CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Post-war consensus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f9b6f80-5531-40e8-b615-c1b385fd0307","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Post-war_consensus","wgTitle":"Post-war consensus","wgCurRevisionId":1268686537,"wgRevisionId":1268686537,"wgArticleId":1817074,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use British English from July 2016","Use dmy dates from May 2020","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2022","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","20th century in New Zealand", "20th century in the United Kingdom","Centrism in the United Kingdom","Democratic socialism","Economic history of the United Kingdom","Keynesian economics","Nationalization","Politics of New Zealand","Politics of the United Kingdom","Post-war period","Social democracy","Welfare economics","Welfare state"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Post-war_consensus","wgRelevantArticleId":1817074,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2105865","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Post-war consensus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_consensus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_consensus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Post-war_consensus rootpage-Post-war_consensus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Post-war+consensus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Post-war+consensus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Post-war+consensus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Post-war+consensus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_post-war_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_post-war_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins of post-war consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_post-war_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_areas_of_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_areas_of_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Policy areas of consensus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy_areas_of_consensus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policy areas of consensus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policy_areas_of_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labour_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Labour revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butskellism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butskellism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Butskellism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butskellism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_about_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_about_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Debate about consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_about_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_of_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_of_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Collapse of consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_of_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Butskellism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butskellism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Butskellism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butskellism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Post-war consensus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="وفاق ما بعد الحرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وفاق ما بعد الحرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Post-war consensus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consenso_de_posguerra" title="Consenso de posguerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consenso de posguerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_d%27apr%C3%A8s-guerre" title="Consensus d'après-guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consensus d'après-guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consenso_postbellico" title="Consenso postbellico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consenso postbellico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consenso_do_p%C3%B3s-guerra" title="Consenso do pós-guerra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consenso do pós-guerra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2105865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Post-war_consensus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Post-war_consensus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Post-war_consensus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&oldid=1268686537" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Post-war_consensus&id=1268686537&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPost-war_consensus"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPost-war_consensus"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Post-war_consensus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2105865" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period in British political history, 1945 to 1970s</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>post-war consensus</b>, sometimes called the <b>post-war compromise</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Economic_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic order">economic order</a> and social model of which the major political parties in <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">post-war Britain</a> shared a consensus supporting view, from the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945 to the late-1970s. It ended during the governance of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. The consensus tolerated or encouraged <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a>, strong <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, heavy <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>, and an extensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of a post-war consensus covered support for a coherent package of policies that was developed in the 1930s and promised during the Second World War, focused on a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>, and a broad welfare state.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have debated the timing of the weakening and collapse of the consensus, including whether it ended before <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> arrived with the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also suggest that the notion might not have been as widely supported as some claim, and that the word <i>consensus</i> might be inaccurate to describe the period. <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">Embedded liberalism</a> has been applied to describe the post-war consensus on a global stage, around the same period from World War II to the crisis of the 1970s, and contrast it with the paradigm shift led by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_post-war_consensus">Origins of post-war consensus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of post-war consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thesis of post-war consensus was most fully developed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Paul Addison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic argument is that in the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> intellectuals led by <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> developed a series of plans that became especially attractive as the wartime government promised a much better post-war Britain and saw the need to engage every sector of society. </p><p>The foundations of the post-war consensus can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a>. This was a report by <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, a Liberal economist who in 1942 formulated the concept of a more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_6_a_8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report, in shortened terms, aimed to bring widespread reform to the United Kingdom and did so by identifying the "five giants on the road of reconstruction": "Want… Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the report were labelled a number of recommendations: the appointment of a minister to control all the insurance schemes; a standard weekly payment by people in work as a contribution to the insurance fund; old age pensions, maternity grants, funeral grants, pensions for widows and for people injured at work; a new national health service to be established. </p><p>The post-war consensus included a belief in <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_6_a_8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of major industries, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and the creation of the modern welfare state in Britain. The policies were instituted by all governments (both Labour and Conservative) in the post-war period. The consensus has been held to characterise British politics until the economic crises of the 1970s (see <a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a>) which led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war economic boom">post-war economic boom</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> economics as championed by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>. The roots of Keynes's economics, however, stem from critique of the economics of the interwar period depression. Keynes's style of economics encouraged a more active role of the government in order to "manage overall demand so that there was a balance between demand and output".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was claimed that in the period between 1945–1970 (consensus years) that unemployment averaged less than 3%, although the legitimacy of whether this was solely down to Keynes remains unclear. </p><p>The first general election since <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a> was held in Britain in <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">July 1945</a>, giving a landslide victory for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, whose leader was <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. The policies undertaken and implemented by this Labour government laid the base of the consensus. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> accepted many of these changes, and promised not to reverse them in its 1947 <i><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Charter" title="Industrial Charter">Industrial Charter</a></i>. Attlee, using the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynes economics</a>, laid out his plans for what became known as "The Attlee Settlement".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main areas he would tackle: </p> <ol><li>The mixed economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li>Conciliation of the trade unions</li> <li>Welfare</li> <li>Retreat from empire</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_areas_of_consensus">Policy areas of consensus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Policy areas of consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">Embedded liberalism</a></div> <p>The coalition government during the war, headed by <a href="/wiki/Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill">Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attlee" class="mw-redirect" title="Attlee">Attlee</a>, signed off on a series of white papers that promised Britain a much improved welfare state after the war. The promises included the national health service, and expansion of education, housing, and a number of welfare programmes. It included the nationalisation of weak industries. </p><p>In education, the major legislation was the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Act of 1944">Education Act of 1944</a>, written by Conservative <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>, a moderate, with his deputy, Labour's <a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">James Chuter Ede</a>, a former teacher who would become <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> throughout the Attlee administration. It expanded and modernised the educational system and became part of the consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labour Party did not challenge the system of elite <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> – they became part of the consensus. It also called for building many new universities to dramatically broaden educational base of society. Conservatives did not challenge the socialised medicine of the National Health Service; indeed, they boasted they could do a better job of running it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of foreign policy, there is much evidence to suggest that there was a shared set of views that were rooted in role of the recent history. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kavanagh" title="Dennis Kavanagh">Dennis Kavanagh</a> and Peter Morris emphasise the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and war time cabinet, in yielding a set of values that were shared amongst the major parties rooted in the events leading up to the war: "Atlanticism, the development of an independent nuclear deterrent, the process of imperial disengagement and reluctant Europeanism: all originated in the 1945 Labour Government and were subsequently continued...by its successors".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there were some disagreement on areas of foreign policy, such as the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> where  "Labour opposed the conservative 'imperial rhetoric' with the idealism of multicultural Commonwealth" or, in the same vein, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, which became "an important theme of partisan conflict" in which Conservatives showed a reluctance to give back colonial possessions as well as the gradual process of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is argued that from 1945 until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in 1979, there was a broad multi-partisan national consensus on social and economic policy, especially regarding the welfare state, nationalised health services, educational reform, a mixed economy, government regulation, Keynesian macroeconomic policies, and full employment. Apart from the question of nationalisation of some industries, these policies were broadly accepted by the three major parties, as well as by industry, the financial community and the labour movement. Until the 1980s, historians generally agreed on the existence and importance of the consensus. Some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a> expressed disappointment that the consensus was a modest or even conservative package that blocked a fully socialised society.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Angus_Calder" title="Angus Calder">Angus Calder</a> complained bitterly that the post-war reforms were an inadequate reward for the wartime sacrifices, and a cynical betrayal of the people's hope for a more just post-war society.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is still important to note that there was not total agreement between the two major parties and there were still policies which the Conservatives did not support, such as how the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> would be implemented. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a>, who was the Conservative minister of health from 1943–1945, opposed the nationalisation of hospitals. This could indicate that the post-war consensus may have been exaggerated, as many historians have argued.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_revisionism">Labour revisionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labour revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>, published in 1956, was one of the most influential books in post-war British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the seminal work of the 'revisionist' school of Labour politics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A central argument in the book is Crosland's distinction between 'means' and 'ends'. Crosland demonstrates the variety of socialist thought over time, and argues that a definition of socialism founded on nationalisation and public ownership is mistaken, since these are simply one possible means to an end. For Crosland, the defining goal of the left should be more social equality. Crosland also argued that an attack on unjustified inequalities would give any left party a political project to make the definition of the end point of 'how much equality' a secondary and more academic question. </p><p>Crosland also developed his argument about the nature of capitalism (developing the argument in his contribution 'The Transition from Capitalism' in the 1952 <i>New Fabian Essays</i> volume). Asking, "is this still capitalism?", Crosland argued that post-war capitalism had fundamentally changed, meaning that the Marxist claim that it was not possible to pursue equality in a capitalist economy was no longer true. Crosland wrote that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most characteristic features of capitalism have disappeared – the absolute rule of private property, the subjection of all life to market influences, the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a>, the neutrality of government, typical laissez-faire division of income and the ideology of individual rights.</p></blockquote> <p>Crosland argued that these features of a reformed managerial capitalism were irreversible. Others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> within the Labour Party argued that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> brought about its reversal. </p><p>A third important argument was Crosland's liberal vision of the 'good society'. Here his target was the dominance in Labour and Fabian thinking of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>, and a rather grey, top down bureaucratic vision of the socialist project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butskellism">Butskellism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Butskellism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rab_Butler.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rab_Butler.png/153px-Rab_Butler.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rab_Butler.png/230px-Rab_Butler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Rab_Butler.png/306px-Rab_Butler.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg/131px-Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg/197px-Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg/262px-Hugh_Gaitskell_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>"Butskellism" was a somewhat satirical term sometimes used in British politics to refer to this consensus, established in the 1950s and associated with the exercise of office as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>. The term was inspired by a leading article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Macrae" title="Norman Macrae">Norman Macrae</a> which dramatised the claimed convergence by referring to a fictitious "Mr. Butskell".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_about_consensus">Debate about consensus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate about consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is much discussion over the extent to which there was actually a consensus, and it has also been challenged as a myth. Many political thinkers and historians have argued both for and against the concept of consensus. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Paul Addison</a>, the historian most credited with developing the thesis, has engaged in discussions on the subject with figures such as Kevin Jeffreys, who disagrees. Jeffreys says that "Much of Labour's programme after 1945, it must be remembered, was fiercely contested at the time" using the example of the Conservatives to vote against the NHS.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attributes to the War the reason for the 'shock' result of the 1945 general election. Addison addresses many of Jeffreys' claims, such as the argument that if the Conservatives could have capitalised upon the Beveridge report they would have been the ones with a powerful mandate for pursuing policy, not the Labour party. Addison also changes his stance in this article, stating how he "exaggerated the extent to which 'middle opinion' already prevailed on the front benches" and determining that, in fact he "agree(s) with much of Dr Jeffreys' analysis".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also a number of other interpretations of the consensus which many historians have discussed such as Labour Historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a>. He says this idea is a "mirage, an illusion which rapidly fades the closer one gets to it."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pimlott sees much disputation and little harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes the term "Butskellism" meant harmony of economic policy between the parties, but it was in practice a term of abuse, not celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Scott Kelly claimed that there was in fact a sustained argument over the use of physical controls, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct taxation">direct taxation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientists <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kavanagh" title="Dennis Kavanagh">Dennis Kavanagh</a> and Peter Morris defend the concept, arguing that clear, major continuities existed regarding policies toward the economy, full employment, trade unions, and welfare programs. There was agreement as well on the major issues of foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dean Blackburn offers a different argument about the accuracy of the consensus. He proffers that the so-called consensus did not stem from ideological agreement, rather, an epistemological one (if any). He makes clear the ideological differences between the Conservatives and the Labour Party; the latter openly wanting an equal and egalitarian society, while the former was more reluctant, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, he suggests that an examination of parties' shared epistemological beliefs – "similar ideas about appropriate political conduct", a "shared a common suspicion of the notion that politics could serve fixed 'ends', and...believed that evolutionary change was preferable to radical change" – would offer a better insight into whether or not there was a consensus or not. Blackburn summarises this saying that instead of "being rooted in common ideological beliefs about the desirable 'ends' of political activity, the consensus may have stemmed from epistemological assumptions and the political propositions that followed from them".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse_of_consensus">Collapse of consensus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collapse of consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Market-orientated conservatives gathered strength in the 1970s in the face of economic paralysis. They rediscovered <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> (1944) and brought in <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> began to discredit Keynesianism. <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a> played a major role as an advisor to Thatcher.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keynesianism itself seemed no longer to be the magic bullet for economic crises of the 1970s. Mark Kesselman et al. argue: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Britain was suffering economically without growth and with growing political discontent ... the "<a href="/wiki/Winter_of_discontent" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter of discontent">winter of discontent</a>" destroyed Britain's collectivist consensus and discredited the Keynesian welfare state.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1972, Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a> introduced a tax-cutting budget. A brief "<a href="/wiki/Barber_Boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Barber Boom">Barber Boom</a>" followed but ended in <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a> and (effectively<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) devaluation of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>. Global events such as the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> put pressure on the post-war consensus; this pressure was intensified by domestic problems such as high inflation, the <a href="/wiki/Three-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-day week">three-day week</a> and industrial unrest (particularly in the declining coal-mining industry). In early 1976, expectations that inflation and the <a href="/wiki/Double_deficit_(economics)" title="Double deficit (economics)">double deficit</a> would get worse precipitated a <a href="/wiki/Sterling_crisis_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling crisis (1976)">sterling crisis</a>. By October, the pound had fallen by almost 25% against the dollar. At this point the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> had exhausted its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign reserves">foreign reserves</a> trying to prop up the currency, and as a result the <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a> government felt forced to ask the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> for a £2.3 billion loan, then the largest that the IMF had ever made. In return the IMF demanded massive spending cuts and a tightening of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a>. That marked a suspension of <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a> in Britain. Callaghan reinforced this message in his speech to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a> at the height of the crisis, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We used to think that you could spend your way out of a recession and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting government spending. I tell you in all candour that that option no longer exists, and in so far as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the war by injecting a bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of unemployment as the next step.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A cause of the supposed collapse of the post war consensus is the idea of the state overload thesis, chiefly examined in the UK by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_King_(political_scientist)" title="Anthony King (political scientist)">Anthony King</a>. He summarises the chain of events as saying "Once upon a time, then, man looked to God to order the World. Then he looked to the market. Now he looks to government".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that due to the increased demand on the government during the consensus years, that an imbalance grew between what was possible to deliver and the demands that had been created. The process is defined as being cyclical: "more demands means more government intervention, which generates yet more expectations".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that these qualms with the consensus are what led, in part, to the emergence of the New Right and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. </p><p>Thatcher reversed other elements of the post-war consensus, as when her <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_1980" title="Housing Act 1980">Housing Act 1980</a> allowed the residents to buy their flats. Thatcher did keep key elements of the post-war consensus, such as nationalised health care. She promised Britons in 1982 that the National Health Service is "safe in our hands."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economists Stephen Broadberry and Nicholas Crafts have argued that anticompetitive practices, enshrined in the post-war consensus, appear to have hindered the efficient working of the economy and, by implication, the reallocation of resources to their most profitable uses.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Higgins says the statistical data support Broadberry and Crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The consensus was increasingly seen by those on the right as being the cause of Britain's relative economic decline. Believers in <a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a> political beliefs saw their ideology as the solution to Britain's economic dilemmas in the 1970s. When the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> won the 1979 general election in the wake of the 1978–79 <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a>, they implemented New Right ideas and brought the post-war consensus to an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside Britain, the term "post-war consensus" is used for an era of New Zealand political history, from the <a href="/wiki/First_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_government" class="mw-redirect" title="First New Zealand Labour Party government">first New Zealand Labour Party government</a> of the 1930s until the election of a fundamentally changed Labour party in <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a>, following years of mostly <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">New Zealand National Party</a> rule. As in the UK, it was built around a 'historic compromise' between the different classes in society: the rights, health and security of employment for all workers would be promised by government, in return for co-operation between unions and employers. The key ideological tenets of governments of the period were <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> economic policy, heavy <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">interventionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">economic regulation</a> and an extensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Party_and_Liberal_Democrats_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Liberal Party and Liberal Democrats (UK) general election manifestos">List of Liberal Party and Liberal Democrats (UK) general election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos">List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Labour,_New_Life_for_Britain" title="New Labour, New Life for Britain">New Labour, New Life for Britain</a></i>, 1996 Manifesto</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaitskellism" title="Gaitskellism">Gaitskellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pound was changed from a <a href="/wiki/Currency_pegging" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency pegging">pegged</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Floating_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating currency">floating currency</a> and its value immediately plunged.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutton, David (1997). <i>British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus</i> (2nd ed. Blackwell).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, Dennis (1992). "The Postwar Consensus," <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. 3#2 pp. 175–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Toye,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Toye, Richard">Toye, Richard</a> (2013). "From 'Consensus' to 'Common Ground': The Rhetoric of the Postwar Settlement and its Collapse," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. 48#1 pp. 3–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenCenteno2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Joseph Nathan; Centeno, Miguel Angel (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716206288751">"Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance, 1980–2000"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>606</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206288751">10.1177/0002716206288751</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+and+Patterns+of+Economic+Performance%2C+1980%E2%80%932000&rft.volume=606&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716206288751&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Nathan&rft.au=Centeno%2C+Miguel+Angel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716206288751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Addison, <i>The road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War</i> (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_6_a_8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_6_a_8_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth O. Morgan, <i>Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace</i> (2001), pp. 4, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteBeveridgeBoard1943" class="citation journal cs1">White, R. Clyde; Beveridge, William; Board, National Resources Planning (October 1943). "Social Insurance and Allied Services". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 610. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2085737">10.2307/2085737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2085737">2085737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Insurance+and+Allied+Services.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=610&rft.date=1943-10&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2085737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2085737&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.+Clyde&rft.au=Beveridge%2C+William&rft.au=Board%2C+National+Resources+Planning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. pg 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. pg 4–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Jeffereys, "R. A. Butler, the Board of Education and the 1944 Education Act," <i>History</i> (1984) 69#227 pp. 415–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Simon, "The 1944 Education Act: A Conservative Measure?," <i>History of Education</i> (1986) 15#1 pp. 31–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Klein, "Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system." Health Affairs 4#1 (1985): 41–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/4/1/41.full.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. pg 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh. <i>Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. Pg 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary socialism: A study in the politics of labour. (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Campbell, The Peoples War: Britain, 1939–1945<i> (1969). </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimson2018" class="citation web cs1">Gimson, Andrew (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservativehome.com/2018/01/05/profile-henry-willink-the-conservative-who-proposed-a-national-health-service-before-bevan-created-one/">"Profile: Henry Willink, the Conservative who proposed a National Health Service before Bevan created one"</a>. <i>Conservative Home</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conservative+Home&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Henry+Willink%2C+the+Conservative+who+proposed+a+National+Health+Service+before+Bevan+created+one&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Gimson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservativehome.com%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2Fprofile-henry-willink-the-conservative-who-proposed-a-national-health-service-before-bevan-created-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unherd.com/thepost/the-forgotten-tory-blueprint-for-the-nhs/">"The forgotten Tory blueprint for the NHS"</a>. <i>UnHerd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnHerd&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+Tory+blueprint+for+the+NHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funherd.com%2Fthepost%2Fthe-forgotten-tory-blueprint-for-the-nhs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/beveridge-bevan.htm">"Beveridge and Bevan"</a>. <i>www.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Beveridge+and+Bevan&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Fbeveridge-bevan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2006" class="citation web cs1">Jeffreys, Kevin (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31527&amid=30229338">"Tony Crosland, The Future of Socialism and New Labour"</a>. <i>History Review</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Tony+Crosland%2C+The+Future+of+Socialism+and+New+Labour&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2FMainArticle.aspx%3Fm%3D31527%26amid%3D30229338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosland sought to revise the Labour Party's constitutional commitment to the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, (Aims, Clause four, party four): "If Socialism is defined as the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, we produce solutions which deny almost all the values that socialists have normally read into the word". Quoted by Hattersley in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110520080754/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article639445.ece">Hattersley, Roy, <i>To imagine Labour's future, rewind 50 years</i></a>, The Times online, 15 September 2006, accessed 27 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economist</i>, February 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Economist. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16374404">The unacknowledged giant</a>", 27 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys1995" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Kevin (1995). <i>The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940–45</i>. Manchester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churchill+Coalition+and+Wartime+Politics%2C+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Manchester&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFADDISON1993" class="citation journal cs1">ADDISON, PAUL (1993). "Consensus Revisited". <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2F4.1.91">10.1093/tcbh/4.1.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2359">0955-2359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=Consensus+Revisited&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2F4.1.91&rft.issn=0955-2359&rft.aulast=ADDISON&rft.aufirst=PAUL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kerr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kerr_(political_scientist)" title="Peter Kerr (political scientist)">Peter Kerr</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2sudiOrLHYC&pg=PA44"><i>Postwar British Politics: From Conflict to Consensus</i></a>. Routledge. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134571526" title="Special:BookSources/1134571526"><bdi>1134571526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+British+Politics%3A+From+Conflict+to+Consensus&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1134571526&rft.au=Peter+Kerr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2sudiOrLHYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Pimlott, "Is The 'Postwar Consensus' A Myth?" <i>Contemporary Record</i> (1989) 2#6 pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Dutton, <i>British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus</i> (2nd ed. Blackwell, 1997) pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Kavanagh and Peter Morris, "Is the 'Postwar Consensus' A Myth?" <i>Contemporary Record</i> (1989) 2#6 pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn, D. (2017). "Reassessing Britain's 'Post-war consensus': the politics of reason 1945–1979". <i>British Politics</i>, 13(2). p 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn, D. (2017). "Reassessing Britain's 'Post-war consensus': the politics of reason 1945–1979". <i>British Politics</i>, 13(2). p 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Lee1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Lee (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhMI9U3GIm8C&pg=PA224"><i>Aspects of British Political History: 1914–1995</i></a>. Routledge. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415131025" title="Special:BookSources/9780415131025"><bdi>9780415131025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+British+Political+History%3A+1914%E2%80%931995&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780415131025&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhMI9U3GIm8C%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Kesselman2012" class="citation book cs1">Mark Kesselman; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZg3C2l7unoC&pg=PA59"><i>Introduction to Comparative Politics, Brief Edition</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111834173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111834173"><bdi>978-1111834173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Comparative+Politics%2C+Brief+Edition&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1111834173&rft.au=Mark+Kesselman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZg3C2l7unoC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._BrivatiR._Heffernan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Brivati" title="Brian Brivati">B. Brivati</a>; R. Heffernan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>The Labour Party: A Centenary History</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230595583" title="Special:BookSources/9780230595583"><bdi>9780230595583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Party%3A+A+Centenary+History&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780230595583&rft.au=B.+Brivati&rft.au=R.+Heffernan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIc5eCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, A. (1975). Overload: problems of governing in the 1970s. Political Studies, 23(2–3). pg 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard E. B. Simeon. "The 'Overload Thesis' and Canadian Government". <i>Canadian Public Policy / Analyse De Politiques</i>, vol. 2, no. 4, 1976, pg, 544</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Klein, "Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system." <i>Health Affairs</i> 4#1 (1985): 41–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/4/1/41.full.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadberry (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Higgins, "British Manufacturing Financial Performance, 1950–79: Implications for the Productivity Debate and the Post-War Consensus," <i>Business History</i> (2003) 45#3 pp. 52–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel D. Aberbach and Tom Christensen, "Radical reform in New Zealand: crisis, windows of opportunity, and rational actors." <i>Public Administration</i> 79#2 (2001): 403–22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Addison, Paul. <i>The road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War</i> (1975).</li> <li>Addison, Paul, 'Consensus Revisited', <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>, 4/1, (1993) pp. 91–94</li> <li>Black, Lawrence, and Hugh Pemberton. <i>An Affluent Society? Britain's Post-war 'Golden Age' Revisited</i> (Gower, 2004).</li> <li>Broadberry, Stephen and Nicholas Crafts (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3698724">"UK Productivity Performance from 1950 to 1979: A Restatement of the Broadberry-Crafts View"</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> in <i>The Economic History Review</i>, vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 718–35.</li> <li>Dutton, David. <i>British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus</i> (2nd ed. Blackwell, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/British-Politics-Since-1945-Association/dp/0631203206/">excerpt</a>; political history seen from Consensus viewpoint</li> <li>Harrison, Brian. "The rise, fall and rise of political consensus in Britain since 1940." <i>History</i> 84.274 (1999): 301–324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24424417">online</a></li> <li>Jefferys, Kevin, <i>The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940–45</i>, (1995).</li> <li>Jones, Harriet and Michael Kandiah, eds. <i>The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History, 1945–64</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oEWuCwAAQBAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lowe, Rodney. "The Second World War, consensus, and the foundation of the welfare state." <i>Twentieth Century British History</i> 1#2 (1990): 152–182.</li> <li>O'Hara, Glen. <i>From dreams to disillusionment: economic and social planning in 1960s Britain</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317692/1/271224.pdf">online PhD version</a></li> <li>Reeves, Rachel, and Martin McIvor. "Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state." <i>Renewal: a Journal of Labour Politics</i> 22#3/4 (2014): 42+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewal.org.uk/articles/clement-attlee-and-the-foundations-of-the-british-welfare-state">online</a></li> <li>Ritschel, Daniel. "Consensus in the Postwar Period After 1945," In David Loades, ed., <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 1:296–97.</li> <li>Toye, Richard. "From 'Consensus' to 'Common Ground': The Rhetoric of the Postwar Settlement and its Collapse," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (2013) 48#1 pp. 3–23.</li> <li>Williamson, Adrian. "The Bullock Report on Industrial Democracy and the Post-War Consensus." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 30#1 (2016): 119–49.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butskellism_2">Butskellism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Butskellism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly,_S.2002" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqe0AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Myth of Mr. Butskell: The Politics of British Economic Policy, 1950–55</i></a>. London: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0604-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-0604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Mr.+Butskell%3A+The+Politics+of+British+Economic+Policy%2C+1950%E2%80%9355&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0604-8&rft.au=Kelly%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcqe0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-war+consensus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rollings, Neil. "'Poor Mr Butskell: A Short Life, Wrecked by Schizophrenia'?." <i>Twentieth Century British History</i> 5#2 (1994): 183–205.</li> <li>Rollings, Neil. "Butskellism, the postwar consensus and the managed economy." in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah, eds. <i>The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History, 1945–64</i> (1996) pp. 97–119 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oEWuCwAAQBAJ">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/thatcherism_01.shtml">Dennis Kavanagh, "Thatcherism and the End of the Post-War Consensus" BBC 2011-03-03</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/students/postwarbritishhistoriography.htm">"Historiography of Post-War British History and Politics", major books annotated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britpolitics.co.uk/academic-articles-all/-theory-post-war-consensus-dr-timothy-heppell-leeds-university">Timothy Heppel, "The Theory of Post-War Consensus" (2014)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/COMPARISON-OF-EMBEDDED-LIBERALISM-AND-NEOLIBERALISM_tbl1_46444979">Comparison table of embedded liberalism and neoliberalism</a> from Joseph Nathan Cohen, Miguel Angel Centeno, "Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance, 1980–2000" (2006)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&oldid=1268686537">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&oldid=1268686537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:20th century in New Zealand">20th century in New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:20th century in the United Kingdom">20th century in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Centrism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Centrism in the United Kingdom">Centrism in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_socialism" title="Category:Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic history of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Keynesian_economics" title="Category:Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalization" title="Category:Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-war_period" title="Category:Post-war period">Post-war period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare_economics" title="Category:Welfare economics">Welfare economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare_state" title="Category:Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use British English from July 2016">Use British English from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2020">Use dmy dates from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 January 2025, at 01:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-war_consensus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Post-war consensus</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>6 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-vwcg8","wgBackendResponseTime":125,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.433","walltime":"0.562","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2044,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":32490,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3186,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":62495,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 487.532 1 -total"," 47.04% 229.351 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.37% 133.423 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.70% 86.274 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.96% 53.436 2 Template:Pagetype"," 10.23% 49.882 6 Template:Cite_book"," 8.65% 42.168 1 Template:Who"," 8.01% 39.075 1 Template:Fix"," 5.27% 25.676 4 Template:Cite_web"," 4.98% 24.303 1 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.234","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6205013,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-9c7dr","timestamp":"20250215190049","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Post-war consensus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-war_consensus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2105865","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2105865","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-29T20:55:49Z","dateModified":"2025-01-11T01:23:23Z","headline":"period in British political history, 1945 to 1970s"}</script> </body> </html>