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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإجهاض والصحة العقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإجهاض والصحة العقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postabortivn%C3%AD_syndrom" title="Postabortivní syndrom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Postabortivní syndrom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Abortion-Syndrom" title="Post-Abortion-Syndrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Post-Abortion-Syndrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborto_y_salud_mental" title="Aborto y salud mental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aborto y salud mental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_de_l%27avortement_sur_la_sant%C3%A9_mentale" title="Impact de l'avortement sur la santé mentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impact de l'avortement sur la santé mentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D6%87_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աբորտ և հոգեկան առողջություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբորտ և հոգեկան առողջություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abortion and mental health" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborsi_dan_kesehatan_mental" title="Aborsi dan kesehatan mental – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aborsi dan kesehatan mental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9" title="הפלה ובריאות הנפש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפלה ובריאות הנפש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93caborta_sindroms" title="Pēcaborta sindroms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pēcaborta sindroms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wp%C5%82yw_aborcji_na_zdrowie_psychiczne" title="Wpływ aborcji na zdrowie psychiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wpływ aborcji na zdrowie psychiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entre_aborto_e_sa%C3%BAde_mental" title="Relação entre aborto e saúde mental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relação entre aborto e saúde mental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Аборт и психическое здоровье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аборт и психическое здоровье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Побачај и ментално здравље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Побачај и ментално здравље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F" title="Аборт та психічне здоров'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аборт та психічне здоров'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mental effects of undergoing an abortion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Articles related to</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Pregnancy and mental health</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Antenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth-related_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder">Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_blues" title="Postpartum blues">Postpartum blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disappointment" title="Gender disappointment">Gender disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_and_mental_disorders" title="Miscarriage and mental disorders">Miscarriage and mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_options_counseling" title="Pregnancy options counseling">Pregnancy options counseling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mental_health" title="Infant mental health">Infant mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_depression" title="Paternal depression">Paternal depression</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy_and_mental_health" title="Template:Pregnancy and mental health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy_and_mental_health" title="Template talk:Pregnancy and mental health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy_and_mental_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy and mental health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scientific and medical expert bodies have repeatedly concluded that <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> poses no greater mental health risks than carrying an unintended pregnancy to term.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nccmh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccmh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the relationship between induced abortion and mental health is an area of <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_controversy" title="Manufactured controversy">political controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazelon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-now_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-now-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> concluded after a review of available evidence that induced abortion did not increase the risk of mental-health problems. In 2011, the U.K. <a href="/wiki/National_Collaborating_Centre_for_Mental_Health" title="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health">National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health</a> similarly concluded that first-time abortion in the first trimester does not increase the risk of mental-health problems compared with bringing the pregnancy to term.<sup id="cite_ref-nccmh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccmh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-nccmh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-nccmh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that abortion does not lead to depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.K. <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</a> likewise summarized the evidence by finding that abortion did not increase the risk of mental-health problems compared to women carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term.<sup id="cite_ref-rcog_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two studies conducted on the Danish population in 2011 and 2012 analysed the association between abortion and psychiatric admission found no increase in admissions after an abortion. The same study, in fact, found an increase in psychiatric admission after first child-birth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> of the medical literature on abortion and mental health found that high-quality studies consistently showed few or no mental-health consequences of abortion, while poor-quality studies were more likely to report negative consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-charles-2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charles-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the weight of scientific and medical opinion, some <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a> advocacy groups have continued to allege a link between abortion and mental-health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-stotlandreview_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stotlandreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some anti-abortion groups have used the term "post-abortion syndrome" to refer to negative psychological effects which they attribute to abortion. However, "post-abortion syndrome" is not recognized as an actual syndrome by the mainstream medical community.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-abortion syndrome (PAS) is not included in the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> <a href="/wiki/DSM-IV-TR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV-TR">DSM-IV-TR</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the <a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD-10</a> list of psychiatric conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical professionals and <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> advocates have argued that the effort to popularize the idea of a "post-abortion syndrome" is a tactic used by anti-abortion advocates for political purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazelon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stotlandreview_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stotlandreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stotland_1404747_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stotland_1404747-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">U.S. state legislatures</a> have mandated that patients be told that abortion increases their risk of depression and suicide, despite the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> contradicting such claims.<sup id="cite_ref-charles-2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charles-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nejm-sd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm-sd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_scientific_evidence">Current scientific evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current scientific evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic reviews</a> of the scientific literature have concluded that there are no differences in the long-term mental health of women who obtain induced abortions as compared to women in appropriate control groups—that is, those who carry unplanned pregnancies to term. These studies have consistently found no causal relationship between abortion and mental-health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-charles-2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charles-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some studies have reported a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_correlation" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical correlation">statistical correlation</a> between abortion and mental health problems, these studies are typically methodologically flawed and fail to account for <a href="/wiki/Confounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounder">confounding factors</a>, or, as with results of women having multiple abortions, yield results inconsistent with other similar studies.<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horvath2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horvath2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correlations observed in some studies may be explained by pre-existing social circumstances and emotional or mental health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horvath2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horvath2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various factors, such as emotional attachment to the pregnancy, lack of support, and conservative views on abortion may increase the likelihood of experiencing negative reactions. </p><p>Major medical and psychiatric expert groups have consistently found that abortion does not cause mental-health problems. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> reviewed the literature on abortion and mental health and concluded that the risk of mental health problems following a single, first-trimester <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">induced abortion</a> of an adult women is no greater than carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. While observing that abortion may both relieve stress and "engender additional stress," they explicitly rejected the idea that abortion is "inherently traumatic."<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those women who do experience mental health issues following an abortion, the APA concluded that these issues are most likely related to pre-existing risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these and other risk factors may also predispose some women to more negative reactions following a birth, the higher rates of mental illness observed among women with a prior history of abortion are more likely to be caused by these other factors than by abortion itself.<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel noted severe inconsistency between the outcomes reported by studies on the effect of multiple abortions. Additionally, the same factors which predispose a woman to multiple unwanted pregnancies may also predispose her to mental health difficulties. Therefore, they declined to draw a firm conclusion on studies concerning multiple abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-aug-2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-aug-2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2011, the U.K. <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a> undertook a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> to clarify the question of whether abortion had harmful effects on women's mental health. The review, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Collaborating_Centre_for_Mental_Health" title="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health">National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health</a> and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">U.K. Department of Health</a>, concluded that while unwanted pregnancy may increase the risk of mental-health problems, women faced with unwanted pregnancies have similar rates of mental-health problems whether they choose to carry the pregnancy to term or to have an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-nccmh_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccmh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 long term-study among US women found that about 99% of women felt that they made the right decision five years after they had an abortion. Relief was the primary emotion with few women feeling sadness or guilt. Social stigma was a main factor predicting negative emotions and regret years later. The researchers also stated: "These results add to the scientific evidence that emotions about an abortion are associated with personal and social context, and are not a product of the abortion procedure itself."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some women do experience negative emotions after an abortion, but not at rates different from women who wanted an abortion and did not have one or from women who have miscarriages.<sup id="cite_ref-APA2008_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horvath2017_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horvath2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women having abortions may receive support from abortion providers,<sup id="cite_ref-Bazelon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or national call centers like Exhale.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-abortion_syndrome">Post-abortion syndrome<span class="anchor"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-abortion syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea that abortion has negative psychological effects was widely promoted by <a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">crisis pregnancy centers</a> in the 1970s and the term "post-abortion syndrome" has widely been used by anti-abortion advocates to broadly include any negative emotional reactions attributed to abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazelon_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mooney_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2014_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BostonG_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonG-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-abortion syndrome has not been validated as a discrete psychiatric condition and is not recognized by the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Medical Association, the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" title="American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a>, nor the American Public Health Association.<sup id="cite_ref-stotlandreview_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stotlandreview-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stotland_1404747_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stotland_1404747-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2014_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSoc2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSoc2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bioethics_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioethics-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a> reports that as of August 2018, of the 22 U.S. states that include information on possible psychological responses to abortion, eight states stress negative emotional responses.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_political_history">Legal and political history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal and political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion in the United States</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">1967 Abortion Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">abortion in the United Kingdom</a> was legalized only when two doctors agreed that carrying the pregnancy to term would be detrimental to a woman's physical or mental health. Consideration of mental health also played a role in the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> which ruled that state governments may not prohibit <a href="/wiki/Late_termination_of_pregnancy" title="Late termination of pregnancy">late terminations of pregnancy</a> when "necessary to preserve the [woman's] life or health".<sup id="cite_ref-Roe_V_Wade_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe_V_Wade-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rule was clarified by the 1973 judicial decision <i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i>, which specifies "that the medical judgment may be exercised in the light of all factors—physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age—relevant to the well-being of the patient."<sup id="cite_ref-Doe_V_Bolton_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doe_V_Bolton-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS_Wars_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS_Wars-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACLU_25_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU_25-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is by this provision that women in the US can legally choose abortion when screenings reveal abnormalities of a viable fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dailard_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dailard-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palley_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palley-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PP_After_1st_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP_After_1st-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">U.S. Surgeon General</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Everett_Koop" title="C. Everett Koop">C. Everett Koop</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">evangelical Christian</a> and abortion opponent,<sup id="cite_ref-nlm_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlm-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to issue a report on the health effects of abortion. Reportedly, the idea for the review was conceived as a political gambit by Reagan advisors <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Bauer" title="Gary Bauer">Gary Bauer</a>, who believed that such a report would "rejuvenate" the anti-abortion movement by producing evidence of the risks of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonmonthly_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonmonthly-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koop was reluctant to accept the assignment, believing that Reagan was more concerned with appeasing his political base than with improving women's health.<sup id="cite_ref-nlm_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlm-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koop ultimately reviewed over 250 studies pertaining to the psychological impact of abortion. In January 1989, Koop wrote in a letter to Reagan that "scientific studies do not provide conclusive data about the health effects of abortion on women."<sup id="cite_ref-times1-11-89_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times1-11-89-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koop acknowledged the political context of the question in his letter, writing: "In the minds of some of [Reagan's advisors], it was a foregone conclusion that the negative health effects of abortion on women were so overwhelming that the evidence would force the reversal of <i>Roe vs. Wade</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-times3-17-89_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times3-17-89-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, Koop stated that the quality of existing evidence was too poor to prepare a report that "could withstand scientific and statistical scrutiny". Koop added that "there is no doubt about the fact that some people have severe psychological effects after abortion, but anecdotes do not make good scientific material."<sup id="cite_ref-times3-17-89_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times3-17-89-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his congressional testimony, Koop stated that while psychological responses to abortion may be "overwhelming" in individual cases, the psychological risks of abortion were "minuscule from a public health perspective."<sup id="cite_ref-Bazelon_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazelon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washingtonmonthly_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonmonthly-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APA89_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA89-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, a Congressional committee charged that Koop refused to publish the results of his review because he failed to find evidence that abortion was harmful, and that Koop watered down his findings in his letter to Reagan by claiming that the studies were inconclusive. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Theodore_S._Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore S. Weiss">Theodore S. Weiss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>), who oversaw the investigation, argued that when Koop found no evidence that abortion was harmful, he "decided not to issue a report, but instead to write a letter to the president which would be sufficiently vague as to avoid supporting the pro-choice position that abortion is safe for women."<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1989, responding to the political debate over the question, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA) undertook a review of the scientific literature. Their review, published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, concluded that "the weight of the evidence from scientific studies indicates that legal abortion of an unwanted pregnancy in the first trimester does not pose a psychological hazard for most women." The APA task force also concluded that "severe negative reactions after abortions are rare and can best be understood in the framework of coping with normal life stress."<sup id="cite_ref-APA89_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA89-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, the U.K.'s House of Lord's Commission of Inquiry into the Operation and Consequences of The Abortion Act published a report (commonly referred to as the Rawlinson Report) which concluded that there was no scientific evidence that abortion provided any mental health benefits but instead may put women at risk for psychiatric illness greater than if woman carried to term.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission recommended that abortion providers "should initiate independent and long-term follow up of those clients considered to be most at risk of emotional distress." In a press release, the Rawlinson commission stated that the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCP) had provided written testimony stating that there are "no psychiatric indications for abortion," noting that this "raises serious questions given that 91% of abortion are carried out on the grounds of the mental health of the mother."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the RCP issued a statement that the Rawlinson commissions summary of their written statement was "an inaccurate portrayal of the College's views on abortion," adding that "There is no evidence of increase risk of major psychiatric disorder or of long lasting psychological distress [following abortion]".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the U.K.'s House of Commons Science and Technology Committee undertook another inquiry into scientific developments and included a request for the RCP to update their 1994 statement on abortion in light of more recent studies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the RCP did update their position statement to recommend that women should be screened for risk factors that may be associated with subsequent development of mental health problems and should be counselled about the possible mental health risks of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised RCP position statement included a recommendation for a systematic review of abortion and mental health with special consideration of "whether there is evidence for psychiatric indications for abortion."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modified opinion was influenced by a growing body of literature showing a link between abortion and mental health problems, including a 30-year longitudinal study of about 500 women born in Christchurch New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Cornwall inquest into the abortion related suicide of a well known British artist, Emma Beck.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recommendation resulted in the 2011 review conducted by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health.<sup id="cite_ref-nccmh_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nccmh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth-related_posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder">Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_Of_SciencesHealth_MedicineBoard_on_Health_Care_ServicesBoard_on_Population_Health_Public_Health_Practice2018" class="citation book cs1">National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Health Medicine, Division; Board on Health Care Services; Board on Population Health Public Health Practice (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2018/the-safety-and-quality-of-abortion-care-in-the-united-states.aspx"><i>The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States : Health and Medicine Division</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F24950">10.17226/24950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-46818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-46818-3"><bdi>978-0-309-46818-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29897702">29897702</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safety+and+Quality+of+Abortion+Care+in+the+United+States+%3A+Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29897702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F24950&rft.isbn=978-0-309-46818-3&rft.aulast=National+Academies+Of+Sciences&rft.aufirst=Engineering&rft.au=Health+Medicine%2C+Division&rft.au=Board+on+Health+Care+Services&rft.au=Board+on+Population+Health+Public+Health+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalacademies.org%2Fhmd%2FReports%2F2018%2Fthe-safety-and-quality-of-abortion-care-in-the-united-states.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA2008_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajorAppelbaumBeckmanDutton2008" class="citation book cs1">Major, B; Appelbaum, M; Beckman, L; Dutton, MA; Russo, NF; West, C (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/abortion/mental-health.pdf"><i>Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 4–5, 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+APA+Task+Force+on+Mental+Health+and+Abortion&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=4-5%2C+11-12&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Appelbaum%2C+M&rft.au=Beckman%2C+L&rft.au=Dutton%2C+MA&rft.au=Russo%2C+NF&rft.au=West%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Fwomen%2Fprograms%2Fabortion%2Fmental-health.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nccmh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nccmh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nccmh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nccmh_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nccmh_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325013129/http://aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-a-guidance/doc_download/9432-induced-abortion-and-mental-health.html">"Induced Abortion and Mental Health: A systematic review of the evidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Collaborating_Centre_for_Mental_Health" title="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health">National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health</a>. December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-a-guidance/doc_download/9432-induced-abortion-and-mental-health.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induced+Abortion+and+Mental+Health%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+evidence&rft.pub=National+Collaborating+Centre+for+Mental+Health&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faomrc.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Freports-a-guidance%2Fdoc_download%2F9432-induced-abortion-and-mental-health.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bazelon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazelon_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bazelon" title="Emily Bazelon">Bazelon, Emily</a> (21 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21abortion.t.html">"Is There a Post-Abortion Syndrome?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424092919/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21abortion.t.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Post-Abortion+Syndrome%3F&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F21%2Fmagazine%2F21abortion.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-now-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-now_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/329/index.html">"Post-Abortion Politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NOW_(PBS)" class="mw-redirect" title="NOW (PBS)">NOW with David Brancaccio</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 20 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020233750/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/329/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOW+with+David+Brancaccio&rft.atitle=Post-Abortion+Politics&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnow%2Fshows%2F329%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-nccmh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-nccmh_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreaper2011" class="citation news cs1">Dreaper, Jane (December 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16094906">"Abortion 'does not raise' mental health risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abortion+%27does+not+raise%27+mental+health+risk&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.aulast=Dreaper&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth-16094906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcog-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rcog_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/abortion-guideline_web_1.pdf">"The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</a>. <q>Women with an unintended pregnancy should be informed that the evidence suggests that they are no more or less likely to suffer adverse psychological sequelae whether they have an abortion or continue with the pregnancy and have the baby.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Care+of+Women+Requesting+Induced+Abortion&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynaecologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcog.org.uk%2Fglobalassets%2Fdocuments%2Fguidelines%2Fabortion-guideline_web_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbergLaursenAdlerGasse2018" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberg, Julia R.; Laursen, Thomas M.; Adler, Nancy E.; Gasse, Christiane; Agerbo, Esben; Munk-Olsen, Trine (2018-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143090">"Examining the Association of Antidepressant Prescriptions With First Abortion and First Childbirth"</a>. <i>JAMA Psychiatry</i>. <b>75</b> (8): 828–834. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2018.0849">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-622X">2168-622X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143090">6143090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29847626">29847626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Association+of+Antidepressant+Prescriptions+With+First+Abortion+and+First+Childbirth&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=828-834&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6143090%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2168-622X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29847626&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2018.0849&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Julia+R.&rft.au=Laursen%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Adler%2C+Nancy+E.&rft.au=Gasse%2C+Christiane&rft.au=Agerbo%2C+Esben&rft.au=Munk-Olsen%2C+Trine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6143090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charles-2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charles-2008_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charles-2008_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charles-2008_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesPolisSridharaBlum2008" class="citation journal cs1">Charles VE, Polis CB, Sridhara SK, Blum RW (2008). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Finds+Little+Lasting+Distress+From+Abortion&rft.date=1990-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F04%2F06%2Fus%2Fstudy-finds-little-lasting-distress-from-abortion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_the_Operation_and_Consequences_of_The_Abortion_Act1994" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Commission of Inquiry into the Operation and Consequences of The Abortion Act (1994). <i>The Physical and Psycho-Social Effects of Abortion on Women</i>. 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New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 2001. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0202306537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0202306537"><bdi>978-0202306537</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45023173">45023173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+claims+spread+%3A+cross-national+diffusion+of+social+problems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=Aldine+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45023173&rft.isbn=978-0202306537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_Science_and_Technology_Committee2007" class="citation book cs1">House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmsctech/1045/1045ii.pdf"><i>Scientific Developments Relating to the Abortion Act 1967. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Royal+college+warns+abortions+can+lead+to+mental+illness&rft.date=2008-03-16&rft.issn=0956-1382&rft.aulast=Templeton&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Froyal-college-warns-abortions-can-lead-to-mental-illness-p8glm5s5k8h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseyOatesJonesCantwell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, Patricia; Oates, Margaret; Jones, Ian; Cantwell, Roch (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.108.059550">"Invited commentaries on… Abortion and mental health disorders"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>193</b> (6): 452–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.108.059550">10.1192/bjp.bp.108.059550</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1250">0007-1250</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19043145">19043145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Invited+commentaries+on%E2%80%A6+Abortion+and+mental+health+disorders&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=452-454&rft.date=2008-12&rft.issn=0007-1250&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19043145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.108.059550&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Oates%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Jones%2C+Ian&rft.au=Cantwell%2C+Roch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.bp.108.059550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579455/Artist-hanged-herself-after-aborting-her-twins.html">"Artist hanged herself after aborting her twins"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 2008-02-22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Artist+hanged+herself+after+aborting+her+twins&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1579455%2FArtist-hanged-herself-after-aborting-her-twins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_and_mental_health&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Reviews by major medical bodies</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325013129/http://aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-a-guidance/doc_download/9432-induced-abortion-and-mental-health.html">"Induced Abortion and Mental Health: A systematic review of the evidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Collaborating_Centre_for_Mental_Health" title="National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health">National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health</a>. December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aomrc.org.uk/publications/reports-a-guidance/doc_download/9432-induced-abortion-and-mental-health.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induced+Abortion+and+Mental+Health%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+evidence&rft.pub=National+Collaborating+Centre+for+Mental+Health&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faomrc.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Freports-a-guidance%2Fdoc_download%2F9432-induced-abortion-and-mental-health.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/abortion/mental-health.pdf">"Report of the APA Task Force on Mental Health and Abortion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+APA+Task+Force+on+Mental+Health+and+Abortion&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpi%2Fwomen%2Fprograms%2Fabortion%2Fmental-health.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Updated in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajorAppelbaumBeckmanDutton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Major B, Appelbaum M, Beckman L, Dutton MA, Russo NF, West C (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/amp-64-9-863.pdf">"Abortion and mental health: evaluating the evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>64</b> (9): 863–890. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0017497">10.1037/a0017497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19968372">19968372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+mental+health%3A+evaluating+the+evidence&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=863-890&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0017497&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19968372&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Appelbaum%2C+M&rft.au=Beckman%2C+L&rft.au=Dutton%2C+MA&rft.au=Russo%2C+NF&rft.au=West%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2Ffeatures%2Famp-64-9-863.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/abortion-guideline_web_1.pdf">"The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Care+of+Women+Requesting+Induced+Abortion&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynaecologists&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcog.org.uk%2Fglobalassets%2Fdocuments%2Fguidelines%2Fabortion-guideline_web_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+and+mental+health" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" 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