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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tujuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tujuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tujuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tujuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negara-negara_penguji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negara-negara_penguji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Negara-negara penguji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negara-negara_penguji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ujian senjata nuklear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 45 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اختبار الأسلحة النووية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختبار الأسلحة النووية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_nuclear" title="Prueba nuclear – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Prueba nuclear" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji_coba_nuklir" title="Uji coba nuklir – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uji coba nuklir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পরমাণু অস্ত্র পরীক্ষা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরমাণু অস্ত্র পরীক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Ядрен опит – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ядрен опит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prova_nuclear" title="Prova nuclear – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prova nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadern%C3%BD_test" title="Jaderný test – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jaderný test" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atompr%C3%B8vespr%C3%A6ngning" title="Atomprøvesprængning – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atomprøvesprængning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernwaffentest" title="Kernwaffentest – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kernwaffentest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Δοκιμή πυρηνικών όπλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δοκιμή πυρηνικών όπλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nuclear weapons testing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_nuclear" title="Prueba nuclear – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prueba nuclear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklea_testo" title="Nuklea testo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuklea testo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiakuntza_nuklear" title="Saiakuntza nuklear – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saiakuntza nuklear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="آزمایش جنگ‌افزار هسته‌ای – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایش جنگ‌افزار هسته‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essai_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Essai nucléaire – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essai nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98" title="핵실험 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핵실험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="परमाणु परीक्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु परीक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiranje_nuklearnog_oru%C5%BEja" title="Testiranje nuklearnog oružja – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Testiranje nuklearnog oružja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_nucleare" title="Test nucleare – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Test nucleare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%A7_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ניסוי בנשק גרעיני – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסוי בנשק גרעיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="अण्वस्त्र चाचणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अण्वस्त्र चाचणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernproef" title="Kernproef – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kernproef" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93" title="核実験 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="核実験" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8vesprengning" title="Prøvesprengning – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prøvesprengning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8vesprenging" title="Prøvesprenging – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prøvesprenging" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testy_atomowe" title="Testy atomowe – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Testy atomowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teste_de_arma_nuclear" title="Teste de arma nuclear – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teste de arma nuclear" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_nuclear" title="Test nuclear – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Test nuclear" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ядерное испытание – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ядерное испытание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88" title="نيوڪليئر تجربو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيوڪليئر تجربو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Тестирање нуклеарног наоружања – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тестирање нуклеарног наоружања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiranje_nuklearnog_oru%C5%BEja" title="Testiranje nuklearnog oružja – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Testiranje nuklearnog oružja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ydinkoe" title="Ydinkoe – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ydinkoe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rnvapenprov" title="Kärnvapenprov – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kärnvapenprov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="அணுகுண்டு சோதனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணுகுண்டு சோதனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7" title="అణుపరీక్ష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అణుపరీక్ష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การทดลองอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทดลองอาวุธนิวเคลียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_v%C5%A9_kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n" title="Thử nghiệm vũ khí hạt nhân – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thử nghiệm vũ khí hạt nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_silah_denemesi" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210112" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png/220px-AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png/330px-AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png/440px-AbombOperationSandstoneApril1948.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Awan cendawan hasil peletupan bom atom sewaktu Operasi Sandstone di Atol Eniwetok, Lautan Pasifik, 14 April 1948</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ujian senjata nuklear</b> ialah eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk menentukan keberkesanan, hasil, dan keupayaan peletupan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklear" title="Senjata nuklear">senjata nuklear</a>. Sepanjang abad ke-20, kebanyakan negara pembangun senjata nuklear membuat ujian ke atas senjata tersebut yang boleh memberikan maklumat mengenai fungsi senjata-senjata ini, sifat senjata di bawah pelbagai keadaan serta keadaan pengendali, struktur, dan peralatan apabila didedahkan kepada letupan nuklear. Ujian yang dilakukan sering digunakan sebagai penunjuk kekuatan saintifik dan tentera serta banyaknya bertujuan politik terang-terangan; kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_dengan_senjata_nuklear" title="Senarai negara dengan senjata nuklear">negara-negara yang mempunyai senjata nuklear</a> secara terbukanya menyatakan status pemilikan senjata sebegini melalui ujian nuklear. </p><p>Pada tahun 1963, tiga (UK, AS dan Kesatuan Soviet) perempat negara pengeluar senjata nuklear serta banyak negara lain menandatangani Perjanjian Pengharaman Ujian Terhad menahan daripada menguji senjata nuklear dalam atmosfera, air, atau di <a href="/wiki/Angkasa_lepas" title="Angkasa lepas">angkasa lepas</a>, namun ujian bawah tanah masih dibenarkan. Perancis terus menjalankan ujian letupan atmosferanya sehingga tahun 1974 manakala China pula menghentikan ujian pada 1980, tetapi kedua-dua negara ini tidak menandatangani perjanjian ini.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis">Jenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg/220px-Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg/330px-Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg/440px-Types_of_nuclear_testing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Empat jenis utama ujian nuklear: 1. atmosfera, 2. bawah tanah, 3. eksoatmosfera, dan 4. bawah air</figcaption></figure> <p>Ujian senjata nuklear telah sejarah telah dibahagikan kepada empat kategori berdasarkan medium atau lokasi ujian. </p> <ul><li><b>Ujian atmosfera</b>: dilakukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_Bumi" title="Atmosfera Bumi">atmosfera</a>. Ini biasanya dilakukan dengan meletupkan alat pada menara, balon, baj, pulau-pulau, atau dijatuhkan dari kapal terbang, serta juga ditanam cukup dalamnya untuk menghasilkan suatu kawah yang memecahkan permukaan bumi. Amerika Syarikat, Kesatuan Soviet, dan China telah menjalankan ujian yang melibatkan letupan bom pelancar peluru berpandu. Letupan yang cukup dekat dengan tanah sehingga menarik kotoran dan puing ke awan berbentuk cendawan lalu menghasilkan sejumlah besar <a href="/wiki/Luruhan_nuklear" title="Luruhan nuklear">luruhan nuklear</a> (<i>nuclear fallout</i>) akibat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyinaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyinaran (laman tidak wujud)">penyinaran</a> puing yang jatuh.Pentakrifan terhadap atmosfera ini digunakan dalam Perjanjian Pengharaman Ujian Terhad yang melarang ujian kelas ini bersama-sama dengan ujian-ujian jenis eksoatmosfera dan bawah air.</li> <li><b>Ujian bawah tanah</b>: merujuk kepada ujian nuklear dijalankan di bawah permukaan bumi yang berbagai kedalaman. Ujian jenis ini kebanyakan dilakukan pihak Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet semasa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>; bentuk ujian nuklear lain telah diharamkan oleh Perjanjian Pengharaman Ujian Terhad pada tahun 1963. Ujian bawah tanah bertujuan dikawal sepenuhnya mengurangkan jumlah luruhan yang terhasil, namun hasil sampingan ujian kadangkalanya akan "mengalir" ke atas permukaan, menghasilkan sekurang-kurang jumlah sisa radioaktif yang ada. Bawah tanah ujian, hampir dengan definisi, menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi">aktiviti seismos</a> yang bermagnitud bergantung kepada hasil dari perangkat peranti nuklear dan komposisi medium yang diletupkan, dan biasanya mewujudkan kawah penenggelam.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1976, Amerika Syarikat dan USSR bersetuju mengehadkan hasil ujian bawah tanah yang maksimum kepada untuk 150 kilotan melalui Perjanjian Pengharaman Ujian Terhad yang ditandatangani bersama.<br />Bawah tanah ujian juga jatuh ke dua kategori fizikal: terowongan ujian pada umumnya mendatar terowongan <i>melayang</i>, dan batang ujian dalam lubang tebukan menegak.</li> <li><b>Ujian eksoatmosfera</b> merujuk kepada ujian nuklear yang dijalankan di atas atmosfera, melalui pengangkutan roket. Letupan nuklear beraltitud tinggi boleh menjana pulsa elektromagnet nuklear (NEMP) apabila ia berlaku di <a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">ionosfera</a>, zarah-zarah yang dicaskan hasil daripada letupan itu boleh menyeberangi hemisfera mengikut <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfera" title="Magnetosfera">garis kuasa geomagnet</a> lalu menghasilkan fenomena seakan sebuah aurora.</li> <li><b>Ujian bawah air</b> hasil daripada peletupan peranti nuklear bawah air, biasanya dipasangkan ke kapal atau tongkang (yang kemudiannya dimusnahkan oleh letupan). Ujian seperti ini biasanya dijalankan untuk menilai kesan senjata nuklear terhadap kapal angkatan laut (seperti dalam Operasi Crossroads), atau untuk menilai keupayaan senjata nuklear berasaskan laut(seperti nuklear torpedo atau tuduhan mendalam). Air ujian dekat dengan permukaan boleh bersurai besar jumlah partikel radioaktif dalam air dan wap, mencemarkan berdekatan kapal atau struktur, walaupun umumnya mereka tidak membuat fallout lain daripada yang sangat tempatan untuk ledakan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tujuan">Tujuan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Tujuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tujuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ujian-ujian ini juga sering dikategorikan berdasarkan tujuan ujian itu sendiri. </p> <ul><li><b>Berkaitan dengan senjata</b>: untuk mendapatkan maklumat mengani fungsi (dan cara) sesuatu senjata itu berfungsi. Beberapa berkhidmat untuk membangunkan dan mengesahkan tertentu jenis senjata. Ujian lain turut menguji konsep eksperimental atau bertindak sendirinya sebagai eksperimen fizik bertujuan meraih maklumat proses dan bahan-bahan yang terlibat dalam letupan nuklear.</li> <li><b>Kesan senjata</b>: untuk mendapatkan maklumat tentang kesan senjata ke atas struktur, peralatan, organisme dan persekitaran. Ujian-ujian dengan tujuan ini digunakan untuk menilai dan meningkatkan kemandirian letupan nuklear letupan dalam konteks ketenteraan dan awam, menyesuaikan senjata ke sasaran mereka, dan membangunkan taktik perang nuklear.</li> <li><b>Eksperimen keselamatan</b>: untuk mengkaji kelakuan senjata dalam simulasi senario kemalangan, lebih khususnya untuk mengesahkan bahawa letupan nuklear (penting) tidak dapat terjadi dengan tidak sengajanya. Ini termasuk ujian satu titik keselamatan serta simulasi-simulasi penyimpanan dan pengangkutan kemalangan.</li> <li><b>Eksperimen pengesanan ujian nuklear</b>: untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mengesan, mencari, dan mengenal pasti letupan nuklear, khususnya untuk tujuan memantau patuhan kepada perjanjian pengharaman ujian tertentu.</li> <li><b>Letupan nuklear aman</b>: untuk menyiasat penggunaan bahan letupan nuklear dalam konteks bukan ketenteraan.</li></ul> <p>Selain dari pertimbangan teknikal sebegini, ujian juga dijalankan untuk tujuan lain, antaranya tujuan politik dan latihan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negara-negara_penguji">Negara-negara penguji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Negara-negara penguji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Negara-negara penguji"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negara-negara pengeluar senjata nuklear telah melakukan lebih daripada 2,000 ujian letupan (kiraan adalah lebih kurang termasuk ujian yang dipertikaikan hasilnya): </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat"><img alt="Amerika Syarikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <b>Amerika Syarikat</b>: 1,054 uian secara rasminya (melibatkan 1,149 alat) - 219 jenis atmosfera seperti yang ditakrifkan CTBT termasuk 904 di Tapak Ujian Nevada, 106 ujian di kawasan-kawasan sekitar lautan Pasifik, 3 di Lautan Atlantik Selatan, dan 17 ujian lain di Amchitka di negeri-negeri <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> di luar NNSS. 24 tests are classified as British tests held at the NTS. 88 daripada ujian ini merupakan eksperiman keselamatan manakala 4 daripadanya merupakan ujian pengangkutan/penyimpanan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Aktiviti-aktiviti letupan ini dirakam sebagai bahan bukti yang kemudiannya dijadikan rujukan untuk simulasi komputer letupan akan datang.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet"><img alt="Kesatuan Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>Kesatuan Soviet</b>: 715 ujian (melibatkan 969 alat) secara rasminya, dengan 13 ujian gagal<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - dilakukan di Kawasan Ujian Selatan di Tapak Ujian Semipalatinsk dan Kawasan Ujian Selatan di <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>. Ini juga termasuk ujian-ujian roket dan peletupan bertujuan aman di pelbagai lokasi di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>United Kingdom</b>: 45 buah (21 di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> termasuk 3 di kepulauan Montebello, 9 di tanah besar <a href="/wiki/Australia_Selatan" title="Australia Selatan">Australia Selatan</a> di Maralinga dan Emu Field, sebahagian ujian di <a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Pulau Kiritimati</a> di <a href="/wiki/Lautan_Pasifik" title="Lautan Pasifik">Lautan Pasifik</a>, serta 24 ujian bersama Amerika Syarikat di Nevada)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 43 ujian keselamatan, siri <i>Vixen</i>, tidak termasuk dalam kiraan ini.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis"><img alt="Perancis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/46px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>Perancis</b>: 210 ujian secara rasminya (50 jenis atomsfera, 160 jenis bawah tanah<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) - 4 jenis atmosfera berdekatan <a href="/wiki/Reggane" title="Reggane">Reggane</a>, 13 jenis bawah tanah berdekatan In Ekker di <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Sahara" title="Gurun Sahara">gurun Sahara</a> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (ketika masih dijajah Perancis) serta ujian-ujian jenis atmosfera dan bawah tanah di kawasan atol-atol Fangataufa dan Moruroa, <a href="/wiki/Polinesia_Perancis" title="Polinesia Perancis">Polinesia Perancis</a>. 4 daripada 13 letupan yang berlaku di In Ekker bertujuan baik sebagai sebahagian daripada projek "Penggunaan Selamat Eksperimen Nuklear" (<i>Application pacifique des expérimentations nucléaires</i>, APEX) CET yang diberi pelbagai nama.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Republik Rakyat China"><img alt="Republik Rakyat China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>China</b>: 45 ujian (23 jenis atmosfera dan 22 jensi bawah tanah), di Tapak Ujian Senjata Nuklear Lop Nur, Malan, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/46px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>India</b>: 6 letupan bawah tanah (sejak tahun 1974), di <a href="/wiki/Pokaran" title="Pokaran">Pokhran</a>.</li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b>Pakistan</b>: 6 letupan bawah tanah di bukit-bukau Ras Koh dan Wilayah Chagai.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara"><img alt="Korea Utara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <b>Korea Utara</b>: satu-satunya negara di dunia yang masih menguji senjata nuklear mereka, sehingga menyebabkan ketegangan hubungan dengan Amerika Syarikat. Ujian nuklear yang terkini dilakukan negara ini pada 3 September 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Treaty has not been signed by France or by the Peoples Republic of China." Jabatan Negeri A.S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/t/isn/4797.htm">Limited Test Ban Treaty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the preparations and considerations used in underground nuclear testing, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/nuke-testing.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>Underground Nuclear Weapons Testing" (Globalsecurity.org)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">19 Oktober</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Underground+Nuclear+Weapons+Testing%22+%28Globalsecurity.org%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Fsystems%2Fnuke-testing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span> Untuk perbincangan yang lebih lanjut, sila lihat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Congress,_Office_of_Technology_Assessment1989" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/OTA-ISC-414.pdf"><i>The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Containment+of+Underground+Nuclear+Explosions&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1989-10&rft.au=U.S.+Congress%2C+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical%2FOTA-ISC-414.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012160826/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf">"United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. 2000-12-01. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 12 Oktober 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">18 Disember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+States+Nuclear+Tests%3A+July+1945+through+September+1992&rft.date=2000-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical%2FDOENV_209_REV15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span> This is usually cited as the "official" US list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFLong" class="citation news cs1">Long, Kat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blasts-from-the-past-old-nuke-test-films-offer-new-insights-video">"Blasts from the Past: Old Nuke Test Films Offer New Insights [Video]"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Blasts+from+the+Past%3A+Old+Nuke+Test+Films+Offer+New+Insights+%5BVideo%5D&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fblasts-from-the-past-old-nuke-test-films-offer-new-insights-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990". Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=USSR+Nuclear+Weapons+Tests+and+Peaceful+Nuclear+Explosions+1949+through+1990&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span> The official Russian list of Soviet tests.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFMikhailov,_Editor_in_ChiefAndryushinVoloshinIlkaev" class="citation web cs1">Mikhailov, Editor in Chief, V.N.; Andryushin, L.A.; Voloshin, N.P.; Ilkaev, R.I.; Matushchenko, A.M.; Ryabev, L.D.; Strukov, V.G.; Chernyshev, A.K.; Yudin, Yu.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219131618/http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/">"Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/">yang asal</a> pada 19 Disember 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Disember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalog+of+Worldwide+Nuclear+Testing&rft.aulast=Mikhailov%2C+Editor+in+Chief&rft.aufirst=V.N.&rft.au=Andryushin%2C+L.A.&rft.au=Voloshin%2C+N.P.&rft.au=Ilkaev%2C+R.I.&rft.au=Matushchenko%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Ryabev%2C+L.D.&rft.au=Strukov%2C+V.G.&rft.au=Chernyshev%2C+A.K.&rft.au=Yudin%2C+Yu.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss-atom.ru%2Fksenia%2Fcatal_nt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span>An equivalent list available on the internet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607112924/http://www.awe.co.uk/main_site/about_awe/history/timeline/1958/index.html">"UK/US Agreement"</a>. Web.archive.org. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awe.co.uk/main_site/about_awe/history/timeline/1958/index.html">yang asal</a> pada 7 Jun 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK%2FUS+Agreement&rft.pub=Web.archive.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awe.co.uk%2Fmain_site%2Fabout_awe%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2F1958%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-oecst/essais_nucleaires/i3571.asp">"N° 3571.- Rapport de MM. Christian Bataille et Henri Revol sur les incidences environnementales et sanitaires des essais nucléaires effectués par la France entre 1960 et 1996 (Office d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques)"</a>. Assemblee-nationale.fr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N%C2%B0+3571.-+Rapport+de+MM.+Christian+Bataille+et+Henri+Revol+sur+les+incidences+environnementales+et+sanitaires+des+essais+nucl%C3%A9aires+effectu%C3%A9s+par+la+France+entre+1960+et+1996+%28Office+d%27%C3%A9valuation+des+choix+scientifiques+et+technologiques%29&rft.pub=Assemblee-nationale.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Frap-oecst%2Fessais_nucleaires%2Fi3571.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AUjian+senjata+nuklear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/nuke/index.html">Nuclear Weapons</a>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/nuke/tests.htm">Nuclear Weapons Test List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm">https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/chron.htm</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujian_senjata_nuklear&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/index.html">Federation of American Scientists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctbto.org/">Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban-Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/index.html">Nuclear Weapon Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/testing/">NuclearFiles.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikiniatoll.com/whatrad.html">What About Radiation on Bikini Atoll?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAnqRQg-W0k"><span class="plainlinks">"Time-lapse map of all nuclear weapon tests from 1945 to 1998."</span></a> di <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/default.aspx">Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905235003/http://alsos.wlu.edu/default.aspx">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-09-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomcentral.com">Atomic Bomb website and nuclear weapon testing articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nuclear-history-documents/">The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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