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2013年世界人権年鑑:ポスト「アラブの春」の人権課題 | Human Rights Watch

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Africa,United States"/> <meta name="copyright" content="Human Rights Watch"/> <meta name="description" content="(ロンドン)-「アラブの春」の熱狂は去り、人権を尊重する民主主義構築に向けた厳しい課題がいま目前にある、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは本日発表の2013年世界人権年鑑内で述べた。人びとは決起した。が、真の民主主義を生むのか、それとも新たな形態の独裁をもたらすだけなのかを決定するのは、新政府の人権尊重に向けた意思である。"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20130526225414cs_/http://www.hrw.org/modules/search/search.css?l"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20130526225414cs_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css_6c83f747c843d88cab2c29d54662b761_0.css"/> <!--[if lt IE 7]> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/all/themes/hrw/ie.css?l" /> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/all/themes/hrw/ie7.css?l" /> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20130526225414js_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js_a0facbb2f662de846459c37900f3f845_1.js"></script> <script 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href="/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/ja/news/2013/01/31/2013" title="2013年世界人権年鑑:ポスト「アラブの春」の人権課題">2013年世界人権年鑑:ポスト「アラブの春」の人権課題</a> </h6> </div> <h6 class="node-subtitle">独裁崩壊の後、人権を尊重する民主主義の構築に向けて</h6> <div class="info"> <div class="meta date"> <span class="created">2013年01月31日</span> </div> </div> <div class="content clear-block filter-text"> <div class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F31%2F2013&amp;count=horizontal&amp;via=&amp;text=2013%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91%EF%BC%9A%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%80%8C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A5%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E8%AA%B2%E9%A1%8C&amp;counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F31%2F2013" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fja%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F31%2F2013&amp;layout=button_count&amp;show_faces=false&amp;action=like&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;width=90&amp;height=21&amp;font=&amp;locale=" title="I Like it" class="service-links-facebook-like" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Facebook Like</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-printmail last"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/ja/printmail/news/2013/01/31/2013" title="Envoyer à un ami" class="service-links-printmail" rel="nofollow"><img src="/web/20130526225414im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/all/themes/hrw/images/icons/mail.png" width="21" height="22"/> Email</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <p align="center"><a href="world-report/2013"><img alt="World Report 2013" border="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-200x/media/images/report-covers/World-Report-2013-Cover-3D_300px.jpg"/></a></p> <p>アラブの春の結果イスラム主義者が多数派を占める政府も生まれたが、これらの政府の評価軸として、女性への対応よりよいものはなかろう。</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> ケネス・ロス代表 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p align="left">(ロンドン)-「アラブの春」の熱狂は去り、人権を尊重する民主主義構築に向けた厳しい課題がいま目前にある、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは本日発表の<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013">2013年世界人権年鑑</a>内で述べた。人びとは決起した。が、真の民主主義を生むのか、それとも新たな形態の独裁をもたらすだけなのかを決定するのは、新政府の人権尊重に向けた意思である。</p> <p align="left">世界の人権保護状況に関する23回目の年次総括となる報告書「<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013">2013年世界人権年鑑&mdash;ワールドレポート</a>」(全665ページ)でヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは、90カ国以上における主要な人権問題を概説。中東と北アフリカでの「アラブの春」に関し、人権を尊重する国家の創造は、効果的な統治組織の構築や、独立した裁判所の確立、プロとしての専門性を備えた警察の創設、人権と法の支配を無視する多数派の衝動に対する抵抗などを必要とする、骨の折れる仕事になりうると述べた。しかし民主主義の構築が困難だからといって、旧来の秩序への回帰を求めることは正当化できない。</p> <p align="left">ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの代表<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/bios/kenneth-roth">ケネス・ロス</a>は、「自由の不確実性は、独裁的統治による強制された予測可能性への逆行の理由にはなりえない」と指摘。「前にある道のりには困難もあろう。しかし別の道を歩むことは、弾圧のまん延する恐ろしい未来に国家全体を委ねることを意味する。」</p> <p align="left">多数決原理と権利尊重の間に存在する緊張関係は、新たな政府にとっておそらく最大の難題となろう。中東の指導者らは選挙によって新たに得た権力を最大限に行使したくもなろうが、少数派や女性ほか、危険な立場におかれたグループの人びとの基本的自由と諸権利を犠牲にすることなく統治する義務を負っていることを忘れてはならない。</p> <p align="left">諸外国も自らの行動をもってよい例を示したり、自ら人権を尊重したり、新政権などとの二国間関係のなかで一貫して諸権利を推進するなどして、これらの新政権を支援できる。弾圧を見て見ぬふりをすることは、政治的には都合が良いかもしれないが、人権を尊重する民主主義を求める旅路にとっては極めて大きなダメージとなる。</p> <p align="left">世界人権年鑑には、そのほかの人権課題を論じたエッセイも3本掲載されている。ひとつ目のエッセイはグロ-バリゼーション時代のなかで、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2013/without-rules">世界中の企業活動を規制</a>する必要性を論じると共に、企業活動から被害を受けている労働者や人びとの権利をまもる必要性を詳述する内容。ふたつ目のエッセイは、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2013/lives-balance">環境危機への各国政府などの対応</a>についてで、自然への危害に集中するあまり、危機状況におかれた地域で生活する人びとの人権への影響が無視されることが多いと論じている。最後のエッセイは、「<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/essays/trouble-tradition">伝統」や文化相対主義</a>が、普遍的であるべき女性や少数派の人権の否定に利用されている実態を浮き彫りにした内容だ。</p> <p align="left">改革の過程にある中東北アフリカの国々の間でおそらく最も影響が強いであろう<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/egypt">エジプト</a>の憲法をめぐる闘いは、人権保護がいかに困難かを明らかにしている、とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは世界人権年鑑序文で述べる。同国憲法は拷問や恣意的拘禁を明確に禁ずるなど、建設的な部分もある。</p> <p align="left">しかし、言論、宗教、家族に関する拡大解釈が可能であいまいな規定は、国際法の下で保護された女性の権利や社会的自由の行使に危険な影をおとしている。また、同憲法は、軍を文民統制(シビリアン・コントロール)する努力を放棄したとみられる内容となっている。</p> <p align="left">政権を交代させたアラブ諸国の間で、「弱い国家」の問題点を最も端的に示しているのが<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/libya">リビア</a>だ。カダフィ大佐時代には、政権への異議を抑圧するため、意図的に政府機関は未発達のままにされた。特に深刻な様相を呈するのが「法の支配」の尊重で、民兵組織が国の多くの部分を牛耳り、いくつかの地域では重大な人権侵害を行っていながら不処罰のままだ。一方で数千の人びとが、自らに不利な証拠に法廷で反論する機会を与えられる見込みや、訴追の見込みも当面ないまま、政府や民兵組織によって拘束され続けている。</p> <p align="left">最新の国連の推計によれば、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/syria">シリア</a>では今も続く戦闘の結果これまでに約6万人が殺害された。政府軍が人道に対する罪と戦争犯罪を犯す一方、反政府勢力の一部も拷問や即決処刑を含む重大な人権侵害を行ってきている。</p> <p align="left">シリアの事態を国際刑事裁判所(ICC)に付託すると国連安全保障理事会が決定すれば、すべての被害者のための「法の正義」に向けた助けとなると共に、更なる残虐行為と宗派・党派間の報復を抑止する一助となるはずである。しかし多くの政府は国際刑事裁判所付託を支持すると表明しつつも、ロシアと中国に拒否権行使を断念させ付託を認めるよう説得できるほどの圧力を掛け続けるといった外交努力はしていない。シリアの反政府武装勢力に対しても、すべての人びとの権利を尊重するというシリアのビジョンを明確に述べた上で、それに従って行動するように求める圧力が必要だ。</p> <p align="left">イスラム主義者が選挙で権力を得た多くの国々では、女性の権利が論争の的になっている。女性の権利などいうのは西側の押しつけであり、イスラム教やアラブ文化にはそぐわないと強弁するグループもある。国際人権法は、女性が望む場合には保守的・宗教的ライフスタイルを送ることを妨げるものではない。しかし現状は、平等と自立を求める女性に対しても、政府が制約を加え過ぎている。そのような権利を西側の押しつけと決めつけるのは、女性に従属的役割を担うことを強制する国内の抑圧の隠ぺいでしかない。</p> <p align="left">前述のロス代表は、「アラブの春の結果イスラム主義者が多数派を占める政府も生まれたが、これらの政府の評価軸として、女性への対応よりよいものはなかろう」と指摘する。</p> <p align="left">ある一定の限界を超えるとみなされた言論に対し、他者の権利を制約することで応えたいという衝動にかられる権力者は多い。特にそうした制約を受けやすいのは、政府を批判する類の意見の表明やある特定勢力を侮辱する意見の表明、そして宗教的感情を害する類の意見表明などだ。諸権利をまもる砦となるべき強力かつ中立な機関がない状況下で言論の自由の権利を行使した場合、その危険は最大となる。各国政府は自制し、人びとが反対意見を述べたり、批判したり、また少数派の意見を述べる権利を尊重しなくてはならない。</p> <p align="left">各国政府は暴力をあおる言論など、言論に対するある程度の制約を正当化することはできる。しかし、言論の弾圧行為や言論に対する報復としての暴力行為を取り締まることもまた重要だ。平和裏に行われる言論に、その内容に異論があるからという理由で暴力をもって対応するのは犯罪であり、政府当局の役割は、異論を巻き起こす言論を検閲することではなく、暴力を阻止することだ。</p> <p align="left">多数決の横暴の問題は、なにもアラブ世界に限られた問題ではない。たとえば、長く強固な軍独裁が改革を目指す文民政府に政権を譲った<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/burma">ビルマ</a>でも同様の例がみられる。ビルマ政府は今でも、少数民族の保護はおろか少数民族に対する人権侵害について声をあげることにさえ消極的であり、その最も顕著な例がイスラム教徒ロヒンギャ民族に対する暴力を伴う激しい迫害である。</p> <p align="left">革命段階から人権を尊重する民主主義への移行は、変化の中にある国の人びとの最初の仕事だが、他国政府も大きな影響力を行使できるし、そうすべきだ。しかし、石油や軍事基地に関する利権や<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/israel-palestine">イスラエル</a>が関係するやいなや、中東全域での人権尊重と民主主義の進展に向けた西側諸国による支援は、一貫性を全く欠く状況となってしまっている。</p> <p align="left">そうした一貫性の欠如が、人権侵害に手を染めた政府高官の責任を問う場面で、弾圧的政府側の「国際裁判は二重基準で西側政府の友好国はほとんど裁判にかけられてない」という反論に勢いを与える結果を招き、更に、国際刑事裁判所の抑止機能を損なう悪影響も及ぼしている。</p> <p align="left">前出のロス代表は、「中東の新指導者らは、長年民主主義に抗してきたこの地域における人権問題を改善しようとするなら、まず原則の尊重という決意を明らかにする必要がある。そして指導者たちには、影響力を有する外部者からの一貫性した揺るぎない支援も必要だ」と指摘する。</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2013/01/31/2013" title="التقرير العالمي 2013 - تحديات حقوق الإنسان بعد الربيع العربي" class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_zh-hans"><a href="/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2013/01/31/2013" title="2013世界人权报告:阿拉伯之春后的人权挑战" class="translation-link">中文</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20130526225414/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/31/world-report-2013-challenges-rights-after-arab-spring" title="World Report 2013: Challenges for Rights After Arab Spring" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_fr"><a 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