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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/SQL#Standardization_history" title="SQL">SQL language revisions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL-86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL-86 (page does not exist)">SQL-86</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL-89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL-89 (page does not exist)">SQL-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SQL:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2006" title="SQL:2006">SQL:2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2008" title="SQL:2008">SQL:2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2011" title="SQL:2011">SQL:2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2016" title="SQL:2016">SQL:2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:2019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:2019 (page does not exist)">SQL:2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL:2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SQL_language_revisions" title="Template:SQL language revisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:SQL_language_revisions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:SQL language revisions (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SQL_language_revisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SQL language revisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SQL:1999</b> (also called SQL 3) was the fourth revision of the <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> <a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">query language</a>. It introduced many new features, many of which required clarifications in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/SQL:2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a>. In the meanwhile<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> SQL:1999 is deprecated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ISO standard documents were published between 1999 and 2002 in several installments, the first one consisting of multiple parts. Unlike previous editions, the standard's name used a colon instead of a hyphen for consistency with the names of other <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards. The first installment of SQL:1999 had five parts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/Framework&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/Framework (page does not exist)">SQL/Framework</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26196">ISO/IEC 9075-1:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/Foundation (page does not exist)">SQL/Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26197">ISO/IEC 9075-2:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">SQL/CLI</a> : an updated definition of the extension Call Level Interface, originally published in 1995, also known as CLI-95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=30609">ISO/IEC 9075-3:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">SQL/PSM</a> : an updated definition of the extension Persistent Stored Modules, originally published in 1996, also known as PSM-96 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29864">ISO/IEC 9075-4:1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/Bindings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/Bindings (page does not exist)">SQL/Bindings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26198">ISO/IEC 9075-5:1999</a></li></ul> <p>Three more parts, also considered part of SQL:1999 were published subsequently: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">SQL/MED</a> Management of External Data (SQL:1999 part 9) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=31370">ISO/IEC 9075-9:2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">SQL/OLB</a> Object Language Bindings (SQL:1999 part 10) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=30613">ISO/IEC 9075-10:2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL/JRT</a> SQL Routines and Types using the Java Programming Language (SQL:1999 part 13) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=35340">ISO/IEC 9075-13:2002</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_features">New features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_types">Data types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Data types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boolean_data_types">Boolean data types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Boolean data types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SQL:1999 standard calls for a Boolean type,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> supports boolean values since around 11.1.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> supports storage for booleans using "BIT" data type<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> interprets "BOOL" and "BOOLEAN" as a mapping for its native TINYINT(1) type.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> provides a standard conforming Boolean type.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a> has proper boolean since Release 23.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distinct_user-defined_types_of_power">Distinct user-defined types of power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinct user-defined types of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes called just <i>distinct types</i>, these were introduced as an optional feature (S011) to allow existing atomic types to be extended with a distinctive meaning to create a new type and thereby enabling the type checking mechanism to detect some logical errors, e.g. accidentally adding an age to a salary. For example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">age</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">integer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FINAL</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">integer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FINAL</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>creates two different and incompatible types. The SQL distinct types use <a href="/w/index.php?title=Name_equivalence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Name equivalence (page does not exist)">name equivalence</a> not <a href="/wiki/Structural_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural equivalence">structural equivalence</a> like <a href="/wiki/Typedef" title="Typedef">typedefs</a> in C. It's still possible to perform compatible operations on (columns or data) of distinct types by using an explicit type <code>CAST</code>. </p><p>Few SQL systems support these. <a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> is one those supporting them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle database">Oracle database</a> did not support them as of 2012, recommending instead to emulate them by a one-place <a href="/wiki/Structured_type" title="Structured type">structured type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structured_user-defined_types">Structured user-defined types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structured user-defined types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structured_type" title="Structured type">structured type</a></div> <p>These are the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">object–relational database</a> extension in SQL:1999. They are analogous to <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Objected-oriented_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Objected-oriented programming language">objected-oriented programming languages</a>. SQL:1999 allows only <a href="/wiki/Single_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Single inheritance">single inheritance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_table_expressions_and_recursive_queries">Common table expressions and recursive queries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common table expressions and recursive queries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL:1999 added a WITH [RECURSIVE] construct allowing recursive queries, like <a href="/wiki/Transitive_closure" title="Transitive closure">transitive closure</a>, to be specified in the query language itself; see <a href="/wiki/Common_table_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Common table expressions">common table expressions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_OLAP_capabilities">Some <a href="/wiki/OLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="OLAP">OLAP</a> capabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Some OLAP capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GROUP BY was extended with ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role-based_access_control">Role-based access control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role-based access control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full support for <a href="/wiki/RBAC" class="mw-redirect" title="RBAC">RBAC</a> via CREATE ROLE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keywords">Keywords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Keywords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL:1999 introduced the UNNEST keyword.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26197">ISO/IEC 9075-2:1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232956/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26197">Archived</a> 2016-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> section 4.6 Boolean types</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPGG_11.1.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.wn.doc/doc/c0061179.html#c0061179__FP1">https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPGG_11.1.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.wn.doc/doc/c0061179.html#c0061179__FP1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/other-vendor-data-types.html">"MySQL :: MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual :: 11.4 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines"</a>. Dev.mysql.com. 2010-01-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207011906/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/other-vendor-data-types.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MySQL+%3A%3A+MySQL+5.0+Reference+Manual+%3A%3A+11.4+Using+Data+Types+from+Other+Database+Engines&rft.pub=Dev.mysql.com&rft.date=2010-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.mysql.com%2Fdoc%2Frefman%2F5.0%2Fen%2Fother-vendor-data-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-boolean.html">"PostgreSQL documentation about Boolean Type"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053449/https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-boolean.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PostgreSQL+documentation+about+Boolean+Type&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2Fcurrent%2Fstatic%2Fdatatype-boolean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/sqlrf/Data-Types.html#GUID-285FFCA8-390D-4FA9-9A51-47B84EF5F83A">https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/sqlrf/Data-Types.html#GUID-285FFCA8-390D-4FA9-9A51-47B84EF5F83A</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.db2z10.doc.intro%2Fsrc%2Ftpc%2Fdb2z_distincttypes.htm">"IBM Information Management Software for z/OS Solutions Information Center"</a>. Publib.boulder.ibm.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Information+Management+Software+for+z%2FOS+Solutions+Information+Center&rft.pub=Publib.boulder.ibm.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublib.boulder.ibm.com%2Finfocenter%2Fdzichelp%2Fv2r2%2Findex.jsp%3Ftopic%3D%252Fcom.ibm.db2z10.doc.intro%252Fsrc%252Ftpc%252Fdb2z_distincttypes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/ap_standard_sql003.htm">"Oracle Compliance To Core SQL:2003"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oracle+Compliance+To+Core+SQL%3A2003&rft.pub=Docs.oracle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fcd%2FB19306_01%2Fserver.102%2Fb14200%2Fap_standard_sql003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesStephensPlewGarrett2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Arie; Stephens, Ryan K.; Plew, Ronald R.; Garrett, Robert F.; Kriegel, Alex (2005). "Appendix B ANSI and Vendor Keywords". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcE1qCobUfcC"><i>SQL Functions Programmer's Reference</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 680. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764598074" title="Special:BookSources/9780764598074"><bdi>9780764598074</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+B+ANSI+and+Vendor+Keywords&rft.btitle=SQL+Functions+Programmer%27s+Reference&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780764598074&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Arie&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Ryan+K.&rft.au=Plew%2C+Ronald+R.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Robert+F.&rft.au=Kriegel%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcE1qCobUfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:1999&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJim_MeltonAlan_R._Simon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Melton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Melton (page does not exist)">Jim Melton</a>; Alan R. Simon (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sql1999understan0000melt"><i>SQL:1999: Understanding Relational Language Components</i></a></span>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-456-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-456-8"><bdi>978-1-55860-456-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SQL%3A1999%3A+Understanding+Relational+Language+Components&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-456-8&rft.au=Jim+Melton&rft.au=Alan+R.+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsql1999understan0000melt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJim_Melton2003" class="citation book cs1">Jim Melton (2003). <i>Advanced SQL, 1999: Understanding Object–Relational and Other Advanced Features</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-677-7"><bdi>978-1-55860-677-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+SQL%2C+1999%3A+Understanding+Object%E2%80%93Relational+and+Other+Advanced+Features&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-677-7&rft.au=Jim+Melton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASQL%3A1999" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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