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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Switching circuit theory</b> is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches. Such networks may be strictly <a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">combinational logic</a>, in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs; or may also contain <a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">sequential elements</a>, where the present state depends on the present state and past states; in that sense, sequential circuits are said to include "memory" of past states. An important class of sequential circuits are <a href="/wiki/State_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="State machine">state machines</a>. Switching circuit theory is applicable to the design of telephone systems, computers, and similar systems. Switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital system</a> design in almost all areas of modern technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanković-Astola_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanković-Astola_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an 1886 letter, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Peirce_1886_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peirce_1886-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1880–1881 he showed that <a href="/wiki/NOR_logic" title="NOR logic">NOR gates alone</a> (or alternatively <a href="/wiki/NAND_logic" title="NAND logic">NAND gates alone</a>) can be used to reproduce the functions of all the other <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>, but this work remained unpublished until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Peirce_1933_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peirce_1933-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first published proof was by <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Sheffer" title="Henry M. Sheffer">Henry M. Sheffer</a> in 1913, so the NAND logical operation is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Sheffer_stroke" title="Sheffer stroke">Sheffer stroke</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Logical_NOR" title="Logical NOR">logical NOR</a> is sometimes called <i>Peirce's arrow</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Büning-Lettmann_1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Büning-Lettmann_1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, these gates are sometimes called <i>universal logic gates</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, Martin Boda described a switching theory for <a href="/wiki/Signalling_block_system" title="Signalling block system">signalling block systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boda_1898_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boda_1898-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klir_1972_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klir_1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> replaced relays for logic operations. <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>'s modification, in 1907, of the <a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a> can be used as a logic gate. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> introduced a version of the 16-row <a href="/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table">truth table</a> as proposition 5.101 of <i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> (1921). <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_circuit" title="Coincidence circuit">coincidence circuit</a>, got part of the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in physics, for the first modern electronic AND gate in 1924. <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer <a href="/wiki/Z1_(computer)" title="Z1 (computer)">Z1</a> (from 1935 to 1938). </p><p>The theory was independently established through the works of <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Akira_Nakashima" title="Akira Nakashima">Akira Nakashima</a> in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-Nakashima_1936_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakashima_1936-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_1938_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon_1938-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Shestakov" title="Victor Shestakov">Victor Shestakov</a> in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Shestakov_1938_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shestakov_1938-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three published a series of papers showing that the <a href="/wiki/Two-element_Boolean_algebra" title="Two-element Boolean algebra">two-valued Boolean algebra</a>, can describe the operation of switching circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Klir_1972_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klir_1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEJ_2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEJ_2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPSJ_2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPSJ_2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanković-Astola-Karpovsky_2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanković-Astola-Karpovsky_2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanković-Astola_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanković-Astola_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Shannon's work has largely overshadowed the other two, and despite some scholars arguing the similarities of Nakashima's work to Shannon's, their approaches and theoretical frameworks were markedly different.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also implausible is that Shestakov's influenced the other two due to the language barriers and the relative obscurity of his work abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Shannon and Shestakov defended their theses the same year in 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shestakov did not publish until 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideal switches are considered as having only two exclusive states, for example, open or closed. In some analysis, the state of a switch can be considered to have no influence on the output of the system and is designated as a "don't care" state. In complex networks it is necessary to also account for the finite switching time of physical switches; where two or more different paths in a network may affect the output, these delays may result in a <a href="/wiki/Hazard_(logic)" title="Hazard (logic)">"logic hazard"</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">race condition</a>" where the output state changes due to the different propagation times through the network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Switching_circuit_theory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Circuit switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">Message switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_packet_switching" title="Fast packet switching">Fast packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switching_subsystem" title="Network switching subsystem">Network switching subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5ESS_Switching_System" title="5ESS Switching System">5ESS Switching System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_One_Electronic_Switching_System" title="Number One Electronic Switching System">Number One Electronic Switching System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-element" title="C-element">C-element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_complexity" title="Circuit complexity">Circuit complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_minimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit minimization">Circuit minimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnaugh_map" title="Karnaugh map">Karnaugh map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic design">Logic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonblocking_minimal_spanning_switch" title="Nonblocking minimal spanning switch">Nonblocking minimal spanning switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">Programmable logic controller</a> – computer software mimics relay circuits for industrial applications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quine%E2%80%93McCluskey_algorithm" title="Quine–McCluskey algorithm">Quine–McCluskey algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> – an early kind of logic device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_lemma" title="Switching lemma">Switching lemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unate_function" title="Unate function">Unate function</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Switching_circuit_theory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stanković-Astola_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanković-Astola_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanković-Astola_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStankovićAstola2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_S._Stankovi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="de:Radomir S. Stanković">Stanković, Radomir S.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Tapio_Astola" class="extiw" title="fi:Jaakko Tapio Astola">Astola, Jaakko Tapio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span>, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002559/http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/reprint-nakashima-rr.pdf"><i>Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series on the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Vol. 40. <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University_of_Technology" title="Tampere University of Technology">Tampere University of Technology</a>, Tampere, Finland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-15-1980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-15-1980-2"><bdi>978-952-15-1980-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1456-2774">1456-2774</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/reprint-nakashima-rr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprints+from+the+Early+Days+of+Information+Sciences%3A+TICSP+Series+on+the+Contributions+of+Akira+Nakashima+to+Switching+Theory&rft.place=Tampere+University+of+Technology%2C+Tampere%2C+Finland&rft.series=Tampere+International+Center+for+Signal+Processing+%28TICSP%29+Series&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1456-2774&rft.isbn=978-952-15-1980-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fticsp.cs.tut.fi%2Freports%2Freprint-nakashima-rr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (3+207+1 pages) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026175726/http://ciitlab.elfak.ni.ac.rs/predavanja/09_Nakashima.mp4">10:00 min</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peirce_1886-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peirce_1886_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce, Charles Sanders</a> (1993) [1886]. "Letter, Peirce to <a href="/wiki/Allan_Marquand" title="Allan Marquand">A. Marquand</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_bibliography#W" title="Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography">Writings of Charles S. Peirce</a></i>. Vol. 5. pp. 421–423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter%2C+Peirce+to+A.+Marquand&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Charles+S.+Peirce&rft.pages=421-423&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Charles+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Walter_Burks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Walter Burks">Burks, Arthur Walter</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145">"Review: Charles S. Peirce, <i>The new elements of mathematics</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society">Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</a></i> (review). <b>84</b> (5): 913–918 [917]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1978-14533-9">10.1090/S0002-9904-1978-14533-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Charles+S.+Peirce%2C+The+new+elements+of+mathematics&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=913-918+917&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1978-14533-9&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2FDPubS%2FRepository%2F1.0%2FDisseminate%3Fview%3Dbody%26id%3Dpdf_1%26handle%3Deuclid.bams%2F1183541145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peirce_1933-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peirce_1933_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce, Charles Sanders</a> (1933) [Winter of 1880–1881]. "A Boolian Algebra with One Constant". <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_bibliography#CP" title="Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography">Collected Papers</a></i> (manuscript). Vol. 4. paragraphs 12–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Boolian+Algebra+with+One+Constant&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers&rft.pages=paragraphs+12-20&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Charles+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsofcharle0002peir/page/218"><i>Writings of Charles S. Peirce</i></a>. Vol. 4 (reprint ed.). 1989. pp. 218–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253372017" title="Special:BookSources/9780253372017"><bdi>9780253372017</bdi></a>. ark:/13960/t11p5r61f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Charles+S.+Peirce&rft.pages=218-221&rft.edition=reprint&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780253372017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsofcharle0002peir%2Fpage%2F218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Don D. (2009). <i>The Existential Graphs of Charles S. Peirce</i>. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Existential+Graphs+of+Charles+S.+Peirce&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Don+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Büning-Lettmann_1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Büning-Lettmann_1999_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleine_BüningLettmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Kleine Büning, Hans; Lettmann, Theodor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oJE9yczr3EC&pg=PA2"><i>Propositional logic: deduction and algorithms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63017-7"><bdi>978-0-521-63017-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propositional+logic%3A+deduction+and+algorithms&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63017-7&rft.aulast=Kleine+B%C3%BCning&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Lettmann%2C+Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oJE9yczr3EC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird_2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2007" class="citation book cs1">Bird, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-fBmsEBNUoC&pg=PA532"><i>Engineering mathematics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Newnes_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnes (publisher)">Newnes</a>. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8555-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8555-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-8555-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+mathematics&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8555-9&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-fBmsEBNUoC%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boda_1898-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boda_1898_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoda1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boda, Martin (1898). "Die Schaltungstheorie der Blockwerke" [The switching theory of block systems]. <i>Organ für die Fortschritte des Eisenbahnwesens in technischer Beziehung – Fachblatt des Vereins deutscher Eisenbahn-Verwaltungen</i> (in German). Neue Folge XXXV (1–7). Wiesbaden, Germany: C. W. Kreidel's Verlag: 1–7, 29–34, 49–53, 71–75, 91–95, 111–115, 133–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organ+f%C3%BCr+die+Fortschritte+des+Eisenbahnwesens+in+technischer+Beziehung+%E2%80%93+Fachblatt+des+Vereins+deutscher+Eisenbahn-Verwaltungen&rft.atitle=Die+Schaltungstheorie+der+Blockwerke&rft.volume=Neue+Folge+XXXV&rft.issue=1%E2%80%937&rft.pages=1-7%2C+29-34%2C+49-53%2C+71-75%2C+91-95%2C+111-115%2C+133-138&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Boda&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925115833/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0283-0310.pdf">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925115950/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0311-0330.pdf">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120033/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0331-0352.pdf">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120209/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0353-0372.pdf">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120405/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0373-0392.pdf">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120444/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0393-0414.pdf">[6]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925120623/http://tudigit.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tmp/pdf/Zb-722-1897-98__p0415-0434.pdf">[7]</a> (NB. This series of seven articles was republished in a 91-pages book in 1899 with a foreword by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Barkhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Barkhausen (page does not exist)">Georg Barkhausen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Barkhausen" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Barkhausen">de</a>]</span>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klir_1972-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klir_1972_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klir_1972_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlir1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Klir" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jiří Klir">Klir, George Jiří</a> (May 1972). "Reference Notations to Chapter 1". <i>Introduction to the Methodology of Switching Circuits</i> (1 ed.). Binghamton, New York, USA: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. / <a href="/wiki/D._van_Nostrand_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D. van Nostrand Company">D. van Nostrand Company</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-24463-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-24463-0"><bdi>0-442-24463-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72-181095">72-181095</a>. C4463-000-3. p. 19: <q>Although the possibility of establishing a switching theory was recognized by M. Boda<sup><a href="#CITEREFBoda1898">[A]</a></sup> as early as in the 19th century, the first important works on this subject were published by <a href="/wiki/Akira_Nakashima" title="Akira Nakashima">A. Nakashima</a><sup><a href="#CITEREFNakashima1936">[B]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">C. E. Shannon</a><sup><a href="#CITEREFShannon1938">[C]</a></sup> shortly before World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reference+Notations+to+Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Methodology+of+Switching+Circuits&rft.place=Binghamton%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Litton+Educational+Publishing%2C+Inc.+%2F+D.+van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1972-05&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72-181095&rft.isbn=0-442-24463-0&rft.aulast=Klir&rft.aufirst=George+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (xvi+573+1 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakashima_1936-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nakashima_1936_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakashima1936" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Nakashima" title="Akira Nakashima">Nakashima, Akira</a> (May 1936). "Theory of Relay Circuit Composition". <i>Nippon Electrical Communication Engineering</i> (3): 197–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nippon+Electrical+Communication+Engineering&rft.atitle=Theory+of+Relay+Circuit+Composition&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=197-226&rft.date=1936-05&rft.aulast=Nakashima&rft.aufirst=Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Translation of an article which originally appeared in Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Institute_of_Telegraph_and_Telephone_Engineers_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Institute of Telegraph and Telephone Engineers of Japan">Journal of the Institute of Telegraph and Telephone Engineers of Japan</a> (JITTEJ) September 1935, <b>150</b> 731–752.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon_1938-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_1938_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Shannon, Claude Elwood</a> (1938). "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers">Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a></i>. <b>57</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> (AIEE): 713–723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FT-AIEE.1938.5057767">10.1109/T-AIEE.1938.5057767</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F11173">1721.1/11173</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51638483">51638483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Institute+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.atitle=A+Symbolic+Analysis+of+Relay+and+Switching+Circuits&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=713-723&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F11173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51638483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FT-AIEE.1938.5057767&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Claude+Elwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Based on Shannon's master thesis of the same title at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in 1937.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shestakov_1938-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shestakov_1938_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShestakov_[Шестаков]1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ivanovich_Shestakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Ivanovich Shestakov">Shestakov [Шестаков], Victor Ivanovich [Виктор Иванович]</a> (1938). <bdi lang="ru">Некоторые математические методы кон-струирования и упрощения двухполюсных электрических схем класса А</bdi> [<i>Some mathematical methods for the construction and simplification of two-terminal electrical networks of class A</i>] (PhD thesis) (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomonosov State University">Lomonosov State University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%90&rft.pub=Lomonosov+State+University&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Shestakov+%5B%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%5D&rft.aufirst=Victor+Ivanovich+%5B%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEJ_2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEEJ_2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamada_[山田]2004" class="citation journal cs1">Yamada [山田], Akihiko [彰彦] (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejfms/124/8/124_8_720/_article">"History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan"</a>. <i>IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials</i>. <b>124</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers_of_Japan" title="Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan">Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan</a>: 720–726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IJTFM.124..720Y">2004IJTFM.124..720Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1541%2Fieejfms.124.720">10.1541/ieejfms.124.720</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710005644/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejfms/124/8/124_8_720/_pdf/-char/en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEJ+Transactions+on+Fundamentals+and+Materials&rft.atitle=History+of+Research+on+Switching+Theory+in+Japan&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=720-726&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1541%2Fieejfms.124.720&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004IJTFM.124..720Y&rft.aulast=Yamada+%5B%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%5D&rft.aufirst=Akihiko+%5B%E5%BD%B0%E5%BD%A6%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fieejfms%2F124%2F8%2F124_8_720%2F_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPSJ_2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPSJ_2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0002.html">"Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics"</a>. <i>IPSJ Computer Museum</i>. <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Society_of_Japan" title="Information Processing Society of Japan">Information Processing Society of Japan</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042200/http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPSJ+Computer+Museum&rft.atitle=Switching+Theory%2FRelay+Circuit+Network+Theory%2FTheory+of+Logical+Mathematics&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.ipsj.or.jp%2Fen%2Fcomputer%2Fdawn%2F0002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanković-Astola-Karpovsky_2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanković-Astola-Karpovsky_2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankovićAstolaKarpovsky2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_S._Stankovi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="de:Radomir S. Stanković">Stanković, Radomir S.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Tapio_Astola" class="extiw" title="fi:Jaakko Tapio Astola">Astola, Jaakko Tapio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span>; Karpovsky, Mark G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.bu.edu/mark/files/2018/02/200.pdf.pdf"><i>Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Niš, Serbia; Tampere, Finland; Boston, Massachusetts, USA. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.66.1248">10.1.1.66.1248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029339">10029339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025215232/https://sites.bu.edu/mark/files/2018/02/200.pdf.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Historical+Remarks+on+Switching+Theory&rft.place=Ni%C5%A1%2C+Serbia%3B+Tampere%2C+Finland%3B+Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.66.1248%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10029339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stankovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radomir+S.&rft.au=Astola%2C+Jaakko+Tapio&rft.au=Karpovsky%2C+Mark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.bu.edu%2Fmark%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F02%2F200.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (8 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawanishi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kawanishi, Toma (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/historiascientiarum/29/1/29_136/_article">"Prehistory of Switching Theory in Japan: Akira Nakashima and His Relay-circuit Theory"</a>. <i>Historia Scientiarum</i>. Second Series. <b>29</b> (1): 136–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34336%2Fhistoriascientiarum.29.1_136">10.34336/historiascientiarum.29.1_136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Scientiarum&rft.atitle=Prehistory+of+Switching+Theory+in+Japan%3A+Akira+Nakashima+and+His+Relay-circuit+Theory&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136-162&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34336%2Fhistoriascientiarum.29.1_136&rft.aulast=Kawanishi&rft.aufirst=Toma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fhistoriascientiarum%2F29%2F1%2F29_136%2F_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoisil1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grigore_Moisil" title="Grigore Moisil">Moisil, GR. C.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tn7iBQAAQBAJ&dq=claude+shannon+shestakov&pg=PA17"><i>The Algebraic Theory of Switching Circuits</i></a>. Pergamon Press. pp. 12, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483160764" title="Special:BookSources/9781483160764"><bdi>9781483160764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algebraic+Theory+of+Switching+Circuits&rft.pages=12%2C+17&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9781483160764&rft.aulast=Moisil&rft.aufirst=GR.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtn7iBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dclaude%2Bshannon%2Bshestakov%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Switching_circuit_theory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeisterRitchieWashburn1951" class="citation book cs1">Keister, William; Ritchie, Alistair E.; Washburn, Seth H. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheDesignOfSwitchingCircuits"><i>The Design of Switching Circuits</i></a>. The Bell Telephone Laboratories Series (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/D._Van_Nostrand_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.">D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheDesignOfSwitchingCircuits/page/n170">147</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509143306/https://archive.org/details/TheDesignOfSwitchingCircuits/page/n537/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+of+Switching+Circuits&rft.series=The+Bell+Telephone+Laboratories+Series&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Keister&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Alistair+E.&rft.au=Washburn%2C+Seth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheDesignOfSwitchingCircuits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/TheDesignOfSwitchingCircuits">[8]</a> (2+xx+556+2 pages)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hawks_Caldwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hawks Caldwell">Caldwell, Samuel Hawks</a> (1958-12-01) [February 1958]. Written at Watertown, Massachusetts, USA. <i>Switching Circuits and Logical Design</i>. 5th printing September 1963 (1st ed.). New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons Inc.">John Wiley & Sons Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-47112969-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-47112969-0"><bdi>0-47112969-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58-7896">58-7896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switching+Circuits+and+Logical+Design&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.series=5th+printing+September+1963&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=1958-12-01&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58-7896&rft.isbn=0-47112969-0&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hawks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (xviii+686 pages)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkowskiGrygiel1995" class="citation book cs1">Perkowski, Marek A.; Grygiel, Stanislaw (1995-11-20). "6. Historical Overview of the Research on Decomposition". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/=PUBLICATIONS/PER/G1995/survey.pdf"><i>A Survey of Literature on Function Decomposition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Version IV. Functional Decomposition Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Portland University, Portland, Oregon, USA. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.64.1129">10.1.1.64.1129</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328181709/http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~mperkows/=PUBLICATIONS/PER/G1995/survey.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Historical+Overview+of+the+Research+on+Decomposition&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Literature+on+Function+Decomposition&rft.series=Version+IV&rft.pub=Functional+Decomposition+Group%2C+Department+of+Electrical+Engineering%2C+Portland+University%2C+Portland%2C+Oregon%2C+USA&rft.date=1995-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.64.1129%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Perkowski&rft.aufirst=Marek+A.&rft.au=Grygiel%2C+Stanislaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cecs.pdx.edu%2F~mperkows%2F%3DPUBLICATIONS%2FPER%2FG1995%2Fsurvey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (188 pages)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankovićSasaoAstola2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_S._Stankovi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="de:Radomir S. Stanković">Stanković, Radomir S.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; Sasao, Tsutomu; <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Tapio_Astola" class="extiw" title="fi:Jaakko Tapio Astola">Astola, Jaakko Tapio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span> (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809064702/http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/images/a/a5/Stari-radovi-report.pdf">"Publications in the First Twenty Years of Switching Theory and Logic Design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series. Tampere University of Technology / TTKK, Monistamo, Finland. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1456-2774">1456-2774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62319288">62319288</a>. #14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/images/a/a5/Stari-radovi-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publications+in+the+First+Twenty+Years+of+Switching+Theory+and+Logic+Design&rft.place=Tampere+University+of+Technology+%2F+TTKK%2C+Monistamo%2C+Finland&rft.series=Tampere+International+Center+for+Signal+Processing+%28TICSP%29+Series&rft.date=2001-08&rft.issn=1456-2774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62319288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stankovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radomir+S.&rft.au=Sasao%2C+Tsutomu&rft.au=Astola%2C+Jaakko+Tapio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fticsp.cs.tut.fi%2Fimages%2Fa%2Fa5%2FStari-radovi-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (4+60 pages)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankovićAstola2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_S._Stankovi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="de:Radomir S. Stanković">Stanković, Radomir S.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_Tapio_Astola" class="extiw" title="fi:Jaakko Tapio Astola">Astola, Jaakko Tapio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span> (2011). Written at Niš, Serbia & Tampere, Finland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuHwCAAAQBAJ"><i>From Boolean Logic to Switching Circuits and Automata: Towards Modern Information Technology</i></a>. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 335 (1 ed.). Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11682-7">10.1007/978-3-642-11682-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11681-0"><bdi>978-3-642-11681-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1860-949X">1860-949X</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011921126">2011921126</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Boolean+Logic+to+Switching+Circuits+and+Automata%3A+Towards+Modern+Information+Technology&rft.place=Berlin+%26+Heidelberg%2C+Germany&rft.series=Studies+in+Computational+Intelligence&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-11682-7&rft.issn=1860-949X&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011921126&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11681-0&rft.aulast=Stankovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radomir+S.&rft.au=Astola%2C+Jaakko+Tapio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZuHwCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwitching+circuit+theory" class="Z3988"></span> (xviii+212 pages)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Digital_electronics" title="Template:Digital electronics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_electronics" title="Template talk:Digital electronics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_electronics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital electronics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Electronic circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">Flip-flop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a> (HIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">Emitter-coupled logic</a> (ECL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasable_programmable_logic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasable programmable logic device">Erasable programmable logic device</a> (EPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocell_array" title="Macrocell array">Macrocell array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">Programmable logic array</a> (PLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">Programmable logic device</a> (PLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">Programmable Array Logic</a> (PAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Array_Logic" title="Generic Array Logic">Generic Array Logic</a> (GAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">Complex programmable logic device</a> (CPLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">Field-programmable object array</a> (FPOA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">Application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">Digital signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(signal_processing)" title="Digital signal (signal processing)">Digital signal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_minimization_for_Boolean_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit minimization for Boolean functions">Circuit minimization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switching circuit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_equivalent" title="Gate equivalent">Gate equivalent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_and_route" title="Place and route">Place and route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placement_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Placement (electronic design automation)">Placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Routing (electronic design automation)">Routing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-level_modeling" title="Transaction-level modeling">Transaction-level modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">Register-transfer level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Formal equivalence checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">Synchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_circuit" title="Asynchronous circuit">Asynchronous logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" 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