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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Singapore" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British colonisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Japanese occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Within Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Republic of Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Virtual Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Industry sectors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry_sectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industry sectors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industry_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Sport and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Singapore</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 259 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-259" aria-hidden="true" > 259 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapoer" title="Singapoer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Singapoer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AD" title="ሲንጋፖር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲንጋፖር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापुर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिंगापुर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سنغافورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سنغافورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Սինկափուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սինկափուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ছিংগাপুৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছিংগাপুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापुर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सिंगापुर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C3%BAra" title="Singapúra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Singapúra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqapur" title="Sinqapur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinqapur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنقاپور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنقاپور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="সিঙ্গাপুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিঙ্গাপুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-ka-pho" title="Sin-ka-pho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-ka-pho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сінгапур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінгапур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сынгапур – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынгапур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापुर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिंगापुर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapo" title="Singapo – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Singapo" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="སེང་ག་ཕོར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེང་ག་ཕོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Singapour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singgapura" title="Singgapura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Singgapura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C3%B4r" title="Singapôr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Singapôr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سنغافورة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنغافورة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%95%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ސިންގަޕޫރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިންގަޕޫރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_Yadaaz%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%AD" title="Táłkááʼ Yadaazʼáhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłkááʼ Yadaazʼáhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापुर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सिंगापुर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Σιγκαπούρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιγκαπούρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapuro" title="Singapuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Singapuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapul" title="Singapul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Singapul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنگاپور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Singapour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapoer" title="Singapoer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Singapoer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinngapuur" title="Sinngapuur – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Sinngapuur" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singeap%C3%B3r" title="Singeapór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Singeapór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singeap%C3%B2r" title="Singeapòr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Singeapòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="新加坡" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8A%D8%B1" title="سينگاپۊر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سينگاپۊر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0" title="સિંગાપુર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિંગાપુર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापूर – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सिंगापूर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C3%A2-p%C3%B4" title="Sîn-kâ-pô – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîn-kâ-pô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B1%EA%B0%80%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4" title="싱가포르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="싱가포르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singafora" title="Singafora – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Singafora" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapoa" title="Sinapoa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sinapoa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Սինգապուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինգապուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापुर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंगापुर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="সিঙ্গাপুর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সিঙ্গাপুর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%8Bapura" title="Siŋapura – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siŋapura" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C3%BAr" title="Singapúr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Singapúr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סינגפור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינגפור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9B%C5%8Bgapuuri" title="Sɛŋgapuuri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɛŋgapuuri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singgapur" title="Singgapur – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Singgapur" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სინგაპური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინგაპური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C3%B9r" title="Singapùr – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Singapùr" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Singapour" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapuri" title="Singapuri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Singapuri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengapou_(peyi)" title="Sengapou (peyi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sengapou (peyi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Singapour" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C3%BBr" title="Singapûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Singapûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B" title="ປະເທດສິງກະໂປ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດສິງກະໂປ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C5%ABra" title="Singapūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Singapūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur_(Republik)" title="Singapur (Republik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Singapur (Republik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C5%ABras" title="Singapūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Singapūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scingap%C3%B4" title="Scingapô – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Scingapô" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/singapura" title="singapura – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="singapura" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szingap%C3%BAr" title="Szingapúr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szingapúr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिङ्गापुर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिङ्गापुर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporo" title="Singaporo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Singaporo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC" title="സിംഗപ്പൂർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിംഗപ്പൂർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingapoa" title="Hingapoa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hingapoa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापूर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंगापूर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სინგაპური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინგაპური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سينجابوره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سينجابوره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنگاپور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94" title="ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯣꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯣꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapua" title="Singapua – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Singapua" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADng-g%C4%83-p%C5%8F%CC%A4" title="Sĭng-gă-pŏ̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭng-gă-pŏ̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="စင်ကာပူနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စင်ကာပူနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="सिङ्गापुर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिङ्गापुर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापोर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिंगापोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シンガポール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンガポール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapuur" title="Singapuur – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Singapuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0" title="ସିଙ୍ଗାପୁର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିଙ୍ଗାପୁର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaappoor" title="Singaappoor – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Singaappoor" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਿੰਗਾਪੁਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਗਾਪੁਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="सिंगापोर – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सिंगापोर" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنگاپور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="သေင်ကာပူခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သေင်ကာပူခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنګاپور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سنګاپور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singgapuor" title="Singgapuor – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Singgapuor" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="សិង្ហបុរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សិង្ហបុរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapour" title="Singapour – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Singapour" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqapur" title="Sinqapur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinqapur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сінґапур – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сінґапур" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigapoa" title="Sigapoa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Sigapoa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सिंहपुरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिंहपुरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AFng%C3%A4p%C3%BBru" title="Sïngäpûru – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sïngäpûru" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapori" title="Singapori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Singapori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="සිංගප්පූරුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිංගප්පූරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سينگاپور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سينگاپور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISingapholo" title="ISingapholo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ISingapholo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singabuur" title="Singabuur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Singabuur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سینگاپوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینگاپوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்கப்பூர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங்கப்பூர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C9%A3afura" title="Snɣafura – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Snɣafura" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသိင်ႇၵႃႇပူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသိင်ႇၵႃႇပူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="సింగపూరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సింగపూరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศสิงคโปร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศสิงคโปร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapoa" title="Singapoa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Singapoa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сингапур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сингапур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%82%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91" title="ᨔᨗᨂᨄᨘᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨔᨗᨂᨄᨘᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сінгапур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сінгапур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنگاپور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سىنگاپور – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىنگاپور" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhgyahboh" title="Sinhgyahboh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sinhgyahboh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Singapor" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur%C3%A4n" title="Singapurän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Singapurän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新加坡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singgapura" title="Singgapura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Singgapura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapoor" title="Singapoor – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Singapoor" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新加坡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סינגאפור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סינגאפור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Singapore" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星加坡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapoor" title="Singapoor – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Singapoor" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singap%C5%ABrs" title="Singapūrs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Singapūrs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新加坡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Singapura" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Singapur" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q334#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Singapore" rel="discussion" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Singapore&params=1_17_N_103_50_E_type:city(5,700,000)_region:SG">1°17′N 103°50′E / 1.283°N 103.833°E / 1.283; 103.833</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Singapore_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Singapore (disambiguation)">Singapore (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Singapore</div><div class="ib-country-names"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Republik Singapura</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">新加坡共和国 Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu</td></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Singapore"><img alt="Flag of Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/125px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/188px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/250px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Crest_of_Singapore.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Singapore"><img alt="Coat of arms of Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/State_Crest_of_Singapore.png/85px-State_Crest_of_Singapore.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/State_Crest_of_Singapore.png/128px-State_Crest_of_Singapore.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/State_Crest_of_Singapore.png/170px-State_Crest_of_Singapore.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="249" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Majulah Singapura (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>) "Onward Singapore"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>) "Onward Singapore" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMajulah_Singapura.ogg&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMajulah_Singapura.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMajulah_Singapura.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMajulah_Singapura.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMajulah_Singapura.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMajulah_Singapura.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_on_the_globe_(Southeast_Asia_centered)_zoom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Singapore"><img alt="Location of Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29_zoom.svg/250px-Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29_zoom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29_zoom.svg/375px-Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29_zoom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29_zoom.svg/500px-Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29_zoom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="897" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Singapore (<a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Singapore&params=1_17_N_103_50_E_type:city(5,700,000)_region:SG">1°17′N 103°50′E / 1.283°N 103.833°E / 1.283; 103.833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest <a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore">planning area</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>by population</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bedok" title="Bedok">Bedok</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Language">Malay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>74.3% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a></li> <li>13.5% <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay</a></li> <li>9.0% <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indian</a></li> <li>3.2% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Singapore">Other</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>31.1% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a></li><li>20.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Singapore" title="Irreligion in Singapore">no religion</a></li><li>18.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a></li><li>15.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a></li><li>8.8% <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism</a></li><li>5.0% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a></li><li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 1959</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Singapore" title="Proclamation of Singapore">Proclamation of Singapore</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1965</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">735.6 km2 (284.0 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-total_area_of_Singapore-7">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">176th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 6,040,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[d]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,804/km2 (20,212.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $879,980 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SG-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">35th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $148,186<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SG-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $530,708 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SG-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $89,370<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SG-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 43.3<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.949<a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> (S$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SGD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8 (<a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard Time">Singapore Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Singapore" title="Telephone numbers in Singapore">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B65" class="mw-redirect" title="+65">+65</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SG" title="ISO 3166-2:SG">SG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.sg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-13">[e]</a> officially the Republic of Singapore, is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> and <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The country's territory comprises one <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Island" title="Singapore Island">main island</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">63 satellite islands and islets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca,_Singapore" title="Pedra Branca, Singapore">one outlying islet</a>. It is about one <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of latitude">degree of latitude</a> (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, off the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strait" title="Singapore Strait">Singapore Strait</a> to the south along with the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Johor" title="Straits of Johor">Straits of Johor</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">State of Johor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> to the north. Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">history</a> dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporium</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a> and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive <a href="/wiki/Thalassocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocratic">thalassocratic</a> empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> established Singapore as an <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> trading post of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1867, Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Singapore was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">occupied by Japan</a> in 1942 and returned to British control as a separate <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Crown colony</a> following <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a> in 1945. Singapore gained <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">self-governance</a> in 1959 and, in 1963, became part of the new federation of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Ideological differences</a> led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore became an independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign country</a> in 1965. After early years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore#1965_to_Late_1970s" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">turbulence</a> and despite lacking natural resources and a <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>. As a highly <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, it has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">highest GDP per capita (PPP)</a> in the world. It is also identified as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>. Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating#Sovereign_credit_ratings" title="Credit rating">sovereign credit rating</a> from <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(credit_rating_agencies)" title="Big Three (credit rating agencies)">all major rating agencies</a>. It is a major <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">maritime shipping</a> hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">most expensive cities</a> to live in for <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a>. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal safety">personal safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">housing</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_home_ownership_rate" title="List of countries by home ownership rate">home-ownership rate</a> of 88 percent. <a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a> enjoy one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">longest life expectancies</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Internet_connection_speeds" title="List of countries by Internet connection speeds">fastest Internet connection speeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates" title="List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates">lowest infant mortality rates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">lowest levels of corruption</a> in the world. It has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">third highest population density of any country in the world</a>, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">official languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. English is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">common language</a>, with exclusive use in numerous <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi-racialism</a> is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">national policies</a> in education, housing, and politics. Singapore is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. While the country is <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party democracy">multi-party democracy</a> with <a href="/wiki/General_elections_in_Singapore" title="General elections in Singapore">free elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government</a> under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) wields widespread control and <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">political dominance</a>. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore#Full_internal_self-government_(1959–1963)" title="Self-governance of Singapore">self-government</a> was achieved in 1959, and holds a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a>. One of the five founding members of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, Singapore is also the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> Secretariat, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_Council" title="Pacific Economic Cooperation Council">Pacific Economic Cooperation Council</a> Secretariat, and is the host city of many <a href="/wiki/MICE_(Meetings,_Incentives,_Conferences,_Exhibitions)_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) tourism">international conferences and events</a>. Singapore is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Singapore" title="Names of Singapore">Names of Singapore</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> name of "Singapore" is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of the native <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name for the country, Singapura (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[siŋapura]</a>), which was in turn derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word for 'lion city' (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: सिंहपुर; <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">romanised:</a> Siṃhapura; <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a>: 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭; literally "lion city"; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:सिंह">siṃha</a> means 'lion', <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:पुर">pura</a> means 'city' or 'fortress').<a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Island" title="Singapore Island">Pulau Ujong</a> was one of the earliest references to Singapore Island, which corresponds to a Chinese account from the third century referred to a place as <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">Pú Luó Zhōng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%92%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:蒲">蒲</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:羅">羅</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a>), a transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name for 'island at the end of <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">a peninsula</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-utexas-15">[10]</a> Early references to the name <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a> (or Tumasik) are found in the <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a> written in 1365, and a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> source from the same time period. The name possibly means Sea Town, being derived from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> tasek, meaning 'sea' or 'lake'.<a href="#cite_note-toponym-16">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a> visited a place around 1330 named Danmaxi (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 淡馬錫; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dànmǎxí; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Tan Ma Hsi) or Tam ma siak, depending on pronunciation; this may be a transcription of <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, alternatively, it may be a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> Tanah meaning 'land' and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> xi meaning 'tin', which was traded on the island.<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-toponym-16">[11]</a> Variations of the name Siṃhapura were used for a number of cities throughout the region prior to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hindu–Buddhist culture</a>, lions were associated with power and protection, which may explain the attraction of such a name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA151_151–152]-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> The name Singapura supplanted <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a> sometime before the 15th century, after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> on the island by a fleeing Sumatran <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> (prince) from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. However, the precise time and reason for the name change is unknown. The semi-historical <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a> state that <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a> was christened Singapura by <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>, a 13th-century Sumatran <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">The Annals</a> state that <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a> encountered a strange beast on the island that he took to be a lion. Seeing this as an omen, he established the town of Singapura where he encountered the beast.<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a>: 37, 88–92 <a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a>: 30–31  The second hypothesis, drawn from <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires#The_Suma_Oriental" title="Tomé Pires">Portuguese sources</a>, postulates that this mythical story is based on the real life <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a> declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> and mounted a Lion Throne. After then being driven into exile by the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, he usurped control over <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>. He may have rechristened the area as Singapura, recalling the throne he had been driven from.<a href="#cite_note-turnbull-22">[17]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation</a>, Singapore was renamed Syonan-to (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:昭">昭</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Shōnan), meaning 'light of the south'.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> Singapore is sometimes referred to by the nickname the "Garden City", in reference to its parks and tree-lined streets.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Another informal name, the "<a href="/wiki/Little_red_dot" title="Little red dot">Little Red Dot</a>", was adopted after an article in the <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal_Asia" title="The Wall Street Journal Asia">Asian Wall Street Journal</a> of 4 August 1998 said that <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> President <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a> referred to Singapore as a red dot on a map.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Singapore">Ancient Singapore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history of Singapore</a></div> In 1299, according to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> was founded on the island by <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> Although the historicity of the accounts as given in the Malay Annals is the subject of academic debates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA154_154]-31">[26]</a> it is nevertheless known from various documents that Singapore in the 14th century, then known as <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, was a trading port under the influence of both the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siamese</a> kingdoms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA184_183–185]-32">[27]</a> and was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff1990-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enfield-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-academia_edu-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> These Indianised kingdoms were characterised by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a> was attacked by either the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> or the Siamese, forcing him to move to <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> where he founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA162_155–163]-39">[34]</a> Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning_Hill" title="Fort Canning Hill">Fort Canning Hill</a> was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-turnbull-22">[17]</a> In 1613, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> raiders burned down the settlement, and the island faded into obscurity for the next two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Borschbergp157-158-40">[35]</a> By then, Singapore was nominally part of the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-country_studies-41">[36]</a> The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period after the 1641 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch conquest of Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uslcFοunding-42">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonisation">British colonisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of modern Singapore">Founding of modern Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore in the Straits Settlements</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam,_the_Sultan_of_Brunei,_dated_28_November_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg/301px-Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg/452px-Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg/602px-Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Letter from <a href="/wiki/William_Farquhar" title="William Farquhar">William Farquhar</a> to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the 21st <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>, dated 28 November 1819. In the first line, Farquhar mentions that Sultan Hussein Shah and Temenggong Abdul Rahman allowed the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> to establish a factory in Singapore on 6 February 1819.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> The British governor <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> arrived in Singapore on 28 January 1819 and soon recognised the island as a natural choice for the new port.<a href="#cite_note-YongRao1995-45">[40]</a> The island was then nominally ruled by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Muazzam_Shah_of_Johor" title="Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of Johor">Tengku Abdul Rahman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan of Johor</a>, who was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trocki2009-46">[41]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a> was weakened by factional division: <a href="/wiki/Temenggong_Abdul_Rahman" title="Temenggong Abdul Rahman">Abdul Rahman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temenggong_of_Johor" title="Temenggong of Johor">Temenggong of Johor</a> to Tengku Abdul Rahman, as well as his officials, were loyal to the Sultan's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Shah_of_Johor" title="Hussein Shah of Johor">Tengku Long</a>, who was living in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Penyengat_Island" title="Penyengat Island">Penyengat Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>. With the Temenggong's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Tengku Long back into Singapore. Raffles offered to recognise Tengku Long as the rightful Sultan of Johor, under the title of <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Shah_of_Johor" title="Hussein Shah of Johor">Sultan Hussein</a>, as well as provide him with a yearly payment of $5000 and another $3000 to the Temenggong; in return, Sultan Hussein would grant the British the right to establish a trading post on Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-uslcFounding-47">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1819_Singapore_Treaty" title="1819 Singapore Treaty">Treaty of Singapore</a> was signed on 6 February 1819.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Singapore_Island_(British_Library_India_Office_Records,_1825,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg/220px-Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg/330px-Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg/440px-Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>1825 survey map. Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a> trade was at <a href="/wiki/Singapore_River" title="Singapore River">Singapore River</a> for 150 years. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Canning">Fort Canning</a> hill (centre) was home to its ancient and early colonial rulers.</figcaption></figure> In 1824, a further treaty with the Sultan led to the entire island becoming a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore-50">[45]</a> In 1826, Singapore became part of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, then under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Singapore became the regional capital in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> along with a handful of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Malays-52">[47]</a> By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, more than half being <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore-50">[45]</a> Many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and <a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">gambier</a> plantations.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> In 1867, the Straits Settlements were separated from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, coming under the direct control of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Later, in the 1890s, when the rubber industry became established in <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Malaya</a> and Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export.<a href="#cite_note-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore-50">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg/220px-Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg/330px-Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg/440px-Singapore_1865_SLNSW_FL15083916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Singapore at sunrise, 1865, lithograph by Vincent Brooks.</figcaption></figure> Singapore was not greatly affected by the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–18), as the conflict did not spread to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The only significant event during the war was the <a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">1915 Singapore Mutiny</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoys">sepoys</a> from British India, who were garrisoned in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-Brill1-56">[51]</a> After hearing rumours that they were to be sent to fight the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a Muslim state, the soldiers rebelled, killing their officers and several British civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by non-Muslim troops arriving from <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the British built the large <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Naval_Base" title="Singapore Naval Base">Singapore Naval Base</a> as part of the defensive <a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stille2016-58">[53]</a> Originally announced in 1921, the construction of the base proceeded at a slow pace until the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931. Costing $60 million and not fully completed in 1938, it was nonetheless the largest <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> in the world, the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Floating_dock_(jetty)" title="Floating dock (jetty)">floating dock</a>, and had enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months.<a href="#cite_note-Stille2016-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tan2008-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs2017-60">[55]</a> The base was defended by heavy 15-inch (380 mm) naval guns stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Siloso" title="Fort Siloso">Fort Siloso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Canning">Fort Canning</a> and Labrador, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> airfield at <a href="/wiki/Tengah_Air_Base" title="Tengah Air Base">Tengah Air Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> touted it as the "<a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> of the East", and military discussions often referred to the base as simply "<a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a>". However, the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Fleet">British Home Fleet</a> was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect their interests in Asia. The plan was for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. As a consequence, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in 1939, the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain, leaving Singapore vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LambTarling2001-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation">Japanese occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evacuation_of_British_POWs,_Kallang_Airport,_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Evacuation_of_British_POWs%2C_Kallang_Airport%2C_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg/220px-Evacuation_of_British_POWs%2C_Kallang_Airport%2C_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Evacuation_of_British_POWs%2C_Kallang_Airport%2C_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg/330px-Evacuation_of_British_POWs%2C_Kallang_Airport%2C_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Evacuation_of_British_POWs%2C_Kallang_Airport%2C_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg/440px-Evacuation_of_British_POWs%2C_Kallang_Airport%2C_Singapore_-_19450908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>British evacuation in 1945 after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">Japanese surrender</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kallang_Airport" title="Kallang Airport">Kallang Airport</a>'s control tower near the city has been conserved.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">invasion of Malaya</a> culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history".<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> British and Empire losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-64">[59]</a> About 5,000 were killed or wounded,<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australians</a> made up the majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg1965248-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[f]</a> The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, and Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970277-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> British forces had <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mailfist" title="Operation Mailfist">planned to liberate Singapore</a> in 1945/1946; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose201018–20-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-74">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SINGAPORE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SINGAPORE.png/220px-SINGAPORE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SINGAPORE.png/330px-SINGAPORE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SINGAPORE.png/440px-SINGAPORE.png 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="3603" /></a><figcaption>Map of Singapore Town in 1951.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> on 15 August 1945, Singapore fell into a brief state of violence and disorder; looting and revenge-killing were widespread. British, Australian, and Indian troops led by Lord <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">returned to Singapore</a> to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a> on behalf of General <a href="/wiki/Hisaichi_Terauchi" title="Hisaichi Terauchi">Hisaichi Terauchi</a> on 12 September 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose201018–20-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-74">[68]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita" title="Tomoyuki Yamashita">Tomoyuki Yamashita</a> was tried by a US military commission for war crimes, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> on 23 February 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2006556–557-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Much of the infrastructure in Singapore had been destroyed during the war, including those needed to supply utilities. A shortage of food led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. A series of strikes in 1947 caused massive stoppages in public transport and other services. However, by late 1947 the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing international demand for tin and rubber.<a href="#cite_note-uslcAftermathOfWar-77">[71]</a> The failure of Britain to successfully defend its colony against the Japanese changed its image in the eyes of Singaporeans. <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration</a> ended on 1 April 1946, and Singapore became a separate <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uslcAftermathOfWar-77">[71]</a> In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and the election of six members of the Legislative Council was scheduled for the following year.<a href="#cite_note-micaSelfGovernment-78">[72]</a> During the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese communists</a>, with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against the government, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1954_National_Service_riots" title="1954 National Service riots">1954 National Service riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hock_Lee_bus_riots" title="Hock Lee bus riots">Hock Lee bus riots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_middle_schools_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese middle schools riots">Chinese middle schools riots</a> in Singapore were all linked to these events.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Marshall</a>, pro-independence leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Front" title="Labour Front">Labour Front</a>, won Singapore's first general election in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> He led a delegation to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lim_Yew_Hock" title="Lim Yew Hock">Lim Yew Hock</a> in 1956, and after further negotiations Britain agreed to grant Singapore full internal <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">self-government</a> for all matters except defence and foreign affairs on 3 June 1959.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies10-81">[75]</a> Days before, in the <a href="/wiki/1959_Singaporean_general_election" title="1959 Singaporean general election">30 May 1959 election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) won a landslide victory.<a href="#cite_note-yewnyt-82">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Singapore">Governor</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Allmond_Codrington_Goode" class="mw-redirect" title="William Allmond Codrington Goode">William Allmond Codrington Goode</a> served as the first <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a> (Head of State).<a href="#cite_note-Law-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_Malaysia">Within Malaysia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg/220px-SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg/330px-SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg/440px-SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Singapore thrived as an entrepôt. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Bumboat" title="Bumboat">bumboats</a> were used to transport cargoes and supplies between nearshore ships and Singapore River.</figcaption></figure> PAP leaders believed that Singapore's future lay with Malaya, due to strong ties between the two. It was thought that reuniting with Malaya would benefit the economy by creating a common market, alleviating ongoing unemployment woes in Singapore. However, a sizeable left-wing faction of the PAP was strongly opposed to the merger, fearing a loss of influence, and hence formed the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis" title="Barisan Sosialis">Barisan Sosialis</a>, after being kicked out from the PAP.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> The ruling party of Malaya, <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO), was staunchly anti-communist, and it was suspected UMNO would support the non-communist factions of PAP. UMNO, initially sceptical of the idea of a merger due to distrust of the PAP government and concern that the large ethnic Chinese population in Singapore would alter the racial balance in Malaya on which their political power base depended, became supportive of the idea of the merger due to joint fear of a communist takeover.<a href="#cite_note-Wipe_out_extremists-86">[80]</a> On 27 May 1961, Malaya's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, made a surprise proposal for a new Federation called <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, which would unite the current and former British possessions in the region: the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_(British_Crown_colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo (British Crown colony)">North Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_(British_Crown_colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak (British Crown colony)">Sarawak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wipe_out_extremists-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Big_Unity_Plan-87">[81]</a> UMNO leaders believed that the additional Malay population in the Bornean territories would balance Singapore's Chinese population.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies10-81">[75]</a> The British government, for its part, believed that the merger would prevent Singapore from becoming a haven for communism.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> To obtain a mandate for a merger, the PAP held a <a href="/wiki/1962_Merger_Referendum_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Merger Referendum of Singapore">referendum on the merger</a>. This referendum included a choice of different terms for a merger with Malaysia and had no option for avoiding merger altogether.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined with Malaya, the North Borneo, and Sarawak to form the new Federation of Malaysia under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Under this Agreement, Singapore had a relatively high level of autonomy compared to the other states of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> opposed the formation of Malaysia due to its own claims over Borneo and launched <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a> ("Confrontation" in Indonesian) in response to the formation of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> On 10 March 1965, <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">a bomb planted by Indonesian saboteurs</a> on a mezzanine floor of <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House" title="MacDonald House">MacDonald House</a> exploded, killing three people and injuring 33 others. It was the deadliest of at least 42 bomb incidents which occurred during the confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Two members of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Marine_Corps" title="Indonesian Marine Corps">Indonesian Marine Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osman_bin_Haji_Mohamed_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali">Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harun_bin_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun bin Said">Harun bin Said</a>, were eventually convicted and executed for the crime.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> The explosion caused US$250,000 (equivalent to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2,417,107 in 2023) in damages to MacDonald House.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Even after the merger, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party%E2%80%93United_Malays_National_Organisation_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Action Party–United Malays National Organisation relations">Singaporean government and the Malaysian central government disagreed</a> on many political and economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-Road_to_Independence-98">[92]</a> Despite an agreement to establish a common market, Singapore continued to face restrictions when trading with the rest of Malaysia. In retaliation, Singapore did not extend to <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> the full extent of the loans agreed to for economic development of the two eastern states. Talks soon broke down, and abusive speeches and writing became rife on both sides. This led to communal strife in Singapore, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> On 7 August 1965, Malaysian prime minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, seeing no alternative to avoid further bloodshed (and with the help of secret negotiations by PAP leaders, as revealed in 2015)<a href="#cite_note-Lim2015-100">[94]</a> advised the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a> that it should vote to expel Singapore from Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Road_to_Independence-98">[92]</a> On 9 August 1965, <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat,_2nd_Malaysian_Parliament" title="Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 2nd Malaysian Parliament">the Malaysian Parliament</a> voted 126 to 0 to move a bill to amend the constitution, expelling Singapore from Malaysia, which left Singapore as a newly independent country.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies10-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOC2-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim2015-100">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Singapore">Republic of Singapore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965" title="Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965">Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor,_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/150px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/225px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/300px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, the first prime minister of Singapore.</figcaption></figure> After being expelled from Malaysia, Singapore became independent as the Republic of Singapore on 9 August 1965,<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-ST_10_Aug_Front_page-106">[100]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yusof_bin_Ishak" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusof bin Ishak">Yusof bin Ishak</a> as the first prime minister and president respectively.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> In 1967, the country co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN).<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Race riots <a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">broke out once more</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Lee Kuan Yew's emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, and limitations on internal democracy shaped Singapore's policies for the next half-century.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-lky-7prin-112">[106]</a> Economic growth continued throughout the 1980s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1999. During the 1980s, Singapore began to shift towards high-tech industries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wafer_fabrication" title="Wafer fabrication">wafer fabrication</a> sector, in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing with cheaper labour. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Changi Airport">Singapore Changi Airport</a> was opened in 1981 and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> was formed.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a> became one of the world's busiest ports and the service and tourism industries also grew immensely during this period.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> The PAP has remained in power since independence. Some activists and opposition politicians see the government's strict regulation of political and media activities as an infringement on political rights.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> In response, Singapore has seen several significant political changes, such as the introduction of the non-constituency members of parliament in 1984 to allow up to three losing candidates from opposition parties to be appointed as MPs. Group representation constituencies (GRCs) were introduced in 1988 to create multi-seat electoral divisions, intended to ensure minority representation in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Nominated members of parliament were introduced in 1990 to allow non-elected non-partisan MPs.<a href="#cite_note-HoKhaiLeong-118">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">constitution</a> was amended in 1991 to provide for an <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">elected president</a> who has veto power in the use of <a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">past reserves</a> and appointments to certain public offices.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a> succeeded Lee and became Singapore's second prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> During Goh's tenure, the country went through the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> and the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a> outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goh-122">[116]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, became the country's third prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Goh-122">[116]</a> Lee Hsien Loong's tenure included the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, the resolution of a <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Points_of_Agreement_of_1990" title="Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990">dispute over land ownership</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_railway_station" title="Tanjong Pagar railway station">Tanjong Pagar railway station</a> between Singapore and Malaysia, the introduction of the two <a href="/wiki/Integrated_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated resort">integrated resorts</a> (IRs), located at the <a href="/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands" title="Marina Bay Sands">Marina Bay Sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Sentosa" title="Resorts World Sentosa">Resorts World Sentosa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> The PAP suffered its <a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_general_election" title="2011 Singaporean general election">worst ever electoral results</a> in 2011, winning just 60% of votes, amidst debate over issues including the influx of foreign workers and the high cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> On 23 March 2015, Lee Kuan Yew <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Death and state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew">died</a>, and a one-week period of public mourning was observed nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-lky-7prin-112">[106]</a> Subsequently, the PAP regained its dominance in Parliament through the <a href="/wiki/2015_Singaporean_general_election" title="2015 Singaporean general election">September general election</a>, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote,<a href="#cite_note-BTresults-125">[119]</a> although this remained lower than the 2001 tally of 75.3%<a href="#cite_note-STresults-126">[120]</a> and the 1968 tally of 86.7%.<a href="#cite_note-ELE-127">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Singaporean_general_election" title="2020 Singaporean general election">2020 election</a> held in July saw the PAP drop to 61% of the vote, while the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Workers' Party</a> took 10 of the 93 seats, the highest number ever won by another party.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2020election-128">[122]</a> On 15 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a> became Singapore's fourth Prime Minister; he is the first prime minister born after independence.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics of Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_(Singapore).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg/220px-Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg/330px-Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg/440px-Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Istana" title="The Istana">The Istana</a> is the official residence and office of the president, as well as the working office of the prime minister.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg/220px-Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg/330px-Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg/440px-Singapore_Parliament_House_and_Supreme_Court_20220222_182616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Singapore" title="Parliament House, Singapore">Parliament House</a> (right) where the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Singapore Parliament</a> convenes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Speakers%27_Corner%2C_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg/220px-Speakers%27_Corner%2C_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Speakers%27_Corner%2C_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg/330px-Speakers%27_Corner%2C_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Speakers%27_Corner%2C_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg/440px-Speakers%27_Corner%2C_Singapore_20220218_081547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore" title="Speakers' Corner, Singapore">Speakers' Corner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Lim_Park" title="Hong Lim Park">Hong Lim Park</a> provides a public demonstration area, which are often restricted in other parts of the country.</figcaption></figure> Singapore is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> republic based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a> is the supreme law of the country, establishing the structure and responsibility of governance. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmo2-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> The governance of Singapore is <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Singapore" title="Separation of powers in Singapore">separated</a> into three branches: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a>: The executive consists of the cabinet, led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney General's Chambers</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> The cabinet is collectively responsible for all government policies and the day-to-day administration of the affairs of state. It is typically composed of members of the Singapore Parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the President, and the ministers in the cabinet and the attorney-general are appointed by the president, acting on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the prime minister. The prime minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government.<a href="#cite_note-pmo1-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmo2-130">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a>: The Singapore Parliament is <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> and, together with the president, comprises the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Members of Parliament (MP) consist of elected, non-constituency, and nominated members. The majority of MPs are elected into parliament at a general election. The Singapore Parliament is collectively responsible for enacting the laws governing the state.<a href="#cite_note-pmo2-130">[124]</a> The president holds limited <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of the President of Singapore">discretionary powers</a> of oversight over the government. The president's veto powers are further subject to parliamentary overruling.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a>: The judiciary's function is to independently administer justice and is headed by the Chief Justice. The judges and judicial commissioners are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Courts_of_Singapore" title="State Courts of Singapore">State Courts</a> adjudicates in civil disputes between persons, convicts or acquits accused persons in criminal prosecutions, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">interprets laws</a> to decide on its constitutionality. Any law or provision of a law found to be unconstitutional can be struck down by the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></li></ul> The president is directly elected by popular vote for a renewable six-year term. Requirements for this position, which were enacted by the PAP government, are extremely stringent, such that only a handful of people qualify for the candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[134]</a> These qualifications include that a candidate needs to be a person at least 45 years of age who is no longer a member of a political party, to either have held <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public office</a> for at least 3 years in a number of specific public service leadership roles, or to have 3 years experience as chief executive of a fully profitable <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> company with at least S$500 million in <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">shareholders' equity</a>, be a resident in Singapore for at least 10 years, not have a criminal record, and more.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> Candidates must also "satisfy" the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Elections_Committee" title="Presidential Elections Committee">Presidential Elections Committee</a> (PEC) that he or she is a person of integrity, good character and reputation.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> From 2017, the Constitution requires that presidential elections be "<a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore#Reserved_elections" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">reserved</a>" for a racial community if no one from that ethnic group has been elected to the presidency in the five most recent terms.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Only members of that community may qualify as candidates in a reserved presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Singaporean_presidential_election" title="2017 Singaporean presidential election">2017 presidential election</a>, this combination of stringent requirements and a reserved election that required the candidate to be of the 13% <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay ethnic group</a> led to the PEC approving a single candidate for the presidency;<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a>, considered part of the Malay community, won in an uncontested election. She also became Singapore's first female president. Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected at least every five years (or sooner with a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a>). The 14th and <a href="/wiki/14th_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="14th Parliament of Singapore">current Parliament</a> has 103 members; 93 were directly elected from the <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Singapore" title="Constituencies of Singapore">31 constituencies</a>, nine are nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Nominated_Member_of_Parliament" title="Nominated Member of Parliament">nominated members</a> appointed by the president, and three are <a href="/wiki/Non-constituency_Member_of_Parliament" title="Non-constituency Member of Parliament">non-constituency members</a> from opposition parties who were not elected in the last general election but appointed to the legislature to increase opposition party representation. In <a href="/wiki/Group_representation_constituency" title="Group representation constituency">group representation constituencies</a> (GRCs), political parties assemble teams of candidates to contest elections. At least one MP in a GRC must be of an ethnic minority background. All elections are held using <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parliament.gov.sg-147">[141]</a> MPs host weekly <a href="/wiki/Surgery_(politics)" title="Surgery (politics)">political surgeries</a>, called "<a href="/wiki/Meet-the-People_Sessions" title="Meet-the-People Sessions">Meet-the-People Sessions</a>", where they help constituents resolve personal issues which can be related to housing, financial assistance, and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> occupies a dominant position in Singaporean politics, having won large parliamentary majorities in every election since <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">self-governance</a> was granted in 1959. The PAP, self-described as pragmatic, have a syncretic ideology combining <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">free-market principles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civil nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfarism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> Despite promulgating restrictions on civil liberties, Singapore under the PAP has seen consistent economic growth and political stability.<a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-152">[146]</a> The most represented and popular opposition party is the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Workers' Party</a>, which holds 8 seats in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2020election-128">[122]</a> The long-standing hegemony of the People's Action Party has led to Singapore being described by academics as an <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">soft-authoritarian</a> state in which the PAP faces little to no feasible political competition to its rule of the country.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-158">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> The multi-party democratic process of Singapore has been described as "minimal" in comparison to the state's focus on economic development and social order.<a href="#cite_note-:5-161">[155]</a> According to Gordon P. Means, professor emeritus of political science at <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, Singapore reinvented the "benevolent" yet "highly authoritarian" colonial system of governance inherited from Britain rather than forging a full democracy. A conservative ideology of "<a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a>" evolved to replace British rule, based on "communal loyalty, distrust of government, and avoidance of individual or collective responsibility for wider public interests", with less regard for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in the nascent Western sense.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> The fact that "neither the public nor elites had experience with democracy" helped create Singapore's political culture, as dominated by status-focused hierarchies committed to economic development.<a href="#cite_note-:4-158">[152]</a> The legacy of Asian values and the limited political culture within Singapore has led to the country being described as "classic illustration of soft authoritarianism",<a href="#cite_note-:5-161">[155]</a> and "profoundly illiberal".<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> The judicial system is based on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a>, continuing the legal tradition established during <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British rule</a> and with substantial local differences. <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Singapore" title="Criminal law of Singapore">Criminal law</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> originally intended for <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, and was at the time as a crown colony also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Singapore and remains the basis of the criminal code in the country with a few exceptions, amendments and repeals since it came into force.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">Trial by jury</a> was abolished in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> Singapore is known for its strict laws and conservative stances on crime; both <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">caning</a>)<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">capital punishment</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>) are retained and commonly used as legal penalties.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> The right to freedom of speech and association is guaranteed by <a href="/wiki/Article_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 14(1) of the Constitution of Singapore</a>, although there are provisions in the subsequent subsection that regulate them.<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> The government has restricted <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> as well as some <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil</a> and political rights.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129th out of 180 nations by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> on the global <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report,<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-152">[146]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second freest rank of four, in its "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>".<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore" title="Speakers' Corner, Singapore">Speakers' Corner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>, which ranks countries by "perceived levels of public sector corruption", Singapore has consistently ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, in spite of being illiberal.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> Singapore's unique combination of a strong, <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">soft authoritarian</a> government with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a> is known as the "Singapore model", and is regarded as a key factor behind Singapore's political stability, economic growth, and harmonious social order.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-thirdworldtofirst-179">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a>'s Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore as 17th overall among the world's 193 countries for adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Singapore ranked high on the factors of order and security (#3), absence of corruption (#3), regulatory enforcement (#4), civil justice (#8), and criminal justice (#7), and ranked significantly lower on factors of <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">open government</a> (#34), constraints on government powers (#32), and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a> (#38).<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg/280px-2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg/420px-2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg/560px-2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a> at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/G20_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="G20 meeting">G20 meeting</a> in Germany. Since 2010, Singapore has often been invited to participate in G20 processes.</figcaption></figure> Singapore's stated foreign policy priority is maintaining security in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region.<a href="#cite_note-DFAT-182">[176]</a> It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> As one of the five founding members of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> Singapore is a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a> (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA); it is also the host of the APEC Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> Singapore is also a founding member of <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_of_Small_States_(FOSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum of Small States (FOSS)">The Forum of Small States (FOSS)</a>, a voluntary and informal grouping at the UN.<a href="#cite_note-singaporebook-186">[180]</a> Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_East_Asia-Latin_American_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation">Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DFAT-182">[176]</a> It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement,<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> While Singapore is not a formal member of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, it has been invited to participate in G20 processes in most years since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> Singapore is also the location of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_Council" title="Pacific Economic Cooperation Council">Pacific Economic Cooperation Council</a> (PECC) Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen,<a href="#cite_note-govt.nz-192">[186]</a> and relations with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Malaysia–Singapore relations">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> have sometimes been strained.<a href="#cite_note-Rocky-193">[187]</a> Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> to Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-Disputes-194">[188]</a> and access by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a> to Malaysian airspace.<a href="#cite_note-Rocky-193">[187]</a> Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore's land reclamation.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Some previous disputes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a>, have been resolved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> Piracy in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> has been a cause of concern for all three countries.<a href="#cite_note-Disputes-194">[188]</a> Close economic ties exist with <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, and the two share a pegged currency value, through a Currency Interchangeability Agreement between the two countries which makes both <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> banknotes and coins legal tender in either country.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">diplomatic contact with China</a> was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. China has been Singapore's largest trading partner since 2013, after surpassing Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> Singapore and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. Singapore has also increased co-operation with ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, and participated in ASEAN's first joint maritime exercise with China in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> It has also given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral co-operation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.<a href="#cite_note-govt.nz-192">[186]</a> As Singapore has diplomatic relations with both the United States and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries,<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> in June 2018, it hosted <a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 North Korea–United States summit">a historic summit</a> between US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the State Affairs Commission">North Korean leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a>, the first-ever meeting between the sitting leaders of the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> It also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a> in 2015, the first meeting between the political leaders of the two sides of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops,_Kiwi_Base,_Bamyan_Province,_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg/220px-Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg/330px-Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg/440px-Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>In 2007, military personnel from the Singapore Armed Forces were deployed in Afghanistan as part of a multinational coalition.</figcaption></figure> The Singaporean military, arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia,<a href="#cite_note-janes-20100118-211">[205]</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Army" title="Singapore Army">Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Digital and Intelligence Service">Digital and Intelligence Service</a>. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence,<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> translating into Singapore culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence.<a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-213">[207]</a> The government spent 2.7% of the country's GDP on the military in 2024, the highest in the region.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> After its independence, Singapore had only two <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> regiments commanded by British officers. Considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, the development of its military forces became a priority.<a href="#cite_note-cs.uwec-215">[209]</a> In addition, in October 1971, Britain pulled its military out of Singapore, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> A great deal of initial support came from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cs.uwec-215">[209]</a> a country unrecognised by Singapore's neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Muslim-majority</a> nations of Malaysia and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) commanders were tasked by the Singapore Government to create the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a> (SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israeli model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cs.uwec-215">[209]</a> Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems,<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> with one recent example being the <a href="/wiki/MATADOR" title="MATADOR">MATADOR</a> anti-tank weapon.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Agency" title="Defence Science and Technology Agency">Defence Science and Technology Agency</a> (DSTA) is responsible for procuring resources for the military.<a href="#cite_note-Mindef18Feb2008-222">[216]</a> The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they cannot fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force and a large number of reserves.<a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-213">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Knight_Singapore_1_(12537881585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Black_Knight_Singapore_1_%2812537881585%29.jpg/220px-Black_Knight_Singapore_1_%2812537881585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Black_Knight_Singapore_1_%2812537881585%29.jpg/330px-Black_Knight_Singapore_1_%2812537881585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Black_Knight_Singapore_1_%2812537881585%29.jpg/440px-Black_Knight_Singapore_1_%2812537881585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5025" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Republic of Singapore Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/RSAF_Black_Knights" title="RSAF Black Knights">Black Knights</a> perform at the Singapore Air Show.</figcaption></figure> Singapore has <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Singapore">conscription</a> for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education, are awarded the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Singapore)" title="Public Service Commission (Singapore)">Public Service Commission</a> (PSC) scholarship, or are pursuing a local medical degree can opt to defer their draft.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least nine weeks of basic military training.<a href="#cite_note-country-data-225">[219]</a> Because of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a> are often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. However, large-scale drills, considered too dangerous to be performed in the country, have been performed in other countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand and the United States. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.<a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-213">[207]</a> Due to airspace and land constraints, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Republic of Singapore Air Force</a> (RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The RSAF's 130 Squadron is based in <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Pearce" title="RAAF Base Pearce">RAAF Base Pearce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/126_Squadron,_Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="126 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force">126 Squadron</a> is based in the <a href="/wiki/Oakey_Army_Aviation_Centre" title="Oakey Army Aviation Centre">Oakey Army Aviation Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> The RSAF has one squadron—the 150 Squadron—based in <a href="/wiki/Cazaux_Air_Base" title="Cazaux Air Base">Cazaux Air Base</a> in southern France.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> The RSAF's overseas detachments in the United States are: <a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marana,_Arizona" title="Marana, Arizona">Marana</a> in Arizona, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home_Air_Force_Base" title="Mountain Home Air Force Base">Mountain Home Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andersen_Air_Force_Base" title="Andersen Air Force Base">Andersen Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> in both military and civilian roles. In the region, they have helped to stabilise <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> and have provided aid to <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> in Indonesia following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> Since 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Republic of Singapore Navy</a> (RSN) has deployed ships to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> to aid in countering <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> efforts as part of <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151" title="Combined Task Force 151">Task Force 151</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> The SAF also helped in relief efforts during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Typhoon Haiyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> Singapore is part of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a> (FPDA), a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-213">[207]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Singapore is the 5th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights in Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Abortion in Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Capital punishment in Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT rights in Singapore</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a> is a legal and enforced penalty in Singapore. The country is <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">one of four</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed world</a> to retain the death penalty, along with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Particularly, its <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">use against drug trafficking</a> has been a source of contention with <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> The government has responded that it has "no doubts" that it is the right policy and that there is "clear evidence" of <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">serious deterrence</a>, and that the law should be looked at upon in the wider context of "saving lives", particularly citizens.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> claimed that some legal provisions of the Singapore system for the death penalty conflict with "the right to be <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumed innocent</a> until proven guilty".<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-244">[238]</a> The government has disputed Amnesty's claims, stating that their "position on abolition of the death penalty is by no means uncontested internationally" and that the report contains "grave errors of facts and misrepresentations".<a href="#cite_note-response-245">[239]</a> From 1938 to 2023, sexual relations between men were technically illegal under <a href="/wiki/Section_377A_of_the_Penal_Code_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)">Section 377A of the Penal Code</a>, first introduced during British colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> During the last few decades, this law was mostly unenforced and pressure to repeal it increased as homosexuality became more accepted by Singaporean society.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> Meanwhile, sexual relations between women had always been legal.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> In 2022, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a> announced that Singapore would repeal 377A, effectively decriminalising homosexual behaviour. Nevertheless, he added that the repeal will not affect the recognition of "traditional familial and societal norms," including how marriage is defined, leaving the legal status of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> unchanged for the time, although the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Civil_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unions">civil unions</a> was not officially ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Lee described this as a compromise between the <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> (and often religious) and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> elements of Singaporean society to prevent further political fracturing.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> The law was officially repealed on 3 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pink_Dot_SG" title="Pink Dot SG">Pink Dot SG</a>, an event held in support of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community, has drawn thousands of people annually since 2009 with increasing attendance.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> According to a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Policy_Studies_(Singapore)" title="Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)">Institute of Policy Studies</a> in 2019, Singaporean society has become more <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> on LGBT rights. In the survey, more than 20% of people said that sexual relations between adults of the same sex were not wrong at all or not wrong most of the time, up from 10% in 2013. The survey found that 27% felt the same way about same-sex marriage (an increase from 15% in 2013) and 30% did so about same-sex couples adopting a child (an increase from 24% in 2013).<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> In 2021, six Singaporeans protested for improved <a href="/wiki/Trans_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans rights">trans</a> protections in the educational system outside the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education</a> headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Buona_Vista" title="Buona Vista">Buona Vista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TR2021-255">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimps</a> often <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">traffic</a> women from neighbouring countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Brothels" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothels">brothels</a> as well as rented <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hostels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostels">hostels</a> for higher profit margins when they get a cut from customers.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> In response, amendments were made to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Charter" title="Women's Charter">Women's Charter</a> by the government in 2019 to legislate more serious punishments for traffickers, including imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of S$100,000.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marina_Bay,_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_(35622190292).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marina_Bay%2C_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_%2835622190292%29.jpg/450px-Marina_Bay%2C_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_%2835622190292%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marina_Bay%2C_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_%2835622190292%29.jpg/675px-Marina_Bay%2C_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_%2835622190292%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marina_Bay%2C_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_%2835622190292%29.jpg/900px-Marina_Bay%2C_Financial_District_and_Singapore_River_%2835622190292%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11781" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Core" title="Downtown Core">Downtown Core</a></figcaption></figure> Singapore has a highly developed <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, based historically on extended <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> trade. Along with <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Singapore is one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>, and has surpassed its peers in terms of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross Domestic Product</a> (GDP) per capita. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> The Singaporean economy is regarded as free,<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> innovative,<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> dynamic<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> and business-friendly.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> For several years, Singapore has been one of the few<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> countries with a <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating" title="Bond credit rating">AAA credit rating</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(credit_rating_agencies)" title="Big Three (credit rating agencies)">big three</a>, and the only Asian country to achieve this rating.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance against corruption.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> It was the world's 4th most competitive economy in 2023, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Management_Development" title="International Institute for Management Development">International Institute for Management Development</a>'s World Competitiveness Ranking of 64 countries,<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">highest GDP (PPP) per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> Roughly 44 percent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> Despite market freedom, Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> The city is a popular location for conferences and events.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Airlines,_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_(20786371995).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Singapore Airlines celebrated the nation's Golden Jubilee with a flag livery on its Airbus A380" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg/220px-Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg/330px-Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg/440px-Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>, celebrated the nation's 2015 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Jubilee">Golden Jubilee</a> with a flag <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>.</figcaption></figure> The currency of Singapore is the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> (SGD or S$), issued by the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a> (MAS).<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> It has been interchangeable with the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Par_value" title="Par value">par value</a> since 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Currency_History-275">[269]</a> MAS manages its <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> by allowing the Singapore dollar <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band. This is different from most <a href="/wiki/Central_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks">central banks</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/Interest_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest rates">interest rates</a> to manage policy.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> Singapore has the world's eleventh <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">largest foreign reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> and one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_creditor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of creditor nations by net international investment position per capita">net international investment position per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> Singapore has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> for the wealthy due to its low tax rates on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Individuals such as Australian millionaire retailer <a href="/wiki/Brett_Blundy" title="Brett Blundy">Brett Blundy</a> and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a> are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> In 2009, Singapore was removed from the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) "liste grise" of tax havens,<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> and ranked fourth on the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>'s 2015 <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a> of the world's off-shore financial service providers, banking one-eighth of the world's offshore capital, while "providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities".<a href="#cite_note-FSI-283">[277]</a> In August 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a> reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> In October 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DBS_Bank" title="DBS Bank">DBS</a> and withdrew <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Private_Bank" class="extiw" title="de:Falcon Private Bank">Falcon Private Bank</a>'s banking licence for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> In 2016, Singapore was rated the world's most expensive city for the third consecutive year by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> and this remained true in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> The government provides numerous assistance programmes to the homeless and needy through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development" title="Ministry of Social and Family Development">Ministry of Social and Family Development</a>, so acute poverty is rare. Some of the programmes include providing financial assistance to needy households, providing free medical care at government hospitals, and paying for children's tuition.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> Other benefits include compensation for gym fees to encourage citizens to exercise,<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> up to S$166,000 as a <a href="/wiki/Baby_bonus" title="Baby bonus">baby bonus</a> for each citizen,<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> heavily subsidised healthcare, financial aid for the disabled, the provision of reduced-cost laptops for poor students,<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> rebates for costs such as public transport<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> and utility bills, and more.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> As of 2018 Singapore's ranking in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> is 9th in the world, with an HDI value of 0.935.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography of Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Singapore" title="Land reclamation in Singapore">Land reclamation in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_(English).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Singapore island and the territories belonging to Singapore and its neighbours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_%28English%29.png/220px-CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_%28English%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_%28English%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>An outline of Singapore and the surrounding islands and waterways</figcaption></figure> Singapore consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">63 islands</a>, including the main island, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">Pulau Ujong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> There are two man-made connections to <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Johor–Singapore Causeway</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link" title="Malaysia–Singapore Second Link">Tuas Second Link</a> in the west. <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Island" title="Jurong Island">Jurong Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tekong" title="Pulau Tekong">Pulau Tekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ubin" title="Pulau Ubin">Pulau Ubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a> are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands. The highest natural point is <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Timah_Hill" title="Bukit Timah Hill">Bukit Timah Hill</a> at 163.63 m (537 ft).<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> Under British rule, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos Islands</a> were part of Singapore, and both were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca,_Singapore" title="Pedra Branca, Singapore">Pedra Branca</a> is the nation's easternmost point.<a href="#cite_note-PBA-305">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Singapore" title="Land reclamation in Singapore">Land reclamation</a> projects have increased Singapore's land area from 580 km2 (220 sq mi) in the 1960s to 710 km2 (270 sq mi) by 2015, an increase of some 22% (130 km2).<a href="#cite_note-sand1-306">[300]</a> The country is projected to reclaim another 56 km2 (20 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> Some projects involve merging smaller islands through land reclamation to form larger, more functional and habitable islands, as has been done with Jurong Island.<a href="#cite_note-earthshots.usgs.gov-308">[302]</a> The type of sand used in reclamation is found in rivers and beaches, rather than deserts, and is in great demand worldwide. In 2010 Singapore imported almost 15 million tons of sand for its projects, the demand being such that Indonesia, Malaysia, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> have all restricted or barred the export of sand to Singapore in recent years. As a result, in 2016 Singapore switched to using <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a> for reclamation, in which an area is enclosed and then pumped dry.<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature">Nature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_(15960226189).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_%2815960226189%29.jpg/220px-Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_%2815960226189%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_%2815960226189%29.jpg/330px-Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_%2815960226189%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_%2815960226189%29.jpg/440px-Walk_through_Singapore_Botanic_Gardens-03_%2815960226189%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Singapore Botanic Gardens is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> – one of three gardens in the world, and the only tropical garden, to be recognised as such.</figcaption></figure> Singapore's urbanisation means that it has lost 95% of its historical forests,<a href="#cite_note-nature-extinctions-310">[304]</a> and now over half of the naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Singapore" title="Fauna of Singapore">fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Singapore" title="Flora of Singapore">flora</a> in Singapore is present in nature reserves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Timah_Nature_Reserve" title="Bukit Timah Nature Reserve">Bukit Timah Nature Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sungei_Buloh_Wetland_Reserve" title="Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve">Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve</a>, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area.<a href="#cite_note-nature-extinctions-310">[304]</a> In 1967, to combat this decline in natural space, the government introduced the vision of making Singapore a "garden city",<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> aiming to improve quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> Since then, nearly 10% of Singapore's land has been set aside for parks and <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> The government has created <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Green_Plan_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Green Plan 2012">plans to preserve the country's remaining wildlife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> Singapore's well known gardens include the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a>, a 165-year-old tropical garden and Singapore's first <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Singapore" title="Climate change in Singapore">Climate change in Singapore</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_(36712606096).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_%2836712606096%29.jpg/220px-Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_%2836712606096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_%2836712606096%29.jpg/330px-Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_%2836712606096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_%2836712606096%29.jpg/440px-Flower_Dome_and_Cloud_Forest_Singapore_%2836712606096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3876" data-file-height="2177" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a></figcaption></figure> Singapore has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Af) with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> Temperatures usually range from 23 to 32 °C (73 to 90 °F). While temperature does not vary greatly throughout the year, there is a wetter <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season from November to February.<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> From July to October, there is often <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">haze</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Bush_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush fire">bush fires</a> in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a> Singapore follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> This causes the sun to rise and set particularly late during February, where the sun rises at 7:15 am and sets around 7:20 pm. During July, the sun sets at around 7:15 pm. The earliest the sun rises and sets is in late October and early November when the sun rises at 6:46 am and sets at 6:50 pm.<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> Singapore recognises that climate change and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> in the decades ahead will have major implications for its low-lying coastline. It estimates that the nation will need to spend $100 billion over the course of the next century to address the issue. In its 2020 budget, the government set aside an initial $5 billion towards a Coastline and Flood Protection Fund.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> Singapore is the first country in Southeast Asia to levy a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> on its largest carbon-emitting corporations producing more than 25,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, at $5 per ton.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> To reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, it has ramped up deployment of solar panels on rooftops and vertical surfaces of buildings, and other initiatives like building one of the world's largest floating solar farms at <a href="/wiki/Tengeh_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengeh reservoir">Tengeh Reservoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuas" title="Tuas">Tuas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Singapore (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–1941 and 1948–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6 (94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00B300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">221.6 (8.72) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.1 (4.14) </td> <td style="background: #1CFF1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.7 (5.97) </td> <td style="background: #02FF02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 (6.47) </td> <td style="background: #0AFF0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 (6.47) </td> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135.3 (5.33) </td> <td style="background: #24FF24; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.6 (5.77) </td> <td style="background: #24FF24; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.9 (5.78) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.9 (4.92) </td> <td style="background: #04FF04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.3 (6.63) </td> <td style="background: #007900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">252.3 (9.93) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">331.9 (13.07) </td> <td style="background: #00F200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,113.2 (83.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">171 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">82.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.4 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.4 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.8 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.6 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.4 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.0 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.2 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.1 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,074 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: National Environment Agency<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (sun only, 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation in Singapore</a></div> Singapore considers water a national security issue and the government has sought to emphasise conservation.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> Water access is universal and of high quality, though the country is projected to face significant water-stress by 2040.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> To circumvent this, the Public Utilities Board has implemented the <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore#Water_sources_and_integrated_management" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">"four national taps"</a> strategy – water imported from neighbouring Malaysia, urban rainwater catchments, reclaimed water (NEWater) and seawater desalination.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> Singapore's approach does not rely only on physical infrastructure; it also emphasises proper legislation and enforcement, water pricing, public education as well as research and development.<a href="#cite_note-Luan-333">[327]</a> Singapore has declared that it will be water self-sufficient by the time its 1961 long-term water supply agreement with Malaysia expires in 2061. However, according to official forecasts, water demand in Singapore is expected to double from 1.4 to 2.8 billion litres (1.4 to 2.8 million cubic metres; 370 to 740 million US gallons) per day between 2010 and 2060. The increase is expected to come primarily from non-domestic water use, which accounted for 55% of water demand in 2010 and is expected to account for 70% of demand in 2060. By that time, water demand is expected to be met by reclaimed water at the tune of 50% and by desalination accounting for 30%, compared to only 20% supplied by internal catchments.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> Singapore is expanding its recycling system and intends to spend S$10 billion (US$7.4 billion) in water treatment infrastructure upgrades.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> The Ulu Pandan wastewater treatment was specially built to test advanced used-water treatment processes before full deployment and won the Water/Wastewater Project of the Year Award at the 2018 Global Water Awards in Paris, France.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> Operation started in 2017 and was jointly developed by PUB and the Black & Veatch + AECOM Joint Venture.<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_Singapore">Virtual Singapore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Singapore" title="Virtual Singapore">Virtual Singapore</a></div> Virtual Singapore is a <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D digital replica</a> of Singapore, which is used by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Land_Authority" title="Singapore Land Authority">Singapore Land Authority</a>, and many more companies to plan for industrial changes. It is also used for <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">disaster management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land">Land</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg/220px-Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg/330px-Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg/440px-Alstom_Movia_R151_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>MRT</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Hyundai_i40_(VF4_Series_II)_1.7_CRDi_sedan,_Comfort_Taxi_(2016-01-03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2015_Hyundai_i40_%28VF4_Series_II%29_1.7_CRDi_sedan%2C_Comfort_Taxi_%282016-01-03%29.jpg/220px-2015_Hyundai_i40_%28VF4_Series_II%29_1.7_CRDi_sedan%2C_Comfort_Taxi_%282016-01-03%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2015_Hyundai_i40_%28VF4_Series_II%29_1.7_CRDi_sedan%2C_Comfort_Taxi_%282016-01-03%29.jpg/330px-2015_Hyundai_i40_%28VF4_Series_II%29_1.7_CRDi_sedan%2C_Comfort_Taxi_%282016-01-03%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2015_Hyundai_i40_%28VF4_Series_II%29_1.7_CRDi_sedan%2C_Comfort_Taxi_%282016-01-03%29.jpg/440px-2015_Hyundai_i40_%28VF4_Series_II%29_1.7_CRDi_sedan%2C_Comfort_Taxi_%282016-01-03%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Taxi</figcaption></figure> Singapore has a <a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Road transport in Singapore">road system</a> covering 3,356 kilometres (2,085 mi), which includes 161 kilometres (100 mi) <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Singapore" title="Expressways of Singapore">of expressways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Area_Licensing_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Area Licensing Scheme">Singapore Area Licensing Scheme</a>, implemented in 1975, became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">congestion pricing</a> scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit.<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> Upgraded in 1998 and renamed <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing" title="Electronic Road Pricing">Electronic Road Pricing</a> (ERP), the system introduced <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a>, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> A satellite-based system was due to replace the physical gantries by 2020, but has been delayed until 2026 due to global shortages in the supply of semiconductors.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted with a pre-set car population quota, to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for Additional Registration Fees (ARF) duties of either 100%, 140%, 180% or 220% of the vehicle's Open Market Value (OMV), and bid for a Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement" title="Certificate of Entitlement">Certificate of Entitlement</a> (COE) (that varies twice a month in supply based on the number of car registrations and de-registrations), which allows the car to be driven on the road for maximum period of 10 years. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergBMW-346">[340]</a> As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left (<a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">left-hand traffic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> Singapore's public transport network is shaped up with trains (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">MRT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Light Rail Transit (Singapore)">LRT</a> systems), <a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport in Singapore">buses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxis</a>. There are currently six MRT lines (<a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_MRT_line" title="North–South MRT line">North–South MRT line</a>, <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_MRT_line" title="East–West MRT line">East–West MRT line</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_MRT_line" title="North East MRT line">North East MRT line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_MRT_line" title="Circle MRT line">Circle MRT line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_MRT_line" title="Downtown MRT line">Downtown MRT line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line" title="Thomson–East Coast MRT line">Thomson–East Coast MRT line</a>), three LRT lines serving the neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Panjang" title="Bukit Panjang">Bukit Panjang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang" title="Choa Chu Kang">Choa Chu Kang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bukit_Panjang_LRT_line" title="Bukit Panjang LRT line">Bukit Panjang LRT line</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sengkang" title="Sengkang">Sengkang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sengkang_LRT_line" title="Sengkang LRT line">Sengkang LRT line</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Punggol" title="Punggol">Punggol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punggol_LRT_line" title="Punggol LRT line">Punggol LRT line</a>),<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> covering around 241 km (150 mi) in total, and more than 300 bus routes in operation.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> Taxis are a popular form of transport as the fares are relatively affordable when compared to many other developed countries, whilst cars in Singapore are the most expensive to own worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Johor–Singapore Causeway</a> (connecting Singapore with <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Border_checkpoint#Land" title="Border checkpoint">busiest international land border crossing</a> in the world, whereby approximately 350,000 travellers cross the border checkpoints of both <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_Checkpoint" title="Woodlands Checkpoint">Woodlands Checkpoint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building" title="Sultan Iskandar Building">Sultan Iskandar Building</a> daily (with an annual total of 128 million travellers).<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority" title="Land Transport Authority">Land Transport Authority</a> (LTA) is responsible for all land transport-related infrastructure and operations in Singapore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg/220px-JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg/330px-JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg/440px-JewelSingaporeVortex1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>The Rain Vortex at <a href="/wiki/Jewel_Changi_Airport" title="Jewel Changi Airport">Jewel Changi Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Singapore is a major international <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hub</a> in Asia, serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes. <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> is an aviation centre for Southeast Asia and a stopover on <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Route" title="Kangaroo Route">Kangaroo Route</a> between Sydney and London.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> There are two civilian airports in Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seletar_Airport" title="Seletar Airport">Seletar Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a> The Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a> It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Skytrax" title="Skytrax">Skytrax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> It also had three of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_passenger_flight_routes" title="List of busiest passenger flight routes">busiest international air routes in the world</a> in 2023: the busiest between Kuala Lumpur–Singapore, seventh busiest between Jakarta–Singapore, and ninth busiest between Bangkok Suvarnahbumi–Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> has been regarded as a 5-star airline by <a href="/wiki/Skytrax" title="Skytrax">Skytrax</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> and been in the world top 10 list of airlines for multiple consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a> It held the title of the World's Best Airline by <a href="/wiki/Skytrax" title="Skytrax">Skytrax</a> in 2023. It won this title 12 times. Its hub, <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> had also been rated as the world's best airport from 2013 to 2020 before being superseded by <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Hamad International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> It reclaimed this title in 2023<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> before being superseded once more in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle@Duxton_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_08.jpg/220px-Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_08.jpg/330px-Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_08.jpg/440px-Singapore_Port_viewed_from_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Port of Singapore</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a>, managed by port operators <a href="/wiki/PSA_International" title="PSA International">PSA International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Port" title="Jurong Port">Jurong Port</a>, was the world's second-busiest port in 2019 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 2.85 billion <a href="/wiki/Gross_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross ton">gross tons</a> (GT), and in terms of <a href="/wiki/Container_(cargo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container (cargo)">containerised</a> traffic, at 37.2 million <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEUs).<a href="#cite_note-MPA-364">[358]</a> It is also the world's second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 626 million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world's busiest for <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> traffic and the world's biggest ship refuelling centre.<a href="#cite_note-BTP-365">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_sectors">Industry sectors</h2></div> Singapore is the world's 3rd-largest <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a> centre, 6th-largest <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GFCI-366">[360]</a> 2nd-largest casino gambling market,<a href="#cite_note-edmontonjournal.com-367">[361]</a> 3rd-largest oil-refining and trading centre, largest oil-rig producer and hub for ship repair services,<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[364]</a> and largest logistics hub.<a href="#cite_note-371">[365]</a> The economy is diversified, with its top contributors being financial services, manufacturing, and oil-refining. Its main exports are refined petroleum, integrated circuits, and computers,<a href="#cite_note-372">[366]</a> which constituted 27% of the country's GDP in 2010. Other significant sectors include electronics, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. Singapore was ranked 4th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024 and 7th in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-373">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[371]</a> In 2019, there were more than 60 semiconductor companies in Singapore, which together constituted 11% of the global market share. The semiconductor industry alone contributes around 7% of Singapore's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> Singapore's largest companies are in the telecommunications, banking, transportation, and manufacturing sectors, many of which started as state-run <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">statutory corporations</a> and have since been publicly listed on the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a>. Such companies include <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Telecommunications">Singapore Telecommunications</a> (Singtel), <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Technologies_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Technologies Engineering">Singapore Technologies Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keppel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Keppel Corporation">Keppel Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oversea-Chinese_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation">Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation</a> (OCBC), <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Bank of Singapore">Development Bank of Singapore</a> (DBS), and <a href="/wiki/United_Overseas_Bank" title="United Overseas Bank">United Overseas Bank</a> (UOB). In 2011, amidst the global financial crisis, OCBC, DBS and UOB were ranked by <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a> as the world's 1st, 5th, and 6th strongest banks in the world, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> It is home to the headquarters of 3 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> companies, the highest in the region.<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a> The nation's best known global companies include <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a>, all of which are among the most-awarded in their respective fields. Singapore Airlines was ranked as Asia's most-admired company, and the world's 19th most-admired company in 2015 by <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>'s annual "50 most admired companies in the world" industry surveys. Other awards it has received include the US-based <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a>'s Best International Airline award, which it has won for 20 consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[376]</a> Changi Airport connects over 100 airlines to more than 300 cities. The strategic international air hub has more than 480 World's Best Airport awards as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore&action=edit">[update]</a>, and is known as the most-awarded airport in the world.<a href="#cite_note-383">[377]</a> Over ten <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade agreement">free-trade agreements</a> have been signed with other countries and regions.<a href="#cite_note-govt.nz-192">[186]</a> Singapore is the second-largest foreign investor in India.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Merlion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Singapore_Merlion.jpg/220px-Singapore_Merlion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Singapore_Merlion.jpg/330px-Singapore_Merlion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Singapore_Merlion.jpg/440px-Singapore_Merlion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a>, the official mascot of Singapore</figcaption></figure> Tourism is a major industry and contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singaporean economy</a>, attracting 13.6 million international tourists in 2023, more than double Singapore's total population.<a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> Tourism contributed directly to about 3% of Singapore's GPD, on average, in the 10 years before 2023, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Covid-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid-19 pandemic">Covid-19 pandemic</a> years.<a href="#cite_note-388">[382]</a> Altogether, the sector generated approximately 8.6% of Singapore's employment in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-WTTCreport2017-389">[383]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> listed Singapore as their top and 6th-best world destinations to visit, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-390">[384]</a> Well-known landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay" title="Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay">Esplanade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-392">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands" title="Marina Bay Sands">Marina Bay Sands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-393">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-394">[388]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewel_Changi_Airport" title="Jewel Changi Airport">Jewel Changi Airport</a>,<a href="#cite_note-395">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/CHIJMES" title="CHIJMES">CHIJMES</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-392">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore" title="National Gallery Singapore">National Gallery Singapore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-392">[386]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Flyer" title="Singapore Flyer">Singapore Flyer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-392">[386]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Road" title="Orchard Road">Orchard Road</a> shopping belt,<a href="#cite_note-Orchard-396">[390]</a> the resort island of <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-397">[391]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a>, Singapore's first <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>,<a href="#cite_note-398">[392]</a> all located in southern and eastern Singapore. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:010253_00001_Singapore,_Victoria_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/010253_00001_Singapore%2C_Victoria_Theatre.jpg/220px-010253_00001_Singapore%2C_Victoria_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/010253_00001_Singapore%2C_Victoria_Theatre.jpg/330px-010253_00001_Singapore%2C_Victoria_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/010253_00001_Singapore%2C_Victoria_Theatre.jpg/440px-010253_00001_Singapore%2C_Victoria_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Theatre_and_Concert_Hall" title="Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall">The Victoria Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Tourism_Board" title="Singapore Tourism Board">Singapore Tourism Board</a> (STB) is the <a href="/wiki/Statutory_boards_of_the_Singapore_Government" title="Statutory boards of the Singapore Government">statutory board</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)">Ministry of Trade and Industry</a> which is tasked with the promotion of the country's tourism industry. In August 2017 the STB and the Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled a unified brand, Singapore – <a href="/wiki/Passion_Made_Possible" title="Passion Made Possible">Passion Made Possible</a>, to market Singapore internationally for tourism and business purposes.<a href="#cite_note-399">[393]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Road" title="Orchard Road">Orchard Road</a> district, which contains multi-storey shopping centres and hotels, can be considered the centre of shopping and tourism in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-Orchard-396">[390]</a> Other popular tourist attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Zoo" title="Singapore Zoo">Singapore Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Wonders" title="River Wonders">River Wonders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_Paradise" title="Bird Paradise">Bird Paradise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night_Safari,_Singapore" title="Night Safari, Singapore">Night Safari</a> (located in Northern Singapore). The Singapore Zoo has embraced the open zoo concept whereby animals are kept in enclosures, separated from visitors by hidden dry or wet moats, instead of caging the animals, and the River Wonders has 300 species of animals, including numerous endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-400">[394]</a> Singapore promotes itself as a <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> hub, with about 200,000 foreigners seeking medical care there each year. Singapore medical services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate US$3 billion in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-401">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-170px-KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-255px-KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-340px-KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4773" data-file-height="6389" /></a><figcaption>Chinese (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a>), Malay (<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>), and Indian (<a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian</a>) women in Singapore, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890. To promote racial harmony among the three races, a unique <a href="/wiki/Racial_Harmony_Day" title="Racial Harmony Day">Racial Harmony Day</a> is celebrated on 21 July every year.</figcaption></figure> As of mid-2023, the estimated population of Singapore was 5,917,600, of whom 3,610,700 (61.6%) were <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">citizens</a> and the remaining 2,306,900 (38.4%) were either <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency_in_Singapore" title="Permanent residency in Singapore">permanent residents</a> (522,300) or <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dependant" title="Dependant">dependants</a> (1,644,500).<a href="#cite_note-Population_and_Population_Structure-402">[396]</a> The overall population increased 5% from the prior year, driven largely by foreign workers.<a href="#cite_note-403">[397]</a> According to the country's most recent census in 2020, nearly one in four residents (citizens and permanent residents) was <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">foreign born</a>; including non-residents, roughly 43% of the total population was born abroad.<a href="#cite_note-404">[398]</a> This proportion is largely unchanged from the 2010 census.<a href="#cite_note-2010census-405">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-un.org-406">[400]</a> The 2020 census reported that about 74.3% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.5% of Malay descent, 9.0% of Indian descent, and 3.2% of other descent (such as <a href="/wiki/Eurasians_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasians in Singapore">Eurasian</a>); this proportion was virtually identical to the 2010 census, with slight increases among Chinese and Malay (0.2% and 0.1% respectively) and minor decreases in Indian and others (0.2% and 0.1%).<a href="#cite_note-407">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-2010census-405">[399]</a> Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father; therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.<a href="#cite_note-408">[402]</a> Like other developed countries in Asia, Singapore experienced a rapid decline in its <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) beginning in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-409">[403]</a> Since 2010, its TFR has largely plateaued at 1.1 children per woman, which is among the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.<a href="#cite_note-410">[404]</a> Consequently, the median age of Singaporean residents is among the highest in the world, at 42.8 in 2022 compared to 39.6 ten years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-411">[405]</a> Starting in 2001, the government <a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">introduced a series of programs</a> to increase fertility, including paid maternity leave, childcare subsidies, tax relief and rebates, one-time cash gifts, and grants for companies that implement flexible work arrangements;<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-409">[403]</a> nevertheless, live births have continued to decline, hitting a record low in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-412">[406]</a> Singapore's immigration policy is designed to alleviate the decline and maintain its working-age population.<a href="#cite_note-413">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[409]</a> 91% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents).<a href="#cite_note-416">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-singstat2014h&h-417">[411]</a> However, due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board" title="Housing and Development Board">Housing and Development Board</a> (HDB). Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing.<a href="#cite_note-418">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-hdb-419">[413]</a> Live-in foreign <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-420">[414]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Template:Largest planning areas of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Largest planning areas of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_planning_areas_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest planning areas of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Singapore" title="New towns of Singapore">towns and planning areas</a> in Singapore <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/geographic-distribution/visualising-data/geographical-distribution-dashboard">Singapore Department of Statistics population report for June 2023</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Singapore">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Singapore" title="Regions of Singapore">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Singapore">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Singapore" title="Regions of Singapore">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Areas of Singapore"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bedok"><img alt="Bedok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg/120px-Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg/180px-Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg/240px-Aerial_perspective_of_Bedok_Reservoir._Shot_in_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="996" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bedok" title="Bedok">Bedok</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tampines"><img alt="Tampines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg/120px-Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg/180px-Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg/240px-Cg1_expo_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tampines" title="Tampines">Tampines</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bedok" title="Bedok">Bedok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore" title="East Region, Singapore">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,510</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Mo_Kio" title="Ang Mo Kio">Ang Mo Kio</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">161,180 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jurong West"><img alt="Jurong West" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg/120px-Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg/180px-Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg/240px-Jurong_West_skyline_from_Boon_Lay_Avenue_-_April_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jurong_West" title="Jurong West">Jurong West</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Compassvale_Court,_Sep_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sengkang"><img alt="Sengkang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG/120px-Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG/180px-Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG/240px-Compassvale_Court%2C_Sep_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sengkang" title="Sengkang">Sengkang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tampines" title="Tampines">Tampines</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore" title="East Region, Singapore">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,360</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Merah" title="Bukit Merah">Bukit Merah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">149,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jurong_West" title="Jurong West">Jurong West</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">259,740</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Ris" title="Pasir Ris">Pasir Ris</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Region,_Singapore" title="East Region, Singapore">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">146,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sengkang" title="Sengkang">Sengkang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">257,190</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Panjang" title="Bukit Panjang">Bukit Panjang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Woodlands,_Singapore" title="Woodlands, Singapore">Woodlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Singapore" title="North Region, Singapore">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,390</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toa_Payoh" title="Toa Payoh">Toa Payoh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,610 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hougang" title="Hougang">Hougang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,610</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Serangoon" title="Serangoon">Serangoon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yishun" title="Yishun">Yishun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Singapore" title="North Region, Singapore">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">228,910</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geylang" title="Geylang">Geylang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Choa_Chu_Kang" title="Choa Chu Kang">Choa Chu Kang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">191,480</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sembawang" title="Sembawang">Sembawang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Singapore" title="North Region, Singapore">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">109,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Punggol" title="Punggol">Punggol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North-East_Region,_Singapore" title="North-East Region, Singapore">North-East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">194,750</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kallang" title="Kallang">Kallang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,870 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Batok" title="Bukit Batok">Bukit Batok</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Region,_Singapore" title="West Region, Singapore">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">168,560</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Singapore" title="Queenstown, Singapore">Queenstown</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Singapore" title="Central Region, Singapore">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,690 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion in Singapore</a></div> Most major religious denominations are present in Singapore, with the Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore (IRO) recognising 10 major religions in the city state.<a href="#cite_note-421">[415]</a> A 2014 analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation, with no single religion claiming a majority.<a href="#cite_note-422">[416]</a><div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Singapore, 2020<a href="#cite_note-census2020-4">[3]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:31.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">31.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Singapore" title="Irreligion in Singapore">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:20.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:18.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:15.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">15.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism and folk religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:8.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:5.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.6%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a> is the most widely practised religion, with 31% of residents declaring themselves adherents in the 2020 census. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a> was the second largest religion at 18.9%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a> (15.6%), <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese Traditional Beliefs</a> (8.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a> (5.0%). One-fifth of the population had no religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Muslims, and the nonreligious slightly increased between 2010 and 2020, while the proportion of Buddhists and Taoists slightly decreased; Hinduism and other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2010censuspercentage-423">[417]</a> Singapore hosts monasteries and <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism: <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and adhere to the Mahayana tradition,<a href="#cite_note-424">[418]</a> owing to decades of missionary activity from China. However, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand's Theravada Buddhism</a> has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a>, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, and mostly by those of Chinese descent. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-425">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div> Singapore has four official languages: <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-426">[420]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Language used most frequently at home<a href="#cite_note-census2020-4">[3]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Language</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">English</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:48.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mandarin</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:29.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Malay</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:9.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Sinitic languages</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:8.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Tamil</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:2.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> English is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_244–263-427">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dixon,_L._Quentin_2005_p._625-635-428">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-429">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-TanShermanp340-341-430">[424]</a> and the main language used in business, government, law and education.<a href="#cite_note-Britishcouncil-431">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[426]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a> and all government legislation is written in English, and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreters</a> are required if a language other than English is used in the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Singaporean courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">Statutory corporations</a> conduct their businesses in English, while any official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil are typically translated into English to be accepted for use.<a href="#cite_note-435">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dixon,_L._Quentin_2005_p._625-635-428">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[430]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-thirdworldtofirst-179">[173]</a> It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.<a href="#cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-426">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[432]</a> It is used in the national anthem <a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a>,<a href="#cite_note-439">[433]</a> in citations of <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_orders_and_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean orders and decorations">Singaporean orders and decorations</a> and in military commands.<a href="#cite_note-440">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-singstat1-441">[435]</a> Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Rumi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi script">Rumi script</a>, though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[436]</a> Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.<a href="#cite_note-443">[437]</a> Singaporeans are mostly <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, typically with English as their common language and their <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother-tongue</a> as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. According to the 2020 census, English was the language most spoken at home, used by 48.3% of the population; Mandarin was next, spoken at home by 29.9%.<a href="#cite_note-singstat1-441">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-444">[438]</a> Nearly half a million speak other ancestral Southern <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin or just English.<a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-445">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Chinese_characters" title="Singapore Chinese characters">Singapore Chinese characters</a> are written using <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese characters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singaporean English</a> is largely based on <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, owing to the country's status as a former <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">crown colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-447">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[442]</a> However, forms of English spoken in Singapore range from <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard English">Standard Singapore English</a> to a colloquial form known as <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a>, which is discouraged by the government as it claims it to be a substandard <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based creole language">English creole</a> that handicaps Singaporeans, presenting an obstacle to learning standard English and rendering the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except to another Singlish speaker.<a href="#cite_note-449">[443]</a> Standard Singapore English is fully understandable to all <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> speakers, while most English-speaking people do not understand Singlish. Nevertheless, Singaporeans have a strong sense of identity and connection to Singlish, whereby the existence of Singlish is recognised as a distinctive cultural marker for many Singaporeans.<a href="#cite_note-:3-450">[444]</a> As such, in recent times, the government has tolerated the <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> of both Singlish and Standard English (only for those who are fluent in both), whilst continuously reinforcing the importance of Standard English amongst those who speak only Singlish (which is not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with the Standard English of other <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_country" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking country">English-speaking countries</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:3-450">[444]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Hall,_National_University_of_Singapore,_February_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_Hall%2C_National_University_of_Singapore%2C_February_2020.jpg/220px-University_Hall%2C_National_University_of_Singapore%2C_February_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_Hall%2C_National_University_of_Singapore%2C_February_2020.jpg/330px-University_Hall%2C_National_University_of_Singapore%2C_February_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/University_Hall%2C_National_University_of_Singapore%2C_February_2020.jpg/440px-University_Hall%2C_National_University_of_Singapore%2C_February_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> is one of six <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Singapore" title="List of universities in Singapore">autonomous universities</a> in the city-state.</figcaption></figure> Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, public and private, must be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education</a> (MOE).<a href="#cite_note-451">[445]</a> English is the language of instruction in all public schools,<a href="#cite_note-452">[446]</a> and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "<a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>" language paper.<a href="#cite_note-453">[447]</a> While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language.<a href="#cite_note-454">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[449]</a> Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.<a href="#cite_note-456">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[451]</a> Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education, with the primary education being compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Primary-458">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[453]</a> Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level.<a href="#cite_note-Secondary-460">[454]</a> The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised.<a href="#cite_note-461">[455]</a> Pre-university education takes place at either the 21 <a href="/wiki/Junior_college_(Singapore)" title="Junior college (Singapore)">Junior Colleges</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Millennia_Institute" title="Millennia Institute">Millennia Institute</a>, over a period of two and three years respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Pre-university-462">[456]</a> As alternatives to pre-university education, however, courses are offered in other post-secondary education institutions, including the 5 polytechnics and 3 ITE colleges. Singapore has six public universities,<a href="#cite_note-463">[457]</a> of which the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> are among the top 20 universities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-464">[458]</a> National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the <a href="/wiki/Primary_School_Leaving_Examination" title="Primary School Leaving Examination">Primary School Leaving Examination</a> (PSLE),<a href="#cite_note-Primary-458">[452]</a> which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level">O-Level</a> or <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Normal_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level">N-Level</a> exams are taken;<a href="#cite_note-465">[459]</a> at the end of the following pre-university stage, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">GCE A-Level</a> exams are taken.<a href="#cite_note-466">[460]</a> Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools, for <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Singapore" title="Secondary education in Singapore">secondary education</a> level and above.<a href="#cite_note-Secondary-460">[454]</a> Singapore is also an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-467">[461]</a> 5,000 Malaysian students cross the <a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Johor–Singapore Causeway</a> daily to attend schools in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-468">[462]</a> In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students—the maximum cap allowed, a majority from <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, China and India.<a href="#cite_note-469">[463]</a> Singapore students have excelled in many of the world education benchmarks in maths, science and reading. In 2015, both its primary and secondary students rank first in <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>'s global school performance rankings across 76 countries—described as the most comprehensive map of education standards.<a href="#cite_note-470">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[465]</a> In 2016, Singapore students topped both the <a href="/wiki/Program_International_Student_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Program International Student Assessment">Program International Student Assessment</a> (PISA)<a href="#cite_note-472">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[469]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> (TIMSS).<a href="#cite_note-476">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[472]</a> In the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index taken in 72 countries, Singapore placed 6th and has been the only Asian country in the top ten.<a href="#cite_note-479">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Healthcare in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KRW_Facade2_final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KRW_Facade2_final.jpg/220px-KRW_Facade2_final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KRW_Facade2_final.jpg/330px-KRW_Facade2_final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KRW_Facade2_final.jpg/440px-KRW_Facade2_final.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_Hospital" title="National University Hospital">National University Hospital</a> is the second largest hospital in the city, serving one million patients yearly.</figcaption></figure> Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-483">[477]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organisation</a> ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Report" title="World Health Report">World Health Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-484">[478]</a> Singapore has had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by infant mortality rate">lowest infant mortality rates in the world</a> for the past two decades.<a href="#cite_note-singstat2014births&deaths-485">[479]</a> In 2019, Singaporeans had the longest life expectancy of any country at 84.8 years. Women can expect to live an average of 87.6 years with 75.8 years in good health. The averages are lower for men.<a href="#cite_note-486">[480]</a> Singapore is ranked 1st on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Food_Security_Index" title="Global Food Security Index">Global Food Security Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[481]</a> As of December 2011 and January 2013, 8,800 foreigners and 5,400 Singaporeans were respectively diagnosed with HIV,<a href="#cite_note-488">[482]</a> but there are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. Adult obesity is below 10%.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-489">[483]</a> There is a high level of <a href="/wiki/Immunisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunisation">immunisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-490">[484]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> ranked Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.<a href="#cite_note-491">[485]</a> The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare; <a href="/wiki/Medisave" title="Medisave">Medisave</a>, a compulsory national <a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">medical savings account</a> system covering about 85% of the population; and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program. Public hospitals in Singapore have a considerable autonomy in their management decisions, and notionally compete for patients, but remain in government ownership.<a href="#cite_note-492">[486]</a> A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income.<a href="#cite_note-493">[487]</a> In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. Healthcare accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-494">[488]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Culture of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/170px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/255px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/340px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>Ornate details on top of Sri Mariamman Temple in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a> district, Singapore's oldest Hindu temple since 1827.</figcaption></figure> Despite its small size, Singapore has a diversity of languages, religions, and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-singapore21-495">[489]</a> Former prime ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs.<a href="#cite_note-singapore21-495">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[490]</a> Singaporeans who speak English as their native language would likely lean toward <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> (along with either <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a> while those who speak Chinese as their native language mostly lean toward <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>, which has linkages with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Malay-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)#Culture" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay culture</a>, which itself is closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-498">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[493]</a> Tamil-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil culture</a>, which itself is mostly linked to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu culture</a>. Racial and religious harmony is regarded as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.<a href="#cite_note-500">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[495]</a> When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most Singaporean citizens were transient <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant labourers</a> who had no intention of staying permanently.<a href="#cite_note-:0-502">[496]</a> There was also a sizeable minority of middle-class, locally born people—known as <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakans</a> or Baba-Nyonya-descendants of 15th- and 16th-century Chinese immigrants. With the exception of the Peranakans who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, China and India. After independence, the government began a deliberate process of crafting a uniquely Singaporean identity and culture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-502">[496]</a> Singapore has a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Nanny_state" title="Nanny state">nanny state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-503">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[498]</a> The government also places a heavy emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, where one is judged based on one's ability.<a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a> The national flower of Singapore is the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid plant">hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'</a>, named in memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who crossbred the flower in her garden at <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar" title="Tanjong Pagar">Tanjong Pagar</a> in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-506">[500]</a> Singapore is known as the Lion City and many national symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">coat of arms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">lion head symbol</a> make use of a lion. Major religious festivals are <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Singapore" title="Public holidays in Singapore">public holidays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance in Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_literature" title="Singaporean literature">Singaporean literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music of Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_2_(31322988764).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The National Gallery Singapore oversees the world's largest public collection of Southeast Asian and Singapore art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg/220px-National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg/330px-National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg/440px-National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4127" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore" title="National Gallery Singapore">National Gallery Singapore</a> oversees the world's largest public collection of Singaporean and Southeast Asian art.</figcaption></figure> During the 1990s the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Council_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Arts Council (Singapore)">National Arts Council</a> was created to spearhead the development of performing arts, along with visual and literary art forms.<a href="#cite_note-508">[502]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore" title="National Gallery Singapore">National Gallery Singapore</a> is the nation's flagship museum with some 8,000 works from Singaporean and other Southeast Asian artists. The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Art_Museum" title="Singapore Art Museum">Singapore Art Museum</a> focuses on contemporary art from a Southeast Asian perspective.<a href="#cite_note-509">[503]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Dot" title="Red Dot">Red Dot</a> Design Museum celebrates exceptional art and design of objects for everyday life, hosting more than 1,000 items from 50 countries. The lotus-shaped <a href="/wiki/ArtScience_Museum" title="ArtScience Museum">ArtScience Museum</a> hosts touring exhibitions that combine art with the sciences. Other major museums include the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Asian Civilisations Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Museum" title="Peranakan Museum">Peranakan Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Arts_House" title="The Arts House">The Arts House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[504]</a> <a href="/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay" title="Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay">The Esplanade</a> is Singapore's largest performing arts centre. In 2016 alone, it was the site of 5,900 free art and culture events.<a href="#cite_note-511">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNA1-512">[506]</a> Literature of Singapore, or "SingLit", consists of a collection of literary works by Singaporeans written chiefly in the country's four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Singapore is increasingly regarded as having four sub-literatures instead of one. Many significant works have been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal Singa, published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Thumboo" title="Edwin Thumboo">Edwin Thumboo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koh_Buck_Song" title="Koh Buck Song">Koh Buck Song</a>, as well as in multilingual anthologies such as Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry (2000), in which the poems were all translated three times each. A number of Singaporean writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tan_Swie_Hian" title="Tan Swie Hian">Tan Swie Hian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuo_Pao_Kun" title="Kuo Pao Kun">Kuo Pao Kun</a> have contributed work in more than one language.<a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[508]</a> Singapore has a diverse music culture that ranges from pop and rock, to folk and classical. Western classical music plays a significant role in the cultural life in Singapore, with the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Singapore Symphony Orchestra">Singapore Symphony Orchestra</a> (SSO) instituted in 1979. Other notable western orchestras in Singapore include <a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Youth_Orchestra" title="Singapore National Youth Orchestra">Singapore National Youth Orchestra</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[509]</a> and the community-based <a href="/wiki/Braddell_Heights_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra">Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[510]</a> Many orchestras and ensembles are also found in secondary schools and junior colleges. Various communities have their own distinct ethnic musical traditions: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Eurasians. With their traditional forms of music and various modern musical styles, the fusion of different forms account for the musical diversity in the country.<a href="#cite_note-garland-517">[511]</a> The nation's lively urban musical scene has made it a centre for international performances and festivals in the region. Some of Singapore's best known pop singers include <a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Sun" title="Stefanie Sun">Stefanie Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/JJ_Lin" title="JJ Lin">JJ Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liang_Wern_Fook" title="Liang Wern Fook">Liang Wern Fook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taufik_Batisah" title="Taufik Batisah">Taufik Batisah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Lee" title="Dick Lee">Dick Lee</a>, who is famous for composing <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Singapore)" title="National Day (Singapore)">National Day</a> theme songs, including Home.<a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[513]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market,_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satay stalls along Boon Tat Street next to Telok Ayer Market, better known as Lau Pa Sat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg/220px-Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg/330px-Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg/440px-Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lau_Pa_Sat" title="Lau Pa Sat">Lau Pa Sat</a> hawker centre in the financial district. <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Satay</a> cart-stalls roll in after dusk, on a side street.</figcaption></figure> Singapore's diversity of cuisine is touted as a reason to visit the country, due to its combination of convenience, variety, quality, and price.<a href="#cite_note-Foodways-520">[514]</a> Local food items generally relate to a particular ethnicity – Chinese, Malay and Indian; but the diversity of cuisine has increased further by the hybridisation of different styles (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan cuisine</a>, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine). In hawker centres, cultural diffusion is exemplified by traditionally Malay hawker stalls also selling Tamil food. <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainanese chicken rice</a>, based on the Hainanese dish <a href="/wiki/Wenchang_chicken" title="Wenchang chicken">Wenchang chicken</a>, is considered Singapore's national dish.<a href="#cite_note-farleyBBC6nov2015-521">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-lingCNN14apr2010-522">[516]</a> The city-state has a burgeoning food scene ranging from hawker centres (open-air), food courts (air-conditioned), coffee shops (open-air with up to a dozen hawker stalls), cafes, fast food, simple kitchens, casual, celebrity and high-end restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-streetfood-523">[517]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloud_kitchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud kitchen">Cloud kitchens</a> and food delivery are also on the rise, with 70% of residents ordering from delivery apps at least once a month.<a href="#cite_note-524">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[519]</a> Many international <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chef</a> restaurants are located within the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated resort">integrated resorts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-526">[520]</a> Religious dietary strictures exist (Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not eat beef), and there is also a significant group of vegetarians. The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Food_Festival" title="Singapore Food Festival">Singapore Food Festival</a> which celebrates Singapore's cuisine is held annually in July.<a href="#cite_note-SFF-527">[521]</a> Prior to the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> was sold mainly by immigrants from China, India, and Malaysia to other immigrants seeking a familiar taste. In Singapore, street food has long been associated with <a href="/wiki/Hawker_centre" title="Hawker centre">hawker centres</a> with communal seating areas. Typically, these centres have a few dozen to hundreds of food stalls, with each specialising in one or more related dishes.<a href="#cite_note-fodor-528">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-streetfood-523">[517]</a> While street food can be found in many countries, the variety and reach of centralised hawker centres that serve heritage street food in Singapore is unique.<a href="#cite_note-Hawker2007-529">[523]</a> In 2018, there were 114 hawker centres spread across the city centre and heartland housing estates. They are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Environment_Agency" title="National Environment Agency">National Environment Agency</a>, which also grades each food stall for hygiene. The largest hawker centre is located on the second floor of Chinatown Complex, and contains over 200 stalls.<a href="#cite_note-Hawker2007-529">[523]</a> The complex is also home to the cheapest Michelin-starred meal in the world – a plate of <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soya-sauce</a> chicken rice or noodles for S$2 (US$1.50). Two street food stalls in the city are the first in the world to be awarded a Michelin star, obtaining a single star each.<a href="#cite_note-530">[524]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sport in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg/170px-Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg/255px-Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg/340px-Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schooling" title="Joseph Schooling">Joseph Schooling</a> is a gold medalist and Olympic record holder at the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_butterfly" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly">Rio 2016 Games – 100 m butterfly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schooling-Rio-531">[525]</a></figcaption></figure> The development of private sports and recreation clubs began in the 19th century colonial Singapore, with clubs founded during this time including the Cricket Club, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Recreation_Club" title="Singapore Recreation Club">Singapore Recreation Club</a>, the Singapore Swimming Club, and the Hollandse Club.<a href="#cite_note-532">[526]</a> Weightlifter <a href="/wiki/Tan_Howe_Liang" title="Tan Howe Liang">Tan Howe Liang</a> was Singapore's first Olympic medalist, winning a silver at the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Rome Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-533">[527]</a> Singapore hosted the inaugural <a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010 Summer Youth Olympics</a>, in which 3,600 athletes from 204 nations competed in 26 sports.<a href="#cite_note-Singapore_to_host_first_edition_of_the_Youth_Olympic_Games_in_2010-534">[528]</a> Indoor and water sports are some of the most popular sports in Singapore. At the <a href="/wiki/2016_Rio_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Rio Olympics">2016 Rio Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schooling" title="Joseph Schooling">Joseph Schooling</a> won Singapore's first Olympic gold medal, claiming the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_butterfly" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly">100-metre butterfly</a> in a new Olympic record time of 50.39 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Schooling-Rio-531">[525]</a> Singapore sailors have had success on the international stage, with their <a href="/wiki/Optimist_(dinghy)" title="Optimist (dinghy)">Optimist</a> team being considered among the best in the world.<a href="#cite_note-535">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-536">[530]</a> Despite its size, the country has dominated swim meets in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asia Games">Southeast Asia Games</a>. Its men's water polo team won the SEA Games gold medal for the 27th time in 2017, continuing Singapore sport's longest winning streak.<a href="#cite_note-537">[531]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2024_Paris_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Paris Olympics">2024 Paris Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Maeder" title="Max Maeder">Max Maeder</a> won Singapore's first Olympic medal in <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a>, achieving bronze at the <a href="/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Formula_Kite" title="Sailing at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's Formula Kite">Men's Formula Kite</a> on <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Singapore)" title="National Day (Singapore)">National Day</a>. At 17, he was also Singapore's youngest Olympic medalist.<a href="#cite_note-538">[532]</a> Singapore's women's table tennis team were silver medalists at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Beijing Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-539">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[534]</a> They became world champions in 2010 when they beat China at the <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Table_Tennis_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Team Table Tennis Championships">World Team Table Tennis Championships</a> in Russia, breaking China's 19-year winning streak.<a href="#cite_note-541">[535]</a> In 2021, Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Loh_Kean_Yew" title="Loh Kean Yew">Loh Kean Yew</a> achieved a "World Champion" status when he won a badminton gold at the <a href="/wiki/2021_BWF_World_Championships" title="2021 BWF World Championships">2021 BWF World Championships</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_BWF_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles" title="2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles">men's singles</a>, which is one of the most prestigious badminton tournaments alongside the <a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Badminton at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics badminton tournaments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-542">[536]</a> Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> league, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Premier_League" title="Singapore Premier League">Singapore Premier League</a>, was launched in 1996 as the S.League and comprises eight clubs, including one foreign team.<a href="#cite_note-543">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-544">[538]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Slingers" title="Singapore Slingers">Singapore Slingers</a> is one of the inaugural teams in the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Basketball_League" title="ASEAN Basketball League">ASEAN Basketball League</a>, which was founded in October 2009.<a href="#cite_note-545">[539]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kranji_Racecourse" title="Kranji Racecourse">Kranji Racecourse</a> is run by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Turf_Club" title="Singapore Turf Club">Singapore Turf Club</a> and hosts several meetings per week, including international races—notably the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_International_Cup" title="Singapore Airlines International Cup">Singapore Airlines International Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-546">[540]</a> Singapore began hosting a round of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One World Championship">Formula One World Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Grand_Prix" title="Singapore Grand Prix">Singapore Grand Prix</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marina_Bay_Street_Circuit" title="Marina Bay Street Circuit">Marina Bay Street Circuit</a> in 2008. It was the inaugural F1 night race,<a href="#cite_note-News_–_Singapore_confirms_2008_night_race-547">[541]</a> and the first F1 street race in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-1stStreet-548">[542]</a> It is considered a signature event on the F1 calendar.<a href="#cite_note-549">[543]</a> <a href="/wiki/ONE_Championship" title="ONE Championship">ONE Championship</a> was founded in Singapore, a major <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> (MMA) promotion in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-550">[544]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Singapore">Media of Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg/220px-Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg/330px-Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg/440px-Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5654" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information">Ministry of Communications and Information</a> oversees the development of <a href="/wiki/Infocomm" class="mw-redirect" title="Infocomm">infocomm</a>, media and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>.</figcaption></figure> Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse_a-551">[545]</a> <a href="/wiki/MediaCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MediaCorp">MediaCorp</a> operates most <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Singapore" title="Television in Singapore">free-to-air television channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Singapore" title="List of radio stations in Singapore">free-to-air radio stations</a> in Singapore. There are a total of six free-to-air TV channels offered by MediaCorp.<a href="#cite_note-552">[546]</a> <a href="/wiki/StarHub_TV" title="StarHub TV">StarHub TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singtel_TV" title="Singtel TV">Singtel TV</a> also offer <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> with channels from all around the world.<a href="#cite_note-553">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[548]</a> <a href="/wiki/SPH_Media_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="SPH Media Trust">SPH Media Trust</a>, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Media-555">[549]</a> Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being overly regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse_a-551">[545]</a> Self-censorship among journalists is said to be common.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Media-555">[549]</a> In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129 on the Press Freedom Index published by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, up from 139 the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-556">[550]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Media_Development_Authority" title="Media Development Authority">Media Development Authority</a> regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.<a href="#cite_note-Mica-557">[551]</a> Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Media-555">[549]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Singapore" title="Internet in Singapore">Internet in Singapore</a> is provided by state-owned <a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a>, partially state-owned <a href="/wiki/StarHub" title="StarHub">Starhub</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Limited">M1 Limited</a> as well as some other business <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> (ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 2 <a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> as of spring 2015.<a href="#cite_note-558">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Equinix" title="Equinix">Equinix</a> (332 participants) and the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Internet_Exchange" title="Singapore Internet Exchange">Singapore Internet Exchange</a> (70 participants) are <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange points</a> where <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery networks</a> exchange Internet traffic between their networks (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">autonomous systems</a>) in various locations in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-559">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[554]</a> In the mid-1980s to 1990s, Singaporeans could also use the locally based videotext service <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Teleview" title="Singapore Teleview">Singapore Teleview</a> to communicate with one another.<a href="#cite_note-sandfort-561">[555]</a> The phrase Intelligent Island arose in the 1990s in reference to the island nation's early adaptive relationship with the internet.<a href="#cite_note-sandfort-561">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[556]</a> In 2016, there were an estimated 4.7 million internet users in Singapore, representing 82.5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-563">[557]</a> The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet,<a href="#cite_note-564">[558]</a> but it maintains a list of one hundred websites—mostly pornographic—that it blocks from home internet access as a "symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet".<a href="#cite_note-565">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-566">[560]</a> Singapore has the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> penetration rates, in surveys by <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a><a href="#cite_note-567">[561]</a><a href="#cite_note-568">[562]</a> and the Google Consumer Barometer—at 89% and 85% of the population respectively in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-569">[563]</a> The overall mobile phone penetration rate is at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.<a href="#cite_note-singstat2014mobile-570">[564]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/48px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/64px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index of Singapore-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline of Singapore</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Singapore has no official distinct capital city as it is a <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-City-state-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> In Singapore, proportions of ethnic groups publicly released are based only on the resident population, which comprises Singaporean citizens (SC) and permanent residents (PR).<a href="#cite_note-census2020-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> In Singapore, proportions of religious denominations publicly released are based only on the resident population, which comprises Singaporean citizens (SC) and permanent residents (PR).<a href="#cite_note-census2020-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Singaporean citizen (SC) population is 3,640,000, Permanent resident (PR) population is 544,900, Non-citizen/resident population is 1,860,000.<a href="#cite_note-Population_in_Brief_2024-8">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɪŋ(ɡ)əpɔːr/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/36\/En-us-Singapore.ogg\/En-us-Singapore.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Singapore.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/En-us-Singapore.ogg/En-us-Singapore.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Singapore.ogg" title="File:En-us-Singapore.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SING-(g)ə-por</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The breakdown of British Empire losses included 38,496 United Kingdom, 18,490 Australian, 67,340 Indian and 14,382 local volunteer troops. Total Australian casualties included 1,789 killed and 1,306 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-64">[59]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/geographic-distribution/visualising-data/geographical-distribution-dashboard">"Singapore Department of Statistics population report for 2022"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 August 2019. <q>The city, once a <a href="/wiki/City_of_Singapore_(historical_entity)" title="City of Singapore (historical entity)">distinct entity</a>, so came to dominate the island that the Republic of Singapore essentially became a city-state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singapore&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSingapore-capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2020-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2020_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2020_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2020_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2020_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/population/population2023.ashx">"Population Trends 2023"</a>. 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Bhd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/967-9948-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/967-9948-13-7"><bdi>967-9948-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Melayu+The+Malay+Annals+MS+RAFFLES+No.+18+Edisi+Rumi+Baru%2FNew+Romanised+Edition&rft.pub=Academic+Art+%26+Printing+Services+Sdn.+Bhd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=967-9948-13-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1952" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, C.C. (October 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malay-annals-C.-C.-Brown/page/n1/mode/2up?q=">"The Malay Annals translated from Raffles MS 18"</a>. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 25 (2&3): 1–276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malayan+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Malay+Annals+translated+from+Raffles+MS+18&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2%263&rft.pages=1-276&rft.date=1952-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalay-annals-C.-C.-Brown%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turnbull-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._M._Turnbull" class="mw-redirect" title="C. M. Turnbull">Turnbull, C.M.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005</a>. NUS Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-430-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-430-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305143058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Singapore%2C+1819%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-430-2&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9yvBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbshire2011" class="citation book cs1">Abshire, Jean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104">The History of Singapore</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37743-3"><bdi>978-0-313-37743-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000704/https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Singapore&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37743-3&rft.aulast=Abshire&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHF59oExO80C%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHack2004" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132">Did Singapore Have to Fall?: Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40440-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40440-9"><bdi>978-0-203-40440-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000739/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Singapore+Have+to+Fall%3F%3A+Churchill+and+the+Impregnable+Fortress&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-40440-9&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Hack%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUC2qveu-b8C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetz1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goetz, Philip W. (1991). "Singapore". The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago. p. 832. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991neb..book.....G">1991neb..book.....G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-529-8"><bdi>978-0-85229-529-8</bdi></a>. <q>"Singapore, known variously as the 'Lion City,' or 'Garden City,' the latter for its many parks and tree-lined streets</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singapore&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=832&rft.edition=15th&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991neb..book.....G&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-529-8&rft.aulast=Goetz&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlennieAngRhysAul2015" class="citation news cs1">Glennie, Charlotte; Ang, Mavis; Rhys, Gillian; Aul, Vidhu; Walton, Nicholas (6 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons">"50 reasons Singapore is the best city in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807045157/http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. <q>The Lion City. The Garden City. The Asian Tiger. The 'Fine' City. All venerable nicknames, and the longtime favourite is the 'Little Red Dot'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=50+reasons+Singapore+is+the+best+city+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft.aulast=Glennie&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Ang%2C+Mavis&rft.au=Rhys%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Aul%2C+Vidhu&rft.au=Walton%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fsingapore-50-reasons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit">"A little red dot in a sea of green"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. London. 16 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175357/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017. <q>..with a characteristic mixture of pride and paranoia, Singapore adopted 'little red dot' as a motto</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+little+red+dot+in+a+sea+of+green&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html">"Editorial: The mighty red dot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a>. 8 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128071756/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+The+mighty+red+dot&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2017%2F09%2F08%2Feditorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Habibie truly admired the 'Little Red Dot'". <a href="/wiki/Today_(Singapore_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (Singapore newspaper)">Today</a>. 20 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Habibie+truly+admired+the+%27Little+Red+Dot%27&rft.date=2006-09-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43">Malay Annals</a>. Translated by Leyden, John. 1821. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Annals&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9JAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA154_154]-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA154_154]_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiksic2013">Miksic 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154">154</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA184_183–185]-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA184_183–185]_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiksic2013">Miksic 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184">183–185</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonAlexandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Robert M.W.; Alexandra, Y. 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Retrieved 5 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+1995%E2%80%931996+Archaeological+Field+Investigations+at+Angkor+Borei%2C+Cambodia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i-Manoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fstark%2Fpdfs%2FAP1999%2520article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Pierre-Yves Manguin, "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", in 25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA162_155–163]-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksic2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbMt3BgAAQBAJpgPA162_155–163]_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiksic2013">Miksic 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162">155–163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borschbergp157-158-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Borschbergp157-158_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorschberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Borschberg, P. (2010). The Singapore and Melaka Straits. Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th century. Singapore: NUS Press. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-464-7"><bdi>978-9971-69-464-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singapore+and+Melaka+Straits.+Violence%2C+Security+and+Diplomacy+in+the+17th+century&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-464-7&rft.aulast=Borschberg&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-country_studies-41"><a href="#cite_ref-country_studies_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/singapore/3.htm">"Country Studies: Singapore: History"</a>. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11507827">"Malay sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the early nineteenth century: some letters from the reign of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Annabel Teh Gallop)"</a>. From Buckfast to Borneo: Essays Presented to Father Robert Nicholl on the 85th Anniversary of His Birth, 27 March 1995. Hull, England: University of Hull. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85958-836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85958-836-2"><bdi>978-0-85958-836-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35366675">35366675</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000715/https://www.academia.edu/11507827">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. 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NUS Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-195-0"><bdi>978-9971-69-195-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000734/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdZo5Ui8oS4C&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. 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National Library Board Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614122517/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a8ceea4c-1c8b-4c9a-885c-b85038b39e4c">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+SG&rft.atitle=First+Rubber+Trees+are+Planted+in+Singapore+%E2%80%93+1877&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fa8ceea4c-1c8b-4c9a-885c-b85038b39e4c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Brill1_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cON5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Indian Army in the Two World Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. 14 October 2011. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21145-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21145-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000843/https://books.google.com/books?id=cON5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+in+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21145-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcON5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html">"1915 Singapore Mutiny"</a>. National Library Board. National Library Board Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200105/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Board&rft.atitle=1915+Singapore+Mutiny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_570_2005-01-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stille2016-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stille2016_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stille2016_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStille2016" class="citation book cs1">Stille, Mark (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHe9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Malaya and Singapore 1941–42: The fall of Britain's empire in the East</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1124-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-1124-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000710/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHe9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaya+and+Singapore+1941%E2%80%9342%3A+The+fall+of+Britain%27s+empire+in+the+East&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1124-0&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHe9DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan2008-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Tan2008_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2008" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Kevin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&pg=PA90">Marshall of Singapore: A Biography</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-878-8"><bdi>978-981-230-878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshall+of+Singapore%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-878-8&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBH88kpvyrdYC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbs2017-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs2017_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2017" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVEgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-917-3"><bdi>978-1-61251-917-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211001300/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVEgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Pacific+Fleet%3A+The+Royal+Navy%27s+Most+Powerful+Strike+Force&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-917-3&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVEgDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LambTarling2001-61"><a href="#cite_ref-LambTarling2001_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambTarling2001" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Margaret; Tarling, Nicholas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818180438/https://books.google.com/books?id=4izcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">From Versailles to Pearl Harbor: The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3772-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-3772-8</bdi></a>. 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BBC News. 15 February 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519174009/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3529000/3529447.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019. 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Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Hail+Malaysia%21&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1963-09-16&rft.aulast=Abisheganaden&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fgraphics%2Fassets%2Fimages%2FST175%2FNewspaperSG%2F1963-09-16%2Ffull.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/1dab53ea-788c-461c-acfb-ca625b974c9c">"Singapore becomes part of Malaysia"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 May 2017. <q>Negotiations were, however, done in complete secrecy... (Tunku moved) a bill to amend the constitution that would provide for Singapore's departure from the Federation. 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Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-42-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-42-3"><bdi>978-981-3035-42-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+of+Success%3A+The+Moulding+of+Modern+Singapore&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-981-3035-42-3&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Kernial+Singh&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DldKwPQ2PyBAC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Terry McCarthy, "Lee Kuan Yew." 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Retrieved 8 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Lee+Kuan+Yew%3A+Our+chief+diplomat+to+the+world&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fremembering-lee-kuan-yew-our-chief-diplomat-to-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629014047/http://www.changiairport.com.sg/changi/en/about_us/history_changi.html">"History of Changi Airport"</a>. Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. 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Retrieved 17 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lee+Kuan+Yew+School+of+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Lunch+Dialogue+on+%27Singapore+as+a+Transport+Hub%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flkyspp.nus.edu.sg%2Fnews-events%2Fevents%2Fdetails%2Flunch-dialogue-on-singapore-as-a-transport-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam2017" class="citation web cs1">Lam, Yin Yin (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/three-factors-have-made-singapore-global-logistics-hub">"Three factors that have made Singapore a global logistics hub"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank+Blogs&rft.atitle=Three+factors+that+have+made+Singapore+a+global+logistics+hub&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Yin+Yin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Ftransport%2Fthree-factors-have-made-singapore-global-logistics-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4976536.stm">"Singapore elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115181132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4976536.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2009. 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Retrieved 6 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goh+Chok+Tong&rft.pub=National+Library+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_860_2004-12-27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1143240.stm">"Country profile: Singapore"</a>. BBC News. 15 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229042533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1143240.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2008. 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Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+by+Industry&rft.pub=Singapore+Statistics&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fstats%2Fthemes%2Feconomy%2Fess%2Fessa11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101036-6"><bdi>978-0-14-101036-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Burning%3A+Heroism+and+Surrender+in+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.series=Penguin+military+history&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101036-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsingaporeburning0000coli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToland1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">Toland, John</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risingsundecli00tola">The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77-117669">77-117669</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25646706M">25646706M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Empire%2C+1936-1945&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25646706M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77-117669&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisingsundecli00tola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1957" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203">The Japanese Thrust</a>. Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Thrust&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Singapore <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Singapore&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Singapore">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Singapore&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Singapore <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Singapore&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Singapore">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Singapore&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbshire2011" class="citation book cs1">Abshire, Jean E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SITDEAAAQBAJ">The History of Singapore</a>. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Santa Barbara, Calif: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37742-6"><bdi>978-0-313-37742-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669750075">669750075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Singapore&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif&rft.series=The+Greenwood+histories+of+the+modern+nations&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669750075&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37742-6&rft.aulast=Abshire&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSITDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2019" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Michael D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxKEDwAAQBAJ">Singapore: A Modern History</a>. London ; New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-13387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-13387-7"><bdi>978-1-350-13387-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097575328">1097575328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1097575328&rft.isbn=978-1-350-13387-7&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxKEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2011" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhBMmG9yXgYC">Historical Dictionary of Singapore</a>. Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (New ed.). Lanham (Md.): <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7184-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7184-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7184-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Singapore&rft.place=Lanham+%28Md.%29&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7184-7&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvhBMmG9yXgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhesquiere2007" class="citation book cs1">Ghesquiere, Henri (2007). Singapore's Success: Engineering Economic Growth. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Corporation" title="Thomson Corporation">Thomson Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4195-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4195-28-7"><bdi>978-981-4195-28-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%27s+Success%3A+Engineering+Economic+Growth&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Thomson+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-981-4195-28-7&rft.aulast=Ghesquiere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeng2015" class="citation book cs1">Heng, Chye Kiang, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWxtDQAAQBAJ">50 Years Of Urban Planning In Singapore</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4656-45-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4656-45-0"><bdi>978-981-4656-45-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Years+Of+Urban+Planning+In+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4656-45-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWxtDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hill, Michael; Lian, Kwen Fee (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-7AOHscNewC">The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore</a>. Politics in Asia series (Repr ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12025-8"><bdi>978-0-415-12025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Nation+Building+and+Citizenship+in+Singapore&rft.place=London&rft.series=Politics+in+Asia+series&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12025-8&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Lian%2C+Kwen+Fee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-7AOHscNewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuff1994" class="citation book cs1">Huff, W. G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000huff">The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37037-0"><bdi>978-0-521-37037-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Growth+of+Singapore%3A+Trade+and+Development+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37037-0&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicgrowthof0000huff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2. ed.). Inglewood, WA: Insight Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9775567-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9775567-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9775567-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singapore+Miracle%2C+Myth+and+Reality&rft.place=Inglewood%2C+WA&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Insight+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9775567-0-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeifer2000" class="citation book cs1">Leifer, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiC6pkgWToIC">Singapore's Foreign Policy: Coping with Vulnerability</a>. Politics in Asia. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23353-8"><bdi>978-0-415-23353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%27s+Foreign+Policy%3A+Coping+with+Vulnerability&rft.place=London&rft.series=Politics+in+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23353-8&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiC6pkgWToIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, R. S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zrYd4-ExqAC">Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party</a>. Politics in Asia. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24653-8"><bdi>978-0-415-24653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Politics+Under+the+People%27s+Action+Party&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Politics+in+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24653-8&rft.aulast=Mauzy&rft.aufirst=Diane+K.&rft.au=Milne%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zrYd4-ExqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiaSng2009" class="citation book cs1">Chia, Wai Mun; Sng, Hui Ying, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXxpDQAAQBAJ">Singapore and Asia in a Globalized World: Contemporary Economic Issues and Policies</a>. Singapore ; Hackensack, N.J: <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-281-557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-281-557-6"><bdi>978-981-281-557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+Asia+in+a+Globalized+World%3A+Contemporary+Economic+Issues+and+Policies&rft.place=Singapore+%3B+Hackensack%2C+N.J&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-281-557-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXxpDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2017" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John Curtis (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnuuDQAAQBAJ">Singapore: Unlikely Power</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046950-4"><bdi>978-0-19-046950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%3A+Unlikely+Power&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-046950-4&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnuuDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2022" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Bilveer (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFBBEAAAQBAJ">Understanding Singapore Politics</a> (Second ed.). Singapore: <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-12-4340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-12-4340-0"><bdi>978-981-12-4340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Singapore+Politics&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-12-4340-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bilveer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFBBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tan, Kenneth Paul (2007). Tan, Kenneth Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNnbx98ixNkC">Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-377-0"><bdi>978-9971-69-377-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Singapore%3F+Economy%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-377-0&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYNnbx98ixNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ross (2003). Governance in Singapore. London: <a href="/wiki/RoutledgeCurzon" class="mw-redirect" title="RoutledgeCurzon">RoutledgeCurzon</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1474-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+in+Singapore&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1474-2&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kuan Yew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lee-kuan-yew-from-third-world-to-first">From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965-2000</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019776-6"><bdi>978-0-06-019776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Third+World+to+First%3A+The+Singapore+Story%2C+1965-2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019776-6&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kuan+Yew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flee-kuan-yew-from-third-world-to-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Singapore">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Singapore" class="extiw" title="c:Singapore">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Singapore" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Singapore">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Singapore" class="extiw" title="q:Singapore">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Singapore">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Singapore" class="extiw" title="b:Pinyin/Singapore">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Singapore" class="extiw" title="v:Singapore">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Singapore" class="extiw" title="voy:Singapore">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334" class="extiw" title="d:Q334">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/">"Singapore Infopedia"</a> from Singapore's National Library Board; numerous well-researched and well-documented essays on key events and important figures, as well as topics regarding culture, architecture, nature, etc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000711/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf">Census of Population 2000</a> (PDF) (Report). Singapore Department of Statistics. April 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-04-6158-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-04-6158-4"><bdi>978-981-04-6158-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+2000&rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft.date=2002-04&rft.isbn=978-981-04-6158-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fcop2000admin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mot.gov.sg/">"Key Facts & Figures"</a>. Ministry of Transport, Singapore. Retrieved 11 January 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Transport%2C+Singapore&rft.atitle=Key+Facts+%26+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mot.gov.sg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421003417/http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx">"Nation's History"</a>. Singapore Infomap. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx">the original</a> on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infomap&rft.atitle=Nation%27s+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.www.sg%2Fwho%2F4%2FOur-History.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.sg/">Singapore Government Online Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085722/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/singapore.htm">Singapore</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759">Singapore profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Singapore" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Singapore">Wikimedia Atlas of Singapore</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/536780">Singapore</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=1345015&x=103819427&z=11&l=0&m=a">WikiSatellite view of Singapore at WikiMapia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Singapore">Archaeology in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history (pre–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore_and_its_early_colonial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of modern Singapore and its early colonial period">Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements (1826–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration (1945–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore (1965–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches of Singapore">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Singapore" title="List of rivers of Singapore">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal_in_Singapore" title="Urban renewal in Singapore">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways_in_Singapore" title="List of waterways in Singapore">Waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Council_(Singapore)" title="Town Council (Singapore)">Town Councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" title="Economic statistics of Singapore">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore" title="Aviation in Singapore">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_Suzhou_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park">China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore" title="Labour movement of Singapore">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_developments_in_Singapore" title="Future developments in Singapore">Proposed developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard (SS)">Singapore Standard (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Singapore" title="Category:Society of Singapore">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Singapore" title="Disability in Singapore">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Frozen_Pork" title="Eat Frozen Pork">Eat Frozen Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Cs_of_Singapore" title="Five Cs of Singapore">Five Cs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hair in Singapore">Long hair in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Marathon" title="Singapore Marathon">Singapore Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_U-turn_syndrome" title="No U-turn syndrome">No U-turn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Singapore" title="Prostitution in Singapore">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Singapore">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund" title="Central Provident Fund">Social fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore" title="Architecture of Singapore">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Singapore" title="Gambling in Singapore">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Singapore">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Singapore">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Singapore" title="National symbols of Singapore">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Singapore" title="Bibliography of Singapore">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singapore" title="Category:Singapore">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Singapore</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Singapore&params=1_22_N_103_48_E_">1°22′N 103°48′E / 1.367°N 103.800°E / 1.367; 103.800</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" title="Template:Countries of the Malay Archipelago"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" title="Template talk:Countries of the Malay Archipelago"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of the Malay Archipelago"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Singapore&#124;link=Singapore_Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Template:Foreign relations of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Singapore&#124;link=Singapore_Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Kenya–Singapore relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Singapore–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Canada–Singapore relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Mexico–Singapore relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Singapore–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Armenia–Singapore relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Bangladesh–Singapore relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Brunei–Singapore relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Cambodia–Singapore relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Hong Kong–Singapore relations">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="India–Singapore relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Indonesia–Singapore relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Israel–Singapore relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Japan–Singapore relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan-Singapore_relations" title="Kazakhstan-Singapore relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Malaysia–Singapore relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Mongolia–Singapore relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Myanmar–Singapore relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="North Korea–Singapore relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Pakistan–Singapore relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Philippines–Singapore relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Singapore relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Singapore–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Singapore–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Singapore–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Singapore–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Singapore–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="France–Singapore relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Germany–Singapore relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Kosovo–Singapore relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Netherlands–Singapore relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Singapore–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Australia–Singapore relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="New Zealand–Singapore relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Singapore_and_the_United_Nations" title="Singapore and the United Nations">UN relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">ICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">ICRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">WCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_New_Zealand_and_Singapore_on_a_Closer_Economic_Partnership" title="Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership">Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Agreement">ASEAN–China Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Points_of_Agreement_of_1990" title="Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990">Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Treaty_on_the_Law_of_Trademarks" title="Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks">Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty" title="Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty">Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlement_and_Johore_Territorial_Waters_Agreement_of_1927" title="Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927">Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Strategic_Economic_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership">Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Singapore" title="List of diplomatic missions of Singapore">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Singapore" title="List of diplomatic missions in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Youth_Olympic_Games_Host_Cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_Olympic_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Youth Olympic Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_Olympic_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Youth Olympic Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_Olympic_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth Olympic Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Youth_Olympic_Games_Host_Cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a> Host Cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summer Youth Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a> • <a href="/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2014 Summer Youth Olympics">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> • <a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> • <a href="/wiki/2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2026 Summer Youth Olympics">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter Youth Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> • <a href="/wiki/2016_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2016 Winter Youth Olympics">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a> • <a href="/wiki/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2020 Winter Youth Olympics">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> • <a href="/wiki/2024_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2024 Winter Youth Olympics">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">East Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">North Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (de facto) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>* Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121851814">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151204333">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205288/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV8D6qM4JGxDqvHvtYfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055089-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059023">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865542f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865542f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571024">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Template:Cite_book"," 6.58% 360.236 3 Template:Navboxes"," 6.01% 328.687 12 Template:Sfn"," 3.33% 182.295 3 Template:Infobox"," 2.80% 153.242 10 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.633","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23486293,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbisheganaden1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbisheganaden1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbshire2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAdam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfendrasKuo1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmmonDittmarMattheier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Heathcote2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnshuman_DagaJoshua_Franklin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAquino2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._H._Goh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzilai2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburnHack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloodworth1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorschberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrookSodhiNg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCervero1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiaSng2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua_Chin_Hon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua_Hian_Hou2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookBassetti2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfield2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeskerAng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixonAlexandra2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDogra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnfield2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFagao_Zhou1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaizah_bte_Zakaria2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldmar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhesquiere2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlennieAngRhysAul2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoetz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbeck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeng2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHobbs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoe_Yeen_Nie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuff1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvy_Ong_Bee_Luan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesSheil-Small1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_N._Miksic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_Lee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhengIsmail1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhun_Eng_Kuah2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKok\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuah-Pearce2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuntz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambTarling2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLau2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeChang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Kuan_Yew2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Tong_Soon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Yen_Nee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegg1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeifer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeitch_Lepoer1989\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim_Hui_Jie2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd_Parry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow_Siang_Kok2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLum2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatisoff1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKnightHess2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMah2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMok_Ly_Yng2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2016\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMun_Cheong_YongV._V._Bhanoji_Rao1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNN2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNN2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichollKingHorton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNooten2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNur_Asyiqin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNylander2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmarChan_Fook_Weng2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtmannThompson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlezRamzy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrystay\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh,_S.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReading_Room\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReif2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandfort1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandhuWheatley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavageYeoh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeung-yoon_Lee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiying2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmallVerhoef2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStille2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanPreece2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_Hwee_Hwee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_Lay_Yuan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToland1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrocki2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucci2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngkuTeo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasagar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_R_SavageBrenda_Yeoh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWIPO2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWIPO2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigmore1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWihartaAhmadHalneLöfgren2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWoo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuChee_Beng_Tan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang_Huiwen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYap2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeoh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYinLee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuen-C2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaccheus2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang_Xuegang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFhermesauto2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Mirbach2015\"] = 1,\n [\"London\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 13,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 76,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 186,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 245,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear right\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth of Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of Southeast Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of the Malay Archipelago\"] = 1,\n [\"East Asia Summit (EAS)\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"English official language clickable map\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign relations of Singapore\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ms\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest planning areas of Singapore\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"List of Asian capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 26,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-Aligned Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Singapore legislation\"] = 4,\n [\"Singapore topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Singapore weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Singapore English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Youth Olympic Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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