MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/photochem-logo-sq.png?07024895ad212917"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/photochem-logo-sq.png?07024895ad212917"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/photochem-logo-sq.png?07024895ad212917"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732286508"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(39,114,101,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(39,114,101,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(39,114,101,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(39,114,101,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(39,114,101,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control"> <meta name="description" content="This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (DUV) on the photodeposition of MnOx and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO2 thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnOx and Pd were photodeposited using increasing UV doses ranging from 5 to 20 J cm−2, from 5 mM aqueous electrolytes based on Mn2+/IO3− or Pd2+, respectively. The effect of the DUV on the MnOx photodeposition resulted in an increase in Mn2+ surface content, from 2.7 to 5.2 at.%, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Pd, increasing the UV dose led to a reduction in the oxidation state, transitioning from Pd2+ to Pd0, while the overall Pd surface content range remained relatively steady at 2.2–2.4 at.%. Both MnOx/TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 exhibited proportional enhancements in photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. Notably, Pd/TiO2 demonstrated a significant improvement in photocatalytic performance, surpassing that of pristine TiO2. In contrast, TiO2 samples functionalized through wet impregnation and thermal treatment in the same electrolytes showed overall lower photocatalytic activity compared to those functionalized via photodeposition." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/photochem-logo.png?07024895ad212917" > <meta name="dc.title" content="MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bozhidar I. Stefanov"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hristo G. Kolev"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Photochem 2024, Vol. 4, Pages 474-487"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-22"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/photochem4040029"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (DUV) on the photodeposition of MnOx and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO2 thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnOx and Pd were photodeposited using increasing UV doses ranging from 5 to 20 J cm−2, from 5 mM aqueous electrolytes based on Mn2+/IO3− or Pd2+, respectively. The effect of the DUV on the MnOx photodeposition resulted in an increase in Mn2+ surface content, from 2.7 to 5.2 at.%, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Pd, increasing the UV dose led to a reduction in the oxidation state, transitioning from Pd2+ to Pd0, while the overall Pd surface content range remained relatively steady at 2.2–2.4 at.%. Both MnOx/TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 exhibited proportional enhancements in photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. Notably, Pd/TiO2 demonstrated a significant improvement in photocatalytic performance, surpassing that of pristine TiO2. In contrast, TiO2 samples functionalized through wet impregnation and thermal treatment in the same electrolytes showed overall lower photocatalytic activity compared to those functionalized via photodeposition." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalization" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="MnO<sub>x</sub> photodeposition" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="Pd photodeposition" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="photodeposition products" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="photocatalysis" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2673-7256"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Photochem"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-22"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="4"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="4"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="474" > <meta name ="prism.endingPage" content="487" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2673-7256"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Photochem"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/12"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/22"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="4"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="474"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Stefanov, Bozhidar I."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kolev, Hristo G."> <meta name ="citation_lastpage" content="487" > <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/photochem4040029"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-photochem4040029"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/pdf?version=1732292536"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/pdf?version=1732292536"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/pdf?version=1732292536"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/photochem-logo-social.png?07024895ad212917" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29" /> <meta property="og:title" content="MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (DUV) on the photodeposition of MnOx and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO2 thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnOx and Pd were photodeposited using increasing UV doses ranging from 5 to 20 J cm−2, from 5 mM aqueous electrolytes based on Mn2+/IO3− or Pd2+, respectively. The effect of the DUV on the MnOx photodeposition resulted in an increase in Mn2+ surface content, from 2.7 to 5.2 at.%, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Pd, increasing the UV dose led to a reduction in the oxidation state, transitioning from Pd2+ to Pd0, while the overall Pd surface content range remained relatively steady at 2.2–2.4 at.%. Both MnOx/TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 exhibited proportional enhancements in photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. Notably, Pd/TiO2 demonstrated a significant improvement in photocatalytic performance, surpassing that of pristine TiO2. In contrast, TiO2 samples functionalized through wet impregnation and thermal treatment in the same electrolytes showed overall lower photocatalytic activity compared to those functionalized via photodeposition." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1732292612" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2673-7256/4/4/28">Effects of Residual Water on Proton Transfer-Switching Molecular Device</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=photochem " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" selected='selected'> Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="4" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="4" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/photochem">Photochem</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2673-7256/4">Volume 4</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2673-7256/4/4">Issue 4</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/photochem4040029</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/photochem"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/photochem-logo.png?07024895ad212917" alt="photochem-logo" title="Photochem" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D444" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/photochem" data-path="/2673-7256/4/4/29" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2673-7256/4/4/29/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=MnOx%20and%20Pd%20Surface%20Functionalization%20of%20TiO2%20Thin%20Films%20via%20Photodeposition%20UV%20Dose%20Control" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Bozhidar%20I.%20Stefanov%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Stefanov, B. I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Hristo%20G.%20Kolev%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kolev, H. G.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bozhidar%20I.%20Stefanov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Stefanov, B. I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hristo%20G.%20Kolev" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kolev, H. G.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Bozhidar%20I.%20Stefanov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Stefanov, B. I.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Hristo%20G.%20Kolev" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kolev, H. G.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/photochem4040029'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/photochem4040029?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2673-7256/4/4/29/pdf?version=1732292536" data-name="MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control" data-journal="photochem"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2673-7256/4/4/29/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13435458' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Bozhidar I. Stefanov</div><div id="profile-card-drop13435458" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/1476811/thumb/Bozhidar_Stefanov.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Bozhidar I. Stefanov</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1476811?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Bozhidar%20I.%20Stefanov" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Bozhidar%20I.%20Stefanov&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bozhidar%20I.%20Stefanov" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13435458" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e8c78b868cc58b8f81c784c78d85898184c5989a879c8d8b9c818786cbd8d8dc8bdedad9d9d9ded8dfd8dcd8dbd88bd88cd9dcdadad9ded9dfdc8ed9d9d88cd8dcd88ad8dbdc8bd8d8d8dd"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1017-7067" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13435459' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Hristo G. Kolev</div><div id="profile-card-drop13435459" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Hristo G. Kolev</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1508611?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Hristo%20G.%20Kolev" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Hristo%20G.%20Kolev&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hristo%20G.%20Kolev" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13435459" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#6c430f0208410f0b0543004309010d0500411c1e0318090f180503024f5c5c5c0a5a545c5f5c5b5c585c085d095e545c5d5c0e585a5c0d5c555d0e585a5c0d5c0a"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4231-9306" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Sofia, 8 Kl. Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Photochem</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 474-487; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029">https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 8 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 8 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 20 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 22 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1527498" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527498" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1527498" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2673-7256/4/4/29/pdf?version=1732292536" data-name="MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control" data-journal="photochem">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-7256/4/4/29/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-7256/4/4/29/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2673-7256/4/4/29/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001.png?1732292612" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the experimental protocol used for TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film functionalization in this study, illustrating the two employed routes: photodeposition and thermal wet chemical (incipient wetness) functionalization.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002.png?1732292613" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Geometry of the UV photodeposition exposure system. (<b>b</b>) Emission spectrum of the UV LED, with the emission maximum (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) indicated. (<b>c</b>) Variation in the UV emission intensity (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and cumulative photodeposition UV dose (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) rates over a 45 min exposure period.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003.png?1732292614" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of (<b>a</b>) the photocatalytic reactor setup used for the methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) experiments and (<b>b</b>) an example of a <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> concentration profile obtained during MB PCO experiments with pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> films, along with MB photolysis data from blank experiments. Error bars on the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> profile indicate standard errors based on triplicate measurements, demonstrating the reproducibility of the experimental data.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004.png?1732292616" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of (<b>a</b>) the surface morphology and (<b>b</b>) cross-sectional view of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film, the surface morphology of the thermally functionalized (<b>c</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>e</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films, and the photodeposition-functionalized (<b>d</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>f</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts at a UV dose of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005.png?1732292619" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>EDX spectra of (<b>a</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>c</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films, photodeposition-functionalized at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, along with the corresponding element maps for (<b>b</b>) Mn, Ti, and O in the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> case and (<b>d</b>) Pd, Ti, and O in the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> case.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006.png?1732292620" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and the MnO<sub>x</sub>- and Pd-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> layers, with photodeposition functionalization occurring at a UV dose of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007.png?1732292622" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of Raman spectra for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and layers functionalized through thermal treatment and photodeposition (PD) for (<b>a</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008.png?1732292623" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>XPS spectra for thermally functionalized and photodeposition-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, showing (<b>a</b>) the Mn2p region for MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) the Pd3d region for Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009.png?1732292625" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Influence of MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalization conditions on (<b>a</b>) the saturation coverage of MB (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>MB</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>b</b>) MB PCO rate (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>MB</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>). Data obtained from triplicate runs. Error bars signify standard error.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-7256/4/4/29/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) on the photodeposition of MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd were photodeposited using increasing UV doses ranging from 5 to 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, from 5 mM aqueous electrolytes based on Mn<sup>2+</sup>/IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> or Pd<sup>2+</sup>, respectively. The effect of the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> on the MnO<sub>x</sub> photodeposition resulted in an increase in Mn<sup>2+</sup> surface content, from 2.7 to 5.2 at.%, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Pd, increasing the UV dose led to a reduction in the oxidation state, transitioning from Pd<sup>2+</sup> to Pd<sup>0</sup>, while the overall Pd surface content range remained relatively steady at 2.2–2.4 at.%. Both MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited proportional enhancements in photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. Notably, Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> demonstrated a significant improvement in photocatalytic performance, surpassing that of pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>. In contrast, TiO<sub>2</sub> samples functionalized through wet impregnation and thermal treatment in the same electrolytes showed overall lower photocatalytic activity compared to those functionalized via photodeposition.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=TiO2+functionalization">TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalization</a>; <a href="/search?q=MnOx+photodeposition">MnO<sub>x</sub> photodeposition</a>; <a href="/search?q=Pd+photodeposition">Pd photodeposition</a>; <a href="/search?q=photodeposition+products">photodeposition products</a>; <a href="/search?q=photocatalysis">photocatalysis</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-photochem-04-00029' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor, widely recognized as one of the most extensively studied photocatalytic materials [<a href="#B1-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Upon illumination with light of energy higher than its bandgap (E<sub>g</sub> = 3.2 eV, λ ≤ 387 nm), TiO<sub>2</sub> can photogenerate electron–hole (e<sup>−</sup>–h<sup>+</sup>) pairs. This property has led to its use as a base material in various applications, including pollution abatement technologies, the fabrication of optoelectronic devices, photoelectrochemical sensing, and solar energy conversion devices [<a href="#B2-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>However, a major drawback of TiO<sub>2</sub> in these applications is the high recombination rate of photogenerated charge pairs, which results in more than 90% of the absorbed light energy being lost [<a href="#B6-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. A promising strategy to mitigate these losses is to functionalize TiO<sub>2</sub> with noble metals (Me) or transition metal oxides (MeO<sub>x</sub>), which act as cocatalysts. These cocatalysts can form Schottky or pn-heterojunctions, selectively accumulating electrons (e<sup>−</sup>) or holes (h<sup>+</sup>) and, thus, reducing recombination losses [<a href="#B7-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Beyond enhancing photocatalytic activity, the Me/MeO<sub>x</sub> cocatalyst functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> also enables the fine-tuning of its optoelectronic properties for energy conversion applications and provides additional adsorption sites to improve sensing capabilities. For example, Huang et al. [<a href="#B9-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">9</a>] demonstrated a 2.84-fold increase in H<sub>2</sub> evolution efficiency for Cu<sub>2</sub>O-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanosheets and up to a 10-fold increase with the addition of a Ni cocatalyst alongside a nitrogen-doped carbon interface layer. Similarly, Balamurugan et al. [<a href="#B10-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">10</a>] employed Ag and NiO functionalization on a hierarchical TiO<sub>2</sub> structure, enhancing the sensitivity of a TiO<sub>2</sub>-based electrode towards acetone by about 60 and 200%, respectively, due to the p-n junction formed.</div><div class='html-p'>The typical cocatalyst modification routes for TiO<sub>2</sub> commonly involve the incipient wetness impregnation method, or a simple wet impregnation of the base catalyst with an aqueous solution of the desired cocatalyst precursor salt, followed by thermal decomposition at 400–500 °C in air for MeO<sub>x</sub> or in a reducing atmosphere, such as Ar/H<sub>2</sub>, if a metal (Me) cocatalyst is desired [<a href="#B11-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B12-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. Alternatively, advanced vacuum-based physical vapor deposition methods, such as DC sputtering [<a href="#B13-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">13</a>] or atomic layer deposition [<a href="#B14-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">14</a>], have also been employed to effectively functionalize TiO<sub>2</sub> for enhanced photocatalytic activity.</div><div class='html-p'>A promising approach for the efficient wet chemical functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> under mild conditions—without the need for additional reducing agents—is to exploit the photocatalytic properties of the TiO<sub>2</sub> layer itself for the direct photodeposition of Me or MeO<sub>x</sub> onto its surface. In this method, noble metals can be deposited via the photoreduction of their precursor ions by photogenerated electrons, as described by the following reaction:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD1-photochem-04-00029'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>→</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(1)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'>For transition metal precursor ions or other oxidizable species, the metal oxide formation is governed by the reaction of photogenerated holes (h<sup>+</sup>) with water molecules [<a href="#B8-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">8</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD2-photochem-04-00029'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(2)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'>In this case, a scavenger is typically introduced to react with the photogenerated electrons, such as iodate via the <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>/</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> redox couple:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD3-photochem-04-00029'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>→</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(3)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'>It has been established that during photodeposition, Me or MeO<sub>x</sub> species are preferentially deposited on active sites with differential redox activity—electron-accumulating sites for Me-type products deposited via photoreduction and hole-accumulating sites for MeO<sub>x</sub>-type products. For example, Ohno et al. demonstrated that in anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> particles, PbO<sub>2</sub> is preferentially photodeposited on the {001} facets, while Pt is deposited on the electron-accumulating {011} facets [<a href="#B15-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. Since Me-type photodeposition products form Schottky junctions that preferentially accept electrons and MeO<sub>x</sub>-type products preferentially accept holes, it can be expected that site-selective photodeposition would yield more effective photocatalysts. Photodeposition also offers other advantages in TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalization, such as the ability to control the amount of cocatalyst deposited by adjusting the photodeposition dose.</div><div class='html-p'>Several studies in the literature have highlighted the benefits of the photodeposition of Me/MeO<sub>x</sub>-type cocatalysts. For instance, Okazaki et al. showed that the site-selective, photodeposition-assisted CoO<sub>x</sub> functionalization of plasmonic Au/TiO<sub>2</sub> photoanodes results in ~50% higher photocurrents compared to similar structures prepared via wet impregnation [<a href="#B16-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Herrera-Beurnio et al. demonstrated that altering the photodeposition wavelength in the functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub>-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction catalysts can specifically target the deposition of Pt on different components of the heterojunction [<a href="#B17-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Lee et al. showed that a two-step photodeposition process can form a TiO<sub>2</sub>/a-MoS<sub>x</sub>/Ag heterostructure with 3.6-times-higher methylene blue removal efficiency compared to the base TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst [<a href="#B18-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. Yan et al. demonstrated that the photodeposition duration can be used to fine-tune the NiOOH surface coverage for the design of TiO<sub>2</sub>-based photoelectrochemical sensors for antibiotic detection [<a href="#B19-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Similarly, See et al. showed that the photodeposition exposure time, directly affecting the photodeposition dose, can be used to adjust the size and density of RuO<sub>x</sub> deposited on TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films, while the addition of a scavenger can control the morphology of the photodeposited particles [<a href="#B20-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Among noble metal and transition metal oxides, palladium (Pd) and manganese oxides (MnO<sub>x</sub>) have demonstrated significant potential as cocatalysts for TiO<sub>2</sub>-based photocatalysts [<a href="#B21-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. For instance, Meng et al. [<a href="#B22-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">22</a>] achieved a 33% increase in photocurrent density and 28% enhancement in CO<sub>2</sub>-to-CH<sub>4</sub> photoreduction yield by photodepositing MnO<sub>x</sub> onto hydrothermally prepared TiO<sub>2</sub> nanosheets. These values were further boosted to 3.71-fold increase in CO<sub>2</sub> photoreduction yield and a 3.55-fold increase in photocurrent with an additional photodeposited Pt cocatalyst, forming a ternary TiO<sub>2</sub>-MnO<sub>x</sub>-Pt structure [<a href="#B22-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Similarly, Espino-Estévez et al. demonstrated that photodepositing Pd on TiO<sub>2</sub> improves the photocatalytic activity by up to 93% for diclofenac mineralization [<a href="#B23-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>These examples underscore the superiority of photodeposition as a functionalization strategy for TiO<sub>2</sub>. However, while many of these studies focus on suspended TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, where the benefits of functionalization are clearly observed, less attention has been given to TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films—particularly dense, optically transparent coatings with a planar surface morphology. These films are crucial for specific applications but may be more susceptible to surface blocking compared to their nanoparticle counterparts. Furthermore, the impact of the photodeposition UV dose (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) remains underexplored, as it does not always directly correlate with the photodeposition duration due to the specifics of some UV sources employed.</div><div class='html-p'>In this study, we investigated the <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>-dependent photodeposition functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films with two cocatalysts: Pd and MnO<sub>x</sub>. The photodeposition products were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We also examined the influence of Me/MeO<sub>x</sub> functionalization on the photocatalytic activity of functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub>, comparing it to that of TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalized via wet impregnation and thermal decomposition.</div></section><section id='sec2-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Materials</h4><div class='html-p'>The titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP, 97+%) was sourced from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). The salicylic acid (SA, ACS, 99+%), palladium nitrate (Pd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, 99.8%), manganese sulfate hydrate (MnSO<sub>4</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, 99%), and methylene blue (95%+) were procured from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The 2-propanol (≥99.8%, HPLC-grade) was supplied by Macron Fine Chemicals (Shanghai, China). The soda-lime glass microscope slide substrates (75 × 26 × 1 mm) were obtained from Deltalab (Rubí Barcelona, Spain).</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Preparation of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films</h4><div class='html-p'>The TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films used as the model system in this study were prepared by dip-coating glass substrates with a titanium-salicylate-based sol. This sol was synthesized from TTIP, SA, and 2-propanol in a 1:3:15 molar ratio, following a previously established method that includes thorough characterization [<a href="#B24-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Five consecutive dip-coating cycles were performed at a withdrawal rate of 0.25 mm s<sup>−1</sup> using a custom-built dip-coating apparatus. Each cycle was followed by calcination, initially at 300 °C for 15 min and then at 450 °C for 1 h. The TiO<sub>2</sub> loading on the glass slides was estimated gravimetrically by measuring the mass change of the substrates after each dip-coating cycle using an analytical scale with a resolution of 0.01 mg. This mass change was normalized by the coated area of the slides, where the average coated height of the 75 × 26 mm microscope slides was 62 ± 1 mm. The TiO<sub>2</sub> deposition resulted in an average mass-per-area increase of 18.2 ± 5.5 μg cm<sup>−2</sup> per dip-coating cycle, leading to a final coverage of 90.8 ± 4.8 μg cm<sup>−2</sup> after five consecutive cycles.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films</h4><div class='html-p'>The TiO<sub>2</sub>-coated slides were cut into 15 × 26 mm rectangles for use in the functionalization experiments. The Pd and MnO<sub>x</sub> functionalization were carried out via two separate methods, as illustrated <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>, namely UV photodeposition and thermal incipient wetness impregnation, followed by calcination.</div><div class='html-p'>The photodeposition was conducted in a custom-built UV exposure setup, as shown in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>, whose geometry is schematically represented in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>a. A high-power UV LED (λ = 365 ± 5 nm, 120° viewing angle; KTDS-3534UV365B, Kingbright (Electronic Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan) served as the UV source. During photodeposition, the LED was positioned approximately 35 mm below a Petri dish containing the photodeposition electrolyte and the TiO<sub>2</sub> film, illuminating it from below.</div><div class='html-p'>The UV LED emission spectrum, measured with an Oriel 77400 fiber-optic spectrograph (Newport, Irvine, CA, USA) equipped with a 400 line mm<sup>−1</sup> diffraction grating (operating range λ = 200–800 nm) and a 2048 pix CCD-based sensor, is shown in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>b. The emission peak was recorded at 369.1 nm, aligning with the manufacturer’s specifications.</div><div class='html-p'>A UV intensity feedback sensor (ML8511, Lapis Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan) monitored the UV LED output during exposure and provided programmable automated exposure control via an Arduino-based control unit. The UV sensor intensity was calibrated at the TiO<sub>2</sub> sample position, accounting for losses through the petri dish, using a calibrated Thorlabs PM400 optical power meter, equipped with an S175C thermal power sensor (Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA).</div><div class='html-p'>Photodeposition electrolytes were prepared as aqueous solutions containing 5 mM Pd<sup>2+</sup> for the Pd photodeposition and 5 mM Mn<sup>2+</sup> with equimolar IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> as a sacrificial agent for the MnO<sub>x</sub> photodeposition. During photodeposition, 150 μL of the electrolyte was applied to a Petri dish, with the TiO<sub>2</sub>-coated slide positioned on top, thereby spreading the electrolyte into a thin liquid film underneath the slide to minimize evaporation during prolonged exposure. Under these conditions, the total available amount of Mn<sup>2+</sup> or Pd<sup>2+</sup> ions was 7.5 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mol. Based on the average TiO<sub>2</sub> mass-per-area loading (90.8 μg cm<sup>−2</sup>), the geometric area of the films (3.9 cm<sup>2</sup>), and the molecular weight of TiO<sub>2</sub> (79.8 g mol<sup>−1</sup>), the total available TiO<sub>2</sub> was estimated to be 4.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mol. Consequently, the maximum attainable metal-to-TiO<sub>2</sub> atomic ratio for a Pd or MnO<sub>x</sub> cocatalyst, assuming a perfectly uniform distribution within the TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film, was estimated at 14.5 at.%.</div><div class='html-p'>The photodeposition functionalization was conducted at three increasing photodeposition dose (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) values: 5, 10, and 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>. The <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> was controlled in situ using feedback from an integrated intensity sensor, compensating for the slight decrease in UV intensity (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) of the LED over time due to the rising temperature of the LED die, as shown in the time-dependent <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> plot in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>c. The average <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> on the TiO<sub>2</sub> surface during exposure was 11.8 ± 0.2 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>. The exposure duration required to reach each target <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> was estimated using the following equation:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD4-photochem-04-00029'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>[</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(4)</label> </div> </div> where <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> is the exposure time in seconds. The durations needed to achieve <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> values of 5, 10, and 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup> were 414 ± 3 s, 849 ± 6 s, and 1732 ± 7 s, respectively.</div><div class='html-p'>Reference samples for MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalized via the thermal route (wet chemical impregnation followed by annealing) were prepared by soaking the TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films in their respective photodeposition electrolytes for 1 h in darkness, rinsing them with distilled water, and then calcining them at 350 °C for 1 h.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Photocatalytic Experiments</h4><div class='html-p'>The photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) experiments were performed in a custom-built photocatalytic reactor, which was detailed and validated in a previous publication [<a href="#B25-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">25</a>] and is illustrated schematically in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>a.</div><div class='html-p'>The reaction medium consisted of 20 mL of aqueous methylene blue (MB) with an initial concentration (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) of 1 ppm, contained and magnetically stirred in a 5 cm optical path glass cuvette. This cuvette served as the reaction cell and housed the photocatalyst sample (15 × 26 mm, equating to a 3.9 cm<sup>2</sup> geometric area). The illumination was provided by a UV LED (λ = 365 nm) positioned above the photocatalyst sample and current-controlled to deliver an irradiance of 1.0 ± 0.1 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> at the sample surface, monitored by an integrated ML8511 UV intensity sensor. The MB concentration was monitored in situ using an integrated colorimetry system based on a laser diode (λ = 650 ± 5 nm). The emission was beam-split and monitored for intensity by a pair of photodiodes, before and after passing through the reaction cell, to calculate the MB absorbance relative to a baseline measurement with distilled water taken before each experiment. The absorbance was directly proportional to <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> via a calibration curve. An overview of the setup geometry is provided in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>a.</div><div class='html-p'>Each PCO experiment lasted 120 min, beginning with a 40 min dark phase (with magnetic stirring but no UV illumination), followed by 80 min of UV illumination. The <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> measurements were taken every 5 min. An example of a <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> concentration profile, obtained from a triplicate run with a pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> layer, is shown in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>b (error bars indicating standard errors are included to demonstrate replicability). Two parameters were derived from each MB PCO experiment. The first was the MB saturation coverage (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>), calculated by applying a Langmuir adsorption isotherm to the dark adsorption phase to obtain the equilibrium saturation MB concentration (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math>), according to:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD5-photochem-04-00029'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>×</mo> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">exp</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(5)</label> </div> </div> where <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> is the time-dependent MB concentration during the dark phase and <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> is the adsorption rate constant. Then, <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> was calculated from <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> using the following relation:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD6-photochem-04-00029'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>×</mo> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(6)</label> </div> </div> where <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> is the reaction cell volume (20 mL), <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> is the MB molecular mass (320 g mol<sup>−1</sup>), and <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> is the geometric area of the TiO<sub>2</sub> film (3.9 cm<sup>2</sup>). The MB removal rate (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) was obtained from the slope of the time-dependent <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> decrease during the UV phase, recalculated as moles of MB consumed per geometric area using the same approach as for <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</div><div class='html-p'>Blank experiments (without a TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film) were conducted to account for MB photodegradation under UV light illumination. These experiments revealed that under the described conditions, <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> was 0.34 ± 0.04 nmol cm<sup>−2</sup>, attributed to MB adsorption on the reactor walls and the PTFE stirring bar. The photolysis rate of MB was determined to be 0.29 ± 0.07 nmol cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, and these values were used to correct the experimentally obtained data for the pristine and Pd/MnO<sub>x</sub>-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> layers.</div></section><section id='sec2dot5-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Characterization Methods</h4><div class='html-p'>The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were acquired using a TM4000 instrument (Hitachi High-Tech Science Corporation, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan), operating at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV with a backscattered electron (BSE) detector. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra and element maps were obtained on a TESCAN LYRA I XMU instrument (ESCAN Group, Brno, Czech Republic), equipped with a Bruker Quantax 200 EDX detector (Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Bruker D8 Advance system with a CuKα source and a LynxEye detector (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany). The Raman spectra were collected using a ThunderOptics TO-ERS-532 setup, equipped with a 532 nm laser source at 30 mW power, at a 2500 ms integration time (Thunder Optics S.A.S., Montpellier, France). The spectra acquisition and processing were performed using the Spectragryph software (version v1.2.16.1) [<a href="#B26-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were obtained with an ESCALAB MkII spectrometer (VG Scientific, now Thermo Scientific, Manchester, UK), using a non-monochromated AlKα source (1486.6 eV). The XPS data were processed using SpecsLab2 and CasaXPS software (version 2.3.25PR1).</div></section></section><section id='sec3-photochem-04-00029' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results and Discussion</h2><section id='sec3dot1-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Characterization of MnO<sub>x</sub>- and Pd-Functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> Films</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#photochem-04-00029-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a,b show SEM micrographs of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films, highlighting the surface morphology (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>a) and cross-sectional view (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>b). The films exhibit a planar and uniform morphology, with the cross-section revealing a thickness of approximately 300 nm. This thickness is consistent with the expected deposition rate for a thin film created through five dip-coating cycles using the 1:3:15 TTIP/SA/2-propanol sol formulation, where a deposition rate of 68 nm per cycle was previously observed [<a href="#B24-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The thermal and photodeposition functionalization at the highest <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup> did not induce any noticeable changes in surface morphology of the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films, as shown in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>c–f, respectively. However, the presence of Mn and Pd species on the surface of the photodeposition-functionalized MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films was detectable via an EDX analysis. <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>a,b display the respective EDX spectra for MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films functionalized at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, where small but discernible contributions from the Mn-K and Pd-L lines are observable alongside the Ti-K signature associated with the TiO<sub>2</sub> layer. Due to the high penetrating depth of the SEM electron beam, strong contributions from Si, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, and K from the glass substrate can also be detected, complicating the quantification of the atomic percentage of the surface-localized cocatalyst layer.</div><div class='html-p'>The detectable Pd concentration in the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> was approximately 0.05 at.% for thermally and 5 J/cm<sup>−2</sup> photodeposition-functionalized films, slightly increasing to 0.17 at.% for the 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup> case, with a measurement error of ±0.1 at.%. For MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>, the thermally functionalized films yielded 0.28 at.% Mn, which increased to 0.31 at.% at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, with the same error margin of ±0.1 at.%. Despite this, both the Mn-K and Pd-L signals allowed for EDX mapping, with examples shown in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>b,d for the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, respectively, demonstrating a uniform distribution of the photodeposited species.</div><div class='html-p'>The XRD pattern of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> film (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>) confirms the presence of the anatase phase, with diffraction peaks appearing at 25.38° (101), 37.93° (004), and 48.12° (200), in accordance with ICDD PDF 03-065-5714. The mean crystallite size, determined by a Scherrer analysis of the (101) peak, is approximately 20 nm. Notably, neither the Pd nor MnO<sub>x</sub> functionalization resulted in significant changes in the XRD patterns, consistent with previous observations.</div><div class='html-p'>A more pronounced effect of Pd and MnO<sub>x</sub> functionalization was observed in the Raman spectra (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>). For the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> film, the Raman bands at 145 cm<sup>−1</sup>, 198 cm<sup>−1</sup>, and 635 cm<sup>−1</sup> correspond to the E<sub>g</sub> mode, while the bands at 397 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 515 cm<sup>−1</sup> correspond to the B<sub>1g</sub> and A<sub>1g</sub>(+B<sub>1g</sub>) modes, respectively, of anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> [<a href="#B27-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. These results confirm that the starting sol–gel layer is polycrystalline anatase, consistent with the XRD data.</div><div class='html-p'>In the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>a) and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b), the thermal functionalization did not significantly alter the Raman spectra. However, the photodeposition led to a progressive decrease in intensity and broadening of the Raman bands, particularly affecting the A<sub>1g</sub> and B<sub>1g</sub> modes, which became indistinguishable with increasing <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</div><div class='html-p'>Studies have demonstrated that the functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> is effectively reflected in its Raman spectra, with the changes depending on the localization of the functionalization species. For instance, Mazzolini et al. observed that the Ta functionalization of anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> in a vacuum atmosphere results in both broadening and a blueshift of up to 14 cm<sup>−1</sup>, whereas functionalization in air causes only broadening, with no noticeable shift [<a href="#B28-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. This behavior can be attributed to changes in carrier density when Ti atoms are substituted by Ta. Similarly, Balarabe [<a href="#B29-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">29</a>] found that Au-decorated TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles exhibit only broadening and intensity loss without Raman peak shifts. Li et al. also noted peak broadening in TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalized with Pt and CuO<sub>x</sub> through a combined photodeposition and wet impregnation method, attributing this to surface strain induced by cocatalyst decoration [<a href="#B30-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. Similar findings were reported by Melvin et al. [<a href="#B31-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">31</a>] for photodeposited Ag, Pd, and Pt cocatalysts, with the broadening attributed to electronic interactions between the photodeposited metals and the anatase surface, as well as the sensitivity of the A<sub>1g</sub> and B<sub>1g</sub> Raman modes to surface stress [<a href="#B27-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B32-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. XPS Study of the Photodeposition Products</h4><div class='html-p'>The chemical states of MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd cocatalysts thermally and photodeposited on the TiO<sub>2</sub> surface were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High-resolution spectra of the Mn2p and Pd3d XPS regions are presented in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>For the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, the XPS results were generally consistent, regardless of the functionalization method. The Mn2p region (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>a) displayed a Mn2p<sub>3/2</sub> core level peak at 641.5 eV with a broad satellite at approximately 646 eV, indicative of MnO formation [<a href="#B33-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. The thermally functionalized MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples showed a total Mn<sup>2+</sup> content of 2.14 at.%, while the photodeposition-functionalized MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited a slightly higher Mn<sup>2+</sup> content of 2.7 at.%. This content increased to 5.18 at.% proportionally with the UV dose (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) applied, ranging from 5 to 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.</div><div class='html-p'>In contrast, the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples exhibited a markedly different behavior in the Pd3d XPS region, as shown in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>b. The photodeposited Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples displayed disproportionation of the Pd species into multiple oxidation states, with deconvolution of the Pd3d<sub>5/2</sub> peak revealing components at 338.8 eV (Pd<sup>4+</sup>), 337.1 eV (Pd<sup>2+</sup>), and 335.2 eV (metallic Pd) [<a href="#B34-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">34</a>,<a href="#B35-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. Although the overall Pd3d content remained relatively stable, with a slight increase from 2.15 to 2.43 at.% as <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> increased from 5 to 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, a significant change was observed in the chemical composition of the photodeposited Pd cocatalyst. Specifically, the Pd<sup>2+</sup> content decreased from 1.16 to 0.9 at.% as the <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> increased, while the metallic Pd content rose substantially from 0.53 to 1.30 at.%.</div><div class='html-p'>A stark difference was observed in the thermally functionalized Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, where only a trace amount of metallic Pd (~0.1 at.%) was detected. The significant difference in MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd contents between the thermally functionalized MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> layers can be attributed to the differing pH levels of the photodeposition electrolytes, which were also used in the thermal functionalization process. The 5 mM Pd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> solution had an acidic pH of 3.47, while the 5 mM MnSO<sub>4</sub>/KIO<sub>3</sub> mixture had a near-neutral pH of 6.4, closely matching the isoelectric point of anatase (approximately pH 6 [<a href="#B36-photochem-04-00029" class="html-bibr">36</a>]). This pH alignment facilitates the easier adsorption of Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions onto the TiO<sub>2</sub> surface compared to Pd<sup>2+</sup>, which, under acidic conditions, would have a matching positive charge, making adsorption less favorable.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-photochem-04-00029' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Effects of MnO<sub>x</sub>/Pd Functionalization on MB Adsorption and Photocatalytic Oxidation</h4><div class='html-p'>The effects of the MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd functionalization strategies on the methylene blue (MB) adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency were systematically investigated. Starting with the impact on the MB saturation coverage (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>), the results are presented in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>a.</div><div class='html-p'>The pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> sample exhibited a <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> value of 2.65 nmol cm<sup>−2</sup>. Functionalization with MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd generally decreased the <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>, potentially due to the occupation of MB surface adsorption sites.</div><div class='html-p'>For the wet chemical thermally functionalized samples, MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> showed a 31% reduction in <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>, whereas Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibited only a 3% decrease. This difference may be attributed to the higher amount of surface-bound MnO<sub>x</sub> relative to the Pd observed in the samples functionalized by the thermal route. In contrast, the photodeposited MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples displayed an average 37% decrease in <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>, while the photodeposited Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> showed an average 22% decrease, with minimal impact from varying <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> levels.</div><div class='html-p'>Regarding the effects of <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> on the MB PCO rate, <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<a href="#photochem-04-00029-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>b), most functionalized samples exhibited lower MB PCO removal efficiency compared to pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>, with a generally positive correlation observed between <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> and increasing <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</div><div class='html-p'>The MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> photodeposition functionalization showed an overall inhibitory effect on the MB PCO rates, with approximately 50% lower removal efficiency. Conversely, the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> photodeposition-functionalized at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup> surpassed the photocatalytic activity of pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> by approximately 35%. Interestingly, a slight difference in activity emerged between the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples functionalized at 5 J cm<sup>−2</sup> and 10 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, with the lower <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> sample showing about 15% higher activity. Despite the similar overall Pd contents (2.15 and 2.19 at.%) between these two samples, the XPS analysis revealed a higher proportion of metallic Pd<sup>0</sup> at 5 J cm<sup>−2</sup> (22% Pd<sup>0</sup>/Pd3d) compared to 10 J cm<sup>−2</sup> (16% Pd<sup>0</sup>/Pd3d). This suggests that prolonged photodeposition may initially yield Pd<sup>2+</sup>-bearing intermediates or a Pd oxide phase, which does cause significantly enhanced activity, before eventually converting into the more catalytically active metallic Pd<sup>0</sup> with extended UV exposure. This observation aligns with the finding that the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> sample photodeposition-functionalized at the higher <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> rate of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup> exhibited the highest MB PCO activity. This sample had both the highest overall Pd content (2.43 at.%) and the highest percentage of metallic Pd<sup>0</sup> (53%).</div><div class='html-p'>Overall, the most valuable observation that can be made from these data is that the wet impregnation, thermally functionalized photocatalysts were significantly less active than their photodeposition-functionalized counterparts, with an 85% reduction in activity for MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and a 73% reduction for Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>. A summary of the results for <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> correlated to the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> samples functionalized through the two cocatalyst modification routes is presented in <a href="#photochem-04-00029-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-photochem-04-00029' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>Photodeposition has proved to be a highly effective method for functionalizing TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films with MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd cocatalysts, offering advantages and higher flexibility over the thermal functionalization route. We demonstrated that adjusting the UV dose (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) during photodeposition can significantly influence the surface content and oxidation states of MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd. Specifically, increasing <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> led to a higher MnO<sub>x</sub> content and a shift in Pd oxidation state, resulting in improved photocatalytic performance, particularly for Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films. In contrast, thermal functionalization resulted in lower photocatalytic activity and less favorable surface site availability for MB adsorption in both cases. Overall, photodeposition provides a more flexible and effective approach for optimizing TiO<sub>2</sub>-based photocatalysts.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, B.I.S.; methodology, B.I.S. and H.G.K.; formal analysis, H.G.K.; investigation, B.I.S. and H.G.K.; resources, H.G.K.; data curation, B.I.S. and H.G.K.; writing—original draft preparation, B.I.S.; writing—review and editing, H.G.K.; visualization, B.I.S.; supervision, B.I.S.; project administration, B.I.S.; funding acquisition, B.I.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors acknowledge that the full financial support for this study was provided by the Bulgarian National Science Fund (BNSF), under project KΠ-06-H59/11 “Photocatalytic Activity of Thin Films with Selectively Photodeposited Cocatalysts”.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>The provision of access to, and use of, research equipment of the distributed research infrastructure INFRAMAT (part of Bulgarian National roadmap for research infrastructures) supported by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science for the purposes of this study is greatly acknowledged.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Nakata, K.; Fujishima, A. TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysis: Design and applications. <span class='html-italic'>J. Photochem. Photobiol. C</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 169–189. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=TiO2+photocatalysis:+Design+and+applications&author=Nakata,+K.&author=Fujishima,+A.&publication_year=2012&journal=J.+Photochem.+Photobiol.+C&volume=13&pages=169%E2%80%93189&doi=10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.06.001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.06.001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B2-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Ochiai, T.; Fujishima, A. Photoelectrochemical properties of TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst and its applications for environmental purification. <span class='html-italic'>J. Photochem. Photobiol. C</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 247–262. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Photoelectrochemical+properties+of+TiO2+photocatalyst+and+its+applications+for+environmental+purification&author=Ochiai,+T.&author=Fujishima,+A.&publication_year=2012&journal=J.+Photochem.+Photobiol.+C&volume=13&pages=247%E2%80%93262&doi=10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.07.001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.07.001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B3-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Ge, S.; Sang, D.; Zou, L.; Yao, Y.; Zhou, C.; Fu, H.; Xi, H.; Fan, J.; Meng, L.; Wang, C. A Review on the Progress of Optoelectronic Devices Based on TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films and Nanomaterials. <span class='html-italic'>Nanomaterials</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1141. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+Review+on+the+Progress+of+Optoelectronic+Devices+Based+on+TiO2+Thin+Films+and+Nanomaterials&author=Ge,+S.&author=Sang,+D.&author=Zou,+L.&author=Yao,+Y.&author=Zhou,+C.&author=Fu,+H.&author=Xi,+H.&author=Fan,+J.&author=Meng,+L.&author=Wang,+C.&publication_year=2023&journal=Nanomaterials&volume=13&pages=1141&doi=10.3390/nano13071141" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071141" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Wang, Y.; Zu, M.; Zhou, X.; Lin, H.; Peng, F.; Zhang, S. Designing efficient TiO<sub>2</sub>-based photoelectrocatalysis systems for chemical engineering and sensing. <span class='html-italic'>J. Chem. Eng.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>381</span>, 122605. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Designing+efficient+TiO2-based+photoelectrocatalysis+systems+for+chemical+engineering+and+sensing&author=Wang,+Y.&author=Zu,+M.&author=Zhou,+X.&author=Lin,+H.&author=Peng,+F.&author=Zhang,+S.&publication_year=2020&journal=J.+Chem.+Eng.&volume=381&pages=122605&doi=10.1016/j.cej.2019.122605" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122605" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Zhou, C.; Xi, Z.; Stacchiola, J.; Liu, M. Application of ultrathin TiO<sub>2</sub> layers in solar energy conversion devices. <span class='html-italic'>Energy Sci. Eng.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>10</span>, 1614–1629. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Application+of+ultrathin+TiO2+layers+in+solar+energy+conversion+devices&author=Zhou,+C.&author=Xi,+Z.&author=Stacchiola,+J.&author=Liu,+M.&publication_year=2022&journal=Energy+Sci.+Eng.&volume=10&pages=1614%E2%80%931629&doi=10.1002/ese3.1142" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1142" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B6-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Schneider, J.; Matsuoka, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Zhang, J.; Horiuchi, Y.; Anpo, M.; Bahnemann, D. Understanding TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysis: Mechanisms and materials. <span class='html-italic'>Chem. Rev.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>114</span>, 9919–9986. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Understanding+TiO2+photocatalysis:+Mechanisms+and+materials&author=Schneider,+J.&author=Matsuoka,+M.&author=Takeuchi,+M.&author=Zhang,+J.&author=Horiuchi,+Y.&author=Anpo,+M.&author=Bahnemann,+D.&publication_year=2014&journal=Chem.+Rev.&volume=114&pages=9919%E2%80%939986&doi=10.1021/cr5001892" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5001892" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B7-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Meng, A.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, B.; Yu, J. Dual Cocatalysts in TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysis. <span class='html-italic'>Adv. Mater.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>31</span>, 1807660. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dual+Cocatalysts+in+TiO2+Photocatalysis&author=Meng,+A.&author=Zhang,+L.&author=Cheng,+B.&author=Yu,+J.&publication_year=2019&journal=Adv.+Mater.&volume=31&pages=1807660&doi=10.1002/adma.201807660" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807660" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B8-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Butburee, T.; Kotchasarn, P.; Hirunsit, P.; Sun, Z.; Tang, Q.; Khemthong, P.; Sangkhun, W.; Thongsuwan, W.; Kumnorkaew, P.; Wang, H.; et al. New understanding of crystal control and facet selectivity of titanium dioxide ruling photocatalytic performance. <span class='html-italic'>J. Mater. Chem. A</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 8156–8166. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=New+understanding+of+crystal+control+and+facet+selectivity+of+titanium+dioxide+ruling+photocatalytic+performance&author=Butburee,+T.&author=Kotchasarn,+P.&author=Hirunsit,+P.&author=Sun,+Z.&author=Tang,+Q.&author=Khemthong,+P.&author=Sangkhun,+W.&author=Thongsuwan,+W.&author=Kumnorkaew,+P.&author=Wang,+H.&publication_year=2019&journal=J.+Mater.+Chem.+A&volume=7&pages=8156%E2%80%938166&doi=10.1039/C8TA11475G" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA11475G" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-photochem-04-00029' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Huang, K.; Liang, G.; Sun, S.; Hu, H.; Peng, X.; Shen, R.; Li, X. Interface-induced charge transfer pathway switching of a Cu<sub>2</sub>O-TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst from p-n to S-scheme heterojunction for effective photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> evolution. <span class='html-italic'>J. Mater. Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>193</span>, 98–106. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Interface-induced+charge+transfer+pathway+switching+of+a+Cu2O-TiO2+photocatalyst+from+p-n+to+S-scheme+heterojunction+for+effective+photocatalytic+H2+evolution&author=Huang,+K.&author=Liang,+G.&author=Sun,+S.&author=Hu,+H.&author=Peng,+X.&author=Shen,+R.&author=Li,+X.&publication_year=2024&journal=J.+Mater.+Sci.+Technol.&volume=193&pages=98%E2%80%93106&doi=10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.034" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.034" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Balamurugan, C.; Cho, K.; Park, B.; Kim, J.; Kim, N.; Pak, Y.; Kong, J.; Kwon, S. Large modulation of the chemical and electronic sensitization of TiO<sub>2</sub>/Ag/NiO nanostructure via in situ hydrothermal-induced heterointerface engineering. <span class='html-italic'>J. Chem. Eng.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>430</span> <span class='html-italic'>Pt 2</span>, 132690. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Large+modulation+of+the+chemical+and+electronic+sensitization+of+TiO2/Ag/NiO+nanostructure+via+in+situ+hydrothermal-induced+heterointerface+engineering&author=Balamurugan,+C.&author=Cho,+K.&author=Park,+B.&author=Kim,+J.&author=Kim,+N.&author=Pak,+Y.&author=Kong,+J.&author=Kwon,+S.&publication_year=2022&journal=J.+Chem.+Eng.&volume=430&issue=Pt+2&pages=132690&doi=10.1016/j.cej.2021.132690" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132690" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Sudarsanam, P.; Köckritz, A.; Atia, H.; Amin, M.; Brückner, A. Synergistic Nanostructured MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> Catalyst for Highly Selective Synthesis of Aromatic Imines. <span class='html-italic'>ChemCatChem</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1990–1997. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Synergistic+Nanostructured+MnOx/TiO2+Catalyst+for+Highly+Selective+Synthesis+of+Aromatic+Imines&author=Sudarsanam,+P.&author=K%C3%B6ckritz,+A.&author=Atia,+H.&author=Amin,+M.&author=Br%C3%BCckner,+A.&publication_year=2021&journal=ChemCatChem&volume=13&pages=1990%E2%80%931997&doi=10.1002/cctc.202001870" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202001870" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B12-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Hejazi, S.; Mohajernia, S.; Osuagwu, B.; Zoppellaro, G.; Andryskova, P.; Tomanec, O.; Kment, S.; Zbořil, R.; Schmuki, P. On the Controlled Loading of Single Platinum Atoms as a Co-Catalyst on TiO<sub>2</sub> Anatase for Optimized Photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> Generation. <span class='html-italic'>Adv. Mater.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>32</span>, 1908505. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On+the+Controlled+Loading+of+Single+Platinum+Atoms+as+a+Co-Catalyst+on+TiO2+Anatase+for+Optimized+Photocatalytic+H2+Generation&author=Hejazi,+S.&author=Mohajernia,+S.&author=Osuagwu,+B.&author=Zoppellaro,+G.&author=Andryskova,+P.&author=Tomanec,+O.&author=Kment,+S.&author=Zbo%C5%99il,+R.&author=Schmuki,+P.&publication_year=2020&journal=Adv.+Mater.&volume=32&pages=1908505&doi=10.1002/adma.201908505" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201908505" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B13-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Villamayor, A.; Pomone, T.; Perero, S.; Ferraris, M.; Barrio, V.L.; G-Berasategui, E.; Kelly, P. Development of photocatalytic nanostructured TiO<sub>2</sub> and NiO/TiO<sub>2</sub> coatings by DC magnetron sputtering for photocatalytic applications. <span class='html-italic'>Ceram. Int.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>49</span>, 19309–19317. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Development+of+photocatalytic+nanostructured+TiO2+and+NiO/TiO2+coatings+by+DC+magnetron+sputtering+for+photocatalytic+applications&author=Villamayor,+A.&author=Pomone,+T.&author=Perero,+S.&author=Ferraris,+M.&author=Barrio,+V.L.&author=G-Berasategui,+E.&author=Kelly,+P.&publication_year=2023&journal=Ceram.+Int.&volume=49&pages=19309%E2%80%9319317&doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.058" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.058" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B14-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Pham, K.; Ali-Löytty, H.; Saari, J.; Zubair, M.; Valden, M.; Lahtonen, K.; Kinnunen, N.; Gunell, M.; Saarinen, J.J. Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> inverse opal structure with atomic layer deposition grown Cu for photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. <span class='html-italic'>Opt. Mater.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>131</span>, 112695. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Functionalization+of+TiO2+inverse+opal+structure+with+atomic+layer+deposition+grown+Cu+for+photocatalytic+and+antibacterial+applications&author=Pham,+K.&author=Ali-L%C3%B6ytty,+H.&author=Saari,+J.&author=Zubair,+M.&author=Valden,+M.&author=Lahtonen,+K.&author=Kinnunen,+N.&author=Gunell,+M.&author=Saarinen,+J.J.&publication_year=2022&journal=Opt.+Mater.&volume=131&pages=112695&doi=10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112695" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112695" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B15-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Ohno, T.; Sarukawa, K.; Matsumura, M. Crystal faces of rutile and anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> particles and their roles in photocatalytic reactions. <span class='html-italic'>New J. Chem.</span> <b>2002</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 1167–1170. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Crystal+faces+of+rutile+and+anatase+TiO2+particles+and+their+roles+in+photocatalytic+reactions&author=Ohno,+T.&author=Sarukawa,+K.&author=Matsumura,+M.&publication_year=2002&journal=New+J.+Chem.&volume=26&pages=1167%E2%80%931170&doi=10.1039/b202140d" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/b202140d" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B16-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Okazaki, M.; Suganami, Y.; Hirayama, N.; Nakata, H.; Oshikiri, T.; Yokoi, T.; Misawa, H.; Maeda, K. Site-Selective Deposition of a Cobalt Cocatalyst onto a Plasmonic Au/TiO<sub>2</sub> Photoanode for Improved Water Oxidation. <span class='html-italic'>ACS Appl. Energy Mater.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>3</span>, 5142–5146. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Site-Selective+Deposition+of+a+Cobalt+Cocatalyst+onto+a+Plasmonic+Au/TiO2+Photoanode+for+Improved+Water+Oxidation&author=Okazaki,+M.&author=Suganami,+Y.&author=Hirayama,+N.&author=Nakata,+H.&author=Oshikiri,+T.&author=Yokoi,+T.&author=Misawa,+H.&author=Maeda,+K.&publication_year=2020&journal=ACS+Appl.+Energy+Mater.&volume=3&pages=5142%E2%80%935146&doi=10.1021/acsaem.0c00857" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00857" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B17-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Herrera-Beurnio, M.C.; López-Tenllado, F.J.; Hidalgo-Carrillo, J.; Martín-Gómez, J.; Estévez, R.; Castillo-Rodríguez, M.; de Miguel, G.; Urbano, F.; Marinas, A. Controlled photodeposition of Pt onto TiO<sub>2</sub>-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> systems for photocatalytic hydrogen production. <span class='html-italic'>Cat. Today</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>413–415</span>, 113967. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Controlled+photodeposition+of+Pt+onto+TiO2-g-C3N4+systems+for+photocatalytic+hydrogen+production&author=Herrera-Beurnio,+M.C.&author=L%C3%B3pez-Tenllado,+F.J.&author=Hidalgo-Carrillo,+J.&author=Mart%C3%ADn-G%C3%B3mez,+J.&author=Est%C3%A9vez,+R.&author=Castillo-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+M.&author=de+Miguel,+G.&author=Urbano,+F.&author=Marinas,+A.&publication_year=2023&journal=Cat.+Today&volume=413%E2%80%93415&pages=113967&doi=10.1016/j.cattod.2022.11.028" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.11.028" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B18-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Lee, Y.; Kim, T.; Kim, B.; Choi, S.; Kim, K. Synthesis of TiO<sub>2</sub>/MoS<sub>x</sub>/Ag nanocomposites via photodeposition for enhanced photocatalysis and membrane fouling mitigation. <span class='html-italic'>J. Environ. Chem. Eng.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 109266. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Synthesis+of+TiO2/MoSx/Ag+nanocomposites+via+photodeposition+for+enhanced+photocatalysis+and+membrane+fouling+mitigation&author=Lee,+Y.&author=Kim,+T.&author=Kim,+B.&author=Choi,+S.&author=Kim,+K.&publication_year=2023&journal=J.+Environ.+Chem.+Eng.&volume=11&pages=109266&doi=10.1016/j.jece.2023.109266" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109266" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B19-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Yan, G.; Han, Z.; Hou, X.; Yi, S.; Zhang, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, L. A highly sensitive TiO<sub>2</sub>-based molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor with regulation of imprinted sites by Photo-deposition. <span class='html-italic'>J. Colloid Interface Sci.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>650B</span>, 1319–1326. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A+highly+sensitive+TiO2-based+molecularly+imprinted+photoelectrochemical+sensor+with+regulation+of+imprinted+sites+by+Photo-deposition&author=Yan,+G.&author=Han,+Z.&author=Hou,+X.&author=Yi,+S.&author=Zhang,+Z.&author=Zhou,+Y.&author=Zhang,+L.&publication_year=2023&journal=J.+Colloid+Interface+Sci.&volume=650B&pages=1319%E2%80%931326&doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.105&pmid=37478749" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.105" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37478749" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B20-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>See, E.M.; Tossi, C.; Hällström, L.; Tittonen, I. Photodeposition of RuO<sub>x</sub> Nanostructures on TiO<sub>2</sub> Films with a Controllable Morphology. <span class='html-italic'>ACS Omega</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>5</span>, 10671–10679. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Photodeposition+of+RuOx+Nanostructures+on+TiO2+Films+with+a+Controllable+Morphology&author=See,+E.M.&author=Tossi,+C.&author=H%C3%A4llstr%C3%B6m,+L.&author=Tittonen,+I.&publication_year=2020&journal=ACS+Omega&volume=5&pages=10671%E2%80%9310679&doi=10.1021/acsomega.9b04077&pmid=32455185" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04077" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32455185" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B21-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Rossi, L.; Villabrille, P.I.; Morales-Torres, S.; Rosso, J.A. Palladium-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Environmental Application. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Chem. Phys.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>302</span>, 127740. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Palladium-modified+TiO2+Photocatalysts:+Synthesis,+Characterization,+and+Environmental+Application&author=Rossi,+L.&author=Villabrille,+P.I.&author=Morales-Torres,+S.&author=Rosso,+J.A.&publication_year=2023&journal=Mater.+Chem.+Phys.&volume=302&pages=127740&doi=10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127740" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127740" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Meng, A.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, B.; Yu, J. TiO<sub>2</sub>–MnO<sub>x</sub>–Pt Hybrid Multiheterojunction Film Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub>-Reduction Activity. <span class='html-italic'>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>11</span>, 5581–5589. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=TiO2%E2%80%93MnOx%E2%80%93Pt+Hybrid+Multiheterojunction+Film+Photocatalyst+with+Enhanced+Photocatalytic+CO2-Reduction+Activity&author=Meng,+A.&author=Zhang,+L.&author=Cheng,+B.&author=Yu,+J.&publication_year=2019&journal=ACS+Appl.+Mater.+Interfaces&volume=11&pages=5581%E2%80%935589&doi=10.1021/acsami.8b02552" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02552" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B23-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Espino-Estévez, M.R.; Fernández-Rodríguez, C.; González-Díaz, O.M.; Araña, J.; Espinós, J.P.; Ortega-Méndez, J.A.; Doña-Rodríguez, J.M. Effect of TiO<sub>2</sub>–Pd and TiO<sub>2</sub>–Ag on the photocatalytic oxidation of diclofenac, isoproturon and phenol. <span class='html-italic'>Chem. Eng. J.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>298</span>, 82–95. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effect+of+TiO2%E2%80%93Pd+and+TiO2%E2%80%93Ag+on+the+photocatalytic+oxidation+of+diclofenac,+isoproturon+and+phenol&author=Espino-Est%C3%A9vez,+M.R.&author=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+C.&author=Gonz%C3%A1lez-D%C3%ADaz,+O.M.&author=Ara%C3%B1a,+J.&author=Espin%C3%B3s,+J.P.&author=Ortega-M%C3%A9ndez,+J.A.&author=Do%C3%B1a-Rodr%C3%ADguez,+J.M.&publication_year=2016&journal=Chem.+Eng.+J.&volume=298&pages=82%E2%80%9395&doi=10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.016" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.016" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B24-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Stefanov, B. Optically Transparent TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZnO Photocatalytic Thin Films via Salicylate-Based Sol Formulations. <span class='html-italic'>Coatings</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1568. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Optically+Transparent+TiO2+and+ZnO+Photocatalytic+Thin+Films+via+Salicylate-Based+Sol+Formulations&author=Stefanov,+B.&publication_year=2023&journal=Coatings&volume=13&pages=1568&doi=10.3390/coatings13091568" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091568" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B25-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Stefanov, B. Photocatalytic reactor for in situ determination of supported catalysts activity in liquid-phase based on 3D-printed components and Arduino. In Proceedings of the 2020 XXIX International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), Sozopol, Bulgaria, 16–18 September 2020. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Photocatalytic+reactor+for+in+situ+determination+of+supported+catalysts+activity+in+liquid-phase+based+on+3D-printed+components+and+Arduino&conference=Proceedings+of+the+2020+XXIX+International+Scientific+Conference+Electronics+(ET)&author=Stefanov,+B.&publication_year=2020&doi=10.1109/ET50336.2020.9238334" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ET50336.2020.9238334" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B26-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Menges, F. <span class='html-italic'>Spectragryph—Optical Spectroscopy Software</span>, Version 1.2.16. 2022. Available online: <a href="http://www.effemm2.de/spectragryph/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.effemm2.de/spectragryph/</a> (accessed on 8 October 2024).</li><li id='B27-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Zhang, W.; He, Y.; Zhang, M.; Yin, Z.; Chen, Q. Raman scattering study on anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals. <span class='html-italic'>J. Phys. D</span> <b>2000</b>, <span class='html-italic'>33</span>, 912. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Raman+scattering+study+on+anatase+TiO2+nanocrystals&author=Zhang,+W.&author=He,+Y.&author=Zhang,+M.&author=Yin,+Z.&author=Chen,+Q.&publication_year=2000&journal=J.+Phys.+D&volume=33&pages=912&doi=10.1088/0022-3727/33/8/305" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/33/8/305" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B28-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Mazzolini, P.; Russo, V.; Casari, C.S.; Hitosugi, T.; Nakao, S.; Hasegawa, T.; Li Bassi, A. Vibrational–Electrical Properties Relationship in Donor-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> by Raman Spectroscopy. <span class='html-italic'>J. Phys. Chem. C</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>120</span>, 18878–18886. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vibrational%E2%80%93Electrical+Properties+Relationship+in+Donor-Doped+TiO2+by+Raman+Spectroscopy&author=Mazzolini,+P.&author=Russo,+V.&author=Casari,+C.S.&author=Hitosugi,+T.&author=Nakao,+S.&author=Hasegawa,+T.&author=Li+Bassi,+A.&publication_year=2016&journal=J.+Phys.+Chem.+C&volume=120&pages=18878%E2%80%9318886&doi=10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b05282" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b05282" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B29-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Balarabe, B.Y. Green synthesis of gold-titania nanoparticles for sustainable ciprofloxacin removal and phytotoxicity evaluation on aquatic plant growth. <span class='html-italic'>Hybrid Adv.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>4</span>, 100107. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Green+synthesis+of+gold-titania+nanoparticles+for+sustainable+ciprofloxacin+removal+and+phytotoxicity+evaluation+on+aquatic+plant+growth&author=Balarabe,+B.Y.&publication_year=2023&journal=Hybrid+Adv.&volume=4&pages=100107&doi=10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100107" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100107" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B30-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Li, X.; Xie, J.; Rao, H.; Wang, C.; Tang, J. Platinum- and CuO<sub>x</sub>-Decorated TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalyst for Oxidative Coupling of Methane to C<sub>2</sub> Hydrocarbons in a Flow Reactor. <span class='html-italic'>Angew Chem.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>59</span>, 19702–19707. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Platinum-+and+CuOx-Decorated+TiO2+Photocatalyst+for+Oxidative+Coupling+of+Methane+to+C2+Hydrocarbons+in+a+Flow+Reactor&author=Li,+X.&author=Xie,+J.&author=Rao,+H.&author=Wang,+C.&author=Tang,+J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Angew+Chem.&volume=59&pages=19702%E2%80%9319707&doi=10.1002/anie.202007557" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202007557" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Melvin, A.; Illath, K.; Das, T.; Raja, T.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Gopinath, C. M–Au/TiO<sub>2</sub> (M = Ag, Pd, and Pt) nanophotocatalyst for overall solar water splitting: Role of interfaces. <span class='html-italic'>Nanoscale</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>7</span>, 13477–13488. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=M%E2%80%93Au/TiO2+(M+=+Ag,+Pd,+and+Pt)+nanophotocatalyst+for+overall+solar+water+splitting:+Role+of+interfaces&author=Melvin,+A.&author=Illath,+K.&author=Das,+T.&author=Raja,+T.&author=Bhattacharyya,+S.&author=Gopinath,+C.&publication_year=2015&journal=Nanoscale&volume=7&pages=13477%E2%80%9313488&doi=10.1039/C5NR03735B&pmid=26199221" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR03735B" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26199221" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B32-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Shirpay, A.; Tavakoli, M. The behavior of the active modes of the anatase phase of TiO<sub>2</sub> at high temperatures by Raman scattering spectroscopy. <span class='html-italic'>Indian J. Phys.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>96</span>, 1673–1681. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+behavior+of+the+active+modes+of+the+anatase+phase+of+TiO2+at+high+temperatures+by+Raman+scattering+spectroscopy&author=Shirpay,+A.&author=Tavakoli,+M.&publication_year=2022&journal=Indian+J.+Phys.&volume=96&pages=1673%E2%80%931681&doi=10.1007/s12648-021-02123-z" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-021-02123-z" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B33-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Lazarova, T.; Kovacheva, D.; Georgieva, M.; Tzankov, D.; Tyuliev, G.; Spassova, I.; Naydenov, A. Tunable nanosized spinel manganese ferrites synthesized by solution combustion method. <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Surf. Sci.</span> <b>2019</b>, <span class='html-italic'>496</span>, 143571. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Tunable+nanosized+spinel+manganese+ferrites+synthesized+by+solution+combustion+method&author=Lazarova,+T.&author=Kovacheva,+D.&author=Georgieva,+M.&author=Tzankov,+D.&author=Tyuliev,+G.&author=Spassova,+I.&author=Naydenov,+A.&publication_year=2019&journal=Appl.+Surf.+Sci.&volume=496&pages=143571&doi=10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143571" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143571" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B34-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Camposeco, R.; Castillo, S.; Mejía-Centeno, I.; Navarrete, J.; Marín, J. Characterization of physicochemical properties of Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanostructured catalysts prepared by the photodeposition method. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Charact.</span> <b>2014</b>, <span class='html-italic'>95</span>, 201–210. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Characterization+of+physicochemical+properties+of+Pd/TiO2+nanostructured+catalysts+prepared+by+the+photodeposition+method&author=Camposeco,+R.&author=Castillo,+S.&author=Mej%C3%ADa-Centeno,+I.&author=Navarrete,+J.&author=Mar%C3%ADn,+J.&publication_year=2014&journal=Mater.+Charact.&volume=95&pages=201%E2%80%93210&doi=10.1016/j.matchar.2014.06.017" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.06.017" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B35-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Aramendía, M.A.; Borau, V.; Colmenares, J.C.; Marinas, A.; Marinas, J.M.; Navío, J.A.; Urbano, F.J. Modification of the photocatalytic activity of Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Zn/TiO<sub>2</sub> systems through different oxidative and reductive calcination treatments. <span class='html-italic'>Appl. Catal. B</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>80</span>, 88–97. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Modification+of+the+photocatalytic+activity+of+Pd/TiO2+and+Zn/TiO2+systems+through+different+oxidative+and+reductive+calcination+treatments&author=Aramend%C3%ADa,+M.A.&author=Borau,+V.&author=Colmenares,+J.C.&author=Marinas,+A.&author=Marinas,+J.M.&author=Nav%C3%ADo,+J.A.&author=Urbano,+F.J.&publication_year=2008&journal=Appl.+Catal.+B&volume=80&pages=88%E2%80%9397&doi=10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.11.017" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.11.017" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B36-photochem-04-00029' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Verhovšek, D.; Veronovski, N.; Štangar, U.; Kete, M.; Žagar, K.; Čeh, M. The Synthesis of Anatase Nanoparticles and the Preparation of Photocatalytically Active Coatings Based on Wet Chemical Methods for Self-Cleaning Applications. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Photoenerg.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>2012</span>, 329796. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Synthesis+of+Anatase+Nanoparticles+and+the+Preparation+of+Photocatalytically+Active+Coatings+Based+on+Wet+Chemical+Methods+for+Self-Cleaning+Applications&author=Verhov%C5%A1ek,+D.&author=Veronovski,+N.&author=%C5%A0tangar,+U.&author=Kete,+M.&author=%C5%BDagar,+K.&author=%C4%8Ceh,+M.&publication_year=2012&journal=Int.+J.+Photoenerg.&volume=2012&pages=329796&doi=10.1155/2012/329796" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/329796" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTable' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f001"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g001" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Schematic representation of the experimental protocol used for TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film functionalization in this study, illustrating the two employed routes: photodeposition and thermal wet chemical (incipient wetness) functionalization.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Schematic representation of the experimental protocol used for TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film functionalization in this study, illustrating the two employed routes: photodeposition and thermal wet chemical (incipient wetness) functionalization.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g001" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f002"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g002" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> (<b>a</b>) Geometry of the UV photodeposition exposure system. (<b>b</b>) Emission spectrum of the UV LED, with the emission maximum (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) indicated. (<b>c</b>) Variation in the UV emission intensity (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and cumulative photodeposition UV dose (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) rates over a 45 min exposure period.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> (<b>a</b>) Geometry of the UV photodeposition exposure system. (<b>b</b>) Emission spectrum of the UV LED, with the emission maximum (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) indicated. (<b>c</b>) Variation in the UV emission intensity (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and cumulative photodeposition UV dose (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) rates over a 45 min exposure period.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g002" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f003"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g003" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Schematic representation of (<b>a</b>) the photocatalytic reactor setup used for the methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) experiments and (<b>b</b>) an example of a <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> concentration profile obtained during MB PCO experiments with pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> films, along with MB photolysis data from blank experiments. Error bars on the <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> profile indicate standard errors based on triplicate measurements, demonstrating the reproducibility of the experimental data.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Schematic representation of (<b>a</b>) the photocatalytic reactor setup used for the methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) experiments and (<b>b</b>) an example of a <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> concentration profile obtained during MB PCO experiments with pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> films, along with MB photolysis data from blank experiments. Error bars on the <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> profile indicate standard errors based on triplicate measurements, demonstrating the reproducibility of the experimental data.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g003" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f004"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g004" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> SEM micrographs of (<b>a</b>) the surface morphology and (<b>b</b>) cross-sectional view of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film, the surface morphology of the thermally functionalized (<b>c</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>e</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films, and the photodeposition-functionalized (<b>d</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>f</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts at a UV dose of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> SEM micrographs of (<b>a</b>) the surface morphology and (<b>b</b>) cross-sectional view of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film, the surface morphology of the thermally functionalized (<b>c</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>e</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> thin films, and the photodeposition-functionalized (<b>d</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>f</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts at a UV dose of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g004" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f005"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g005" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> EDX spectra of (<b>a</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>c</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films, photodeposition-functionalized at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, along with the corresponding element maps for (<b>b</b>) Mn, Ti, and O in the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> case and (<b>d</b>) Pd, Ti, and O in the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> case.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> EDX spectra of (<b>a</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>c</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films, photodeposition-functionalized at 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>, along with the corresponding element maps for (<b>b</b>) Mn, Ti, and O in the MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> case and (<b>d</b>) Pd, Ti, and O in the Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> case.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g005" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f006"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g006" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> XRD patterns of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and the MnO<sub>x</sub>- and Pd-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> layers, with photodeposition functionalization occurring at a UV dose of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> XRD patterns of the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and the MnO<sub>x</sub>- and Pd-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> layers, with photodeposition functionalization occurring at a UV dose of 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup>.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g006" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f007"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g007" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Comparison of Raman spectra for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and layers functionalized through thermal treatment and photodeposition (PD) for (<b>a</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Comparison of Raman spectra for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and layers functionalized through thermal treatment and photodeposition (PD) for (<b>a</b>) MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g007" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g007.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f008"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f008"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g008" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f008"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 8.</b> XPS spectra for thermally functionalized and photodeposition-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, showing (<b>a</b>) the Mn2p region for MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) the Pd3d region for Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f008"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 8.</b> XPS spectra for thermally functionalized and photodeposition-functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> samples, showing (<b>a</b>) the Mn2p region for MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and (<b>b</b>) the Pd3d region for Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub>.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g008" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g008.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-f009"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f009"> <img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g009" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f009"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 9.</b> Influence of MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalization conditions on (<b>a</b>) the saturation coverage of MB (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>MB</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>b</b>) MB PCO rate (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>MB</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>). Data obtained from triplicate runs. Error bars signify standard error.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_photochem-04-00029-f009"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 9.</b> Influence of MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalization conditions on (<b>a</b>) the saturation coverage of MB (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>MB</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and (<b>b</b>) MB PCO rate (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>MB</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>). Data obtained from triplicate runs. Error bars signify standard error.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009.png" data-original="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009.png" alt="Photochem 04 00029 g009" data-lsrc="/photochem/photochem-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/photochem-04-00029-g009.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="photochem-04-00029-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href='#table_body_display_photochem-04-00029-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7256/4/4/29/display" href="#table_body_display_photochem-04-00029-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Overview of results for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>, MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films, summarizing the effects of different functionalization routes on the chemical state of photodeposited cocatalysts, as well as the outcomes of MB PCO experiments, including the MB saturation coverage (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and MB removal rate (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_photochem-04-00029-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> Overview of results for pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>, MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub> films, summarizing the effects of different functionalization routes on the chemical state of photodeposited cocatalysts, as well as the outcomes of MB PCO experiments, including the MB saturation coverage (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>) and MB removal rate (<math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sample</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Route</th><th rowspan='2' colspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >XPS Results</th><th colspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PCO Results</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'><semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-sans-serif">θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </semantics></math><br> nmol cm<sup>−2</sup></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'><semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </semantics></math><br> nmol cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pristine</td><td colspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.65 ± 0.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.73 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MnO<sub>x</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mn2p (Mn<sup>2+</sup>) at.%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mn2p/Ti2p</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Thermal</td><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.073</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.83 ± 0.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.11 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PD, 5 J cm<sup>−2</sup></td><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.098</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.74 ± 0.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.14 ± 0.12</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PD, 10 J cm<sup>−2</sup></td><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4.61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.158</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.55 ± 0.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.37 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PD, 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup></td><td colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.183</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.70 ± 0.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.33 ± 0.05</td></tr><tr ><td rowspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pd/TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pd3d at.%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pd<sup>4+</sup> at.%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pd<sup>2+</sup> at.%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pd<sup>0</sup> at.%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pd3d/Ti2p</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Thermal</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.10 →</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.003</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.59 ± 0.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.19 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PD, 5 J cm<sup>−2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.15 →</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.070</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.94 ± 0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.78 ± 0.01</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >PD, 10 J cm<sup>−2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2.19 →</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.072</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.94 ± 0.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.68 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PD, 20 J cm<sup>−2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.43 →</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.28 ± 0.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.99 ± 0.10</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=MnOx+and+Pd+Surface+Functionalization+of+TiO2+Thin+Films+via+Photodeposition+UV+Dose+Control&hashtags=mdpiphotochem&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3054996&via=MDPIOpenAccess" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3054996&title=MnOx%20and%20Pd%20Surface%20Functionalization%20of%20TiO2%20Thin%20Films%20via%20Photodeposition%20UV%20Dose%20Control%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DThis%20study%20investigated%20the%20influence%20of%20the%20ultraviolet%20%28UV%29%20dose%20%28DUV%29%20on%20the%20photodeposition%20of%20MnOx%20and%20Pd%20cocatalysts%20on%20300-nm-thick%20anatase%20TiO2%20thin%20films%2C%20which%20were%20prepared%20via%20sol%E2%80%93gel%20dip-coating%20on%20a%20glass%20substrate.%20MnOx%20and%20Pd%20were%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Stefanov, B.I.; Kolev, H.G. MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control. <em>Photochem</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>, 474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Stefanov BI, Kolev HG. MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control. <em>Photochem</em>. 2024; 4(4):474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Stefanov, Bozhidar I., and Hristo G. Kolev. 2024. "MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control" <em>Photochem</em> 4, no. 4: 474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Stefanov, B. I., & Kolev, H. G. (2024). MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control. <em>Photochem</em>, <em>4</em>(4), 474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> </div> </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/photochem/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527498"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527498"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527498"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Stefanov, B.I.; Kolev, H.G. MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control. <em>Photochem</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>, 474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Stefanov BI, Kolev HG. MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control. <em>Photochem</em>. 2024; 4(4):474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Stefanov, Bozhidar I., and Hristo G. Kolev. 2024. "MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control" <em>Photochem</em> 4, no. 4: 474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Stefanov, B. I., & Kolev, H. G. (2024). MnO<sub>x</sub> and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control. <em>Photochem</em>, <em>4</em>(4), 474-487. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/photochem">Photochem</a></em>, EISSN 2673-7256, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/photochem" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/photochem/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=MnOx+and+Pd+Surface+Functionalization+of+TiO2+Thin+Films+via+Photodeposition+UV+Dose+Control&hashtags=mdpiphotochem&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3054996&via=MDPIOpenAccess" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3054996&title=MnOx%20and%20Pd%20Surface%20Functionalization%20of%20TiO2%20Thin%20Films%20via%20Photodeposition%20UV%20Dose%20Control%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DThis%20study%20investigated%20the%20influence%20of%20the%20ultraviolet%20%28UV%29%20dose%20%28DUV%29%20on%20the%20photodeposition%20of%20MnOx%20and%20Pd%20cocatalysts%20on%20300-nm-thick%20anatase%20TiO2%20thin%20films%2C%20which%20were%20prepared%20via%20sol%E2%80%93gel%20dip-coating%20on%20a%20glass%20substrate.%20MnOx%20and%20Pd%20were%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/3054996" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/3054996</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "photochem"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732286508"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/1527498/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/photochem4040029' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2673-7256/4/4/29" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fphotochem4040029/444"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fphotochem4040029", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2673-7256/4/4/29/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/1527498/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/1527498/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732286508"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732286508"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6dfe6fed9ace72',t:'MTczMjMzMTcxNy4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control