carpets, classical music. To me, these are distractions, and sometimes my wife, she think I’m obsessed with these little things, but I tell her it is my way of distracting myself from just constantly continuing about my work. But the stress is there. But sometimes, the euphoria you get from a sense of achievement in many ways compensates all the stress you had for a year or two.</p> <p>Sometimes you see you have done something which has a positive impact on humanity. Just recently… I was in Ghana, and I saw that we provided a radiotherapy machine to treat people with cancer in Ghana. It was the only radiotherapy machine in Ghana, and people from four different neighboring countries came to be treated with this machine. You have no idea the sense of achievement. You know, here is something, while not earth-shattering, but here is something at least where my organization and I could make a difference in helping people to survive.</p> <p><strong>Often, when we hear the word “nuclear,” we only think of weapons, and forget how atomic energy is applied in medicine. Could you tell us more about the positive uses of atomic energy? </strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: People forget the positive aspect of nuclear (energy) because what they see in the media all the time is the negative aspects of nuclear, is the agency role as a watch dog, as it is called. They forget that we still get 16 percent of the world’s electricity from nuclear energy. They forget that we need nuclear energy, at least for the next 50 years, because we only have nuclear energy and fossil fuel: gas and coal. And gas and coal have their own problems — climate change — and nuclear, of course, has the risk of a severe accident. But we need both. We need to weigh the costs and benefits. We need to understand the benefits outweigh the cost.</p> <p>I always give the example of flight. When we fly, we take a risk. But if we don’t fly and we go walking? You make the choice. Either you go to New York in one week driving, and even there you take some risk, or you fly in five hours. Same with energy.</p> <p>There is no source of energy that does not have some risk, and what we try to do with nuclear — is maximize the benefit and minimize the risk. Then of course, there are those other applications of nuclear. In the medical field, for example, diagnosis and treatment of cancer, diagnosis of heart diseases through radioisotopes. I think every one of us would know a person who has been diagnosed with cancer or who has been treated through radiotherapy or through nuclear medicine, for example. That is an area where I would like to see maximizing around the globe.</p> <p>Unfortunately, we don’t have enough resources to do more, but an area where I would like to see the agency doing more is in the area of water resources. Water is becoming so scarce, and we use radioisotope techniques to help countries manage groundwater sustainably. In the area of agriculture, lots of new varieties of crops are being developed through mutation. It is not genetic engineering, but through natural mutation. So in the area of agriculture, health, water, industry — and of course, electricity generation — nuclear still has a very important role to play. I will give you one example…</p> <p>I went to Nigeria recently, and I compare that with the U.S. In the U.S., every American has 16,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year. That is enough, obviously, to empower your refrigerators, your air-conditioning, your iPods, everything you need. In Nigeria, they have 70 kilowatt hours per year. That translates into an 8-watt light bulb.</p> <p><strong>Did you say eight?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: An eight-watt light bulb. That’s not even enough to power your personal computer. Without energy, there is no development. Without development, there is a sense of despair, and with a sense of despair, there are extremists. We need to understand always the link between development and security. That’s something I very strongly believe in, and people need to understand. We cannot just erect borders.</p> <p>We cannot erect walls between the north and the south, between the rich and the poor. We need to make sure that we have an equitable world, where every human being has the right to live a decent life, the right to live a life free from fear, the right to be able to send his kids to have education, the right to have Social Security in their old age. If you do that, I think the insecurities we feel — the extremists that we are seeing — will drop absolutely dramatically.</p> <p><strong>In your Nobel lecture, you looked back briefly at the end of the Cold War and the prospect for world peace at that time. It hasn’t worked out that way, has it?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: No. Unfortunately, it hasn’t worked out quite that way. At that time, everybody was euphoric that we will have a new world order, you know, a world order that does not rely on nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence. Unfortunately, it didn’t work that way.</p> <p>We still have thousands of warheads in existence. We still have more than 20 — 30 countries relying on nuclear deterrence for their own survival. It’s always baffling to me. We seem — as we mentioned — to appreciate each other’s cultures. You know, you would like to go and have an Ethiopian meal at Adams Morgan. You would like to go and have Ashtanga yoga, but when it comes to resolving our differences, it is really the Stone Age. It is, “Who has the biggest club?” We need to move away from that. We just need to understand that any system of security has to be based on human solidarity. It should be people-centered, and it should be based on a world that is interdependent, integrated, where everybody understands that security is not just based on border or language. Security is based on providing every single member of this one human family the right to live in peace and dignity. I think if we do that, you will see that we will not talk about war, but we will be talking about art, about culture, about education, about health.</p> <p>There’s lots of work we still need to do, and we need to start. As I said, we need to start with development work, but we also need to start with the weapon states — the U.S., Russia — leading by example. They haven’t been leading by example. They have been continuing to send the message that, “We would like to keep our nuclear weapons. We would like to continue to rely on our nuclear weapons. We would like to modernize our nuclear arsenal.” These are statements completely contrary to the commitment in 1970 to move toward nuclear disarmament. The whole nonproliferation regime was based on a commitment by those who do not have nuclear weapons, not to have them, but also equally a commitment by the five nuclear weapon states to move to a nuclear disarmament, and 30 years after the Nonproliferation Treaty, we are still far away from that goal.</p> <p><strong>You made an analogy once with your wife’s being a preschool teacher. These countries say, “I don’t want to give up my toys.”</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: Absolutely. I talked about psychology in negotiation. Lots of our differences are really not about substance, they’re about the way we were brought up in kindergarten, I think. “I don’t want to share my toys! I would like to have the whole pie for myself!” It’s an art of sharing. It’s an art of understanding that we need to share — we need to have a fair system of distribution — that lies at the heart of our security or insecurity right now.</p> <p><strong>At this time, the United States insists that nuclear weapons are the only effective deterrent.</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: My response is that instead of just saying, “This is the only effective deterrent,” you should try to work on an alternative deterrent. “We are the one who created that nuclear deterrent, but we owe it to humanity to work on alternative deterrents.” There’s lots of ways that one can think of to have a world that does not rely on nuclear weapons. Of course, as I said, an important part is this interdependence, this integration, which would make it too costly to resort to war.</p> <p>If I look at the European Union right now, it’s absurd to think that any member of the European Union will go to war over their differences. They would continue to play dirty tricks against each other. They will continue probably to cheat each other here and there, but I don’t think they will ever think of using force. Can we expand that European model of 25 countries to be a global model?</p> <p>So it is not unthinkable. It is just a question of getting people and countries to integrate, getting people and countries to understand that what they have in common is much more than what separates them, and then the whole idea of borders, resources, nationalities, language will disappear, and we will have to find a better way to resolve our differences peacefully.</p> <p>It is not an easy thing. We are reaching a fork in the road right now. Technology is out of the tube in every way: chemical weapons, biological weapons, nuclear weapons.</p> <p>Either we are going to see President Kennedy’s prediction in the ’60s that we will have 20, 30 countries with nuclear weapons — which to me is the beginning of the end for civilization, because the possibility of having a nuclear holocaust through miscalculation, through unintentional error is there — or we are going to say, “Well, we have to get rid of these nuclear weapons. We have to. We cannot continue to live under this Damocles’ sword of a world that could destroy itself in a matter of an hour.”</p> <p>Right now, we still have U.S. missiles and Russian missiles targeted at each other, and the president of either country has half an hour to react in case of a report of a nuclear attack.</p> <p>I was talking to (former Senator) Sam Nunn. I was talking to (former Defense Secretary) Bill Perry last week, and it is just unfathomable, for them and for me, that 15 years after the cold war, we still live under this hair-trigger alert between Russia and the U.S. So lots of work can be done. We need to take a cold-headed approach, and we have to understand that business as usual is not the way. We need to look for a new framework for security that is not based on more armaments, but is based on integration of humanity, reducing inequalities, and trying to build institutions that help us to find peaceful solutions to our differences.</p> <p><strong>In these interviews we often discuss the concept of the American Dream. Having studied here, and having such a global vision, I wonder if you could tell us your understanding of the American Dream. Do those words mean something to you?</strong></p> <p>Mohamed ElBaradei: I have very much a concept of an American Dream. An American Dream meaning to be free, to be able to achieve what you want to do, to have an environment within which you can excel. I have always been an admirer of the American Dream. We grew up admiring the freedom you have in the U.S., the equality, the egalitarian system you have in the U.S. And I hope, with all the restrictions that we have seen after 9/11 that we will someday go back where the U.S. American Dream will be the way I saw it when I was growing up here in the ’60s. It’s a model that might not be replicated 100 percent everywhere else, but the basic element of the American dream is the future for humanity.</p> <p><strong>Thank you.</strong></p> <p>Thank you very much.</p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Mohamed ElBaradei Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>18 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.79342105263158" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei.jpg" data-image-caption="International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director General Mohamed ElBaradei addresses the General Assembly. The Nobel Committee selected the IAEA and Director General Mohamed ElBaradei as the recipients of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize due to “their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.” (UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe)" data-image-copyright="GA am" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei-380x302.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/mohamed-elbaradei-760x603.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67894736842105" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_speaks_at_the_signing_of_Additional_Protocols_to_Safeguards_Agreements_1998.jpg" data-image-caption="IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei speaks at the signing of Additional Protocols to Safeguards Agreements by the European Union Member States (EURATOM) and IAEA at the 42nd IAEA General Conference, September 1998. (Dean Calma/IAEA)" data-image-copyright="Mohamed_ElBaradei_speaks_at_the_signing_of_Additional_Protocols_to_Safeguards_Agreements_1998" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_speaks_at_the_signing_of_Additional_Protocols_to_Safeguards_Agreements_1998-380x258.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_speaks_at_the_signing_of_Additional_Protocols_to_Safeguards_Agreements_1998-760x516.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.384335154827" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018.jpg" data-image-caption="IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei, April 2009. (Dean Calma / IAEA)" data-image-copyright="April 6, 2009: IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei (Dean Calma / IAEA)" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018-274x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei_01410018-549x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize.jpg" data-image-caption="The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Director General Mohamed ElBaradei and the IAEA, represented by Japanese Ambassador Yukiya Amano, in Oslo, Norway. " data-image-copyright="Mohamed_ElBaradei_&_Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize-380x252.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Yukiya_Amano_-_Noble_prize-760x505.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.72105263157895" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_.jpg" data-image-caption="IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei at a press briefing during the International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century, April 2009." data-image-copyright="Mohamed_ElBaradei_&_Ayhan_Evrensel_" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_-380x274.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mohamed_ElBaradei__Ayhan_Evrensel_-760x548.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2121212121212" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711.jpg" data-image-caption="United States Secretary of State Colin Powell confers with Mohamed ElBaradei at UN headquarters in New York, March 7, 2003. (© Reuters/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="UNITED STATES SECRETARY OF STATE POWELL CONFERS WITH MOHAMED ELBARADEI" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711-314x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-UT0133711-627x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.77368421052632" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei speaks to the press outside the White House, March 17, 2004, following a meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush. (© JASON REED/Reuters/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="MOHAMED ELBARADEI FROM THE IAEA TALKS TO THE PRESS AT WHITE HOUSE IN WASHINGTON" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884-380x294.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-DWF15-639884-760x588.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2025316455696" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei displays Nobel Peace Prize diploma and medal during award ceremony in Oslo, Norway, December 10, 2005. (© ALEX GRIMM/Reuters/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="IAEA director general ElBaradei receives Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999-316x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16126999-632x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5079365079365" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139.jpg" data-image-caption="Mohamed ElBaradei as a young man, with his mother, Aida Hegazi, while he was studying law at the University of Cairo, Egypt. (Photo provided by Corbis, courtesy of Mohamed ElBaradei)" data-image-copyright="Family Photo Of Mohamed El Baradei As Young Law Student" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139-252x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-16037139-504x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290.jpg" data-image-caption="Mohamed ElBaradei with his wife, Aida, and daughter, Laila, at home in Vienna, 2005. (© Micheline Pelletier/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei IAEA Director General Nobel Peace Prize 2005." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896290-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei with nuclear inspectors and safety experts of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria, October 13, 2005. (© Micheline Pelletier/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei IAEA Director General Nobel Peace Prize 2005." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15896226-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.394495412844" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15863371.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei briefs the media at IAEA headquarters in Vienna, Austria, December 13, 2002. (© LEONHARD FOEGER/Reuters/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="File photo of Nobel Peace prize winner Mohamed ElBaradei" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15863371-272x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Elbaradei-Corbis-42-15863371-545x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.8" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_1172.jpg" data-image-caption="Two Nobel Peace Prize laureates: Academy of Achievement Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu presents the Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei during the 2006 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies in Los Angeles, California." data-image-copyright="06Academy_1172" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_1172-380x304.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_1172-760x608.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.8" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_1170.jpg" data-image-caption="Two Nobel Peace Prize laureates: Academy of Achievement Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu escorts Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei into the 2006 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies in Los Angeles. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="06Academy_1170" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_1170-380x304.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_1170-760x608.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_974.jpg" data-image-caption="A panel discussion on "Global Cooperation in the Fight Against Terrorism" during the 2006 International Achievement Summit in Los Angeles. The speakers included: Director of National Intelligence John D. Negroponte; former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak; Congresswoman Jane Harman, the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee; General Joseph Ralston, former NATO Commander; and the recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Peace, Director General of the UN International Atomic Energy Agency, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei. The discussion was moderated by David Gergen. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="06Academy_974" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_974-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_974-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. Congresswoman Jane Harman and Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei discuss global security issues at the International Achievement Summit, Los Angeles, 2006. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="06Academy_967" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_967-760x505.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_961.jpg" data-image-caption="A panel discussion on "Global Cooperation in the Fight Against Terrorism" during the 2006 International Achievement Summit in Los Angeles. The speakers included: Director of National Intelligence John D. Negroponte; former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak; Congresswoman Jane Harman, the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee; General Joseph Ralston, former NATO Commander; and the recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Peace, Director General of the UN International Atomic Energy Agency, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei. The discussion was moderated by David Gergen. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="06Academy_961" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_961-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/06Academy_961-760x505.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4339622641509" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051.jpg" data-image-caption="Egyptian Nobel Peace laureate and democracy advocate Mohamed ElBaradei addresses the crowd at Tahrir Square in Cairo, January 30, 2011. (AP Photo/Khalil Hamra)" data-image-copyright="wp-110130037051" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051-265x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-110130037051-530x760.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Twitter"><i 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class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Peace</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1979</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service experienced-war-firsthand imprisonment-persecution racism-discrimination help-mankind pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="2003" data-achiever-name="Peres"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/peres_760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/peres_760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Shimon Peres</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Nobel Prize for Peace</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2003</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever science-exploration curious illness-or-disability ambitious pioneer play-music teach-others write " data-year-inducted="1961" data-achiever-name="Teller"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-teller-ph-d/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/teller_760_ac-1-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/07/teller_760_ac-1-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Edward Teller, Ph.D.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Father of the Hydrogen Bomb</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1961</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service public-service imprisonment-persecution racism-discrimination athletic extroverted spiritual-religious help-mankind pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="1983" data-achiever-name="Young"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/young_760_SQUARE-1-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/young_760_SQUARE-1-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Andrew J. Young</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Civil Rights Ambassador</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1983</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </article> <div class="modal image-modal fade" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="close-container"> <div class="close icon-icon_x" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></div> </div> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <figure class="image-modal__container"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <img class="image-modal__image" src="/web/20190103171344im_/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei" alt=""/>  <figcaption class="p-t-2 container"> <div class="image-modal__caption sans-2 text-white"></div>  </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="content-info main-footer bg-black"> <div class="container"> <div class="find-achiever" id="find-achiever-list"> <div class="form-group"> <input id="find-achiever-input" class="search js-focus" placeholder="Search for an achiever"/> <i class="icon-icon_chevron-down"></i> </div> <ul class="find-achiever-list list m-b-0 list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hank-aaron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hank Aaron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kareem-abdul-jabbar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lynsey Addario</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-albee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Albee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tenley-albright-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tenley Albright, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/svetlana-alexievich/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Svetlana Alexievich</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julie-andrews/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Julie Andrews</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-angelou/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Angelou</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-d-ballard-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert D. 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Carson, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-carter/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Carter</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Cash</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-j-clinton/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William J. Clinton</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-s-collins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/denton-a-cooley/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Denton A. Cooley, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-ford-coppola/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis Ford Coppola</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-dalio/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Dalio</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/olivia-de-havilland/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Olivia de Havilland</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-dell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael S. Dell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-dennis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Dennis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joan-didion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joan Didion</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-herbert-donald-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Herbert Donald, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-doubilet/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Doubilet</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rita-dove/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rita Dove</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sylvia-earle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sylvia Earle, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mohamed ElBaradei</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gertrude B. Elion, M.Sc.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-j-ellison/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry J. Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-s-fauci-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. Stockdale, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hilary-swank/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hilary Swank</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/amy-tan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Amy Tan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dame-kiri-te-kanawa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Kiri Te Kanawa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-teller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Teller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/twyla-tharp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Twyla Tharp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wayne-thiebaud/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wayne Thiebaud</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lt-michael-e-thornton-usn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Michael E. Thornton, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/charles-h-townes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Charles H. Townes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-trimble/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Trimble</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ted-turner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert Edward (Ted) Turner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/desmond-tutu/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Archbishop Desmond Tutu</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-updike/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Updike</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gore-vidal/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gore Vidal</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/antonio-villaraigosa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Antonio Villaraigosa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lech-walesa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lech Walesa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/herschel-walker/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Herschel Walker</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-d-watson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James D. Watson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-weil-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew Weil, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leslie-h-wexner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leslie H. Wexner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elie-wiesel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Elie Wiesel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-o-wilson-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward O. Wilson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oprah-winfrey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oprah Winfrey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tom-wolfe/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tom Wolfe</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-wooden/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Wooden</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bob-woodward/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bob Woodward</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shinya-yamanaka-m-d-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shinya Yamanaka, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-chuck-yeager/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Chuck Yeager, USAF</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190103171344/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew J. 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