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Atterrisseur — Wikipédia

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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques_d&#039;atterrissage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques d'atterrissage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques_d&#039;atterrissage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Techniques d'atterrissage</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques_d&#039;atterrissage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rétrofusées" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rétrofusées"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rétrofusées</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rétrofusées-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freinage_atmosphérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freinage_atmosphérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Freinage atmosphérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freinage_atmosphérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parachutes_supersoniques_et_subsoniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parachutes_supersoniques_et_subsoniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parachutes supersoniques et subsoniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parachutes_supersoniques_et_subsoniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coussins_gonflables_de_sécurité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coussins_gonflables_de_sécurité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coussins gonflables de sécurité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coussins_gonflables_de_sécurité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protections/amortisseurs_internes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protections/amortisseurs_internes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Protections/amortisseurs internes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protections/amortisseurs_internes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grue_aéroportée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grue_aéroportée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Grue aéroportée</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grue_aéroportée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atterrisseur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 41 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مركبة إنزال – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة إنزال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterrizador" title="Aterrizador – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aterrizador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enm%C9%99_aparat%C4%B1" title="Enmə aparatı – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enmə aparatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انمه آپاراتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انمه آپاراتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пасадачны модуль – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пасадачны модуль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Спускаем модул – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спускаем модул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অবতরণ যান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবতরণ যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_(svemirska_letjelica)" title="Lender (svemirska letjelica) – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lender (svemirska letjelica)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2dul_de_descens" title="Mòdul de descens – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mòdul de descens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99ist%C3%A1vac%C3%AD_modul" title="Přistávací modul – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přistávací modul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander" title="Lander – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lander (spacecraft)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterrizador" title="Aterrizador – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aterrizador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandur_(kosmoseaparaat)" title="Maandur (kosmoseaparaat) – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maandur (kosmoseaparaat)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaitsiera_modulu" title="Jaitsiera modulu – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jaitsiera modulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سطح‌نشین – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سطح‌نشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskeutumisluotain" title="Laskeutumisluotain – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laskeutumisluotain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3dulo_de_descenso" title="Módulo de descenso – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Módulo de descenso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%AA_(%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="נחתת (גשושית) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחתת (גשושית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleta%C4%8D" title="Sletač – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sletač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesz%C3%A1ll%C3%B3egys%C3%A9g" title="Leszállóegység – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leszállóegység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84" title="Իջեցվող սարք – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իջեցվող սարք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendarat_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Pendarat (wahana antariksa) – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendarat (wahana antariksa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendingarfar" title="Lendingarfar – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lendingarfar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander" title="Lander – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ランダー – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A9%EB%A5%99%EC%84%A0" title="착륙선 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="착륙선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander" title="Lander – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lander" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolai%C5%BEamais_apar%C4%81ts" title="Nolaižamais aparāts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nolaižamais aparāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendarat_(aeroangkasa)" title="Pendarat (aeroangkasa) – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendarat (aeroangkasa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander_(ruimtevaart)" title="Lander (ruimtevaart) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lander (ruimtevaart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landar" title="Landar – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Landar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landingsfart%C3%B8y" title="Landingsfartøy – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Landingsfartøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85downik" title="Lądownik – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lądownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterrissador" title="Aterrissador – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aterrissador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sond%C4%83_de_aterizare" title="Sondă de aterizare – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sondă de aterizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Посадочный модуль – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Посадочный модуль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8)" title="แลนเดอร์ (ยานอวกาศ) – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แลนเดอร์ (ยานอวกาศ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ni%C5%9F_arac%C4%B1" title="İniş aracı – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İniş aracı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E9%99%86%E5%99%A8" title="着陆器 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="着陆器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" 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aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Apollo_16_LM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apollo_16_LM.jpg/220px-Apollo_16_LM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apollo_16_LM.jpg/330px-Apollo_16_LM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Apollo_16_LM.jpg/440px-Apollo_16_LM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>L'atterrisseur <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Module_lunaire_Apollo" title="Module lunaire Apollo">LM</a> sur la surface lunaire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>atterrisseur</b> (<i>lander</i> en <a href="/wiki/Anglais" title="Anglais">anglais</a>) est dans le domaine de l'<a href="/wiki/Astronautique" title="Astronautique">astronautique</a> un engin spatial, embarqué dans un <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_spatial" title="Véhicule spatial">véhicule spatial</a>, destiné à se poser sur la surface d'un <a href="/wiki/Objet_c%C3%A9leste" title="Objet céleste">astre</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'atterrisseur peut être habité ou non. </p><p>On distingue deux grands types d'atterrisseurs&#160;: </p> <ul><li>ceux fixes, ou atterrisseurs au sens strict, tels que <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Huygens (sonde spatiale)"><i>Huygens</i></a> sur <a href="/wiki/Titan_(lune)" title="Titan (lune)">Titan</a>&#160;;</li> <li>ceux qui comportent un <a href="/wiki/Astromobile" title="Astromobile">astromobile</a>, tels que <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover"><i>Spirit</i> et <i>Opportunity</i></a> sur <a href="/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mars (planète)">Mars</a>.</li></ul> <p>Selon le type de mission, les <a href="/wiki/Sonde_spatiale" title="Sonde spatiale">sondes spatiales</a> peuvent comporter un atterrisseur, un <a href="/wiki/Orbiteur" title="Orbiteur">orbiteur</a> qui observe l'astre depuis son orbite. Certaines sondes n'effectuent qu'un survol de l'astre à observer, ce qui leur permet d'observer successivement plusieurs corps célestes. Lorsque l'objet est destiné à percuter un astre à grande vitesse, il s'agit d'un <a href="/wiki/Impacteur" title="Impacteur">impacteur</a>, tel <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Deep Impact (sonde spatiale)"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Deep Impact</span></i></a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraintes">Contraintes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Contraintes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Contraintes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les techniques d'atterrissage sont très variables. Elles dépendent à la fois des caractéristiques de l'astre sur lequel l'engin doit se poser, de la masse de ce dernier et des contraintes de la mission&#160;: </p> <ul><li>la présence d'une <a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A8re_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Atmosphère planétaire">atmosphère</a> autour de l'astre permet de réduire fortement la vitesse de l'atterrisseur en utilisant les forces de traînée (utilisation d'un bouclier puis d'un ou plusieurs parachutes). Plus l'atmosphère est épaisse (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète)">Vénus</a>), plus ce freinage est efficace&#160;;</li> <li>la masse de l'atterrisseur. Certaines techniques ne marchent plus lorsque l'atterrisseur est particulièrement massif. Par exemple la technique de l'airbag utilisée sur Mars pour les rovers <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></i> ne pouvait pas être reconduite pour l'<a href="/wiki/Astromobile" title="Astromobile">astromobile</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory"><i>Curiosity</i></a>&#160;;</li> <li>la valeur de la gravité du corps céleste sur lequel s'effectue l'atterrissage&#160;: il y a de grandes différences entre l'atterrissage sur une comète à la gravité très faible et sur une planète dont la gravité est proche de celle de la Terre&#160;;</li> <li>la part allouée au carburant (donc le coût de la mission)&#160;: l'utilisation de rétrofusées pour se poser en douceur accroît la masse de l'atterrisseur.</li> <li>la décélération subie à l'atterrissage&#160;: l'atterrisseur peut accepter une décélération plus ou moins importante selon le type de mission. Le <a href="/wiki/Module_lunaire_Apollo" title="Module lunaire Apollo">module lunaire <i>Apollo</i></a> devait par exemple se poser avec une vitesse verticale de quelques mètres par seconde et une vitesse horizontale très réduite sous peine de briser son <a href="/wiki/Train_d%27atterrissage" title="Train d&#39;atterrissage">train d'atterrissage</a> et de ne plus pouvoir décoller&#160;;</li> <li>la précision de l'atterrissage&#160;: certaines techniques permettent d'atteindre avec plus de précision le site visé.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_d'atterrissage"><span id="Techniques_d.27atterrissage"></span>Techniques d'atterrissage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Techniques d&#039;atterrissage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Techniques d&#039;atterrissage"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les atterrisseurs utilisent une ou plusieurs des techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rétrofusées"><span id="R.C3.A9trofus.C3.A9es"></span>Rétrofusées</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Rétrofusées" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Rétrofusées"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les rétrofusées sont historiquement la première technique mise en œuvre. Cette technique permet un atterrissage en douceur mais nécessite l'emport d'une quantité de carburant d'autant plus importante que le corps céleste est massif. Elle a été utilisée sur la Lune mais n'est pas viable du fait de la masse d'ergols à emporter sur des planètes plus importantes. Sur ces dernières elle est utilisée uniquement dans la phase finale de l'atterrissage lorsque la vitesse de l'atterrisseur a chuté à une vitesse inférieure à celle du son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freinage_atmosphérique"><span id="Freinage_atmosph.C3.A9rique"></span>Freinage atmosphérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Freinage atmosphérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Freinage atmosphérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rofreinage" title="Aérofreinage">aérofreinage</a> est systématiquement utilisé pour les planètes ou lunes dotées d'une atmosphère, comme <a href="/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mars (planète)">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète)">Vénus</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Titan_(lune)" title="Titan (lune)">Titan</a>. Lorsque la sonde spatiale pénètre dans l'atmosphère la sonde spatiale qui est dotée d'une grande vitesse (au minimum <span title="18&#160;000 km/h" style="cursor:help">5</span>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par seconde">km/s</abbr> pour Mars) est ralentie fortement par les forces de frottement générées par l'atmosphère. La vitesse chute rapidement et l'énergie cinétique acquise est transformée en chaleur en portant certaines parties de la sonde à des températures pouvant atteindre plusieurs milliers de degrés. L'atterrisseur doit donc être enfermé dans un <a href="/wiki/Bouclier_thermique" title="Bouclier thermique">bouclier thermique</a> généralement ablatif qui la protège de la chaleur. Une sonde qui rentrerait sur Terre peut ralentir ainsi de <span title="39&#160;600 km/h" style="cursor:help">11</span>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre par seconde">km/s</abbr> à quelques centaines de km/h sans aucune dépense de carburant. Le bouclier thermique représente malgré tout une masse assez importante (700&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme">kg</abbr> sur les 3,4&#160;tonnes de la sonde martienne <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> au moment de sa <a href="/wiki/Rentr%C3%A9e_atmosph%C3%A9rique" title="Rentrée atmosphérique">rentrée atmosphérique</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parachutes_supersoniques_et_subsoniques">Parachutes supersoniques et subsoniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Parachutes supersoniques et subsoniques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Parachutes supersoniques et subsoniques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cette technique n'est utilisable que lorsque le corps céleste cible est doté d'une atmosphère et lorsque la vitesse de descente de l'atterrisseur a chuté sous une valeur donnée (Mach 2 sur Mars pour MSL). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coussins_gonflables_de_sécurité"><span id="Coussins_gonflables_de_s.C3.A9curit.C3.A9"></span>Coussins gonflables de sécurité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Coussins gonflables de sécurité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Coussins gonflables de sécurité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">coussins gonflables de sécurité</a> peuvent être utilisés durant la toute dernière phase de l'atterrissage afin d'éviter l'emport d'un système d'atterrissage final sophistiqué. Ils ont été mis en œuvre sur la Lune par les sondes soviétiques du <a href="/wiki/Programme_Luna" title="Programme Luna">programme Luna</a> puis le principe a été repris à une plus grande échelle pour les atterrisseurs martiens américains <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> et les rovers <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protections/amortisseurs_internes"><span id="Protections.2Famortisseurs_internes"></span>Protections/amortisseurs internes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Protections/amortisseurs internes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Protections/amortisseurs internes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grue_aéroportée"><span id="Grue_a.C3.A9roport.C3.A9e"></span>Grue aéroportée</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Grue aéroportée" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Grue aéroportée"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technique utilisée dans la phase finale de l'atterrissage par la sonde américaine <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surveyor (Lune)."><img alt="Surveyor (Lune)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg/426px-Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg/640px-Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg/852px-Surveyor_lunar_lander_-_Smithsonian_Air_and_Space_Museum_-_2012-05-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Programme_Surveyor" title="Programme Surveyor"><i>Surveyor</i></a> (Lune).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 377.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 375.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mars_3_(MMA_2011)_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars 3."><img alt="Mars 3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mars_3_%28MMA_2011%29_%282%29.JPG/563px-Mars_3_%28MMA_2011%29_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="376" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mars_3_%28MMA_2011%29_%282%29.JPG/845px-Mars_3_%28MMA_2011%29_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mars_3_%28MMA_2011%29_%282%29.JPG/1125px-Mars_3_%28MMA_2011%29_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 312px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Viking_Lander_Model.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atterrisseur Viking."><img alt="Atterrisseur Viking." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Viking_Lander_Model.jpg/465px-Viking_Lander_Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Viking_Lander_Model.jpg/698px-Viking_Lander_Model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Viking_Lander_Model.jpg/930px-Viking_Lander_Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atterrisseur <a href="/wiki/Programme_Viking" title="Programme Viking"><i>Viking</i></a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="national_d&#39;études_spatiales_(France)international_de_la_langue_française2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Centre_national_d&#39;études_spatiales_(France)Conseil_international_de_la_langue_française2001">Centre national d'études spatiales (France) et Conseil international de la langue française, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de spatiologie&#160;: sciences et techniques spatiales</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&#160;I&#160;: <span class="italique">Termes et définitions</span>, Paris, CILF, <time>2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85319-290-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85319-290-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-85319-290-3</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/49611364">49611364</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+spatiologie&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=CILF&amp;rft.edition=4&amp;rft.stitle=sciences+et+techniques+spatiales&amp;rft.au=Centre+national+d%27%C3%A9tudes+spatiales+%28France%29&amp;rft.au=Conseil+international+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-85319-290-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49611364&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAtterrisseur"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Ball2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Andrew_J_Ball2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Andrew J Ball <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Planetary landers and entry probes</cite>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, <time>2009</time>, 340&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-12958-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-12958-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-12958-9</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-82002-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-82002-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-82002-8</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/461270335">461270335</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+landers+and+entry+probes&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew+J&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.tpages=340&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-12958-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F461270335&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAtterrisseur"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atterrisseur&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiteur" title="Orbiteur">Orbiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astromobile" title="Astromobile">Astromobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonde_spatiale" title="Sonde spatiale">Sonde spatiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacteur" title="Impacteur">Impacteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_sondes_spatiales_qui_ont_atterri_sur_un_corps_extraterrestre" title="Liste des sondes spatiales qui ont atterri sur un corps extraterrestre">Liste des sondes spatiales qui ont atterri sur un corps extraterrestre</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Sondes_spatiales_objets_mineurs" title="Modèle:Palette Sondes spatiales objets mineurs"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Sondes_spatiales_objets_mineurs&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Missions spatiales vers des objets mineurs (astéroïdes, comètes)</div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="background:#DDDDDD;" colspan="2">Les dates indiquées entre parenthèses sont celles de lancement</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;">Survols</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Giotto (sonde spatiale)">Giotto</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei" title="Suisei">Suisei</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE_3" title="ISEE 3">ICE</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Stardust (sonde spatiale)">Stardust</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Rosetta (sonde spatiale)">Rosetta</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Deep Impact (sonde spatiale)">Deep Impact</a> / <a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Lucy (sonde spatiale)">Lucy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Orbiteur" title="Orbiteur">Orbiteurs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Rosetta (sonde spatiale)">Rosetta</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Dawn (sonde spatiale)">Dawn</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Psyché (sonde spatiale)">Psyché</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen_2" title="Tianwen 2">Tianwen 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Impacteur" title="Impacteur">Impacteurs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(sonde_spatiale)#L&#39;impacteur" title="Deep Impact (sonde spatiale)">SMART</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_2#Instrumentation_scientifique" title="Hayabusa 2">SCI</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atterrisseurs</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(atterrisseur)" title="Philae (atterrisseur)">Philae</a> (module de la sonde Rosetta, 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Mission_de_retour_d%27%C3%A9chantillons" title="Mission de retour d&#39;échantillons">Retour d'échantillons</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Hayabusa (sonde spatiale)">Hayabusa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos-Grunt" title="Phobos-Grunt">Phobos-Grunt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_2" title="Hayabusa 2">Hayabusa 2</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MMX</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;">Survols (mission secondaire)</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Galileo (sonde spatiale)">Galileo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;">Projets à l'étude</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Astrobiology_Exploration_SAmple_Return" title="Comet Astrobiology Exploration SAmple Return">CAESAR</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:170px; background:#DDDDDD;">Projets abandonnés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesta_(sonde_spatiale)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesta (sonde spatiale) (page inexistante)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Kuiper_Express" title="Pluto Kuiper Express">Pluto Kuiper Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quichotte_(concept_de_mission_spatiale)" title="Don Quichotte (concept de mission spatiale)">Don Quichotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="background:#DDDDDD;" colspan="2"><sup><small>1</small></sup> Mission ayant échoué.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail de l’astronautique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/24px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/36px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/48px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail:Astronautique">Portail de l’astronautique</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐98hqk Cached time: 20241124183159 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.157 seconds Real time usage: 0.231 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 921/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39637/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7087/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5030/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.068/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3507238/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 179.771 1 -total 30.33% 54.521 1 Modèle:Portail 25.79% 46.356 1 Modèle:Références 21.88% 39.341 2 Modèle:Ouvrage 18.69% 33.598 1 Modèle:Lang 12.97% 23.323 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 12.36% 22.219 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies 11.73% 21.091 1 Modèle:Palette 8.00% 14.381 1 Modèle:Palette_Sondes_spatiales_objets_mineurs 7.26% 13.053 4 Modèle:Unité --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:1054795-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124183159 and revision id 207464542. 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