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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Calabrian_(calabrese)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calabrian_(calabrese)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Calabrian (<i>calabrese</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calabrian_(calabrese)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central–Southern_Calabrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central–Southern_Calabrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Central–Southern Calabrian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Central–Southern_Calabrian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Central–Southern Calabrian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Central–Southern_Calabrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conjugations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conjugations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Êssiri_(to_be)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Êssiri_(to_be)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Êssiri (to be)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Êssiri_(to_be)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aìri_(to_have)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aìri_(to_have)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Aìri (to have)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aìri_(to_have)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_the_Central-Southern_Calabrian_Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_the_Central-Southern_Calabrian_Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Comparison of the Central-Southern Calabrian Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_the_Central-Southern_Calabrian_Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Northern Calabrian (Cosentian)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northern Calabrian (Cosentian) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conjugations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conjugations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Êsse_(to_be)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Êsse_(to_be)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Êsse (to be)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Êsse_(to_be)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avì_(to_have)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avì_(to_have)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Avì (to have)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avì_(to_have)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_Central-Southern_and_Northern_Calabrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_Central-Southern_and_Northern_Calabrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_of_Central-Southern_and_Northern_Calabrian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_Central-Southern_and_Northern_Calabrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages_in_Calabria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages_in_Calabria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other languages in Calabria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages_in_Calabria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Calabria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectos_calabreses" title="Dialectos calabreses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dialectos calabreses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabrais" title="Calabrais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calabrais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chal%C3%A1brais" title="An Chalábrais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chalábrais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Calabria" title="Bahasa di Calabria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Calabria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetti_calabresi" title="Dialetti calabresi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetti calabresi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabriai_dialektusok" title="Calabriai dialektusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Calabriai dialektusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabr%C3%A9s" title="Calabrés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calabrés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabriyaca" title="Kalabriyaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalabriyaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q617315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The primary <b>languages of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></b> are the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> as well as regional varieties of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan languages</a>, all collectively known as <b>Calabrian</b> (Italian: <i lang="it">calabrese</i>). In addition, there are speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> variety of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a> speakers and pockets of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calabrian_(calabrese)"><span id="Calabrian_.28calabrese.29"></span>Calabrian (<i>calabrese</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calabrian (calabrese)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calabrian (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">calabrese</i></span>) refers to the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance varieties</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The varieties of Calabria are part of a strong <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> that are generally recognizable as Calabrian, but that are usually divided into two different language groups: </p> <ul><li>In the southern two-thirds of the region, the Calabrian varieties are grouped as <b>Central-Southern Calabrian</b>, and are usually classified as part of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> (<i>italiano meridionale estremo</i>) language group<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the northern one-third of the region, the Calabrian dialects are often classified typologically with <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan language</a> (it: <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">napoletano calabrese</i></span>) and are called <b>Northern Calabrian</b> or just <b>Cosentian</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amantea" title="Amantea">Amantea</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cir%C3%B2,_Calabria" title="Cirò, Calabria">Cirò</a> line is generally considered an approximate demarcation between the Neapolitan and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The linguistic division roughly corresponds with the historic administrative division already in place since medieval times: <i>Calabria Citeriore</i> (or Latin Calabria) and <i>Calabria Ulteriore</i> (or Greek Calabria). This is a broad generalization and many communities in the more central parts of the region exhibit features of both language groups. </p><p>The dialects of Calabria have been extensively studied, catalogued and commented upon by German <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Rohlfs" title="Gerhard Rohlfs">Gerhard Rohlfs</a>. From the mid-1920s to the mid-1970s, he traveled the region extensively and assembled a very extensive, multi-volume dictionary. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>English</i> </th> <th>Southern Calabrian </th> <th>Northern Calabrian </th> <th>Italian </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>tomorrow</i> </td> <td>rumàni </td> <td>crai / dumàni </td> <td>domani </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>in the meantime</i> </td> <td>asciatàntu / shramènti </td> <td>interimme </td> <td>frattanto </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>the day before last</i> </td> <td>avantèri </td> <td>nustierzu </td> <td>ieri l'altro </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>to yawn</i> </td> <td>sbadigghjàri </td> <td>alare/galà </td> <td>sbadigliare </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central–Southern_Calabrian"><span id="Central.E2.80.93Southern_Calabrian"></span>Central–Southern Calabrian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Central–Southern Calabrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.jpg/400px-Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Dialetti_italiani_meridionali_estremi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The areas where <b>Central–Southern Calabrian</b> (<i>calabbrìsi</i> or <i>calavrìsi</i>, in Sicilian) is spoken corresponds generally to the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Reggio_Calabria" title="Province of Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vibo_Valentia" title="Province of Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Catanzaro" title="Province of Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>, the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Crotone" title="Province of Crotone">Crotone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_Capo_Rizzuto" title="Isola di Capo Rizzuto">Isola di Capo Rizzuto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutro" title="Cutro">Cutro</a> and vicinity) and southern <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a>. The term <i>Sicilian-Calabrian</i> is also used to distinguish the group from the Northern Calabrian group. It comprises <b>Central Calabrian</b> and <b>Southern Calabrian</b>. </p><p>The primary roots of the dialects is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern and Central Calabrian dialects are strongly influenced by a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> and ensuing levels of Latin influence and other external Southern Italian <a href="/wiki/Superstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstratum">superstrata</a>, in part hindered by geography, resulted in the many local variations found between the idioms of Calabria.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the dialects have some influence from other languages, thanks to the periodic rule and influx of other cultures. As a result, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> have left an imprint. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="EFEFEF"> <th>Central-Southern Calabrian </th> <th>Greek </th> <th>Albanian </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>batràci </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βάτραχος">βάτραχος</a> </td> <td>bretkosë </td> <td>ranocchio </td> <td>grenouille </td> <td>frog </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <td>zinnapòtamu </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:κυνοπόταμος">κυνοπόταμος</a> </td> <td>vidër </td> <td>lontra </td> <td>loutre </td> <td>otter </td></tr> <tr> <td>bampurìddha / lampurìdda / vampurìddha </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:λαμπυρίδα">λαμπυρίδα</a> </td> <td>xixëllonjë </td> <td>lucciola </td> <td>luciole </td> <td>firefly </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <td>purtuàllu </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:πορτοκάλι">πορτοκάλι</a> </td> <td>portokall </td> <td>arancia </td> <td>orange </td> <td>orange </td></tr> <tr> <td>'nnàca </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:νάκη">νάκη</a> </td> <td>djep </td> <td>culla </td> <td>berceau </td> <td>cradle </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <td>tuppitiàri </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:τύπτω">τύπτω</a> </td> <td>godit </td> <td>battere </td> <td>battre </td> <td>to hit </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>French and <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> vocabulary entered the region via the kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> in Calabria. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="EFEFEF"> <th>Central-Southern Calabrian </th> <th>Norman or French </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>'ccattàri </td> <td>accater (cf. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accapitare" class="extiw" title="wikt:accapitare">accapitāre</a>) </td> <td>comprare </td> <td>to buy </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <td>'nduja </td> <td>andouille </td> <td>salsicciotto </td> <td>type of sausage </td></tr> <tr> <td>buccirìa </td> <td>boucherie </td> <td>macelleria </td> <td>butcher's </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <td>arrocculàri </td> <td>reculer </td> <td>rotolare </td> <td>to recoil </td></tr> <tr> <td>ràggia </td> <td>rage </td> <td>rabbia </td> <td>anger </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <td>sciarabàllu </td> <td>carriole (char à bancs) </td> <td>veicolo sbatacchiato </td> <td>charabanc </td></tr> <tr> <td>travagghiàri </td> <td>travailler </td> <td>lavorare </td> <td>to work </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other words derived from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: </p> <ul><li>capezza – cabeza (Spanish) – head</li> <li>cucchiàra – cuchara (Spanish) – spoon</li> <li>palumba – paloma (Spanish) – dove</li> <li>scupetta – escopeta (Spanish) – rifle</li> <li>muccatùri – mocador (Catalan) – tissue</li> <li>prèscia – pressa (Catalan) – precipitation</li> <li>timpa – timba (Catalan) – abrupt</li> <li>addhumàri – allumar (Occitan, French, Provençal) – light up</li> <li>truppicari – trompicar (Spanish) – trip</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugations">Conjugations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conjugations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Êssiri_(to_be)"><span id=".C3.8Assiri_.28to_be.29"></span>Êssiri (to be)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Êssiri (to be)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="100px">Present </th> <th width="100px">Imperfect </th> <th width="100px">Past simple </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive present </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>(J)èu</td> <td>sugnu</td> <td>êra</td> <td>fùja</td> <td>chi fùssi</td> <td>fùssi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tu(ni)</td> <td>sì</td> <td>êri</td> <td>fùsti</td> <td>chi fùssi</td> <td>fùssi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddhu, Iddha</td> <td>êsti</td> <td>êra</td> <td>fu'</td> <td>chi fùssi</td> <td>fùssi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nu(i)</td> <td>símu</td> <td>êrumu</td> <td>fùmmu</td> <td>chi fùssimu</td> <td>fùssimu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vu(i)</td> <td>síti</td> <td>êru</td> <td>fùstu</td> <td>chi fùstu</td> <td>fùssivu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddhi</td> <td>sunnu</td> <td>êrunu</td> <td>fúru</td> <td>chi fùssiru</td> <td>fùssiru </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aìri_(to_have)"><span id="A.C3.ACri_.28to_have.29"></span>Aìri (to have)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aìri (to have)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="100px">Present </th> <th width="100px">Imperfect </th> <th width="100px">Past simple </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive present </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>(J)èu</td> <td>haju</td> <td>aìva</td> <td>èppi</td> <td>chi aìssi</td> <td>aìssi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tu(ni)</td> <td>hai</td> <td>aívi</td> <td>aìsti</td> <td>chi aìssi</td> <td>aìssi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddhu, Iddha</td> <td>havi</td> <td>aìva</td> <td>èppi</td> <td>chi aìssi</td> <td>aìssi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nui</td> <td>aìmu</td> <td>aìvumu</td> <td>èppimu</td> <td>chi aìssimu</td> <td>aìssimu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vui</td> <td>aíti</td> <td>aìvu</td> <td>aistu</td> <td>chi aìssivu</td> <td>aìssivu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddhi</td> <td>hannu</td> <td>aìvunu</td> <td>èppiru</td> <td>chi aìssiru</td> <td>aìssiru </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Reggino dialect</b> ("<i>u 'rriggitànu</i>" in Reggino): the dialect with the most speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cites <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> as its cultural centre. This dialect is very similar to the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> in Sicily.</li> <li><b>Dialects of the Chjàna</b>: spoken in the plains of <a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a> <b>(Piana di Gioia Tauro)</b>, a micro-region situated north of <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a>.</li> <li><b>Locride dialects</b>: spoken on the east coast of the Province of Reggio Calabria.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> dialect</b> used in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Squillace" title="Gulf of Squillace">Gulf of Squillace</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_the_Central-Southern_Calabrian_Dialects">Comparison of the Central-Southern Calabrian Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison of the Central-Southern Calabrian Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in English:</li></ul> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>:</li></ul> <p><i>Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.</i> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Reggino </th> <th>Piana di Gioia Tauro </th> <th>Locride </th> <th>Catanzaro </th> <th>Alto Jonica </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Tutti i cristiàni </td> <td>"Tutti l'omani </td> <td>"Tutti i perzùni </td> <td>"Tutti l'omini </td> <td>"Tutti l'uamini </td></tr> <tr> <td>nàsciunu libberi </td> <td>nascinu libbèri </td> <td>nèsciunu lìbberi </td> <td>nescianu libberi </td> <td>nascianu libberi </td></tr> <tr> <td>e ntâ stessa manèra </td> <td>e â stessa manera </td> <td>e ntâ stessa manèra </td> <td>e sunnu </td> <td>e su </td></tr> <tr> <td>ill'authri </td> <td>dil'atri </td> <td>dill'atti </td> <td>i stessi </td> <td>i stessi </td></tr> <tr> <td>pi dignità e diritti. </td> <td>pe dignità e diritti. </td> <td>pe dignità e diritti. </td> <td>pe' dignità e diritti. </td> <td>pe' dignità e diritti. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddhi ndànnu </td> <td>Tutti ndànnu </td> <td>Iji ndànnu </td> <td>Ognunu ava u cerveddhu </td> <td>Ognunu tena u cerivìaddru </td></tr> <tr> <td>ognunu u so ciriveddhu </td> <td>ognunu u so cervèllu </td> <td>ognunu u cervèju </td> <td>soi e a raggiuna </td> <td>sue e a raggiune sua </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi 'rraggiùnunu </td> <td>pemmu reggiùnanu </td> <td>soi pemmu raggiùnanu </td> <td>e a cuscenza sua </td> <td>e a cuscìanza sua </td></tr> <tr> <td>e 'ndannu mi càmpunu </td> <td>e ndànnu pemmu càmpanu </td> <td>e ndànnu u càmpanu </td> <td>e ava ma si cumporta </td> <td>e s'ha de comportare </td></tr> <tr> <td>unu cull'authru </td> <td>unu cu l'atru </td> <td>unu cull'attu </td> <td>cull'atri propriu </td> <td>cull'atri propriu </td></tr> <tr> <td>comu mi sùnnu fràti </td> <td>comu frati figgji </td> <td>comu frati figgji </td> <td>comu si fhussèranu </td> <td>cùamu si fòranu </td></tr> <tr> <td>râ stessa matri." </td> <td>dâ stessa mamma." </td> <td>dâ stessa matri." </td> <td>i frati soi." </td> <td>frati sui." </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)"><span id="Northern_Calabrian_.28Cosentian.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cosentino"></span>Northern Calabrian (Cosentian)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern Calabrian (Cosentian)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neapolitan_languages-it.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neapolitan_languages-it.svg/400px-Neapolitan_languages-it.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="466" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neapolitan_languages-it.svg/600px-Neapolitan_languages-it.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Neapolitan_languages-it.svg/800px-Neapolitan_languages-it.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Northern Calabrian dialects are largely found in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cosenza" title="Province of Cosenza">Province of Cosenza</a> and are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan language</a>. The northern fringes are an area of transitional dialects which give way to <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Lucanian</a> dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The map shows the Cosentian dialects (Ve) and transitional dialects (Vd) occurring in Cosenza province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugations_2">Conjugations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conjugations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Êsse_(to_be)"><span id=".C3.8Asse_.28to_be.29"></span>Êsse (to be)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Êsse (to be)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="100px">Present </th> <th width="100px">Imperfect </th> <th width="100px">Past simple </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive present </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>Iu</td> <td>signu</td> <td>êra</td> <td>signu statu</td> <td>fossa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="f5f8ff" align="center"> <td>Tu(ni)</td> <td>sì</td> <td>êri</td> <td>sì statu</td> <td>fossi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddru, Iddra</td> <td>è</td> <td>êra</td> <td>è statu</td> <td>fossa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nua</td> <td>símu</td> <td>êramu</td> <td>simu stati</td> <td>fossimu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vua</td> <td>síti</td> <td>êrati</td> <td>siti stati</td> <td>fossati</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddri(o Loro)</td> <td>sù</td> <td>êranu</td> <td>sù stati</td> <td>fòssaru</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avì_(to_have)"><span id="Av.C3.AC_.28to_have.29"></span>Avì (to have)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Avì (to have)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="100px">Present </th> <th width="100px">Imperfect </th> <th width="100px">Past simple </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive present </th> <th width="100px">Subjunctive imperfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>Iu</td> <td>haju</td> <td>avìa</td> <td>he (haju) avutu</td> <td>avissa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tu(ni)</td> <td>ha'</td> <td>avii</td> <td>ha' avutu</td> <td>avissi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddru, Iddra</td> <td>hà</td> <td>avìa</td> <td>hà avutu</td> <td>avissa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nua</td> <td>avìmu</td> <td>avìamu</td> <td>hamu avutu</td> <td>avìssamu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vua</td> <td>avíti</td> <td>avìati</td> <td>hat'avutu or avít' avutu</td> <td>avvissati</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddri</td> <td>hannu</td> <td>avìanu</td> <td>hannu avutu</td> <td>avissaru</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_Central-Southern_and_Northern_Calabrian">Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Comparison of Central-Southern and Northern Calabrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in English:</li></ul> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>:</li></ul> <p><i>Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.</i> </p> <ul><li>In Reggino (Central-Southern Calabrian) and Cosentian (Northern Calabrian):</li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Reggino </th> <th>Cosentian </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Tutti i cristiàni </td> <td>"Tutti i ggìenti </td></tr> <tr> <td>nàsciunu libberi </td> <td>nascianu libberi </td></tr> <tr> <td>e ntâ stessa manèra </td> <td>e 'gguali </td></tr> <tr> <td>ill'authri </td> <td>all'àtri </td></tr> <tr> <td>pi dignità e diritti. </td> <td>ppì ddignità e diritti. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iddhi ndànnu </td> <td>Ognunu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ognunu u so ciriveddhu </td> <td>tena cirbìeddru </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi 'rraggiùnunu </td> <td>raggiune e cuscìenza </td></tr> <tr> <td>e 'ndannu mi càmpunu </td> <td>e s'ha de cumbortà </td></tr> <tr> <td>unu cull'authru </td> <td>cull'atri </td></tr> <tr> <td>comu mi sùnnu fràti </td> <td>cumu si li fòssaru </td></tr> <tr> <td>râ stessa matri." </td> <td>frati." </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Rohlfs" title="Gerhard Rohlfs">Gerhard Rohlfs</a>, Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1990;</li> <li>Gerhard Rohlfs, Dizionario dei Cognomi e Soprannomi in Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1979;</li> <li>Gerhard Rohlfs, Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria, Longo, Ravenna, 1990;</li> <li>Giuseppe Pensabene, Cognomi e Toponimi in Calabria, Gangemi, Reggio Calabria, 1987;</li> <li>G. Amiotti – M. Vittoria Antico Gallina – L. Giardino, I Greci nel sud dell'Italia, Amilcare Pizzi, Milan, 1995;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Caruso" title="Domenico Caruso">Domenico Caruso</a>, Storia e Folklore Calabrese, Centro Studi S. Martino, 1988;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_languages_in_Calabria">Other languages in Calabria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other languages in Calabria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Grecanico</a></b>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> spoken in Calabria. Native Italian Greek varieties are classified as the <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Grecanico</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gardiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardiol">Gardiol</a></b>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Piemontese" title="Guardia Piemontese">Guardia Piemontese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëresh">Arbëresh</a></b>, a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_2">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian bibliography: </p> <ul><li>Autori Vari, <i>Storia e Civiltà dei Greci</i>, Bompiani, IV edizione 2000;</li> <li>Autori Vari, <i>Storia della Calabria</i>, Gangemi, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, 1988/1999.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Accattatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Accattatis (page does not exist)">Luigi Accattatis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabolario_del_dialetto_calabrese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vocabolario del dialetto calabrese (page does not exist)">Vocabolario del dialetto calabrese</a>: opera in 3 volumi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_del_libro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa del libro (page does not exist)">Casa del libro</a>, 1963;</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1931-2, Rec. a G. Rohlfs, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität, «Archivio Storico per la Calabria e Lucania», I-II, 1-56; 261–273.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1934. Il sostrato Latino nel lessico e nell'epotoponomastica dell'Italia meridionale, in «L’Italia Dialettale» X 1934, 111–190. Alessio, G. 1936. Note etimologiche, «L’Italia Dialettale» XII, 59–81.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1936a, Ricerche etimologiche, «AGI» XXVIII, 151–171. Alessio, G. 1937. Ricerche etimologiche (continuazione), «AGI» XXIX, 120–137.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1937–8. Deformazione ed etimologia popolare nei dialetti dell'Italia meridionale, «Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Classe di Lettere e scienze morali e storiche» 71, 357–407.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1938 sgg. Nuovo contributo al problema della grecità nell'Italia meridionale, «RIL» LXII, 109–137; 137–172; LXXIV, 1940–1, 631–706, LXXVII, 1943–44, 617–706; LXXIV, 1940–1, 631–706; LXXVII, 1943–4, 617–706; 137–172; LXXIX, 1945–46, 65–92.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1939a. Gli imprestiti dal Latino nei relitti bizantini dei dialetti dell'Italia meridionale, in Atti del V Congr. int. di studi bizantini, I, Roma («Studi bizantini e neoellenici» V, 1939), 341–90.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1940 sgg. Nuovi grecismi nei dialetti del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, «RFIC» 68, 256–263; 70, 1942, 47–53.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1941. Due problemi etimologici italiani meridionali, «AR» 25, 201–206.</li> <li>Alessio G. 1942. Americanismi in Calabria, "Lingua Nostra" IV 1942, 41.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1942 a. Ricerche etimologiche (continuazione), "AGI" XXXIV, 23–35.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1942–3. L'elemento Latino e quello greco nei dialetti del Cilento, "RIL" LXXVI, 341–360.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1942-3 a. Problemi di etimologia romanza, "RIL" LXXVI, 161-172 (Parte I); 173-187 (Parte II).</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1943–4. Nuove indagini sulla grecità dell'Italia meridionale, "RIL" 77, 27-106.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1946–7. Sulla latinità della Sicilia, "Atti della Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo" S. IV, vol. VII (Parte seconda: Lettere), anno acc. 1946–7, Palermo, 287–510.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1948. Sulla latinità della Sicilia, "Atti della Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo" S. IV, vol. VIII (1947-8), 1–309.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1953. Calchi linguistici greco-latini nell'antico territorio della Magna Grecia, Atti dell'VIII Congresso intern. di studi bizantini (Palermo 3-10 aprile 1951), 237–299. Roma.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1954. La stratificazione linguistica nel Bruzio, in Atti del I Congresso Storico Calabrese (Cosenza, 15-19 settembre 1954), Roma, 305–355.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1954a, Concordanze lessicali tra i dialetti rumeni e quelli calabresi, "Annali della Fac. di Lett. e Fil. di Bari" I, 3-53.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1956. La Calabria preistorica e storica alla luce dei suoi aspetti linguistici, Napoli, pp. 96.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1958. Miscellanea di etimologie romanze, in Omagiu ... Iordan, 5-14.</li> <li>Alessio, G. 1959. Nuove etimologie latine e romanze, in Raccolta di studi linguistici in onore di G. D. Serra, Napoli, 53-104.</li> <li>G. Amiotti – M. Vittoria Antico Gallina – L. Giardino, <i>I Greci nel sud dell'Italia</i> (Collana: I popoli dell'Italia Antica), Amilcare Pizzi, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, 1995;</li> <li>P. A. Carè, <i>Vocabolario dei Dialetti del Poro</i>, Lambda, <a href="/wiki/Nicotera" title="Nicotera">Nicotera</a> (VV), 2000;</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1969. Indagini esplorative e delimitazioni areali nella Calabria reggina, «Bollettino della Carta dei Dialetti Italiani» 4, 1-9 + due cartine.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1971. Ricerche fonetiche e socio-linguistiche in Calabria, «Studi Linguistici Salentini» 4, 7-19. Falcone, G. 1971a. Ricerche romaiche e romanze in Calabria, «Studi Linguistici Salentini» 4, 53–98.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1971b. I risultati delle nuove ricerche romaiche in Calabria e la teoria parlangeliana. «Studi Linguistici Salentini», 5, 111–123;</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1973. Lingua e dialetto nella Calabria reggina, in Bilinguismo e diglossia in Italia (C.N.R. - Centro di studio per la dialettologia italiana, 1) Pisa, Pacini, 97-108.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1974. Innovazione e conservazione nei dialetti calabresi, in Dal dialetto alla lingua. Atti del IX Convegno del C.S.D.I. (Lecce, 28 sett.-1 ott. 1972), Pisa, Pacini.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1976. Calabria (CNR, Centro di Studio per la Dialettologia Italiana, 5. "Profilo dei dialetti italiani" a cura di M. Cortelazzo, 18), Pisa, Pacini.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1976a. I riflessi antroponimici della Grecità bizantina e metabizantina nella Calabria reggina, in Italia nuova ed antica, vol. I, Galatina, Congedo ed., 301–318.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1978–9. Extralinguismo e stratificazione del lessico calabrese, "Studi Linguistici Salentini" 10, 137–154.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1979. Postille all'EWUG2 e all'NDDC, in Etimologia e lessico dialettale. Atti del XII Conv. per gli Studi Dialettali Italiani (Macerata, 10 13 aprile 1979), Pisa 1981, pp. 447–463.</li> <li>Falcone, G. 1979 a. Racconti popolari calabresi, Casa del libro, Reggio Calabria. Falcone, G. 1981. Postille all'EWUG2 e all'NDDC, in Etimologia e lessico dialettale. Atti del XII</li> <li>L. Galasso, <i>Vocabolario Calabro-Italiano</i>, Edizioni Proposte, <a href="/wiki/Nicotera" title="Nicotera">Nicotera</a> (VV), 1995.</li> <li>Gregorino cav. Capano, Vocabolario dialettale San Sostene-Davoli (CZ), edito dalla Sudgrafica di Davoli Marina (CZ), settembre 2007.</li> <li>Gregorino cav. Capano, Dizionario delle Cinque Calabrie + due, edito dalla Sudgrafica di Davoli Marina (CZ), novembre 2009.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1978. Calabrese `ndrànghita, greco andragathía, in Opuscula I, vol. 8 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Roma, pp. 37–55.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1980. L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, in «Atti dell'XI Congr. intern. SLI», vol.I, pp. 305–341, Roma, Bulzoni.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1988. Per la storia della 'ndrànghita, vol. 25,1 del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Opuscula III,1), Roma.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1990. 'Ndrànghita, in «Storia e Dossier» V, n. 41, giugno.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1990a. Due esiti di un grecismo bizantino in Calabria, in «L'Italia Dialettale. Rivista di dialettologia italiana», vol. LIII (Nuova Serie XXX).</li> <li>Martino, P. 1990b. Prefazione a G. Misitano, Vocabolario del dialetto di Sinopoli, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura -Jaca Book, pp. 6–8. *Martino, P. 1991. L'"area Lausberg". Isolamento e arcaicità, vol. 31 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, pp. 144 + 8 tavv.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1993. Riflessi lessicali di una concezione precristiana della morte, in Ethnos, lingua e cultura. Scritti in memoria di G. R. Cardona, 143–154. Roma, Il Calamo. Martino, P. 1994. Siciliano e calabrese (ac)cattïari ‘spiare, sbirciare’, in Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, vol. II, pp. 629–665, Roma, Il Calamo.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1997. Vicende di americanismi nei dialetti, in «Lingua Nostra» LVIII, fasc. 3–4, 109–110.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1999. Questioni di lessicologia calabrese: i conflitti omonimici, Atti del Convegno di Studi sul tema I dialetti dell'Italia centro-meridionale con particolare riferimento a quelli della Calabria (Cassano Jonio 25-27 ott. 1996), in «Linguistica Italiana Meridionale», IV-V, 1996–97, Bari, Laterza.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2001. Il lessico della Divina Commedia di G. Blasi. Nota linguistica, in La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri tradotta nel dialetto calabrese di Laureana (R.C.), a cura di Umberto Distilo, Cosenza, Pellegrini Ed., 627–782.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2002. Il dialetto di Melicuccà, in Melicuccà e i suoi poeti, a c. di V. Borgia, Villa S. Giovanni, Ed. Officina Grafica, 29–46.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2004. Sulla traduzione, Postfazione al Cantico dei cantici, Traduzione in dialetto calabrese di S. Augruso, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2008. Calabro-grecismi non bovesi, in I dialetti meridionali tra arcaismo e interferenza. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Dialettologia (Messina, 4-6 giugno 2008), a cura di Alessandro De Angelis. Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, pp. 63–84.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2008a. L'affaire Bovesìa. Un singolare irredentismo, in Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell'Italia contemporanea, Atti del XLI Congresso Internazionale di Studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (Pescara), in stampa.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1978. Calabrese `ndrànghita, greco andragathía, in Opuscula I, vol. 8 della "Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche" dell'Istituto di Glottologia dell'Università di Roma, pp. 37–55.</li> <li>Giuseppe Antonio Martino, <i>Dizionario dei dialetti della Calabria Meridionale</i>, Qualecultura, <a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a> 2010.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1980. L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, in «Atti dell'XI Congr. intern. SLI», vol.I, pp. 305–341, Roma, Bulzoni.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1988. Per la storia della 'ndrànghita, vol. 25,1 del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Opuscula III,1), Roma.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1990. 'Ndrànghita, in «Storia e Dossier» V, n. 41, giugno. Martino, P. 1990a. Due esiti di un grecismo bizantino in Calabria, in «L'Italia Dialettale. Rivista di dialettologia italiana», vol. LIII (Nuova Serie XXX).</li> <li>Martino, P. 1990b. Prefazione a G. Misitano, Vocabolario del dialetto di Sinopoli, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura -Jaca Book, pp. 6–8. *Martino, P. 1991. L'"area Lausberg". Isolamento e arcaicità, vol. 31 della «Biblioteca di ricerche linguistiche e filologiche» del Dipartimento di Studi glottoantropologici dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Roma, pp. 144 + 8 tavv.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1993. Riflessi lessicali di una concezione precristiana della morte, in Ethnos, lingua e cultura. Scritti in memoria di G. R. Cardona, 143–154. Roma, Il Calamo.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1994. Siciliano e calabrese (ac)cattïari ‘spiare, sbirciare’, in Miscellanea di studi linguistici in onore di Walter Belardi, vol. II, pp. 629–665, Roma, Il Calamo.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1997. Vicende di americanismi nei dialetti, in «Lingua Nostra» LVIII, fasc. 3–4, 109–110.</li> <li>Martino, P. 1999. Questioni di lessicologia calabrese: i conflitti omonimici, Atti del Convegno di Studi sul tema I dialetti dell'Italia centro-meridionale con particolare riferimento a quelli della Calabria (Cassano Jonio 25-27 ott. 1996), in «Linguistica Italiana Meridionale», IV-V, 1996–97, Bari, Laterza.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2001. Il lessico della Divina Commedia di G. Blasi. Nota linguistica, in La Divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri tradotta nel dialetto calabrese di Laureana (R.C.), a cura di Umberto Distilo, Cosenza, Pellegrini Ed., 627–782.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2002. Il dialetto di Melicuccà, in Melicuccà e i suoi poeti, a c. di V. Borgia, Villa S. Giovanni, Ed. Officina Grafica, 29–46. Martino, P. 2004. Sulla traduzione, Postfazione al Cantico dei cantici, Traduzione in dialetto calabrese di S. Augruso, Vibo Valentia, Qualecultura.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2008. Calabro-grecismi non bovesi, in I dialetti meridionali tra arcaismo e interferenza. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Dialettologia (Messina, 4-6 giugno 2008), a cura di Alessandro De Angelis. Palermo, Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani, pp. 63–84.</li> <li>Martino, P. 2008a. L'affaire Bovesìa. Un singolare irredentismo, in Alloglossie e comunità alloglotte nell'Italia contemporanea, Atti del XLI Congresso Internazionale di Studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana (Pescara), in stampa. Rohlfs, G. 1919–20. Span. judìa, kalabr. suraka 'Bohne', in "ZRPh" 40, p. 340.</li> <li>F. Mosino, <i>Dal Greco antico al Greco moderno in Calabria e Basilicata</i>, G. Pontari, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, 1995;</li> <li>Giuseppe Pensabene, <i>Cognomi e Toponimi in Calabria</i>, Gangemi, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a>, 1987;</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1922. Lat. ut 'wie' im heutigen Kalabrien, "ZRPh" 42, 210–211. Rohlfs, G. 1922 a, Apul. ku, kalabr. mu und der Verlust des Infinitivs in Unteritalien, "ZRPh" 42, 211–233.</li> <li>Davide Roccamo, <i>Welcome To Calabrifornia</i>, Edizioni Lulu, <a href="/wiki/Rende" title="Rende">Rende</a> (Cs), 2012;</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1923. Zum Worte nasida, "Byzantinische-neugriechische Jahrbücher", 4, 17. Rohlfs, G. 1925 . Der Stand der Mundartenforschung in Unteritalien (bis zum Jahre 1923), in RLiR I, 278 323. Rohlfs, G. 1925 a. Dorische Sprachtrümmer in Unteritalien, "Byzantinische-neugriechische Jahrbücher", 4, 1–4.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1926. Romani e Romaici nell'Italia meridionale, "AGI", XX, 72–96. Rohlfs, G. 1928. Autochtone Griechen oder byzantinische Gräzität?, "Revue de Linguistique Romane", IV, n. 13–14, 118-200</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1928a. La Grecía italica, "Anthropos", 23, 1021–1028. Rohlfs, G. 1930. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität (= EWUG), Halle; poi: Lexicon Graecanicum Italiae Inferioris (LGII), Tübingen 19642, pp. XXX-629.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1932. La Grecità in Calabria, "Archivio Storico di Calabria e Lucania" II, 405–425.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1934. A proposito di Vitreto, (Vitaritu), in "Archivio Storico di Calabria e Lucania" IV, 75–76. Rohlfs, G. 1958. La perdita dell'infinito nelle lingue balcaniche e nell'Italia meridionale, in Omagiu lui Jorgu Jordan, București: Editura Academei R. P. R., 733–744; poi in Rohlfs 1972, 318–332.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1961. Su alcuni calchi sintattici dal greco nell'Italia meridionale, "Studi Linguistici Italiani", 2, 141-154 [Sull'uso del periodo ipotetico a Cardeto, Mélito, Ferruzzano, Platì e dintorni di Oppido e Palmi, ecc.]</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1964. Lexicon Graecanicum Italiae Inferioris. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der unteritalienischen Gräzität, 2., erweiterte und völlig neubearbeitete Auflage, Tübingen.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1965. La congiunzione mi (in sostituzione dell'infinito) in Sicilia, in Omagiu Alexandru Rosetti, Bucarest 1965, 775–778; poi in Rohlfs 1972, 1990, 333–338.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1966, 1968, 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, 1. Fonetica, 2. Morfologia, 3. Sintassi e formazione delle parole, Torino (ed. it. di Historische Grammatik der italienischen Sprache und ihres Mundarten, Bern 1949).</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1969, Fra Sila e Aspromonte. Calabria dialettale, in Mélanges de philologie offerts à Alf Lombard (Etudes Romanes de Lund, XVIII), 178–190. Lund.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1969a. Die Flussnamen im heutigen Kalabrien, "BNF" 4, Heft 2, 114–142. Rohlfs, G. 1972. Studi e ricerche su lingua e dialetti d'Italia, Firenze, Sansoni; rist. con pref. di F. Fanciullo, Firenze, Sansoni, 1990.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1972a. Nuovi scavi linguistici nell'antica Magna Grecia, Palermo, Ist. di studi biz. e neoellenici, 1972; trad. it. di *Rohlfs 1962. [Rec. di M.G. Tibiletti Bruno in "Lingua e stile" X,1,1975, 134-7].</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1974. Dizionario toponomastico e onomastico della Calabria. Prontuario filologico-geografico della Calabria, Ravenna, Longo [Rec. di M. Doria "Incontri Linguistici" 3/2, 1976–7, 199-209].</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1977. Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria (con repertorio calabro italiano). Nuova edizione interamente rielaborata, ampliata ed aggiornata. Ravenna, Longo.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1977a. Grammatica storica dei dialetti italogreci (Calabria, Salento), München, Beck [Trad. ital. di Rohlfs 1950 a]. *Rohlfs, G. 1978. Calabria dialettale tra Monte Pollino e Aspromonte (Calabria Latina e Calabria grecanica), in «Forum Italicum» (Buffalo, N.Y.) 12, 3-10.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1979. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizionario_dei_cognomi_e_dei_soprannomi_in_Calabria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dizionario dei cognomi e dei soprannomi in Calabria (page does not exist)">Dizionario dei cognomi e dei soprannomi in Calabria</a>. Ravenna, Longo. Rohlfs, G. 1980. Calabria e Salento. Saggi di storia linguistica. Ravenna, Longo.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1980a. Tipi del periodo ipotetico (condizionale) nell'estremo mezzogiorno d'Italia, in Stimmen der Romania. Festschrift Wilhelm Theodor Elwert zum 70. Geburtstag, a c. di G. Schmidt e M. Tietz, Wiesbaden, Heymann, 625–631.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1982. Ein archaischer phonetischer Latinismus in nördlichen ('lateinischer') Kalabrien, in "ZRPh" 98, 547–549; poi (in trad. it.: Un arcaismo fonetico di antica latinità nel Bruzio) in Latinità ed ellenismo nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia. Studi e ricerche dalla Magna Grecia alla Grecia italiana, Framasud, Chiaravalle Centrale (Catanzaro) 1985, pp. 73 77.</li> <li>Rohlfs, G. 1984. Dizionario storico dei cognomi della Sicilia orientale (Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani), Palermo. Rohlfs, G. 1984a. La Sicilia nei secoli, Palermo, Sellerio; rielaborazione di Historische Sprachschichten im modernen Sizilien, (1975).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Rohlfs_(filologo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Rohlfs (filologo) (page does not exist)">Gerhard Rohlfs</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuovo_Dizionario_Dialettale_della_Calabria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria (page does not exist)">Nuovo Dizionario Dialettale della Calabria</a></i>, Longo, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, 1990;</li> <li>Gerhard Rohlfs, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dizionario_toponomastico_ed_Onomastico_della_Calabria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria (page does not exist)">Dizionario toponomastico ed Onomastico della Calabria</a></i>, Longo, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, 1990;</li> <li>F. Violi, <i>Lessici antropo-toponimici di Bova e Palizzi</i>, UTE-TEL-B, <a href="/wiki/Bova_Marina" title="Bova Marina">Bova Marina</a>, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Languages_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Languages of Italy">List of Languages of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Sicily">Theme of Sicily</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scn">"Sicilian"</a></span>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Sicilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fscn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Calabria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nap">"Napoletano-Calabrese"</a></span>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Napoletano-Calabrese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Calabria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Rohlfs, <i>Nuovo dizionario dialettale della Calabria – Le fonti del lessico calabrese</i>, 1977 (945 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Languages of Italy, Giacomo Devoto <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14368-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14368-6">0-226-14368-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cesare Morisani, <i>Vocabolario del dialetto di reggio Calabria colle corrispondenti parole italiane</i>, 1991, Sala Bolognese : Forni (228 pages).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scn/23">"Sicilian"</a></span>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Sicilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fscn%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Calabria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ell">Ethnologue report for Greek</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=frp">Ethnologue report for Franco-Provençal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aae">Ethnologue report for Albanian, Arbëreshë</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090915/http://www.circolocalabrese.org/databases/calabreseverbs.asp">330 Calabrian verbs cross-referenced into English and Italian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928175852/http://www.abramo.it/curcio/volume1/COPCURCIO.HTM">Calabrian phrasing (page in Italian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brutium.info/index.htm">Storia e Folklore Calabrese (page in Italian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108191815/http://www.linguasiciliana.org/articuli_file/linguaodialetto.HTM">"Siciliano: Lingua o dialetto?"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Central-Southern_Calabrian">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Central-Southern_Calabrian">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&oldid=1259292220">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Calabria&oldid=1259292220</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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