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<span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_corporations_as_enterprises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_corporations_as_enterprises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Municipal corporations as enterprises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_corporations_as_enterprises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Municipal incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_disincorporation/dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_disincorporation/dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Municipal disincorporation/dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_disincorporation/dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Municipal corporation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شهرداری تعاونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهرداری تعاونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_municipale" title="Corporation municipale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corporation municipale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="नगर निगम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नगर निगम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalna_korporacija" title="Municipalna korporacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Municipalna korporacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="नगर निगम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नगर निगम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93" title="都市自治体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市自治体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨਗਰ ਨਿਗਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਗਰ ਨਿਗਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="میونسپل کارپوریشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میونسپل کارپوریشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_municipal" title="Corporação municipal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corporação municipal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Муниципальная корпорация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Муниципальная корпорация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Municipal corporation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کۆمپانیای نێوخۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمپانیای نێوخۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மாநகராட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாநகராட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Муніципальна корпорація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Муніципальна корпорація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="میونسپل کارپوریشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میونسپل کارپوریشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_khu_t%E1%BB%B1_qu%E1%BA%A3n" title="Hội đồng khu tự quản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội đồng khu tự quản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%98" title="市法團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="市法團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2097994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incorporated_municipality&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated municipality">Incorporated municipality</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal term for a local governing body</div> <p><b>Municipal corporation</b> is the legal term for a <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governing body</a>, including (but not necessarily limited to) <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">charter townships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voornetal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also be used to describe <a href="/wiki/Municipally_owned_corporation" title="Municipally owned corporation">municipally owned corporations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voornetal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TavaresCamoes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TavaresCamoes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrossiReichard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossiReichard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_corporation_as_local_self-government">Municipal corporation as local self-government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Municipal corporation as local self-government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Municipal incorporation occurs when such <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located. Often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">municipal charter</a>. A <b>city charter</b> or <b>town charter</b> or <b>municipal charter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal document">legal document</a> establishing a municipality, such as a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> or <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of municipal corporations in Bangladesh">List of municipal corporations in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, There are 330 such municipal corporations in <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">eight divisions</a> of Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Municipal government in Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada, charters are granted by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial authorities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">Municipal Corporations in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/220px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/330px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/440px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Corporation">Chennai Corporation</a> headquarters</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a> is the oldest municipal corporation in the world outside the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-oldestcorp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldestcorp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title "corporation" was used in <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a> from soon after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of Ireland">Norman conquest</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2001" title="Local Government Act 2001">Local Government Act 2001</a>. Under the 2001 act, <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a> were renamed "cities" and their corporations became "city councils"; other borough corporations were renamed "borough councils".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a>, the corporations in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> were Dublin, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a> (county boroughs) and <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sligo" title="Sligo">Sligo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonmel" title="Clonmel">Clonmel</a>, and Wexford (non-county boroughs). <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Dún Laoghaire</a> gained borough status in 1930 as "The Corporation of Dun Laoghaire".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>'s borough status, lost in 1840, was restored in 1937; it was formally styled "the Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough of Galway",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but referred to as "the Corporation".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act 1852</a> allowed municipal corporations to be established within the new <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">Provinces of New Zealand</a>. The term fell out of favour following the abolition of the Provinces in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">Borough status in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">ancient boroughs</a> of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> were typically incorporated by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>, though some were boroughs by <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">prescription</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1882" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1882">Municipal Corporations Act 1882</a> abolished the corporations of <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">rotten boroughs</a> and other small rural areas. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a> aligned the powers of the remaining borough corporations with those of the new <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban district councils</a>. All borough corporations were replaced under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> with councils not designated as "corporations", with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>. </p><p>The corporations of the <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> of Scotland were similar in origin and were reformed or replaced in the nineteenth century before being abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Scotland)_Act_1973" title="Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973</a>. The Irish borough corporations within what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> were reformed by the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_(Ireland)_Act_1840" title="Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840">Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a> and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1972" title="Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972">Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government in the United States</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> and territories have at least two tiers of local government: <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> uses the term <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> uses the term <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_and_census_areas_in_Alaska" title="List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska">borough</a> for what the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> terms <a href="/wiki/County_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="County equivalent">county equivalents</a> in those states. <a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil townships</a> or towns are used as subdivisions of a county in 20 states, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest. </p><p>Population centers may be organized into incorporated municipalities of several types, including the <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_(United_States)" title="Borough (United States)">borough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Village_(United_States)" title="Village (United States)">village</a>. The types and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state. In addition to these general-purpose local governments, states may also create <a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">special-purpose</a> local governments. Depending on the state, local governments may operate under their own charters or under general law, or a state may have a mix of chartered and general-law local governments. Generally, in a state having both chartered and general-law local governments, the chartered local governments have more local autonomy and home rule. Municipalities are typically subordinate to a county government, with some exceptions. Certain cities, for example, have consolidated with their county government as <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-counties</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, cities are completely <a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">independent</a> from the county in which they would otherwise be a part. In some states, particularly in New England, <a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">towns</a> form the primary unit of local government below the state level, in some cases eliminating the need for county government entirely. Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level. </p><p>In addition to counties and municipalities, states often create special purpose authorities, such as <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a> and districts for fire protection, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> service, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a>, public parks or forests, water resource management, and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">conservation districts</a>. Such special purpose districts may encompass areas in multiple municipalities or counties. According to the US Census Bureau's data collected in 2012, there were 89,004 local government units in the United States. This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007. </p><p>Each of the five permanently inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> is also subdivided into smaller entities. Puerto Rico has <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Municipalities of Puerto Rico">78 municipalities</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> has four municipalities. <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> has <a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Guam#List_of_villages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of populated places in Guam">villages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> has <a href="/wiki/Districts_and_sub-districts_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands">districts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> has <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_American_Samoa" title="Administrative divisions of American Samoa">districts and unorganized atolls</a>. </p><p>Each <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reservation">Indian Reservation</a> is subdivided in various ways. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> is subdivided into agencies and <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house_(Navajo_Nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter house (Navajo Nation)">Chapter houses</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfeet Indian Reservation">Blackfeet Nation</a> is subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfeet Indian Reservation">Communities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_corporations_as_enterprises">Municipal corporations as enterprises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Municipal corporations as enterprises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one definition of the term, municipal corporations are "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership".<sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voornetal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some such corporations rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation,<sup id="cite_ref-TavaresCamoes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TavaresCamoes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voornetal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such municipal corporations result from a process of "externalization", and require different skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and follow common changes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the institutional landscape of public services.<sup id="cite_ref-GrossiReichard_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossiReichard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are argued to be more efficient than government bureaucracies, but have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Voornetal_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voornetal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></small></b></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Voornetal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voornetal_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voornetal_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voornetal_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voornetal_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voornetal_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVoornVan_Genugtenvan_Thiel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Voorn, Bart; Van Genugten, Marieke L.; van Thiel, Sandra (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/176125/1/176125.pdf">"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Local Government Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 820–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1319360">10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F176125">2066/176125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+Government+Studies&rft.atitle=The+efficiency+and+effectiveness+of+municipally+owned+corporations%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=820-841&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F176125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03003930.2017.1319360&rft.aulast=Voorn&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Van+Genugten%2C+Marieke+L.&rft.au=van+Thiel%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ubn.ru.nl%2Fbitstream%2F2066%2F176125%2F1%2F176125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TavaresCamoes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TavaresCamoes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TavaresCamoes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavaresCamoes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tavares, Antonio F.; Camoes, Pedro J. (2007). "Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network". <i>Local Government Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 535–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03003930701417544">10.1080/03003930701417544</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154709321">154709321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+Government+Studies&rft.atitle=Local+service+delivery+choices+in+Portugal%3A+A+political+transaction+costs+network&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-553&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03003930701417544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154709321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tavares&rft.aufirst=Antonio+F.&rft.au=Camoes%2C+Pedro+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrossiReichard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrossiReichard_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrossiReichard_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossiReichard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Grossi, G.; Reichard, C. (2008). "Municipal corporatization in Germany and Italy". <i>Public Management Review</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 597–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14719030802264275">10.1080/14719030802264275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153354582">153354582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Municipal+corporatization+in+Germany+and+Italy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=597-617&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14719030802264275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153354582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grossi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Reichard%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/making-city-corporation-effective-1649869161#google_vignette">"Making City Corporation effective"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+City+Corporation+effective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefinancialexpress.com.bd%2Fviews%2Fcolumns%2Fmaking-city-corporation-effective-1649869161%23google_vignette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/603y478vyh">"Facilities of city corporations' councilors being increased by manifold"</a>. 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facilities+of+city+corporations%27+councilors+being+increased+by+manifold&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.prothomalo.com%2Fbangladesh%2F603y478vyh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldestcorp-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oldestcorp_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040128034716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/02/stories/2003040200100300.htm">"The first corporation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+first+corporation&rft.date=2003-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmp%2F2003%2F04%2F02%2Fstories%2F2003040200100300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040438/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/">"Local Government Act, 2001"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i>. p. §11(3), §11(4), Schedule 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2001/en/act/pub/0037/">the original</a> on 4 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act%2C+2001&rft.pages=%C2%A711%283%29%2C+%C2%A711%284%29%2C+Schedule+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F2001%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1930/en/act/pub/0027/sec0003.html#sec3">"Local Government (Dublin) Act, 1930, Section 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Local+Government+%28Dublin%29+Act%2C+1930%2C+Section+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1930%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0027%2Fsec0003.html%23sec3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1937/en/act/prv/0003/sec0003.html">"Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Local+Government+%28Galway%29+Act%2C+1937%2C+Section+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1937%2Fen%2Fact%2Fprv%2F0003%2Fsec0003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1937/en/act/prv/0003/sec0002.html">"Local Government (Galway) Act, 1937, Section 2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Local+Government+%28Galway%29+Act%2C+1937%2C+Section+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F1937%2Fen%2Fact%2Fprv%2F0003%2Fsec0002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitution_Act1852" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html">"New Zealand Constitution Act 1852"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a> - New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 30 June 1852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Constitution+Act+1852&rft.pub=Victoria+University+of+Wellington+-+New+Zealand+Electronic+Text+Collection&rft.date=1852-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-GovCons-t1-body-d1-d1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_incorporation">Municipal incorporation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Municipal incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020110606/https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/pdfs/GARM/Ch9GARM.pdf">"Characteristics and State Requirements for Incorporated Places"</a> - United States Census</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_disincorporation/dissolution"><span id="Municipal_disincorporation.2Fdissolution"></span>Municipal disincorporation/dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_corporation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Municipal disincorporation/dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117014943/http://www.californiacityfinance.com/DisincorporationKnox2010.pdf">"Municipal Disincorporation in California"</a> - California City Finance</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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