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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruno Bettelheim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 32 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="برونو بيتلهايم – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برونو بيتلهايم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="برونوو بتلهایم – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برونوو بتلهایم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Бруно Бетелхайм – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бруно Бетелхайм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BC" title="Μπρούνο Μπετελχάιμ – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρούνο Μπετελχάιμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="برونوو بتلهایم – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برونوو بتلهایم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4" title="Բրունո Բետելհայմ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրունո Բետելհայմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ברונו בטלהיים – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברונו בטלהיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85" title="برونو بيتلهيم – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برونو بيتلهيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0" title="ブルーノ・ベッテルハイム – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルーノ・ベッテルハイム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC,_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Беттельгейм, Бруно – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беттельгейм, Бруно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bettelheim" title="Bruno Bettelheim – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bruno Bettelheim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="布鲁诺·贝特尔海姆 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布鲁诺·贝特尔海姆" 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mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6347534">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox.sisterproject{width:20em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td,.mw-parser-output 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.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}</style></div><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:;">Bruno Bettelheim</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sünniaeg</th><td> 23. august 1903<br />Viin, Austria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Surmaaeg</th><td> 13. märts 1990<br />Silver Spring, Maryland, Ameerika Ühendriigid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Tegevusala</th><td> lastepsühholoog</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bruno Bettelheim</b> (<a href="/wiki/23._august" title="23. august">23. august</a> <a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a> <a href="/wiki/Viin" title="Viin">Viin</a> – <a href="/wiki/13._m%C3%A4rts" title="13. märts">13. märts</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Spring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Spring (pole veel kirjutatud)">Silver Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>) oli <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> juudi päritolu <a href="/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriigid" title="Ameerika Ühendriigid">Ameerika</a> lastepsühholoog. </p><p>Bruno Bettelheim oli tuntud oma õppejõutöö ja kirjutiste poolest, kus ta käsitles <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autistlike</a> ja emotsionaalselt häiritud laste teemasid. Temalt ilmus 16 raamatut ning arvukalt teadustöid ja esseesid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suurima tähelepanu sai Bettelheim nn külmkapiema autismiteooriaga, mis tänapäeval ei ole enam kasutusel. Pärast Bettelheimi surma on suur osa tema töödest diskrediteeritud akadeemilise petturluse tõttu, samuti patsientide väärkohtlemise väidete ning <a href="/wiki/Institutsioon" title="Institutsioon">institutsioonide</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Ps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Psühholoogia">psühholoogiakogukonna</a> järelevalve puudumise pärast. Tema väide, et sotsiaalne keskkond mõjutab psühholoogilist arengut märkimisväärselt on tänaseni üks olulisemaid tõekspidamisi inimloomuse mõistmisel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lapsepõlv_ja_haridustee"><span id="Lapsep.C3.B5lv_ja_haridustee"></span>Lapsepõlv ja haridustee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Lapsepõlv ja haridustee"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Lapsepõlv ja haridustee" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bruno Bettelheimi lapsepõlv möödus jõukas juudi peres Viinis, ta isa oli saeveski omanik. Bettelheimi psühholoogiahuvi tärkas 14-aastaselt, kui talle hakkasid huvi pakkuma <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freudi</a> kirjutised. Peagi hakkas ta käima Freudi loengutel. Bettelheimil oli ka kunstiannet.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Õpinguid alustas Bettelheim <a href="/wiki/Viini_%C3%9Clikool" title="Viini Ülikool">Viini ülikoolis</a>, kus ta õppis saksa kirjandust. Pärast isa surma pidi Bettelheim ülikoolist lahkuma, et olla toeks ja abiks oma perele ning jätkata tööd isa ettevõttes. Ta abiellus peagi kooliõpetajanna Ginaga.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>. aastate alguses hoolitsesid Bruno ja tema naine Gina autistliku lapse Patsy eest, kes elas nende juures seitse aastat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bettelheim kasutas selle kasvatustöö käigus kogetut ka kirjutistes, kus arutles lapse autistlike joonte ja tema käitumise üle ning jälgis, kuidas lapsele mõjus Gina hoolitsus ja nendevaheline kiindumus. Ta väitis, et tema arusaam autismist pärineb Patsyga koos elamisest, ning hakkas arendama põhjalikke ravitehnikaid, mille edu viis ta autismiteooria arendamiseni.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>. aastal õpetas Bettelheim ülikoolis <a href="/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia">filosoofiat</a> ning kirjutas <a href="/wiki/Doktorit%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Doktoritöö">doktoritöö</a> <a href="/wiki/Kunstiajalugu" title="Kunstiajalugu">kunstiajaloo valdkonnast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koonduslaager_ja_Ameerikasse_jõudmine"><span id="Koonduslaager_ja_Ameerikasse_j.C3.B5udmine"></span>Koonduslaager ja Ameerikasse jõudmine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Koonduslaager ja Ameerikasse jõudmine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Koonduslaager ja Ameerikasse jõudmine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1938. aastal viisid natsivõimud Bettelheimi koos teiste Austria <a href="/wiki/Juudid" title="Juudid">juutidega</a> <a href="/wiki/Koonduslaager" title="Koonduslaager">koonduslaagrisse</a>. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>. aasta aprillis Bettelheim vabanes ning sai sealseid kogemusi kasutada oma hilisemas töös. Alguses ei võetud tema koonduslaagrite kohta avaldatud kirjutisi tõsiselt, kuna inimesed ei uskunud, et vangidega nii halvasti käitutakse. Arvati, et Bettelheim ei suuda olla koonduslaagri kogemuse tõttu piisavalt objektiivne. Alles 17 aastat hiljem (<a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>) avaldas Bettelheim oma kogemustel põhineva raamatu "The Informed Heart", milles suutis olla aus ja objektiivne.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sellest hoolimata ei olnud enamik akadeemilistest väljaannetest nõus tema natsiteemalisi kirjutisi avaldama, sest need olid liiga õudsed ja jõhkrad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1939. aasta lõpus põgenes Bettelheim laevaga Ameerikasse <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New Yorki</a>, kus ootas teda abikaasa Gina, kes oli juba varem sinna põgenenud. Peagi nad siiski lahutasid abielu ja Bettelheim kolis üksi <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicagosse</a>. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>. aastal sai temast <a href="/wiki/Naturalisatsioon" title="Naturalisatsioon">naturalisatsiooni</a> korras USA kodanik. Chicagos abiellus ta uuesti ühe ameeriklannaga.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elu_ja_töö_Ameerikas"><span id="Elu_ja_t.C3.B6.C3.B6_Ameerikas"></span>Elu ja töö Ameerikas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Elu ja töö Ameerikas"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Elu ja töö Ameerikas" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bruno Bettelheim sai 1944. aastal psühholoogiaprofessoriks Chicago ülikoolis, kus ta õpetas kuni pensionile jäämiseni 1973. aastal. Tema haridus ja õpetajatöö on olnud kõneaineks aastaid, sest ta oli doktoritöö kirjutanud hoopis kunstiajaloost ning polnud kunagi psühholoogiat sügavuti õppinud. Arvatakse, et Bettelheim on psühholoogias läbinud vaid kolm sissejuhatavat kursust.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruno Bettelheim töötas üle 30 aasta ka Chicago ülikooli Sonia Shankmani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortogeneetiline_kool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortogeneetiline kool (pole veel kirjutatud)">ortogeneetilise kooli</a> direktorina. Selle kooli fookus oli suunatud autistlike ja emotsionaalsete häiretega laste ravile. Seal töötas Bettelheim välja oma autismiteooria ning rajas <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B6%C3%B6teraapia" title="Miljööteraapia">miljööteraapiakeskkonna</a>, kus autistlikud lapsed said hoolivas struktureeritud keskkonnas luua tugevaid ja turvalisi suhteid täiskasvanutega, kes olid ühtlasi nende laste hooldajad. Sellest innustatuna kirjutas Bettelheim raamatuid lastepsühholoogia aspektidest ja temast sai selle valdkonna suur mõjutaja. Kõik Bruno Bettelheimi kirjutised on olnud Freudi töödest inspireeritud. Sigmund Freud oli Bettelheimi üks suuremaid eeskujusid.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elutee_lõpp"><span id="Elutee_l.C3.B5pp"></span>Elutee lõpp</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Elutee lõpp"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Elutee lõpp" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bettelheim oli varemgi korduvalt <a href="/wiki/Depressioon" title="Depressioon">depressiooni</a> all kannatanud, kuid pärast naise surma (<a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>) ta sellest enam välja ei tulnudki. <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>. aastal tabas teda <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a>, millest ta küll toibus., kuid <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>. aastal tegi ta <a href="/wiki/Enesetapp" title="Enesetapp">enesetapu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bettelheimi_autismiteooria">Bettelheimi autismiteooria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Bettelheimi autismiteooria"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Bettelheimi autismiteooria" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kanner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Kanner (pole veel kirjutatud)">Leo Kanner</a> avaldas 1943. aastal teooria nn külmkapiemadest, mis räägib vanemliku soojuse ja kiindumuse puudumisest ning seostab seda autismiga. Bettelheim võttis Leo Kanneri idee üle ning arendas seda edasi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bettelheim uskus, et lapse autistlik käitumine tuleneb lapse ema emotsionaalsest külmusest. Üks tema kuulsamaid raamatuid "The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self" (1967) räägib täpsemalt selle seose keerukusest ning selgitab seda üksikasjalikult <a href="/wiki/Ps%C3%BChhoanal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Psühhoanalüüs">psühhoanalüütilises</a> ja psühholoogilises võtmes. Tema seletused ja väited tulenevad kliiniliste juhtumite <a href="/wiki/Kvalitatiivsed_uurimismeetodid" title="Kvalitatiivsed uurimismeetodid">kvalitatiivsetest uurimustest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bettelheim arvas, et autismi ja <a href="/wiki/Skisofreenia" title="Skisofreenia">skisofreeniaga</a> lapsed käituvad sarnaselt abitute koonduslaagri <a href="/wiki/Vang" title="Vang">vangidega</a>. Ta väitis, et autistliku käitumise peamine põhjus oli lapsevanema negatiivne suhtlus imikuga tema arengu kriitilises staadiumis: selle tõttu tõmbusid lapsed edasiste probleemide vältimiseks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantaasiamaailm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantaasiamaailm (pole veel kirjutatud)">fantaasiamaailma</a>. Ta uskus, et laps saab ise fantaasiamaailmast välja tulla, kuid protsessi tuleb toetada hooliva struktureeritud keskkonnaga.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Zelan, K. (2000). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629132807/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/bettelhe.pdf">Bruno Bettelheim</a></i>. UNESCO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3">2,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Bruno_Bettelheim">Bruno Bettelheim</a> (<i>s. a.</i>). New World Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4">3,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Tietz, T. (2022, August 28). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/bruno-bettelheim-autism/">Bruno Bettelheim’s work with emotionally disturbed children</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Finn, M. (<i>s. a.</i>). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9706/articles/finn.html">In the Case of Bruno Bettelheim</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Szajnberg, N. (2019, March 27). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0072.xml">Bruno Bettelheim</a></i>. Oxford Bibliographies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, D. E. (Director) (2002, July 16). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118123530/http://archive.pov.org/refrigeratormothers/fridge/">Refrigerator Mothers</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&oldid=6711492">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&oldid=6711492</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_ps%C3%BChholoogid" title="Kategooria:Ameerika Ühendriikide psühholoogid">Ameerika Ühendriikide psühholoogid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:S%C3%BCndinud_1903" title="Kategooria:Sündinud 1903">Sündinud 1903</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Surnud_1990" title="Kategooria:Surnud 1990">Surnud 1990</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 01:52, 24. august 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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