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class="cdc-page-title-bar__item cdc-page-title-bar__item--date" datetime="2024-04-17 04:00:00"> April 17, 2024 </time> </section> <div class="cdc-page-title cdc-page-offset syndicate"> <h1>Controlling the Emergence and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance</h1> </div> <div id="content" class="cdc-page-content cdc-page-offset syndicate container"> <div class="cdc-dfe-body "> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__top "> <div class="dfe-section dfe-section--page-summary summary-list" data-section="cdc_prevention_page_summary"> <div class="dfe-section__header"> <h2>Key points</h2> </div> <div class="dfe-section__content"> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Antimicrobial resistance (AR) happens when germs bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">AR has been found in every U.S. state and country. Addressing this threat requires continued aggressive action to prevent infections in the first place, improve antibiotic and antifungal use and stop the spread of resistance when it does develop.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dfe-section__image" id="page-summary-image"> <figure class="dfe-image dfe-image__large"><div class="image-container calculated-ratio-16-9 aspect-ratio-16-9"><img src="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/images/2024/04/Protect-yourself-and-family.jpg" alt="Family at kitchen sink washing hands to prevent infections to slow the development of antimicrobial resistance."></div></figure> </div> <div id="nav-buttons"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__center "> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_overview"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_overview-actions-to-combat-ar" name="Actions%20to%20combat%20AR" title="Actions to combat AR"></a><h2>Actions to combat AR</h2> <p>Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant germs are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. </p> <p>No one can completely avoid getting an infection, but there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and help stop the spread of germs. </p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_exposure"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_exposure-protecting-yourself-your-family-and-others" name="Protecting%20yourself,%20your%20family%20and%20others" title="Protecting yourself, your family and others"></a><h2>Protecting yourself, your family and others</h2> <h3>Know your risk, ask questions and take care</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Keep cuts clean and covered until healed, and take good care of chronic conditions, like diabetes or heart disease.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/for-consumers/speak-up-campaigns/to-prevent-infection/" class="tp-link-policy" data-domain-ext="org">Speak up<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a> with questions or concerns.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Ask your healthcare provider about risks for certain infections and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/index.html" class="">sepsis</a>, the body's extreme response to infection.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Clean your hands</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Keeping your hands clean is one of the best ways to remove germs, avoid getting sick and prevent spreading germs to others.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="/clean-hands/about/index.html" class="">Learn more</a> about how washing your hands can fight germs that get on our hands every day.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Get vaccinated</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Vaccines are an important step to prevent infections, including resistant infections.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Talk to your healthcare provider or your child's healthcare provider about <a href="/vaccines/schedules/index.html" class="">vaccines recommended for all ages</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Use antibiotics and antifungals appropriately</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Talk with your healthcare provider about the best treatment when you or your family are sick.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Talk with your veterinarian about the best treatment option when your animal is sick.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Antibiotics and antifungals save lives, but any time they are used they can cause sides effects and contribute to antimicrobial resistance.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">One side effect is <a href="/c-diff/about/index.html" class=""><em>Clostridioides difficile</em></a>—a bacterium that is not typically resistant but is associated with antibiotic use. <em>C. diff</em> can cause severe and deadly diarrhea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain/tenderness and nausea.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Learn more about <a href="/antibiotic-use/index.html" class="">using antibiotics</a>, including when they are needed and when they are not.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Be aware of changes in your health</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Talk to your healthcare provider about how to recognize signs and symptoms of infections, or if you think you have an infection.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">If an infection isn't stopped, it can lead to additional complications like sepsis, a life-threatening medical emergency.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Practice healthy habits around animals</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Always clean your hands after touching, feeding, or caring for animals. Take measures to reduce your contact with animal waste, like using gloves.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Keep your animals and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-pets/about/index.html">pets healthy</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Talk to your veterinarian about AR and using antibiotics and antifungals only when needed to prevent risks to your animals/pets, including germs like <a href="/cre/about/index.html" class="">carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Prepare food safely</h3> <p>Follow four simple steps to avoid foodborne infections—clean, separate, cook, and chill.</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1"><strong>Clean</strong> your hands, cooking utensils and surfaces.<ul> <li class="level-2"><a href="/clean-hands/about/index.html" class="">Wash your hands</a> before and after touching raw meat, chicken and other poultry, seafood or eggs.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2">Wash your countertops, cutting boards and utensils after preparing each food item.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><strong>Separate</strong> raw meat from other foods.<ul> <li class="level-2">Use one cutting board or plate for raw meat and another for food that will not be cooked before it's eaten. Don't put cooked meat on a plate that had raw meat on it.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2">Germs from raw meat, poultry, seafood and eggs can spread to fruits, vegetables and other ready-to-eat foods unless you keep them separate. <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><strong>Cook</strong> foods to safe temperatures. Use a food thermometer to make sure food is cooked to a safe internal temperature:<ul> <li class="level-2">145°F for whole cuts of beef, pork, lamb and veal, such as steaks, chops, and roasts (then allow meat to rest for 3 minutes before carving or eating).<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2">160°F for ground meats, such as beef and pork, and egg dishes.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2">165°F for poultry, including ground chicken and turkey.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><strong>Chill</strong> leftovers and other foods promptly.<ul> <li class="level-2">Keep your refrigerator at 40°F or below and refrigerate food within 2 hours of cooking.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-2">Refrigerate within 1 hour if food is exposed to temperatures above 90°F (like a hot car or picnic). <ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="dfe-block dfe-callout dfe-callout--calltoaction"><h3>Understanding the risk of foodborne illness&lrm;</h3> <div class="dfe-callout__body"><div class="callout-desc">Anyone can get food poisoning, but certain groups of people are more likely to get very sick. People at risk for severe infections include young children, pregnant women, older adults and people with other health conditions.</div> </div><div class="dfe-callout__button"><a href="/food-safety/foods/antimicrobial-resistance.html" class="button hollow">Learn more about foodborne illness and AR.</a></div></div> <h3>Stay healthy when traveling abroad</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Be vigilant when traveling abroad.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Know what vaccinations are needed, check health alerts, <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/food-water-safety" class="">stick to safe food and drinks</a>, plan in advance in case you get sick and learn about the risks of medical tourism.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Visit <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/" class="">CDC's Traveler's Health</a> website for more information.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>Prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)</h3> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">The only way to avoid STIs is to not have sex.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">If you have sex, lower your risk by choosing safer sexual activities and using condoms the right way from start to finish.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">You and your partner should be treated right away if you test positive for STIs to keep from getting infected again.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Gonorrhea, a common bacterial STI can be resistant to the drugs designed to treat it.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Learn <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sti/prevention/index.html#cdc_prevention_pre-prevention-steps-and-strategies" class="">effective strategies</a> to reduce STI if risk for yourself and your partner.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="dfe-links-layout--featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link dfe-curated-link--featured" data-post="1281_489"><div class="dfe-curated-link__image dfe-image featured"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/Actions-Protect-Yourself-508.pdf" title="Protect Yourself & Your Family"><img src="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/images/Actions-Protect-Yourself-thumb.jpg" alt="Actions to Protect Yourself" title="actions to protect yourself thumbnail"></a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__content featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link__title"><a aria-label="View" target="_blank" class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/Actions-Protect-Yourself-508.pdf">Protect Yourself & Your Family<span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__desc">No one can completely avoid getting an infection, but there are steps you can take to reduce your ri...</div> <time class="dfe-curated-link__date">June 3, 2024</time> <div class="featured download"><div class="download-container"><a aria-label="Download" download="Actions-Protect-Yourself-508.pdf" class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/Actions-Protect-Yourself-508.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="cdc-fa-arrow-down-to-line"> </span><span class="down_label">Download</span><span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></div></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__download"><div class="download-container"><a aria-label="Download" download="Actions-Protect-Yourself-508.pdf" class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/Actions-Protect-Yourself-508.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="cdc-fa-arrow-down-to-line"> </span><span class="down_label">Download</span><span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_pre"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_pre-health-departments-combat-ar" name="Health%20departments%20combat%20AR" title="Health departments combat AR"></a><h2>Health departments combat AR</h2> <p>Health departments are critical partners to rapidly detect resistance threats, help improve antibiotic and antifungal use, lead local responses and stop the spread of germs. </p> <p>Health departments across the U.S. combat antimicrobial resistance by: </p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Participating in <a href="/antimicrobial-resistance-laboratory-networks/php/about/testing-services.html" class="">CDC's Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Network</a> by submitting isolates.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Supporting local responses to prevent spread.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Supporting aggressive responses to all unusual resistance.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Working with local partners and healthcare facilities to track and prevent healthcare-associated, foodborne and community infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant germs.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/threats/index.html" class="">Using data</a> to improve antibiotic and antifungal use and keep them effective for life-threatening infections, including those that can lead to <a href="/sepsis/about/index.html" class="">sepsis</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Leading or supporting improvements to antibiotic and antifungal use in people, animals and plants.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="dfe-links-layout--featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link dfe-curated-link--featured" data-post="1281_530"><div class="dfe-curated-link__image dfe-image featured"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/HD-Combating-AR-508.pdf" title="Health Departments Are Combating Antimicrobial Resistance"><img src="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/images/HD-Combating-AR-thumb.jpg" alt="Health Departments Are Combating Antimicrobial Resistance" title="health departments combat ar thumbnail"></a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__content featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link__title"><a aria-label="View" target="_blank" class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/HD-Combating-AR-508.pdf">Health Departments Are Combating Antimicrobial Resistance<span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__desc">State and local health departments fight antimicrobial resistance, but more support is needed as new...</div> <time class="dfe-curated-link__date">Mar. 25, 2024</time> <div class="featured download"><div class="download-container"><a aria-label="Download" download="HD-Combating-AR-508.pdf" class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/HD-Combating-AR-508.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="cdc-fa-arrow-down-to-line"> </span><span class="down_label">Download</span><span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></div></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__download"><div class="download-container"><a aria-label="Download" download="HD-Combating-AR-508.pdf" class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/pdfs/HD-Combating-AR-508.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="cdc-fa-arrow-down-to-line"> </span><span class="down_label">Download</span><span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_import"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_import-why-prevention-is-important" name="Why%20prevention%20is%20important" title="Why prevention is important"></a><h2>Why prevention is important</h2> <p>AR has the potential to affect people at any stage of life, as well as the healthcare, veterinary and agriculture industries. This makes it one of the world's most urgent public health problems. </p> <p>Bacteria and fungi do not have to be resistant to every antibiotic or antifungal to be dangerous. Resistance to even one antibiotic or antifungal treatment can mean serious problems. For example: </p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Antimicrobial-resistant infections that require the use of second- and third-line treatments can harm patients by causing serious side effects, such as organ failure, and prolong care and recovery, sometimes for months.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Many medical advances are dependent on the ability to fight infections using antibiotics, including joint replacements, organ transplants, cancer therapy, and the treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">In some cases, antimicrobial-resistant infections have no treatment options.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>If antibiotics and antifungals lose their effectiveness, then we lose the ability to treat infections and control these public health threats.</p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_when_traveling"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_when_traveling-what-cdc-is-doing" name="What%20CDC%20is%20doing" title="What CDC is doing"></a><h2>What CDC is doing</h2> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/programs/index.html" class="">Supporting state and local health departments</a> to rapidly detect, respond and contain local AR threats.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/programs/AR-investments.html" class="">Investing</a> to protect the United States and the world against antimicrobial resistance.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Working with partners to <a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/stories/index.html" class="">drive aggressive action and empower the nation</a> to respond to antimicrobial resistance.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/programs/AR-investments.html" class="">Funding initiatives and activities</a> to combat antimicrobial resistance.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Monitoring, tracking and publishing reports on <a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/facts-stats/index.html" class="">antimicrobial resistance data</a>.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_animal"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_animal-prevention-actions-still-needed" name="Prevention%20actions%20still%20needed" title="Prevention actions still needed"></a><h2>Prevention actions still needed</h2> <p>The U.S. Government supports state and local health departments to rapidly detect, respond and contain local AR threats. However, new types of resistance are constantly emerging and spreading. More action is needed to protect people. For example:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Addressing gaps in lab capacity that can allow germs to spread undetected.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Supporting labs that need a specialized workforce to use new technologies.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Accessing enhanced data tools to learn about resistant germs and affected people.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Providing boots on the ground to stop spread when containment responses are labor intensive.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Promoting lab-epidemiology coordination, which is essential to stop the spread of new threats.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Improving antibiotic and antifungal use with tailored interventions.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Tracking antibiotic and antifungal use in settings like nursing homes and long-term care facilities, which often does not exist or is difficult.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_prevention_res"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_prevention_res-resources" name="Resources" title="Resources"></a><h2>Resources</h2> <div class="dfe-links-layout--featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link dfe-curated-link--featured" data-post="1281_132"><div class="dfe-curated-link__image dfe-image featured"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/threats/index.html" title="2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report"><img src="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/images/2019-ar-threats-report-thumb.jpg" alt="2019 AR Threats Report" title="2019 ar threats report thumbnail"></a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__content featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link__title"><a class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/threats/index.html">2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report</a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__desc">CDC's 2019 AR Threats Report includes national estimates for 18 antimicrobial-resistant germs.</div> <time class="dfe-curated-link__date">July 16, 2024</time> <div class="featured download"></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__download"></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link dfe-curated-link--featured" data-post="1281_167"><div class="dfe-curated-link__content featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link__title"><a class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/communication-resources/index.html">Print Materials & Fact Sheets</a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__desc">CDC’s fact sheets and graphics highlighting antimicrobial resistance are free for download and can b...</div> <time class="dfe-curated-link__date">Apr. 21, 2024</time> <div class="featured download"></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__download"></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link dfe-curated-link--featured" data-post="1281_113"><div class="dfe-curated-link__image dfe-image featured"><a href="/antimicrobial-resistance/stories/index.html" title="Feature Stories"><img src="/antimicrobial-resistance/media/images/ARCH-Project-Botswana-Lab-Team-thump.jpg" alt="ARCH project Botswana lab team processes sample" title="arch project botswana lab team processes sample"></a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__content featured"><div class="dfe-curated-link__title"><a class="cdc-block-link" href="/antimicrobial-resistance/stories/index.html">Feature Stories</a></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__desc">Feature stories: Learn how CDC and partners are addressing antimicrobial resistance.</div> <time class="dfe-curated-link__date">Apr. 22, 2024</time> <div class="featured download"></div></div> <div class="dfe-curated-link__download"></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__right page-right-rail"> <aside class="page-right-rail__static noindex" role="complementary"> <div class="on-this-page " data-sid=""> <h2 class="on-this-page__heading"> On This Page </h2> <div class="card-body"> <ul> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_overview-actions-to-combat-ar">Actions to combat AR</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_exposure-protecting-yourself-your-family-and-others">Protecting yourself, your family and others</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_pre-health-departments-combat-ar">Health departments combat AR</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_import-why-prevention-is-important">Why prevention is important</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_when_traveling-what-cdc-is-doing">What CDC is doing</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_animal-prevention-actions-still-needed">Prevention actions still needed</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_prevention_res-resources">Resources</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="page-right-rail__dynamic noindex" role="complementary"> <div data-related-nav></div> </aside> </div> </div> <div data-journey-next></div> <section class="container page-mobile-bar"> <time class="page-mobile-bar__item page-mobile-bar__item--date" datetime="2024-04-17 00:00:00"> April 17, 2024 </time> </section> <div class="page-content-sources noindex"> <div 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