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(<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kallol%22">"Kallol"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kallol%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kallol%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kallol%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kallol%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kallol%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Kallol</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">কল্লোল</span>) refers to one of the most influential literary movements in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>, which can be placed approximately between 1923 and 1935.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The name <i>Kallol</i> of the <i>Kallol group</i> derives from a magazine of the same name (which translates as 'the sound of waves' in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). <i>Kallol</i> was the main mouthpiece for a group of young writers starting their careers around that time including <a href="/wiki/Premendra_Mitra" title="Premendra Mitra">Premendra Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Basu" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadeb Basu">Buddhadeb Basu</a>. A number of other magazines that followed <i>Kallol</i> can also be placed as part of the general movement. These include <i>Uttara</i> (1925), <i>Pragati</i> (1926), <i>Kalikolom</i> (1926), and <i>Purbasha</i> (1932).<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Gokulchandra_Nag" title="Gokulchandra Nag">Gokulchandra Nag</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dineshranjan_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dineshranjan Das (page does not exist)">Dineshranjan Das</a>, Sunita Debi, and Manindralal Basu set up the "Four Arts Club" at Hazra Road in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> to discuss and practice literature, painting, music, and drama. The four members published an anthology of short stories in 1922 named <i>Jhorer Dola</i> ("The Sway of the Storm").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Four Arts Club did not last, but Dineshranjan Das and Gokulchandra Nag established a magazine and a literary circle in 1923, which they named <i>Kallol</i>. The regular <i><a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">adda</a></i>, or literary discussion, would be held at Dineshranjan's house at Patuatola Lane, Kolkata.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine folded in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Kallol</i> circle was perhaps the first conscious literary movement to embrace <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>. However, the general literary atmosphere was not entirely receptive of such a radical break from the critically and popularly acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> of Tagore.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major literary establishment of the day, <i><a href="/wiki/Shanibarer_Chithi" title="Shanibarer Chithi">Shanibarer Chithi</a>,</i> began a famous <a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">literary feud</a> with the young <i>Kallol</i> members which lasted for years. Tagore himself joined the debate and published an essay in <i>Kallol</i> where he mentioned that he appreciated the literary effort, but found that the demand for realistic literature was just "the flaunting of poverty" combined with the "unrestraint of lust".<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the literary squabbles of the day in <i>Shesher Kabita</i>, where the protagonist Amit Ray is a modernist who abhors Tagore's humanism but espouses it later. The <i>Kallol</i> members, on the other hand, heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, did not deny that they loathed an idealist's version of a "higher" individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussions of the <i>Kallol</i> circle provided ideas for many of the progressive writers of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps, one of the greatest achievements of the <i>Kallol</i> group was in establishing a new generation of writers and thinkers in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> When writing for <i>Kallol</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> was only twenty-five, <a href="/wiki/Premendra_Mitra" title="Premendra Mitra">Premendra Mitra</a> under twenty, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhadeb_Basu" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadeb Basu">Buddhadeb Basu</a> fifteen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazrul would establish a rebellious streak in Bengali poetry, Mitra, a <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhovian</a> grasp of the short story and Basu would inspire a generation of poets with his little magazine group <i>Kabita</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh1990p230-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh1990p230_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ghosh, Tapobrata (1990). "Literature and Literary Life in Calcutta: The Age of Rabindranath". In <a href="/wiki/Sukanta_Chaudhuri" title="Sukanta Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, Sukanta</a> (ed.). <i>Calcutta: The Living City</i>. Vol. II: The Present and Future. Oxford University Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563697-0"><bdi>978-0-19-563697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+and+Literary+Life+in+Calcutta%3A+The+Age+of+Rabindranath&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+The+Living+City&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563697-0&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Tapobrata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ghosh, Tapobrata (1990). "Literature and Literary Life in Calcutta: The Age of Rabindranath". In <a href="/wiki/Sukanta_Chaudhuri" title="Sukanta Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, Sukanta</a> (ed.). <i>Calcutta: The Living City</i>. Vol. II: The Present and Future. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563697-0"><bdi>978-0-19-563697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+and+Literary+Life+in+Calcutta%3A+The+Age+of+Rabindranath&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+The+Living+City&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563697-0&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Tapobrata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/Avant-garde_and_modernist_magazines">"Avant-garde and modernist magazines"</a>. <i>Monoskop</i>. 15 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monoskop&rft.atitle=Avant-garde+and+modernist+magazines&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2FAvant-garde_and_modernist_magazines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulson2016" class="citation book cs1">Bulson, Eric (2016). <i>Little Magazine, World Form</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231179768.003.0002">10.7312/columbia/9780231179768.003.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231542326" title="Special:BookSources/9780231542326"><bdi>9780231542326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Magazine%2C+World+Form&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fcolumbia%2F9780231179768.003.0002&rft.isbn=9780231542326&rft.aulast=Bulson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ray, Pratap Kumar (1990). "The Calcutta Adda". In <a href="/wiki/Sukanta_Chaudhuri" title="Sukanta Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, Sukanta</a> (ed.). <i>Calcutta: The Living City</i>. Vol. II: The Present and Future. Oxford University Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563697-0"><bdi>978-0-19-563697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Calcutta+Adda&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+The+Living+City&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563697-0&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Pratap+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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