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style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David K. Levine</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Knudsen Levine</div><br />c. 1955 (age 68–69)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="General equilibrium">General equilibrium</a> Theory</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data">Learning in games, <a href="/wiki/Folk_theorem_(game_theory)" title="Folk theorem (game theory)">Folk theorem</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/ple26.html">Information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Knudsen Levine</b> (born c. 1955) is an American economist. He is the Leverhulme International Professor of Economics at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a>; Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Study Joint Chair at the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a>; and the John H. Biggs Distinguished Professor of Economics Emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. He previously taught at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> where he held the <a href="/wiki/Armen_Alchian" title="Armen Alchian">Armen Alchian</a> Chair in Economic Theory and twice served as Chair of the Department.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research includes the study of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> and endogenous growth in dynamic general equilibrium models, the endogenous formation of preferences, social <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">norms</a> and institutions, learning in games, and <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> applications to <a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">experimental economics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, Levine obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in 1977, and an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a> in economics in the same year. He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> in economics at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> in June 1981. He became an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> of economics at UCLA in July 1981, an associate professor of economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> in 1987, and a professor of economics at UCLA in the same year. In 1997 he became the <a href="/wiki/Armen_Alchian" title="Armen Alchian">Armen Alchian</a> Professor of Economics at UCLA. In 2006, he moved to Washington University in St. Louis, where he became the John H. Biggs Distinguished Professor of Economics. In 2023, he became the <a href="/wiki/Leverhulme" class="mw-redirect" title="Leverhulme">Leverhulme</a> International Professor of Economics at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levine was the coeditor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Economic_Dynamics" title="Review of Economic Dynamics">Review of Economic Dynamics</a></i> from November 1996 to June 2001, and of <i><a href="/wiki/Econometrica" title="Econometrica">Econometrica</a></i> from July 2003 to June 2008. He presided the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Economic_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Economic Dynamics">Society for Economic Dynamics</a> from July 2006 to June 2009. </p><p>Levine is a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> since 1989 and a research associate at <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">NBER</a> since 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David K. Levine conducts ongoing research in <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a>, focusing specifically on growth theory, innovation, and intellectual property. Collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Michele_Boldrin" title="Michele Boldrin">Michele Boldrin</a>, Levine examines the role of increasing returns in growth and innovation. They posit that little evidence exists for increasing returns at the aggregate level, and thus argue that there is no reason to believe that increasing returns play an important role in growth. This theory concludes that existing claims for the necessity of intellectual property in the process of growth and innovation are greatly exaggerated. </p><p>Levine also conducts research in the field of dynamic games. He established with <a href="/wiki/Drew_Fudenberg" title="Drew Fudenberg">Drew Fudenberg</a> that a long-lived player playing in opposition to short-lived players can substitute reputation for commitment. He developed with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> the first "folk theorem" for games in which players do not directly observe each other's decisions, with applications for learning in games. They argued that while learning theories cannot provide detailed descriptions of non-equilibrium behavior, they act as a useful tool in understanding which equilibria are likely to emerge. One example of this, they put forward, explains how superstitions survive in the face of rational learning. </p><p>Levine currently studies the endogenous formation of preferences and social norms. His analysis of experimental anomalies explores some of the limitations of the standard economic model of self-interested individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/papers/contents.htm"><i>The Theory of Learning in Games</i></a>, co-author with Drew Fudenberg</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/againstfinal.htm"><i>Against Intellectual Monopoly</i></a>, co-author with Michele Boldrin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_papers">Working papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Working papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dklevine.com/papers.htm">http://www.dklevine.com/papers.htm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcast">Podcast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Podcast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dklevine.com/podcasts.xml">http://www.dklevine.com/podcasts.xml</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLevine1981" class="citation thesis cs1">Levine, David Knudsen (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mit.edu/item/000117202"><i>The enforcement of collusion in oligopoly</i></a> (Ph.D.). <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+enforcement+of+collusion+in+oligopoly&rft.inst=MIT&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=David+Knudsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.mit.edu%2Fitem%2F000117202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+K.+Levine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/david.htm">"David K. Levine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+K.+Levine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dklevine.com%2Fdavid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+K.+Levine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/about-us/news/leverhulme-international-professorship-awarded-to-royal-holloway/">"Leverhulme International Professorship awarded to Royal Holloway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leverhulme+International+Professorship+awarded+to+Royal+Holloway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalholloway.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fnews%2Fleverhulme-international-professorship-awarded-to-royal-holloway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+K.+Levine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/">Economic and Game Theory, by David K. Levine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.againstmonopoly.org/index.php?author=2">Against Monopoly: Defending the Right to Innovate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225731/http://freshmeat.net/~davidklevine/">Freshmeat account</a>, author of cross-platform <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> software</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070118204059/http://www.cato.org/events/060426conf.html">Copyright Controversies: Freedom, Property, Content Creation, and the DMCA</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> conference at which Levine spoke.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/mpprog/projects/public/bmo_lectures.php">Against Intellectual Property lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005002647/http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/mpprog/projects/public/bmo_lectures.php">Archived</a> 2011-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a recording of a free public lecture by David Levine at Simon Fraser University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/vita.htm">Levine's academic CV</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Game_theory" title="Template:Game theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Game_theory" title="Template talk:Game theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Game_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Game theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_of_game_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics of <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_game" title="Congestion game">Congestion game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory" title="Cooperative game theory">Cooperative game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinacy" title="Determinacy">Determinacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Escalation of commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive-form_game" title="Extensive-form game">Extensive-form game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-player_and_second-player_win" title="First-player and second-player win">First-player and second-player win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_complexity" title="Game complexity">Game complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_game_theory" title="Graphical game theory">Graphical game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_beliefs" title="Hierarchy of beliefs">Hierarchy of beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_set_(game_theory)" title="Information set (game theory)">Information set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal-form_game" title="Normal-form game">Normal-form game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_(economics)" title="Preference (economics)">Preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_game" title="Sequential game">Sequential game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_game" title="Simultaneous game">Simultaneous game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_action_selection" title="Simultaneous action selection">Simultaneous action selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solved_game" title="Solved game">Solved game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinct_game" title="Succinct game">Succinct game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Equilibrium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Solution_concept" title="Solution concept">concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayes_correlated_equilibrium" title="Bayes correlated equilibrium">Bayes correlated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_Nash_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian Nash equilibrium">Bayesian Nash equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berge_equilibrium" title="Berge equilibrium">Berge equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_(game_theory)" title="Core (game theory)"> Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlated_equilibrium" title="Correlated equilibrium">Correlated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition-proof_Nash_equilibrium" title="Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium">Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon-equilibrium" title="Epsilon-equilibrium">Epsilon-equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_measure" title="Gibbs measure">Gibbs equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mertens-stable_equilibrium" title="Mertens-stable equilibrium">Mertens-stable equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markov_perfect_equilibrium" title="Markov perfect equilibrium">Markov perfect equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Bayesian_equilibrium" title="Perfect Bayesian equilibrium">Perfect Bayesian equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_equilibrium" title="Proper equilibrium">Proper equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantal_response_equilibrium" title="Quantal response equilibrium">Quantal response equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-perfect_equilibrium" title="Quasi-perfect equilibrium">Quasi-perfect equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_dominance" title="Risk dominance">Risk dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_equilibrium" title="Satisfaction equilibrium">Satisfaction equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-confirming_equilibrium" title="Self-confirming equilibrium">Self-confirming equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_equilibrium" title="Sequential equilibrium">Sequential equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapley_value" title="Shapley value">Shapley value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Nash_equilibrium" title="Strong Nash equilibrium">Strong Nash equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgame_perfect_equilibrium" title="Subgame perfect equilibrium">Subgame perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trembling_hand_perfect_equilibrium" title="Trembling hand perfect equilibrium">Trembling hand equilibrium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_(game_theory)" title="Strategy (game theory)">Strategies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_induction" title="Backward induction">Backward induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_shading" title="Bid shading">Bid shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheap_talk" title="Cheap talk">Cheap talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_escalation" title="Conflict escalation">Escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_induction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward induction">Forward induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grim_trigger" title="Grim trigger">Grim trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markov_strategy" title="Markov strategy">Markov strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pairing_strategy" title="Pairing strategy">Pairing strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_dominance" title="Strategic dominance">Dominant strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_(game_theory)" title="Strategy (game theory)">Pure strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_(game_theory)#Mixed_strategy" title="Strategy (game theory)">Mixed strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy-stealing_argument" title="Strategy-stealing argument">Strategy-stealing argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">Tit for tat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Game_theory_game_classes" title="Category:Game theory game classes">Classes<br />of games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargaining problem">Bargaining problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_game" title="Global game">Global game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_game" title="Intransitive game">Intransitive game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_game_theory" title="Mean-field game theory">Mean-field game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-player_game" title="N-player game"><i>n</i>-player game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_information" title="Perfect information">Perfect information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisson games">Large Poisson game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_game" title="Potential game">Potential game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeated_game" title="Repeated game">Repeated game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_game" title="Screening game">Screening game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signaling_game" title="Signaling game">Signaling game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strictly_determined_game" title="Strictly determined game">Strictly determined game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_game" title="Stochastic game">Stochastic game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_game" title="Symmetric game">Symmetric game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-sum_game" title="Zero-sum game">Zero-sum game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_in_game_theory" title="List of games in game theory">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_chess" title="Infinite chess">Infinite chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">Checkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-pay_auction" title="All-pay auction">All-pay auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift-exchange_game" title="Gift-exchange game">Gift-exchange game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Optional prisoner's dilemma">Optional prisoner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveler%27s_dilemma" title="Traveler's dilemma">Traveler's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_game" title="Coordination game">Coordination game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(game)" title="Chicken (game)">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centipede_game" title="Centipede game">Centipede game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_signaling_game" title="Lewis signaling game">Lewis signaling game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer%27s_dilemma" title="Volunteer's dilemma">Volunteer's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_auction" title="Dollar auction">Dollar auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)" title="Battle of the sexes (game theory)">Battle of the sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_hunt" title="Stag hunt">Stag hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_pennies" title="Matching pennies">Matching pennies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimatum_game" title="Ultimatum game">Ultimatum game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mail_game" title="Electronic mail game">Electronic mail game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_paper_scissors" title="Rock paper scissors">Rock paper scissors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_game" title="Pirate game">Pirate game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictator_game" title="Dictator game">Dictator game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_goods_game" title="Public goods game">Public goods game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotto_game" title="Blotto game">Blotto game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition_(game)" title="War of attrition (game)">War of attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Farol_Bar_problem" title="El Farol Bar problem">El Farol Bar problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_division" title="Fair division">Fair division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_cake-cutting" title="Fair cake-cutting">Fair cake-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_competition" title="Bertrand competition">Bertrand competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cournot_competition" title="Cournot competition">Cournot competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stackelberg_competition" title="Stackelberg competition">Stackelberg competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(game_theory)" title="Deadlock (game theory)">Deadlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unscrupulous_diner%27s_dilemma" title="Unscrupulous diner's dilemma">Diner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guess_2/3_of_the_average" title="Guess 2/3 of the average">Guess 2/3 of the average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_poker" title="Kuhn poker">Kuhn poker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargaining problem">Nash bargaining game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_puzzles" title="Induction puzzles">Induction puzzles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictator_game#Trust_game" title="Dictator game">Trust game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_monster_game" title="Princess and monster game">Princess and monster game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_problem" title="Rendezvous problem">Rendezvous problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aumann%27s_agreement_theorem" title="Aumann's agreement theorem">Aumann's agreement theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_theorem_(game_theory)" title="Folk theorem (game theory)">Folk theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax" title="Minimax">Minimax theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_equilibrium" title="Nash equilibrium">Nash's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negamax" title="Negamax">Negamax theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purification_theorem" title="Purification theorem">Purification theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_principle" title="Revelation principle">Revelation principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprague%E2%80%93Grundy_theorem" title="Sprague–Grundy theorem">Sprague–Grundy theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zermelo%27s_theorem_(game_theory)" title="Zermelo's theorem (game theory)">Zermelo's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Tucker" title="Albert W. Tucker">Albert W. Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Antoine Augustin Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Rubinstein" title="Ariel Rubinstein">Ariel Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David K. Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kreps" title="David M. Kreps">David M. Kreps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Gillies" title="Donald B. Gillies">Donald B. Gillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Fudenberg" title="Drew Fudenberg">Drew Fudenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Kuhn" title="Harold W. Kuhn">Harold W. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Moulin" title="Hervé Moulin">Hervé Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="John Conway">John Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mertens" title="Jean-François Mertens">Jean-François Mertens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Tour_Chayes" title="Jennifer Tour Chayes">Jennifer Tour Chayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Binmore" title="Kenneth Binmore">Kenneth Binmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Dresher" title="Melvin Dresher">Melvin Dresher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrill_M._Flood" title="Merrill M. Flood">Merrill M. Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Bondareva" title="Olga Bondareva">Olga Bondareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Oskar Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Young" title="Peyton Young">Peyton Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert Aumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)"> Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Scotchmer" title="Suzanne Scotchmer">Suzanne Scotchmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Search optimizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha%E2%80%93beta_pruning" title="Alpha–beta pruning">Alpha–beta pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_window" title="Aspiration window">Aspiration window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_variation_search" title="Principal variation search">Principal variation search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max%5En_algorithm" title="Max^n algorithm">max^n algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_algorithm" title="Paranoid algorithm">Paranoid algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_SMP" title="Lazy SMP">Lazy SMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_game_theory" title="Combinatorial game theory">Combinatorial game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_analysis" title="Confrontation analysis">Confrontation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coopetition" title="Coopetition">Coopetition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_game_theory" title="Glossary of game theory">Glossary of game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_theorists" title="List of game theorists">List of game theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_in_game_theory" title="List of games in game theory">List of games in game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-win_situation" title="No-win situation">No-win situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_game" title="Topological game">Topological game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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</div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&oldid=1235596164">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_K._Levine&oldid=1235596164</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_births" title="Category:1950s births">1950s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_economists" title="Category:20th-century American economists">20th-century American economists</a></li><li><a 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