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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International cooperation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_organization_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>International organization partners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other partners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodies_established_by_the_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodies_established_by_the_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bodies established by the convention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bodies_established_by_the_convention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bodies established by the convention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bodies_established_by_the_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conference_of_the_Contracting_Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conference_of_the_Contracting_Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conference of the Contracting Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conference_of_the_Contracting_Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Standing_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Standing_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Standing Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Standing_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Scientific_and_Technical_Review_Panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Scientific_and_Technical_Review_Panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Scientific and Technical Review Panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Scientific_and_Technical_Review_Panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Secretariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Secretariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Secretariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Secretariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wetlands_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wetlands_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World Wetlands Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wetlands_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramsar Convention</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-konvensie" title="Ramsar-konvensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ramsar-konvensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="اتفاقية رامسر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية رامسر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰামছৰ সন্মিলন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰামছৰ সন্মিলন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveniu_de_Ramsar" title="Conveniu de Ramsar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conveniu de Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_konvensiyas%C4%B1" title="Ramsar konvensiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ramsar konvensiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="রামসার কনভেনশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রামসার কনভেনশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рамсар конвенцияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рамсар конвенцияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рамсарская канвенцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рамсарская канвенцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Рамсарская канвэнцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рамсарская канвэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="रामसर कन्वेंशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रामसर कन्वेंशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рамсарска конвенция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамсарска конвенция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarska_konvencija" title="Ramsarska konvencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ramsarska konvencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveni_de_Ramsar" title="Conveni de Ramsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conveni de Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarsk%C3%A1_%C3%BAmluva" title="Ramsarská úmluva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ramsarská úmluva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarkonventionen" title="Ramsarkonventionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ramsarkonventionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-Konvention" title="Ramsar-Konvention – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramsar-Konvention" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsari_konventsioon" title="Ramsari konventsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ramsari konventsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Σύμβαση Ραμσάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμβαση Ραμσάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenio_de_Ramsar" title="Convenio de Ramsar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convenio de Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-Interkonsento" title="Ramsar-Interkonsento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramsar-Interkonsento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarko_hitzarmena" title="Ramsarko hitzarmena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramsarko hitzarmena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="کنوانسیون رامسر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنوانسیون رامسر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_de_Ramsar" title="Convention de Ramsar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention de Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_de_Ramsar" title="Convención de Ramsar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención de Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8" title="રામસર સંમેલન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રામસર સંમેલન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%8C%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4_%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="람사르 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="람사르 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ռամսարի համաժողով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամսարի համաժողով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="रामसर अभिसमय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रामसर अभिसमय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarska_konvencija" title="Ramsarska konvencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramsarska konvencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Ramsar" title="Konvensi Ramsar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-s%C3%A1ttm%C3%A1linn" title="Ramsar-sáttmálinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ramsar-sáttmálinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_di_Ramsar" title="Convenzione di Ramsar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione di Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="אמנת רמסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנת רמסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რამსარის კონვენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამსარის კონვენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactio_Ramsar" title="Pactio Ramsar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pactio Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81msaras_konvencija" title="Rāmsaras konvencija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rāmsaras konvencija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-Konventioun" title="Ramsar-Konventioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ramsar-Konventioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsaro_konvencija" title="Ramsaro konvencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramsaro konvencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1mszari_egyezm%C3%A9ny" title="Rámszari egyezmény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rámszari egyezmény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Рамсарска конвенција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамсарска конвенција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="റാംസർ ഉടമ്പടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാംസർ ഉടമ്പടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="रामसर परिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रामसर परिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="رامسر پیمون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رامسر پیمون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensyen_Ramsar" title="Konvensyen Ramsar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konvensyen Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventie_van_Ramsar" title="Conventie van Ramsar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conventie van Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="रामसार सन्धि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रामसार सन्धि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="ラムサール条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラムサール条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-konvensjonen" title="Ramsar-konvensjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramsar-konvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar-konvensjonen" title="Ramsar-konvensjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ramsar-konvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਾਮਸਰ ਸਮਝੌਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਮਸਰ ਸਮਝੌਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AC%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="رامسر سمجھوتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رامسر سمجھوتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_ramsarska" title="Konwencja ramsarska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja ramsarska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sobre_as_Zonas_H%C3%BAmidas_de_Import%C3%A2ncia_Internacional" title="Convenção sobre as Zonas Húmidas de Importância Internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção sobre as Zonas Húmidas de Importância Internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C8%9Bia_Ramsar" title="Convenția Ramsar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Convenția Ramsar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рамсарская конвенция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамсарская конвенция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рамсар конвенцията – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рамсар конвенцията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="රැම්සාර් සම්මුතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රැම්සාර් සම්මුතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ramsar Convention" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1msarsk%C3%BD_dohovor" title="Rámsarský dohovor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rámsarský dohovor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarska_konvencija" title="Ramsarska konvencija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ramsarska konvencija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Рамсарска конвенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рамсарска конвенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarska_konvencija" title="Ramsarska konvencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramsarska konvencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarin_sopimus" title="Ramsarin sopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramsarin sopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsarkonventionen" title="Ramsarkonventionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramsarkonventionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ராம்சர் சாசனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராம்சர் சாசனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อนุสัญญาแรมซาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสัญญาแรมซาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_S%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesi" title="Ramsar Sözleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ramsar Sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html 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dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Ramsar Convention</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsar_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ramsar_logo.svg/160px-Ramsar_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ramsar_logo.svg/240px-Ramsar_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ramsar_logo.svg/320px-Ramsar_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Ramsar logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">2 February 1971</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Ramsar,_Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar, Mazandaran">Ramsar</a>, Iran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ratification by 7 states</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">23<sup id="cite_ref-textandrat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textandrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Ramsar_Convention" title="List of parties to the Ramsar Convention">172</a><sup id="cite_ref-textandrat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textandrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data">Director General of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">English (prevailing in case of divergence), French, German, Russian and Spanish<sup id="cite_ref-textandrat_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textandrat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat</b> is an international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> for the conservation and sustainable use of <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as the <b>Convention on Wetlands</b>. It is named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Ramsar,_Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar, Mazandaran">Ramsar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, where the convention was signed in 1971. </p><p>Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Conference_of_the_Contracting_Parties">Conference of the Contracting Parties</a> (COP), the policy-making organ of the <a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">convention</a> which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Contracting_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contracting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, COP14 was co-held in Wuhan, China, and Geneva, Switzerland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site,_Fiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg/220px-Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg/330px-Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg/440px-Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Navua_Conservation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Navua Conservation Area">Upper Navua Conservation Area</a> Ramsar site in Fiji</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wise_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wise_use.jpg/220px-Wise_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wise_use.jpg/330px-Wise_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wise_use.jpg/440px-Wise_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fishing">Sustainable fishing</a> in India, an example of wise use.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_wetlands_of_international_importance">List of wetlands of international importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of wetlands of international importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetlands_of_international_importance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance">List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg/220px-Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg/330px-Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg/440px-Archipel_Bolama-Bijagos_Ramsar_Site_in_Guinea-Bissau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bissagos_Islands" title="Bissagos Islands">Archipel Bolama-Bijagos</a> Ramsar site in Guinea-Bissau</figcaption></figure> <p>The list of wetlands of international importance included 2,331 <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar sites</a> in May 2018 covering over 2.1 million square kilometres (810,000 sq mi). The countries with most sites are the United Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142. The country with the largest surface area of listed wetland is Bolivia, with around 148,000 square kilometres (57,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ramsar Sites Information Service (RSIS) is a searchable database which provides information on each Ramsar site.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Ramsar_Convention" title="List of parties to the Ramsar Convention">List of parties to the Ramsar Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg/220px-Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg/330px-Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg/440px-Ramsar_transboundary_Site_Wadden_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> is a transboundary Ramsar site in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2016 there are 18 transboundary Ramsar sites, and 15 Ramsar regional initiatives covering regions of the Mediterranean, Asia, Africa, and South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organization_partners">International organization partners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International organization partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ramsar Convention works closely with six other organisations known as international organization partners (IOPs). These are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> (IWMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a> (WWT)</li></ul> <p>These organizations support the work of the convention by providing expert technical advice, helping implement field studies, and providing financial support. The IOPs also participate regularly as observers in all meetings of the conference of the parties and as full members of the Scientific and Technical Review Panel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_partners">Other partners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The convention collaborates with a network of partners: </p> <ul><li>Biodiversity-related conventions including the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD), the <a href="/wiki/Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention to Combat Desertification">Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD), <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Migratory_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Migratory Species">Convention on Migratory Species</a> (CMS), the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a> (WHC), and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES);</li> <li>Project funding bodies including global environmental funds, multilateral development banks and bilateral donors;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> agencies such as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">UN Economic Commission for Europe</a>, and specific programmes such as UNESCO's <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a> (MAB);</li> <li>Non-governmental organizations including the <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Impact_Assessment" title="International Association for Impact Assessment">International Association for Impact Assessment</a>, and many others;</li> <li>Since 1998 the convention has also benefited from a strong partnership with <a href="/wiki/Danone" title="Danone">Danone</a> including the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian" class="mw-redirect" title="Évian">Évian</a> brand, and since 2007 from the Biosphere Connections partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> airline network.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bodies_established_by_the_convention">Bodies established by the convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bodies established by the convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conference_of_the_Contracting_Parties">Conference of the Contracting Parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conference of the Contracting Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the convention's governing body consisting of all governments that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Standing_Committee">The Standing Committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Standing Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Standing Committee is the intersessional executive body which represents the COP between its triennial meetings, within the framework of the decisions made by the COP. The contracting parties that are members of the Standing Committee are elected by each meeting of the COP to serve for the three years. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramsar_Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ramsar_Convention.jpg/220px-Ramsar_Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ramsar_Convention.jpg/330px-Ramsar_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ramsar_Convention.jpg/440px-Ramsar_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3793" data-file-height="2697" /></a><figcaption>The Ramsar Secretariat offices in Gland, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Scientific_and_Technical_Review_Panel">The Scientific and Technical Review Panel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Scientific and Technical Review Panel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) provides scientific and technical guidance to the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Ramsar Secretariat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Secretariat">The Secretariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Secretariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day coordination of the convention's activities. It is based at the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) in Gland, Switzerland. </p><p>The implementation of the Ramsar Convention is a continuing partnership between the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Secretariat, with the advice of the subsidiary expert body, the Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP), and the support of the international organization partners (IOPs). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musonda_Mumba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musonda Mumba (page does not exist)">Musonda Mumba</a> is the seventh secretary general of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Wetlands_Day">World Wetlands Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World Wetlands Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Wetlands_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_Wetlands_Day.jpg/220px-World_Wetlands_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_Wetlands_Day.jpg/330px-World_Wetlands_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_Wetlands_Day.jpg/440px-World_Wetlands_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>A wetland clean-up in Oman on World Wetlands Day</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Wetlands_Day" title="World Wetlands Day">World Wetlands Day</a></div> <p>2 February is World Wetlands Day, marking the convention's adoption on 2 February 1971. Established to raise awareness about the value of wetlands for humanity and the planet, WWD was celebrated for the first time in 1997, and has grown since then. In 2015 World Wetlands Day was celebrated in 59 countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The convention was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Eskandar_Firouz" title="Eskandar Firouz">Eskandar Firouz</a> (former environment minister of Iran), <a href="/wiki/Luc_Hoffmann" title="Luc Hoffmann">Luc Hoffmann</a> of Tour du Valat research station in the <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Matthews" title="Geoffrey Matthews">Geoffrey Matthews</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a> at <a href="/wiki/Slimbridge" title="Slimbridge">Slimbridge</a> in the late 1960s. The conference, which adopted the terms of the agreement, was held in the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> resort of <a href="/wiki/Ramsar,_Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar, Mazandaran">Ramsar</a> on 2 February 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention turned 50 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its quasi-universal application, the domestic response to this treaty is often half-hearted and inadequate. By way of example, Germany joined the Convention in 1976 and has, "[as of 2022], failed to give effect to the Ramsar Convention in the manner set out by the constitution of Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar classification system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Record" title="Montreux Record">Montreux Record</a> – threat classification for wetlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Wetland_Conservation_Award" title="Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award">Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">List of international environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> – international agreement on historic site recognition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-textandrat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-textandrat_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-textandrat_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-textandrat_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/about-us/legal-affairs/convention-wetlands-international-importance-especially-waterfowl-habitat">"Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Convention+on+Wetlands+of+International+Importance+especially+as+Waterfowl+Habitat.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fabout-us%2Flegal-affairs%2Fconvention-wetlands-international-importance-especially-waterfowl-habitat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsar+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409053942/http://ramweb-uat.neox24.ch/about/the-ramsar-convention-and-its-mission">"The Ramsar Convention and its Mission"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ramweb-uat.neox24.ch/about/the-ramsar-convention-and-its-mission">the original</a> on 9 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ramsar+Convention+and+its+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Framweb-uat.neox24.ch%2Fabout%2Fthe-ramsar-convention-and-its-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsar+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contracting-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Contracting_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ramsar.org/about/the-conference-of-the-contracting-parties">"The Conference of the Contracting Parties"</a>. Ramsar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conference+of+the+Contracting+Parties&rft.pub=Ramsar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramsar.org%2Fabout%2Fthe-conference-of-the-contracting-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsar+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites-countries/ramsar-sites-around-the-world">"Ramsar Sites Around the World"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramsar+Sites+Around+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramsar.org%2Fsites-countries%2Framsar-sites-around-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsar+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/rsis_tutorial_e_1.pdf">"Using the Ramsar Sites Information Service"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curlewcall.org/sad-news-death-of-mr-eskandar-firouz/">"Sad news: death of Mr Eskandar Firouz – Call of the Curlew"</a>. <i>curlewcall.org</i>. 11 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=curlewcall.org&rft.atitle=Sad+news%3A+death+of+Mr+Eskandar+Firouz+%E2%80%93+Call+of+the+Curlew&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curlewcall.org%2Fsad-news-death-of-mr-eskandar-firouz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsar+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgewaterKim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bridgewater, Peter; Kim, Rakhyun E. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01392-5">"The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands at 50"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 268–270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatEE...5..268B">2021NatEE...5..268B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01392-5">10.1038/s41559-021-01392-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33526891">33526891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231757105">231757105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Ramsar+Convention+on+Wetlands+at+50&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=268-270&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231757105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatEE...5..268B&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-021-01392-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33526891&rft.aulast=Bridgewater&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Kim%2C+Rakhyun+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-021-01392-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamsar+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury, Zur Verknüpfung überkommener Vorstellungen völkerrechtlicher Normativität mit der unterlassenen Übernahme der Ramsar-Konvention von 1971 in den deutschen Rechtsraum (2022) 60(1) Archiv des Völkerrechts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/article/zur-verknuepfung-ueberkommener-vorstellungen-voelkerrechtlicher-normativitaet-mit-der-unterlassenen-uebernahme-der-ramsar-konvention-von-1971-in-den-deutschen-rechtsraum-101628avr-2022-0005?no_cache=1">DOI: 10.1628/avr-2022-0005</a> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/24px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands" title="Category:Wetlands">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170170#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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