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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ERC-721:_Non-Fungible_Token_Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ERC-721:_Non-Fungible_Token_Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ERC-721:_Non-Fungible_Token_Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_term_"NFT"_and_its_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_term_"NFT"_and_its_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Origins of the term "NFT" and its adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_term_"NFT"_and_its_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_NFT_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_NFT_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 General NFT market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_NFT_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commonly_associated_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonly_associated_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Commonly associated files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonly_associated_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Digital art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Music and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_associated_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_associated_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Other associated files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_associated_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_cases_of_NFTs_in_science_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_cases_of_NFTs_in_science_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Use cases of NFTs in science and medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_cases_of_NFTs_in_science_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Speculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Money_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Money laundering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_in_blockchains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_in_blockchains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Standards in blockchains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_in_blockchains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_and_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_and_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Issues and criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_and_criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues and criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_and_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unenforceability_of_content_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unenforceability_of_content_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Unenforceability of content ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unenforceability_of_content_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_off-chain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_off-chain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Storage off-chain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_off-chain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Environmental concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artist_and_buyer_fees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artist_and_buyer_fees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Artist and buyer fees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artist_and_buyer_fees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagiarism_and_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagiarism_and_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Plagiarism and fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plagiarism_and_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid/Ponzi_scheme_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid/Ponzi_scheme_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Pyramid/Ponzi scheme claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid/Ponzi_scheme_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Rug_pull"_exit_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Rug_pull"_exit_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 "Rug pull" exit scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Rug_pull"_exit_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Non-fungible token</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieverwisselbare_item" title="Nieverwisselbare item – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nieverwisselbare item" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="رموز غير قابلة للاستبدال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رموز غير قابلة للاستبدال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="অবিনিময়যোগ্য নিদর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবিনিময়যোগ্য নিদর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Незаменим токен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Незаменим токен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezamjenjivi_token" title="Nezamjenjivi token – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nezamjenjivi token" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptovalor_no_fungible" title="Criptovalor no fungible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Criptovalor no fungible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Non-fungible token" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Fungible_Token" title="Non-Fungible Token – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Non-Fungible Token" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Μη ανταλλάξιμο διακριτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μη ανταλλάξιμο διακριτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_no_fungible" title="Token no fungible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Token no fungible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_ez-suntsigarri" title="Token ez-suntsigarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Token ez-suntsigarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رمز غیرمثلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمز غیرمثلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lic%C3%ADn_neamh-idirmhalartach" title="Licín neamh-idirmhalartach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Licín neamh-idirmhalartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5_%ED%86%A0%ED%81%B0" title="대체 불가능 토큰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대체 불가능 토큰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="एनएफटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एनएफटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_yang_tidak_dapat_ditukar" title="Token yang tidak dapat ditukar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Token yang tidak dapat ditukar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Non-fungible token" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A3" title="אסימון חסר תחליף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסימון חסר תחליף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepakei%C4%8Diamas_%C5%BEetonas" title="Nepakeičiamas žetonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepakeičiamas žetonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem_helyettes%C3%ADthet%C5%91_token" title="Nem helyettesíthető token – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nem helyettesíthető token" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="नॉन-फंजिबल टोकन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नॉन-फंजिबल टोकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_tidak_sepiawai" title="Token tidak sepiawai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Token tidak sepiawai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Non-fungible token" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%BB%A3%E6%9B%BF%E6%80%A7%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B3" title="非代替性トークン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非代替性トークン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Non-fungible token" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8-%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨੌਨ-ਫੰਜਿਬਲ ਟੋਕਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੌਨ-ਫੰਜਿਬਲ ਟੋਕਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ika_mapavalit_a_paysu" title="ika mapavalit a paysu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="ika mapavalit a paysu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewymienny_token" title="Niewymienny token – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewymienny token" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_n%C3%A3o_fung%C3%ADvel" title="Token não fungível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Token não fungível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeton_nefungibil" title="Jeton nefungibil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jeton nefungibil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Non-fungible token" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezamenljivi_%C5%BEeton" title="Nezamenljivi žeton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nezamenljivi žeton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Незаменљив токен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Незаменљив токен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Non-fungible token" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="โทเคนที่ไม่สามารถทดแทนกันได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทเคนที่ไม่สามารถทดแทนกันได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFT" title="NFT – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NFT" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Невзаємозамінний токен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Невзаємозамінний токен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unique and non-interchangeable data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NFT" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NFT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NFT (disambiguation)">NFT (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NFT_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NFT_diagram.svg/300px-NFT_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NFT_diagram.svg/450px-NFT_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NFT_diagram.svg/600px-NFT_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a non-fungible token generated by a <a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contract</a> (a program designed to automatically execute contract terms)</figcaption></figure> A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unique digital identifier that is recorded on a <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> and is used to certify ownership and authenticity. It cannot be copied, substituted, or subdivided.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The ownership of an NFT is recorded in the blockchain and can be transferred by the owner, allowing NFTs to be sold and traded. Initially pitched as a new class of <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> asset, by September 2023, one report claimed that over 95% of NFT collections had zero <a href="/wiki/Monetary_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary value">monetary value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yang2023-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vigliarolo2023-3">[3]</a> NFTs can be created by anybody and require few or no coding skills to create. NFTs typically contain references to <a href="/wiki/Digital_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital file">digital files</a> such as artworks, photos, videos, and audio. Because NFTs are uniquely identifiable, they differ from <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">cryptocurrencies</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Fungible" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungible">fungible</a> (hence the name non-fungible token). Proponents claim that NFTs provide a public <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_authenticity" title="Certificate of authenticity">certificate of authenticity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">proof of ownership</a>, but the legal rights conveyed by an NFT can be uncertain. The ownership of an NFT as defined by the blockchain has no inherent legal meaning and does not necessarily grant <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights, or other legal rights over its associated digital file. An NFT does not restrict the sharing or copying of its associated digital file and does not prevent the creation of NFTs that reference identical files. NFT trading increased from US$82 million in 2020 to US$17 billion in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> NFTs have been used as <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculative</a> investments and have drawn criticism for the energy cost and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> associated with some types of blockchain, as well as their use in <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">art scams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The NFT market has also been compared to an <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubble</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> At their peak, the three biggest NFT platforms were <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 2022, the NFT market collapsed; a May 2022 estimate was that the number of sales was down over 90% compared to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-flatlining-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> An NFT is a data file, stored on a type of digital ledger called a blockchain, which can be sold and traded.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The NFT can be associated with a particular asset – digital or physical – such as an image, art, music, or recording of a sports event.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It may confer licensing rights to use the asset for a specified purpose.<a href="#cite_note-$69_million_for_digital_art?-11">[11]</a> An NFT (and, if applicable, the associated license to use, copy, or display the underlying asset) can be traded and sold on digital markets.<a href="#cite_note-Kastrenakes-12">[12]</a> However, the extralegal nature of NFT trading usually results in an informal exchange of ownership over the asset that has no legal basis for enforcement,<a href="#cite_note-Mendis-2021-13">[13]</a> and so often confers little more than use as a status symbol.<a href="#cite_note-vice_right-clicker-14">[14]</a> NFTs function like <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic">cryptographic</a> tokens, but unlike cryptocurrencies, NFTs are not usually mutually interchangeable, so they are not <a href="/wiki/Fungible" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungible">fungible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> A non-fungible token contains data links, for example which point to details about where the associated art is stored, that can be affected by <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NFT_ownership_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NFT is ownable, the asset link may be ownable, and the ownership of the asset is not guaranteed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NFT_ownership_diagram.svg/300px-NFT_ownership_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NFT_ownership_diagram.svg/450px-NFT_ownership_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NFT_ownership_diagram.svg/600px-NFT_ownership_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A diagram showing the right to own a non-fungible token and linked file. In most cases, it is heavily dependent on the token's smart contract.</figcaption></figure> An NFT solely represents a proof of ownership of a blockchain record and does not necessarily imply that the owner possesses <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights to the digital asset the NFT purports to represent.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thaddeus-Johns-2021-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Someone may sell an NFT that represents their work, but the buyer will not necessarily receive copyright to that work, and the seller may not be prohibited from creating additional NFT copies of the same work.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark-2021-22">[21]</a> According to legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Tushnet" title="Rebecca Tushnet">Rebecca Tushnet</a>, "In one sense, the purchaser acquires whatever the art world thinks they have acquired. They definitely do not own the copyright to the underlying work unless it is explicitly transferred."<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Certain NFT projects, such as <a href="/wiki/Bored_Ape" title="Bored Ape">Bored Apes</a>, explicitly assign intellectual property rights of individual images to their respective owners.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The NFT collection <a href="/wiki/CryptoPunks" title="CryptoPunks">CryptoPunks</a> was a project that initially prohibited owners of its NFTs from using the associated digital artwork for commercial use, but later allowed such use upon acquisition by the collection's parent company.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_projects">Early projects</h3></div> The first known "NFT", Quantum,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCoy_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin McCoy (artist)">Kevin McCoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anil_Dash" title="Anil Dash">Anil Dash</a> in May 2014. It consists of a video clip made by McCoy's wife, Jennifer. McCoy registered the video on the <a href="/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin">Namecoin</a> blockchain and sold it to Dash for $4, during a live presentation for the Seven on Seven conferences at the <a href="/wiki/New_Museum" title="New Museum">New Museum</a> in New York City. McCoy and Dash referred to the technology as "monetized graphics".<a href="#cite_note-dash2-27">[26]</a> This explicitly linked a non-fungible, tradable blockchain marker to a work of art, via on-chain metadata (enabled by Namecoin).<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In October 2015, the first NFT project, Etheria, was launched and demonstrated at DEVCON 1 in London, Ethereum's first developer conference, three months after the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> blockchain. Most of Etheria's 457 purchasable and tradable hexagonal tiles went unsold for more than five years until March 13, 2021, when renewed interest in NFTs sparked a buying frenzy. Within 24 hours, all tiles of the current version and a prior version, each hardcoded to 1 ETH (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>0.43 at the time of launch), were sold for a total of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Rare_Pepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare Pepe">Rare Pepes</a> a "semi-fungible" NFT project centered around the <a href="/wiki/Pepe_the_Frog" title="Pepe the Frog">Pepe the Frog meme</a> involving a collective of artists contributing their works into a curated directory, emerged on Bitcoin through a protocol known as <a href="/wiki/Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a> (which had been created in 2014 and used to create other assets).<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> In 2017, several NFT projects emerged on Ethereum that utilized a "fungible" token standard known as ERC-20. <a href="/wiki/Curio_Cards" title="Curio Cards">Curio Cards</a> in May of that year is credited with being Ethereum's first art NFT project using the fungible standard and features artwork in the shape of a card among a variety of image types including satirized corporate logos<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">generative art</a> project of 10,000 pixelated characters known as <a href="/wiki/CryptoPunks" title="CryptoPunks">CryptoPunks</a> emerged soon after in June and would later establish itself as one of the most commercially successful NFT projects.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In December, a <a href="/wiki/Clipart" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipart">clipart</a> based collection featuring images of rocks called <a href="/wiki/EtherRock" title="EtherRock">EtherRock</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> in November 2017, the widely acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">blockchain game</a> on Ethereum known as <a href="/wiki/CryptoKitties" title="CryptoKitties">CryptoKitties</a> launched and is credited with pioneering what is considered to be the first bona fide non-fungible token standard, known as ERC-721.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> It used an early version of ERC-721 that differed from the formally published version of the standard in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ERC-721:_Non-Fungible_Token_Standard">ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard</h3></div> While experiments around non-fungibility have existed on blockchains since as early as 2012 with <a href="/wiki/Colored_Coins" title="Colored Coins">Colored Coins</a> on Bitcoin,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> a community-driven paper called ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard was published in 2018 under the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Hacker#Civic_hacker" title="Hacker">civic hacker</a> and lead author <a href="/wiki/William_Entriken" title="William Entriken">William Entriken</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and is recognized as pioneering the foundation for NFTs and enabling the growth of the wider eco-system.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> It introduced the formalization and defining of the term Non-Fungible Token "NFT" in blockchain nomenclature by establishing a standard for <a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contracts</a> known as "ERC-721" whose tokens would have unique attributes and ownership details, ensuring no two tokens are alike.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The creation of derivative standards followed from its influence on Ethereum (like ERC-1155 enabling semi-fungibility) and other blockchains.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Its versatility enabled the pioneering of numerous use cases, including digital artwork, deeds to physical items, real estate (including virtual), access passes, and game assets.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Ultimately, the emergence of <a href="/wiki/ERC-721" title="ERC-721">ERC-721</a> is recognized for having fundamentally changed the landscape of digital verification, authentication, and ownership.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_of_the_term_"NFT"_and_its_adoption">Origins of the term "NFT" and its adoption</h4></div> The term NFT, prior to the blockchain game <a href="/wiki/CryptoKitties" title="CryptoKitties">CryptoKitties'</a> adoption of ERC-721, is not known to have been used for earlier projects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> Through discussion among stakeholders for the ERC-721 draft, the word deed was given consideration among other alternatives including distinguishable asset, title, token, asset, equity, ticket.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a> Ultimately, through Entriken's initiative under the moniker "Fulldecent," a vote was held during the paper's drafting phase to decide which word would be used in the published version and "NFT" was chosen by the stakeholders.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The term "NFT" and the awareness of the ERC-721 standard received significant exposure and adopted use through the popularity of CryptoKitties in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> While using the standard, CryptoKitties earned the recognition of being the first mainstream NFT dApp;<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> the game's usage was significant enough to have overwhelmed Ethereum's processing power at the time.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence">Influence</h4></div> During the height of the breakout success of CryptoKitties and the emergence of ERC-721 tokens in 2017, an NFT marketplace called OpenSea emerged to capitalize off of the new non-fungible token standard.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> It positioned itself early in the NFT market landscape and grew to a $1.4 billion market cap in 2021 during the then-ongoing NFT boom.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> in 2021, <a href="/wiki/ArtReview" title="ArtReview">ArtReview's</a> Power 100 ranked ERC-721 at the #1 spot, praising it as "the most powerful art entity in the world" for creating a new kind of market for artworks that deviated from traditional gatekeeping norms and ushered in a different kind of collector.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Artist <a href="/wiki/Beeple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeple">Beeple</a> sold an ERC-721 NFT of his composite artwork known as Everydays: The First 5000 Days at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> for $69 million and was the first instance of a legacy arthouse dealing in NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_NFT_market">General NFT market</h3></div> The NFT market experienced rapid growth during 2020, with its value tripling to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>250 million.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy-2021-52">[51]</a> In the first three months of 2021, more than <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>200 million were spent on NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-Time-2021-53">[52]</a> In the early months of 2021, interest in NFTs increased after a number of high-profile sales and art auctions.<a href="#cite_note-Howcroft-2021-54">[53]</a> In May 2022, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that the NFT market was "collapsing". Daily sales of NFT tokens had declined 92% from September 2021, and the number of active wallets in the NFT market fell 88% from November 2021. While rising interest rates had impacted risky bets across the financial markets, the Journal said "NFTs are among the most speculative."<a href="#cite_note-flatlining-8">[8]</a> In December 2022, a programmer named Casey Rodarmor introduced a new way to add NFTs to the Bitcoin blockchain called "ordinals". By February 2023, the popularity of ordinals had led to an increase in bitcoin's payment fees and may have also partially contributed to an increase in bitcoin's price.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> A September 2023 report from cryptocurrency gambling website dappGambl claimed 95% of NFTs had fallen to zero monetary value.<a href="#cite_note-Yang2023-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vigliarolo2023-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonly_associated_files">Commonly associated files</h3></div> NFTs have been used to exchange digital tokens that link to a digital file asset. Ownership of an NFT is often associated with a license to use such a linked digital asset but generally does not confer the copyright to the buyer. Some agreements only grant a license for personal, non-commercial use, while other licenses also allow commercial use of the underlying digital asset.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> This kind of decentralized intellectual copyright poses an alternative to established forms of safeguarding copyright controlled by state institutions and middlemen within the respective industry.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_art">Digital art</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_non-fungible_tokens" title="List of most expensive non-fungible tokens">List of most expensive non-fungible tokens</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a> is a common use case for NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> High-profile auctions of NFTs linked to digital art have received considerable public attention; the first such major house auction took place at Christie's in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The work entitled Merge by artist <a href="/wiki/Pak_(creator)" title="Pak (creator)">Pak</a> was the most expensive NFT, with an auction price of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>91.8 million<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everydays:_the_First_5000_Days" title="Everydays: the First 5000 Days">Everydays: the First 5000 Days</a>, by artist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Winkelmann" title="Mike Winkelmann">Mike Winkelmann</a> (known professionally as Beeple) the second most expensive at <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>69.3 million in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Kastrenakes-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VeKings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/VeKings.png/220px-VeKings.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/VeKings.png/330px-VeKings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/VeKings.png/440px-VeKings.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Some digital art NFTs, like these <a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">pixel art</a> characters, are examples of <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">generative art</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some NFT collections, including <a href="/wiki/Bored_Ape" title="Bored Ape">Bored Apes</a>, <a href="/wiki/EtherRock" title="EtherRock">EtherRocks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CryptoPunks" title="CryptoPunks">CryptoPunks</a>, are examples of <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">generative art</a>, where many different images are created by assembling a selection of simple picture components in different combinations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In March 2021, the blockchain company Injective Protocol bought a $95,000 original screen print entitled Morons (White) from English graffiti artist <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> and filmed somebody burning it with a <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">cigarette lighter</a>. They uploaded (known as "minting" in the NFT scene) and sold the video as an NFT.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banksy_NFT-64">[63]</a> The person who destroyed the artwork, who called themselves "Burnt Banksy", described the act as a way to transfer a physical work of art to the NFT space.<a href="#cite_note-Banksy_NFT-64">[63]</a> American curator and art historian <a href="/wiki/Tina_Rivers_Ryan" title="Tina Rivers Ryan">Tina Rivers Ryan</a>, who specializes in digital works, said that art museums are widely not convinced that NFTs have "lasting cultural relevance."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Ryan compares NFTs to the <a href="/wiki/Net_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Net art">net art</a> fad before the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In July 2022, after the controversial sale of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doni_Tondo" title="Doni Tondo">Doni Tondo</a> in Italy, the sale of NFT reproductions of famous artworks was prohibited in Italy. Given the complexity and lack of regulation of the matter, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Italy)" title="Ministry of Culture (Italy)">Ministry of Culture</a> of Italy temporarily requested that its institutions refrain from signing contracts involving NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> No centralized means of authentication exists to prevent stolen and counterfeit digital works from being sold as NFTs, although auction houses like <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>, and various museums and galleries worldwide started collaborations and partnerships with digital artists such as <a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangiuz" title="Dangiuz">Dangiuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Zucker" title="Sarah Zucker">Sarah Zucker</a>. NFTs associated with digital artworks could be sold and bought via NFT platforms. <a href="/wiki/OpenSea" title="OpenSea">OpenSea</a>, launched in 2017, was one of the first marketplaces to host various types of NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-Rodeck-2022-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>, the NBA Players Association and Dapper Labs, the creator of <a href="/wiki/CryptoKitties" title="CryptoKitties">CryptoKitties</a>, started a joint venture NBA Top Shot for basketball fans that let users buy NFTs of historic moments in basketball.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 2020, Rarible was found, allowing multiple assets. In 2021, Rarible and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> formed a partnership to simplify the verification and security of metadata for digital content, including NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-Rodeck-2022-69">[68]</a> In 2021, a cryptocurrency exchange <a href="/wiki/Binance" title="Binance">Binance</a>, launched its NFT marketplace.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 2022, eToro Art by <a href="/wiki/EToro" title="EToro">eToro</a> was founded, focusing on supporting NFT collections and emerging creators.<a href="#cite_note-Rodeck-2022-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> auction houses showcase artworks associated with the respective NFTs both in virtual galleries and physical screens, monitors, and TVs.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-2022-77">[76]</a> Mars House, an architectural NFT created in May 2020 by artist <a href="/wiki/Krista_Kim" title="Krista Kim">Krista Kim</a>, sold in 2021 for 288 Ether (ETH) — at that time equivalent to US$524,558.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Games">Games</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></div> NFTs can represent <a href="/wiki/Game_asset" class="mw-redirect" title="Game asset">in-game assets</a>. Some commentators describe these as being controlled "by the user" instead of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">game developer</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> if they can be traded on third-party marketplaces without permission from the game developer. Their reception from game developers, though, has been generally mixed, with some like <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a> embracing the technology but <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> formally prohibiting them.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <ul><li>CryptoKitties was an early successful blockchain online game in which players adopt and trade virtual cats. The monetization of NFTs within the game raised a $12.5 million investment, with some kitties selling for over $100,000 each.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2017-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Following its success, CryptoKitties was added to the ERC-721 standard, which was created in January 2018 (and finalized in June).<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Entriken-2018-86">[85]</a></li> <li>In October 2021, <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve Corporation</a> banned applications from their <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a> platform if those applications use <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> technology or NFTs to exchange value or game artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></li> <li>In December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a> announced Ubisoft Quartz, "an NFT initiative which allows people to buy artificially scarce digital items using cryptocurrency". The announcement was heavily criticized by audiences, with the Quartz announcement video attaining a dislike ratio of 96% on YouTube. Ubisoft subsequently unlisted the video from YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The announcement was also criticized internally by Ubisoft developers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a>'s 2022 annual report stated that 70 percent of developers surveyed said their studios had no interest in integrating NFTs or cryptocurrency into their games.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></li> <li>Some luxury brands minted NFTs for online video game cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In November 2021, investment firm <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> published a note claiming that this could become a US$56 billion market by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li> <li>In July 2022, Mojang Studios announced that NFTs would not be permitted in <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a>, saying that they went against the game's "values of creative inclusion and playing together".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_film">Music and film</h4></div> NFTs have been proposed for use within the film-industry as a way to tokenize movie-scenes and sell them as collectibles in the form of NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Artists involved in the entertainment-industry can seek royalties through NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> So far, NFTs have often been used in both the music- as well as the film-industry. <ul><li>In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> partnered with Atom Tickets and released limited-edition <a href="/wiki/Deadpool_2" title="Deadpool 2">Deadpool 2</a> digital posters to promote the film. They were available from <a href="/wiki/OpenSea" title="OpenSea">OpenSea</a> and the GFT exchange.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></li> <li>In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Benzine" title="Adam Benzine">Adam Benzine</a>'s 2015 documentary <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lanzmann:_Spectres_of_the_Shoah" title="Claude Lanzmann: Spectres of the Shoah">Claude Lanzmann: Spectres of the Shoah</a> became the first motion picture and documentary film to be auctioned as an NFT.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li>Other examples of NFTs being used in the film-industry include a collection of NFT-artworks for <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Kong" title="Godzilla vs. Kong">Godzilla vs. Kong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> the release of both <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a>'s horror-movie KillRoy Was Here, and the 2021 film <a href="/wiki/Zero_Contact" title="Zero Contact">Zero Contact</a> as NFTs in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></li> <li>In April 2021, an NFT was released for the score of the movie <a href="/wiki/Triumph_(2021_film)" title="Triumph (2021 film)">Triumph</a>, composed by Gregg Leonard.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li>In November 2021, film director <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> released seven NFTs based on uncut scenes of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> subsequently filed a lawsuit claiming that their film rights were violated and that the original 1993 contract with Tarantino gave them the right to mint NFTs in relation to Pulp Fiction.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></li> <li>In August 2022, Muse released album <a href="/wiki/Will_of_the_People_(album)" title="Will of the People (album)">Will of the People</a> as 1,000 NFTs; it became the first album for which NFT sales would qualify for the UK and Australian charts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li></ul> By February 2021, NFTs accounted for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>25 million of revenue generated through the sale of artwork and songs as NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> On February 28, 2021, electronic dance musician <a href="/wiki/3lau" title="3lau">3lau</a> sold a collection of 33 NFTs for a total of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>11.7 million to commemorate the three-year anniversary of his Ultraviolet album.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-2021-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On March 3, 2021, an NFT was made to promote the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Leon" title="Kings of Leon">Kings of Leon</a> album <a href="/wiki/When_You_See_Yourself" title="When You See Yourself">When You See Yourself</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Other musicians who have used NFTs include American rapper <a href="/wiki/Lil_Pump" title="Lil Pump">Lil Pump</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cheddar_2021-03-232-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vulture_2021-03-182-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-XXL_Mag_2021-03-23-2-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grimes" title="Grimes">Grimes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> visual artist <a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a> in collaboration with record producer <a href="/wiki/Mike_Dean_(record_producer)" title="Mike Dean (record producer)">Mike Dean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> and rapper <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> A paper presented at the 40th International Conference on Information Systems in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in 2019 suggested using NFTs as tickets for different types of events.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> This would enable organizers of the respective events or artists performing there to receive royalties on the resale of each ticket.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_associated_files">Other associated files</h4></div> <ul><li>A number of <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet memes</a> have been associated with NFTs, which were minted and sold by their creators or by their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Doge_(meme)" title="Doge (meme)">Doge</a>, an image of a <a href="/wiki/Shiba_Inu" title="Shiba Inu">Shiba Inu</a> dog,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bit_My_Finger" title="Charlie Bit My Finger">Charlie Bit My Finger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyan_Cat" title="Nyan Cat">Nyan Cat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disaster_Girl" title="Disaster Girl">Disaster Girl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></li> <li>Some virtual worlds, often <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">marketed</a> as <a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">metaverses</a>, have incorporated NFTs as a means of trading virtual items and virtual real estate.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Pornographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic">pornographic</a> works have been sold as NFTs, though hostility from NFT marketplaces towards pornographic material has presented significant drawbacks for creators.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> By using NFTs people engaged in this area of the entertainment-industry are able to publish their works without third-party platforms being able to delete them.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li>The first credited political protest NFT ("Destruction of Nazi Monument Symbolizing Contemporary Lithuania") was a video filmed by Professor Stanislovas Tomas on April 8, 2019, and minted on March 29, 2021. In the video, Tomas uses a sledgehammer to destroy a state-sponsored Lithuanian plaque located on the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Lithuanian Academy of Sciences">Lithuanian Academy of Sciences</a> honoring Nazi war criminal <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Jonas Noreika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></li> <li>In 2020, CryptoKitties developer Dapper Labs released the NBA TopShot project, which allowed the purchase of NFTs linked to basketball highlights.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The project was built on top of the Flow blockchain.<a href="#cite_note-Engadget_2021-03-11_Ref1-134">[133]</a></li> <li>In March 2021 an NFT of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>'s first-ever tweet sold for $2.9 million. The same NFT was listed for sale in 2022 at $48 million, but only achieved a top bid of $280.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></li> <li>On December 15, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, announced a line of NFTs featuring images of himself for $99 each.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> It was reported that he made between $100,001 and $1 million from the scheme.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_cases_of_NFTs_in_science_and_medicine">Use cases of NFTs in science and medicine</h3></div> NFTs have been proposed for purposes related to scientific and medical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-jonesnature-138">[137]</a> Suggestions include turning patient data into NFTs,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> tracking supply chains<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> and minting patents as NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The monetary aspect of the sale of NFTs has been used by academic institutions to finance research projects. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Church.jpg/170px-George_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Church.jpg/255px-George_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Church.jpg/340px-George_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>George M. Church sold NFTs of an "artistic representation" of his genome and likeness in 2022.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> announced in May 2021 its intention to auction NFTs of two patents of inventions for which the creators had received a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>: the patents for <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">cancer immunotherapy</a>. The university would, however, retain ownership of the patents.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> 85% of funds gathered through the sale of the collection were to be used to finance research.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The collection included handwritten notices and faxes by <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James Allison</a> and was named The Fourth Pillar. It sold in June 2022 for 22 Ether, about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>54,000 at the time.<a href="#cite_note-jonesnature482-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Church_(geneticist)" title="George Church (geneticist)">George Church</a>, a US geneticist, announced his intention to sell his <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> via NFTs and use the profits to finance research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Genomics" title="Nebula Genomics">Nebula Genomics</a>. In June 2022, 20 NFTs with his likeness were published instead of the originally planned NFTs of his DNA due to the market conditions at the time.<a href="#cite_note-jonesnature-138">[137]</a> Despite mixed reactions, the project is considered to be part of an effort to use the genetic data of 15,000 individuals to support genetic research. By using NFTs the project wants to ensure that the users submitting their genetic data are able to receive direct payment for their contributions.<a href="#cite_note-jonesnature-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Several other companies have been involved in similar and often criticized efforts to use blockchain-based genetic data in order to guarantee users more control over their data and enable them to receive direct financial compensation whenever their data is being sold.<a href="#cite_note-jonesnature482-146">[145]</a></li> <li>Molecule Protocol, a project based in Switzerland, is trying to use NFTs to digitize the intellectual copyright of individual scientists and research teams to finance research.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessinsiderMolecule-148">[147]</a> The project's whitepaper explains the aim is to represent the copyright of scientific papers as NFTs and enable their trade between researchers and investors on a future marketplace.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The project was able to raise <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>12 million in seed money in July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessinsiderMolecule-148">[147]</a> A similar approach has been announced by RMDS Lab.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculation">Speculation</h3></div> NFTs representing digital collectables and artworks are a <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculative asset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The NFT buying surge was called an <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubble</a> by experts, who also compared it to the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reyburn-2021-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Small-2021-153">[152]</a> In March 2021 <a href="/wiki/Mike_Winkelmann" title="Mike Winkelmann">Mike Winkelmann</a> called NFTs an "irrational exuberance bubble".<a href="#cite_note-Cuthbertson-2021-154">[153]</a> By mid-April 2021, demand subsided, causing prices to fall significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Tarmy-2021-155">[154]</a> Financial theorist <a href="/wiki/William_J._Bernstein" title="William J. Bernstein">William J. Bernstein</a> compared the NFT market to 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulip mania</a>, saying any <a href="/wiki/Speculative_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative bubble">speculative bubble</a> requires a technological advance for people to "get excited about", with part of that enthusiasm coming from the extreme predictions being made about the product.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> For regulatory policymakers, NFTs have exacerbated challenges such as speculation, fraud, and high volatility.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money_laundering">Money laundering</h3></div> NFTs, as with other blockchain securities and with traditional art sales, can potentially be used for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rusi-158">[157]</a> NFTs can be used for <a href="/wiki/Wash_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash trading">wash trading</a> by creating several <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_wallet" title="Cryptocurrency wallet">wallets</a> for one individual, generating several fictitious sales and consequently selling the respective NFT to a third party.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Chainalysis" title="Chainalysis">Chainalysis</a> these types of wash trades are becoming popular among money launderers because of the largely anonymous nature of transactions on NFT marketplaces.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-wisogeldwäsche-162">[161]</a> Looksrare, created in early 2022, came to be known for the large sums generated through the sale of NFTs in its earliest days, amounting to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>400,000,000 a day. These large sums were generated in large part through wash trading.<a href="#cite_note-wisogeldwäsche-162">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> said that any risks in relation to money laundering through NFTs could be mitigated through the use of "<a href="/wiki/Know_your_customer" title="Know your customer">KYC</a> best practices, strong cyber security measures and a stolen art registry (...) without restricting the growth of this new market".<a href="#cite_note-rusi-158">[157]</a> Auction platforms for NFTs may face regulatory pressure to comply with anti-money laundering legislation. Gou Wenjun, the director of a monitoring centre for the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a>, said that NFTs could "easily become money-laundering tools". He pointed to unlawful exploitation of cryptographic technologies and said that illicit actors often presented themselves as innovators in financial technology.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> A 2022 study from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury">United States Treasury</a> assessed that there was "some evidence of money laundering risk in the high-value art market", including through "the emerging digital art market, such as the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs)".<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The study considered how NFT transactions may be a simpler option for laundering money through art by avoiding the transportation or insurance complications in trading physical art. Several NFT exchanges were labeled as virtual asset service providers that may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">Financial Crimes Enforcement Network</a> regulations.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In March 2022, two people were charged for the execution of a million-dollar NFT scheme through <a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">wire fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> announced in July 2022 that it was planning to draw up regulations to combat money laundering by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <ul><li>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> patented a system called CryptoKicks that would use NFTs to verify the authenticity of its physical products and would give a virtual version of the shoe to the customer.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></li> <li>Certain NFT releases have also added exclusivity to the NFT utility, including access to private online clubs.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_in_blockchains">Standards in blockchains</h2></div> Several blockchains have added support for NFTs since Ethereum created its ERC-721 standard.<a href="#cite_note-Entriken-2021-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> ERC-721 is an "inheritable" <a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">smart contract</a> standard, which means that developers can create contracts by copying from a reference implementation. ERC-721 provides core methods that allow tracking the owner of a unique identifier, as well as a way for the owner to transfer the asset to others.<a href="#cite_note-Entriken-2021-172">[171]</a> Another standard, ERC-1155, offers "semi-fungibility" whereby a token represents a class of interchangeable assets.<a href="#cite_note-Radomski-2021-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_criticisms">Issues and criticisms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unenforceability_of_content_ownership">Unenforceability of content ownership</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Right-clicked_NFT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Right-clicked_NFT.png/220px-Right-clicked_NFT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Right-clicked_NFT.png/330px-Right-clicked_NFT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Right-clicked_NFT.png/440px-Right-clicked_NFT.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>As an image on the web, the digital art linked to a non-fungible token may be right-clicked and saved like any other picture file.</figcaption></figure> Because the contents of NFTs are publicly accessible, anybody can easily copy a file referenced by an NFT. Furthermore, the ownership of an NFT on the blockchain does not inherently convey legally enforceable <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights to the file. It has become well known that an NFT image can be copied or saved from a web browser by using a <a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">right click menu</a> to download the referenced image. NFT supporters disparage this duplication of NFT artwork as a "right-clicker mentality". One collector quoted by <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a> compared the value of a purchased NFT (in contrast to an unpurchased copy of the underlying asset) to that of a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> "to show off that they can afford to pay that much".<a href="#cite_note-vice_right-clicker-14">[14]</a> The "right-clicker mentality" phrase spread virally after its introduction, particularly among those who were critical of the NFT marketplace and who appropriated the term to flaunt their ability to capture digital art backed by NFT with ease.<a href="#cite_note-vice_right-clicker-14">[14]</a> This criticism was promoted by Australian programmer Geoffrey Huntley who created "The NFT Bay", modeled after <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>. The NFT Bay advertised a <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> purported to contain 19 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> of digital art NFT images. Huntley compared his work to an art project from <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pantsdown" title="Pauline Pantsdown">Pauline Pantsdown</a> and hoped the site would help educate users on what NFTs are and are not.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_off-chain">Storage off-chain</h3></div> NFTs that represent digital art generally do not store the associated artwork file on the blockchain due to the large size of such a file and the limited processing speed of blockchains. Such a token functions like a certificate of ownership, with a <a href="/wiki/Web_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Web address">web address</a> that points to the piece of art in question; this however makes the art itself vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dash2-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_bitcoin" title="Environmental impact of bitcoin">Environmental impact of bitcoin</a></div> NFT purchases and sales have been enabled by the high energy usage, and consequent <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, associated with some kinds of blockchain transactions.<a href="#cite_note-Calma-176">[175]</a> Though all forms of Ethereum transactions have had an impact on the environment, the direct impact of these transaction has also depended on the size of the transaction.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> protocol required to regulate and verify blockchain transactions on networks (including <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> until 2022) consumes a large amount of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> To estimate the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> of a given NFT transaction requires a variety of assumptions or estimations about the manner in which that transaction is set up on the blockchain, the economic behavior of blockchain miners (and the energy demands of their mining equipment),<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> and the amount of renewable energy being used on these networks.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> There are also conceptual questions, such as whether the carbon footprint estimate for an NFT purchase should incorporate some portion of the ongoing energy demand of the underlying network, or just the marginal impact of that particular purchase.<a href="#cite_note-De-Mattei-182">[181]</a> An analogy might be the carbon footprint associated with an additional passenger on a given airline flight.<a href="#cite_note-Calma-176">[175]</a> In 2022, Ethereum cut its energy usage by 99.99 percent by switching to <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">proof of stake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> As the NFT market continues to mature, with a focus on sustainable practices and long-term value, platforms like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klever_blockchain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klever blockchain (page does not exist)">Klever</a> are leading the way by incorporating energy-efficient technologies. Klever use of the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> consensus mechanism significantly reduces the environmental impact of NFT transactions, aligning with the market's shift towards more responsible and sustainable practices. Other approaches to reducing electricity include the use of off-chain transactions as part of minting an NFT.<a href="#cite_note-Calma-176">[175]</a> Some NFT markets have offered the option of buying carbon offsets when making NFT purchases, although the environmental benefits of this have been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In some instances, NFT artists have decided against selling some of their own work to limit carbon emission contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Howson-2021-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist_and_buyer_fees">Artist and buyer fees</h3></div> Sales platforms charge artists and buyers fees for minting, listing, claiming, and secondary sales. Analysis of NFT markets in March 2021, in the immediate aftermath of Beeple's "Everydays: the First 5000 Days" selling for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>69.3 million, found that most NFT artworks were selling for less than <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>200, with a third selling for less than <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>100.<a href="#cite_note-artnet-188">[187]</a> Those selling NFTs below $100 were paying platform fees between 72.5% and 157.5% of that amount. On average the fees make up 100.5% of the price, meaning that such artists were on average paying more money in fees than they were making in sales.<a href="#cite_note-artnet-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plagiarism_and_fraud">Plagiarism and fraud</h3></div> There have been cases of artists and creators having their work sold by others as an NFT without permission.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-2021-189">[188]</a> After the artist Qing Han died in 2020, her identity was assumed by a fraudster and a number of her works became available for purchase as NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Similarly, a seller posing as <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> succeeded in selling an NFT supposedly made by the artist for $336,000 in 2021; the seller refunded the money after the case drew media attention.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In 2022, it was discovered that as part of their NFT marketing campaign, an NFT company that voice actor <a href="/wiki/Troy_Baker" title="Troy Baker">Troy Baker</a> announced his partnership with had plagiarized voice lines generated from <a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a>, a free <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> <a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech">text-to-speech</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-nme-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-stevivor-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-techtimes-194">[193]</a> The anonymity associated with NFTs and the ease with which they can be forged make it difficult to pursue legal action against NFT plagiarists.<a href="#cite_note-huge_mess-195">[194]</a> In February 2023, artist Mason Rothschild was ordered to pay $133,000 in damages to <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s" title="Hermès">Hermès</a> by a New York court, after a jury sided with the copyright holder, for his 2021 digital depictions of the brand's <a href="/wiki/Birkin_bag" title="Birkin bag">Birkin handbag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Some NFT marketplaces responded to cases of plagiarism by creating "takedown teams" to respond to artist complaints. The NFT marketplace <a href="/wiki/OpenSea" title="OpenSea">OpenSea</a> has rules against plagiarism and <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfakes</a> (non-consensual intimate imagery). Some artists criticized OpenSea's efforts, saying they are slow to respond to takedown requests and that artists are subject to support scams from users who claim to be representatives of the platform.<a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-2022-77">[76]</a> Others argue that there is no market incentive for NFT marketplaces to crack down on plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-huge_mess-195">[194]</a> <ul><li>A process known as "sleepminting" allows a fraudster to mint an NFT in an artist's wallet and transfer it back to their own account without the artist becoming aware.<a href="#cite_note-news.artnet.com-197">[196]</a> This allowed a <a href="/wiki/White_hat_(computer_security)" title="White hat (computer security)">white hat</a> hacker to mint a fraudulent NFT that had seemingly originated from the wallet of the artist <a href="/wiki/Beeple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeple">Beeple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.artnet.com-197">[196]</a></li> <li>Plagiarism concerns led the art website <a href="/wiki/DeviantArt" title="DeviantArt">DeviantArt</a> to create an algorithm that compares user art posted on the DeviantArt website against art on popular NFT marketplaces. If the algorithm identifies art that is similar, it notifies and instructs the author how they can contact NFT marketplaces to request that they take down their plagiarized work.<a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-2022-77">[76]</a></li> <li>The BBC reported a case of insider trading when an employee of the NFT marketplace <a href="/wiki/OpenSea" title="OpenSea">OpenSea</a> bought specific NFTs before they were launched, with prior knowledge those NFTs would be promoted on the company's home page. NFT trading is an unregulated market in which there is no legal recourse for such abuses.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></li> <li>When <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> announced they were adding NFT support to their graphics editor <a href="/wiki/Photoshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshop">Photoshop</a>, the company proposed creating an <a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">InterPlanetary File System</a> database as an alternative means of establishing authenticity for digital works.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></li> <li>The price paid for specific NFTs and the sales volume of a particular NFT author may be artificially inflated by <a href="/wiki/Wash_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash trading">wash trading</a>, which is prevalent due to a lack of government regulation on NFTs.<a href="#cite_note-Moguldom_2021-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div> In January 2022, it was reported that some NFTs were being exploited by sellers to unknowingly gather users' <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>. The "exploit" works via the off-chain nature of NFT, as the user's computer automatically follows a web address in the NFT to display the content. The server at the address can then log the IP address and, in some cases, dynamically alter the returned content to show the result. OpenSea has a particular vulnerability to this loophole because it allows HTML files to be linked.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid/Ponzi_scheme_claims">Pyramid/Ponzi scheme claims</h3></div> Critics compare the structure of the NFT market to a <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>, in which early adopters profit at the expense of those buying in later.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In June 2022, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> stated his belief that NFTs are "100% based on <a href="/wiki/Greater_fool_theory" title="Greater fool theory">greater fool theory</a>".<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Rug_pull"_exit_scams">"Rug pull" exit scams</h3></div> A "rug pull" is a scam, similar to an <a href="/wiki/Exit_scam" title="Exit scam">exit scam</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Pump_and_dump" title="Pump and dump">pump and dump</a> scheme, in which the developers of an NFT or other blockchain project hype the value of a project to pump up the price and then suddenly sell all their tokens to lock in massive profits or otherwise abandon the project while removing liquidity, permanently destroying the value of the project.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_authenticity" title="Certificate of authenticity">Certificate of authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Entriken" title="William Entriken">William Entriken</a>, lead author of ERC-721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">Title (property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> While all bitcoins are equal, each NFT may represent a different underlying asset and thus may have a different value.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved April 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=CryptoKitties+raises+%2412M+from+Andreessen+Horowitz+and+Union+Square+Ventures&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.aulast=Tepper&rft.aufirst=Fitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2018%2F03%2F20%2Fcryptokitties-raises-12m-from-andreessen-horowitz-and-union-square-ventures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2017" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Evelyn (December 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/06/meet-cryptokitties-the-new-digital-beanie-babies-selling-for-100k.html">"Meet CryptoKitties, the $100,000 digital beanie babies epitomizing the cryptocurrency mania"</a>. CNBC. 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Retrieved February 15, 2023. <q>Using NFTs, artists now have the option of choosing to require a resale royalty for every resale of their NFTs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Illinois+Law+Review&rft.atitle=NFTs+as+Decentralized+Intellectual+Property&rft.pages=36%2C+39%2C+43&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247727602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4023736%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.4023736&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4023736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2019" class="citation web cs1">Heal, Jordan (June 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/deadpool-posters-now-bought-nfts-110019928.html">"Deadpool posters can now be bought as NFTs"</a>. Coin Rivet. Retrieved May 19, 2021 – via Yahoo!.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coin+Rivet&rft.atitle=Deadpool+posters+can+now+be+bought+as+NFTs&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdeadpool-posters-now-bought-nfts-110019928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChmielewski2018" class="citation web cs1">Chmielewski, Dawn C. (August 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2018/08/deadpool-2-jumps-digital-collectibles-blockchain-1202439356/">"'Deadpool 2' Jumps on the Digital Collectibles Bandwagon"</a>. Deadline. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27Deadpool+2%27+Jumps+on+the+Digital+Collectibles+Bandwagon&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.aulast=Chmielewski&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fdeadpool-2-jumps-digital-collectibles-blockchain-1202439356%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavindran2021" class="citation web cs1">Ravindran, Manori (March 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2021/film/global/nft-movies-first-film-sale-claude-lanzmann-documentary-1234930343/">"NFT Craze Enters Film World: 'Claude Lanzmann' Documentary is First Oscar Nominee to Be Released as Digital Token"</a>. Variety. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=NFT+Craze+Enters+Film+World%3A+%27Claude+Lanzmann%27+Documentary+is+First+Oscar+Nominee+to+Be+Released+as+Digital+Token&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft.aulast=Ravindran&rft.aufirst=Manori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Ffilm%2Fglobal%2Fnft-movies-first-film-sale-claude-lanzmann-documentary-1234930343%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosselman2021" class="citation web cs1">Bosselman, Haley (March 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2021/film/news/godzilla-vs-kong-first-major-motion-picture-nft-art-release-1234941253/">"'Godzilla vs. Kong' to Have First Major Motion Picture NFT Art Release"</a>. Variety. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Godzilla+vs.+Kong%27+to+Have+First+Major+Motion+Picture+NFT+Art+Release&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft.aulast=Bosselman&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fgodzilla-vs-kong-first-major-motion-picture-nft-art-release-1234941253%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSestinoGuidoPeluso2022" class="citation book cs1">Sestino, Andrea; Guido, Gianluigi; Peluso, Alessandro M. (2022). Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Examining the Impact on Consumers and Marketing Strategies. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-07203-1">10.1007/978-3-031-07203-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07202-4"><bdi>978-3-031-07202-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250238540">250238540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Fungible+Tokens+%28NFTs%29.+Examining+the+Impact+on+Consumers+and+Marketing+Strategies&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250238540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-07203-1&rft.isbn=978-3-031-07202-4&rft.aulast=Sestino&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Guido%2C+Gianluigi&rft.au=Peluso%2C+Alessandro+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2021" class="citation web cs1">Finn, John (April 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/triumph-worlds-first-soundtrack-nft-music-rights-ip-blockchain/">"World's First Movie Score & Soundtrack For Sale As An NFT"</a>. ScreenRant. Retrieved September 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScreenRant&rft.atitle=World%27s+First+Movie+Score+%26+Soundtrack+For+Sale+As+An+NFT&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Ftriumph-worlds-first-soundtrack-nft-music-rights-ip-blockchain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz2017" class="citation web cs1">Diaz, Johnny (November 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/business/miramax-tarantino-nft-pulp-fiction.html">"Miramax Sues Quentin Tarantino Over Planned 'Pulp Fiction' NFTs"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Miramax+Sues+Quentin+Tarantino+Over+Planned+%27Pulp+Fiction%27+NFTs&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Diaz&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Fmiramax-tarantino-nft-pulp-fiction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSestinoGuidoPeluso2022" class="citation book cs1">Sestino, Andrea; Guido, Gianluigi; Peluso, Alessandro M. (2022). Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). Examining the Impact on Consumers and Marketing Strategies. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-07203-1">10.1007/978-3-031-07203-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07202-4"><bdi>978-3-031-07202-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250238540">250238540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Fungible+Tokens+%28NFTs%29.+Examining+the+Impact+on+Consumers+and+Marketing+Strategies&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250238540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-07203-1&rft.isbn=978-3-031-07202-4&rft.aulast=Sestino&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Guido%2C+Gianluigi&rft.au=Peluso%2C+Alessandro+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Edward (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4023736">"NFTs as Decentralized Intellectual Property"</a>. University of Illinois Law Review: 41 f. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.4023736">10.2139/ssrn.4023736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247727602">247727602</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4023736">4023736</a>. Retrieved February 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Illinois+Law+Review&rft.atitle=NFTs+as+Decentralized+Intellectual+Property&rft.pages=41+f&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247727602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4023736%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.4023736&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4023736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethany_Minelle2022" class="citation web cs1">Bethany Minelle (September 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/muses-will-of-the-people-becomes-first-uk-number-one-album-with-nft-technology-12687851">"Muse's Will Of The People becomes first UK number one album with NFT technology"</a>. news.sky.com. Sky News. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sky.com&rft.atitle=Muse%27s+Will+Of+The+People+becomes+first+UK+number+one+album+with+NFT+technology&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.au=Bethany+Minelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fmuses-will-of-the-people-becomes-first-uk-number-one-album-with-nft-technology-12687851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEamonn_Forde2022" class="citation web cs1">Eamonn Forde (August 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/aug/01/muse-release-nft-edition-album-will-of-the-people-charts">"Sales from the crypto: Muse NFT album to become first new chart-eligible format in seven years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sales+from+the+crypto%3A+Muse+NFT+album+to+become+first+new+chart-eligible+format+in+seven+years&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.au=Eamonn+Forde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2022%2Faug%2F01%2Fmuse-release-nft-edition-album-will-of-the-people-charts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStassen2021" class="citation web cs1">Stassen, Murray (March 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/music-related-nft-sales-have-topped-25m-in-the-past-month/">"Music-related NFT sales have topped $25m in the past month"</a>. Music Business Worldwide. 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Risk Governance & Control: Financial Markets & Institutions. 12 (3): 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22495%2Frgcv12i3p1">10.22495/rgcv12i3p1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252304860">252304860</a>. <q>For tickets to events, there is a secondary market where the seller can call an arbitrary price. There is a risk of purchasing invalid tickets. Regular tickets can also be copied and thus sold multiple times, although only one of them is valid. 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Retrieved January 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Matt+Damon%27s+crypto+ad+is+more+than+just+cringeworthy&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jemima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3fac474e-aa34-439a-8bdb-32b576fe2687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/15/bill-gates-says-crypto-and-nfts-are-based-on-greater-fool-theory.html">"Bill Gates says crypto and NFTs are '100% based on greater fool theory'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates+says+crypto+and+NFTs+are+%27100%25+based+on+greater+fool+theory%27&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F06%2F15%2Fbill-gates-says-crypto-and-nfts-are-based-on-greater-fool-theory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbourne2022" class="citation web cs1">Osbourne, Charlie (January 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/hackers-hijack-smart-contracts-in-new-cryptocurrency-token-rug-pull-scams/">"Hackers hijack smart contracts in cryptocurrency token 'rug pull' exit scams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. Retrieved January 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Hackers+hijack+smart+contracts+in+cryptocurrency+token+%27rug+pull%27+exit+scams&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=Osbourne&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fhackers-hijack-smart-contracts-in-new-cryptocurrency-token-rug-pull-scams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-fungible+token" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_3D_printing" title="Applications of 3D printing">3D printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal-generating_software" title="Fractal-generating software">Fractal-generating software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation software">Animation software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art_scene" title="Computer art scene">Computer art scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberarts" title="Cyberarts">Cyberarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_illustration" title="Digital illustration">Digital illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF_art" title="GIF art">GIF art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_art" title="Glitch art">Glitch art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">Motion graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_visualization" title="Music visualization">Music visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering#Artistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Render art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Arcangel" title="Cory Arcangel">Cory Arcangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougwen_Chung" title="Sougwen Chung">Sougwen Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Elwes" title="Jake Elwes">Jake Elwes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Em" title="David Em">David Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Klingemann" title="Mario Klingemann">Mario Klingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hershman_Leeson" title="Lynn Hershman Leeson">Lynn Hershman Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Lieberman" title="Zachary Lieberman">Zachary Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Paglen" title="Trevor Paglen">Trevor Paglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ridler" title="Anna Ridler">Anna Ridler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rubin_(artist)" title="Ben Rubin (artist)">Ben Rubin (artist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Utterback" title="Camille Utterback">Camille Utterback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar_Van_Arman" title="Pindar Van Arman">Pindar Van Arman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Dress_Up" title="Jesus Dress Up">Jesus Dress Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listening_Post_(artwork)" title="Listening Post (artwork)">Listening Post (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_To_Rise" title="Remember To Rise">Remember To Rise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artfutura" title="Artfutura">Artfutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Arts_Society" title="Computer Arts Society">Computer Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Conferences" title="EVA Conferences">EVA Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Digital_Art" title="Los Angeles Center for Digital Art">Los Angeles Center for Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onedotzero" title="Onedotzero">onedotzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger" title="Distributed ledger">Distributed ledger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(blockchain)" title="Fork (blockchain)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Network" title="Lightning Network">Lightning Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaMask" title="MetaMask">MetaMask</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-fungible token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web3" title="Web3">Web3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">Consensus</a> mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_authority" title="Proof of authority">Proof of authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_space" title="Proof of space">Proof of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MazaCoin" title="MazaCoin">MazaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin">Namecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titcoin" title="Titcoin">Titcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum_Classic" title="Ethereum Classic">Ethereum Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrypt" title="Scrypt">Scrypt</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auroracoin" title="Auroracoin">Auroracoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litecoin" title="Litecoin">Litecoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equihash" title="Equihash">Equihash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zcash" title="Zcash">Zcash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RandomX-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">X11</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmbaCoin" title="AmbaCoin">AmbaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firo_(cryptocurrency)" title="Firo (cryptocurrency)">Firo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOTA_(technology)" title="IOTA (technology)">IOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervos_Network" title="Nervos Network">Nervos Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primecoin" title="Primecoin">Primecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verge_(cryptocurrency)" title="Verge (cryptocurrency)">Verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertcoin" title="Vertcoin">Vertcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorand" title="Algorand">Algorand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(blockchain_platform)" title="Avalanche (blockchain platform)">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS.IO" title="EOS.IO">EOS.IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcoin" title="Gridcoin">Gridcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injective_(blockchain)" title="Injective (blockchain)">Injective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nxt" title="Nxt">Nxt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polkadot_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polkadot (cryptocurrency)">Polkadot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steemit" title="Steemit">Steem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Network" title="The Open Network">TON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ERC-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ERC-20">ERC-20</a> tokens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augur_(software)" title="Augur (software)">Augur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventus_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventus Protocol">Aventus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token" title="Brave (web browser)">Basic Attention Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainlink_(blockchain)" title="Chainlink (blockchain)">Chainlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(blockchain)" title="Polygon (blockchain)">Polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)" title="Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)">Shiba Inu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_DAO_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The DAO (organization)">The DAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tron_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tron (cryptocurrency)">TRON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stablecoin" title="Stablecoin">Stablecoins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dai (cryptocurrency)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency)" title="Diem (digital currency)">Diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxos_Trust_Company#Paxos_Standard" title="Paxos Trust Company">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tether_(cryptocurrency)" title="Tether (cryptocurrency)">Tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USD_Coin" title="USD Coin">USD Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chia_(cryptocurrency)" title="Chia (cryptocurrency)">Chia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashgraph" title="Hashgraph">HBAR (Hashgraph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileCoin" title="MobileCoin">MobileCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_(cryptocurrency)" title="Nano (cryptocurrency)">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_(cryptocurrency)" title="NEO (cryptocurrency)">NEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeMoon" title="SafeMoon">SafeMoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_(payment_network)" title="Stellar (payment network)">Stellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhopperCoin" title="WhopperCoin">WhopperCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XRP_Ledger" title="XRP Ledger">XRP Ledger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">Inactive currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">BitConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneCoin" title="OneCoin">OneCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crypto service companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperledger" title="Hyperledger">Hyperledger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IQ.Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ.Wiki">IQ.Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quahl" title="Quahl">Initiative Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop_(cryptocurrency)" title="Airdrop (cryptocurrency)">Airdrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLicense" title="BitLicense">BitLicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_in_Nigeria" title="Cryptocurrency in Nigeria">Cryptocurrency in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency_scams" title="Category:Cryptocurrency scams">Cryptocurrency scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_application" title="Decentralized application">Decentralized application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger_technology_law" title="Distributed ledger technology law">Distributed ledger technology law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-spending" title="Double-spending">Double-spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_coin_offering" title="Initial coin offering">Initial coin offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_exchange_offering" title="Initial exchange offering">Initial exchange offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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