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<li id="toc-International_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>International expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Branding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Logo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sponsorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Head offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_of_SCO_litigation_on_Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_of_SCO_litigation_on_Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Funding of SCO litigation on Linux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_of_SCO_litigation_on_Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investor_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investor_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Investor protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investor_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mismarking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mismarking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mismarking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mismarking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_foreign_workers_and_Canadian_layoffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_foreign_workers_and_Canadian_layoffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Temporary foreign workers and Canadian layoffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_foreign_workers_and_Canadian_layoffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacation_pay_class_action_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacation_pay_class_action_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Vacation pay class action lawsuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacation_pay_class_action_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>President</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairman_of_the_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairman_of_the_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chairman of the Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairman_of_the_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Bank of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رويال بنك أف كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رويال بنك أف كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رویال بانک کانادا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رویال بانک کانادا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رویال بانک کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رویال بانک کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_royale_du_Canada" title="Banque royale du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque royale du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89" title="캐나다 왕립은행 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 왕립은행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%AB%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="カナダロイヤル銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダロイヤル銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="رائل بینک آف کینیڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رائل بینک آف کینیڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="கனேடியன் ராயல் வங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனேடியன் ராயல் வங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Royal Bank of Canada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Королівський банк Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівський банк Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="رائل بینک آف کینیڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رائل بینک آف کینیڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A2n_h%C3%A0ng_Ho%C3%A0ng_Gia_Canada" title="Ngân hàng Hoàng Gia Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngân hàng Hoàng Gia Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="加拿大皇家銀行 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大皇家銀行" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian multinational commercial bank. For the brand name the bank operates under in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/RBC_Bank" title="RBC Bank">RBC Bank</a>. For the Canadian central bank, see <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Trust_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Trust (Canada)">Royal Trust (Canada)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Bank_of_Canada" title="Consolidated Bank of Canada">Royal Canadian Bank</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Royal Bank of Canada</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RBC_Royal_Bank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/RBC_Royal_Bank.svg/100px-RBC_Royal_Bank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/RBC_Royal_Bank.svg/150px-RBC_Royal_Bank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/RBC_Royal_Bank.svg/200px-RBC_Royal_Bank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bank_Plaza,_Toronto,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="4310" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">TSX</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.tmx.com/en/quote/RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%26P/TSX_60" title="S&P/TSX 60">S&P/TSX 60 component</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=CA7800871021">CA7800871021</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1864<span class="noprint">; 160 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1864</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall199322–23_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall199322–23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada<br /> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/David_I._McKay" title="David I. McKay">David I. McKay</a> (President and CEO)<sup id="cite_ref-Obeyleadership_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyleadership-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail banking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wholesale_banking" title="Wholesale banking">corporate banking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage loans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">private banking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance and insurance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">wealth management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">asset management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual funds">mutual funds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">exchange-traded funds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_fund" title="Index fund">index funds</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CA$" class="mw-redirect" title="CA$">CA$</a>56.13 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CA$" class="mw-redirect" title="CA$">CA$</a>14.87 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Assets_under_management" title="Assets under management">AUM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CA$" class="mw-redirect" title="CA$">CA$</a>1.07 trillion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CA$" class="mw-redirect" title="CA$">CA$</a>2.0 trillion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CA$" class="mw-redirect" title="CA$">CA$</a>117.76 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">94,000 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_National_Bank_(California)" title="City National Bank (California)">City National Bank</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Bank" title="RBC Bank">RBC Bank</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Trust_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Trust (Canada)">RBC Royal Trust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago">Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Brewin_Dolphin" title="Brewin Dolphin">Brewin Dolphin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbc.com">rbc<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735261#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Royal Bank of Canada</b> (<b>RBC</b>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Banque Royale du Canada</i>) is a Canadian multinational <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial services company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(banks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (banks)">largest bank</a> in Canada by <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a>. The bank serves over 20 million clients and has more than 100,000 employees worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1864 in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, it maintains its corporate headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and its head office in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RBC's <a href="/wiki/Routing_number_(Canada)" title="Routing number (Canada)">institution number</a> is 003. In November 2017, RBC was added to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_systemically_important_banks" title="List of systemically important banks">list of global systemically important banks</a>. </p><p>In Canada, the bank's personal and commercial banking operations are branded as <i>RBC Royal Bank</i> in English and <i>RBC Banque Royale</i> in French and serves approximately 11 million clients through its network of 1,284 branches. <a href="/wiki/RBC_Bank" title="RBC Bank">RBC Bank</a> is a US banking subsidiary which formerly operated 439 branches across six states in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RBCBankCompanyProfile_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBCBankCompanyProfile-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but now only offers cross-border banking services to Canadian travellers and expats. RBC's other <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>-based US subsidiary <a href="/wiki/City_National_Bank_(California)" title="City National Bank (California)">City National Bank</a> operates 79 branches across 11 US states.<sup id="cite_ref-CNB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RBC also has 127 branches across seventeen countries in the Caribbean, which serve more than 16 million clients.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2008AnnualReport_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2008AnnualReport-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RBC_Capital_Markets" title="RBC Capital Markets">RBC Capital Markets</a> is RBC's worldwide investment and corporate banking subsidiary, while the investment brokerage firm is known as <a href="/wiki/RBC_Dominion_Securities" title="RBC Dominion Securities">RBC Dominion Securities</a>. Investment banking services are also provided through RBC Bank and the focus is on middle market clients. </p><p>In 2011, RBC was the largest Canadian company by revenue and market capitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobeMail1000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeMail1000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the company was ranked 38th in the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Forbes Global 2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company has operations in Canada and 36 other countries,<sup id="cite_ref-RBCCorporateProfile_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBCCorporateProfile-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had CA$1.01 trillion of <a href="/wiki/Assets_under_management" title="Assets under management">assets under management</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(numberupbalancearwardingprogessdd"Financials"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1864, the Merchants Bank of Halifax was founded in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, as a commercial bank that financed the fishing and timber industries and the European and Caribbean import/export businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-rbcinsurance_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbcinsurance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1869 the Merchants' Bank was officially incorporated and received its federal charter in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Pound_2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pound_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1870s and 1880s, the bank expanded into the other <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritime Provinces</a>. When both the Newfoundland Commercial Bank and Union Bank of Newfoundland collapsed on December 10, 1894, the Merchants Bank expanded to Newfoundland on January 31, 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Pound_2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pound_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png/220px-Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png/330px-Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png/440px-Merchants%27_Bank_of_Halifax.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>The Merchants' Bank of Halifax constructed its first building of its own in 1879 at the corner of Hollis and George.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the bank grew, executives changed its name to reflect its growth and western expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-rbcinsurance_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbcinsurance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, the Merchants Bank of Halifax changed its name to the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC). The centre of the Canadian financial industry had moved from Halifax to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, so the Merchants Bank relocated its head office there. In 1910, RBC merged with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Halifax" title="Union Bank of Halifax">Union Bank of Halifax</a>. In the same year it built a bank branch in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba, designed by <a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A8re_and_Hastings" title="Carrère and Hastings">Carrère and Hastings</a>, in beaux-arts classicism proclaiming the financial dominance of Winnipeg in the prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-kalman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve its position in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, RBC merged with Traders Bank of Canada in 1912 and in 1917 RBC merged with <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Bank" title="Quebec Bank">Quebec Bank</a>, which was founded in 1818 and chartered in 1822 in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. </p><p>RBC's presence in Manitoba and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> was strengthened through a 1918 merger with Northern Crown Bank, the product of the 1908 merger of Northern Bank (established in 1905 in Winnipeg) and Crown Bank of Canada (1904), based in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. RBC's presence in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prairie">Canadian Prairie</a> was further expanded by the 1925 merger with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Canada" title="Union Bank of Canada">Union Bank of Canada</a>, which had begun in Quebec City in 1865 as the Union Bank of Lower Canada, but changed its name in 1886. The Union Bank of Canada had moved its headquarters to Winnipeg in 1912, and had built a strong presence in the Prairies and opened the first bank in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Northwest_Territories" title="Fort Smith, Northwest Territories">Fort Smith</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, RBC merged with Crown Savings and Loan Co. merged with Industrial Mortgage & Trust Co.<sup id="cite_ref-session_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-session-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RoyWest Banking Corporation was formed in <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau, Bahamas</a> in 1965, to undertake medium-term lending and trustee business in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority owned by seven firms, including RBC and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bank" title="Westminster Bank">Westminster Bank</a>, sole ownership transferred to <a href="/wiki/National_Westminster_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="National Westminster Bank">National Westminster Bank</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RBC installed its first computer in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a>, the first to do so in Canadian banking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall1993371_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall1993371-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, RBC Insurance was created.<sup id="cite_ref-rbcinsurance_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbcinsurance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, it merged with Ontario Loan and Debenture Company (formerly Ontario Savings and Investment Society).<sup id="cite_ref-dcb_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcb-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RBC Insurance is the largest Canadian bank-owned insurance organization, with services to over five million people. It provides life, health, travel, home and auto and reinsurance products as well as creditor and business insurance services.<sup id="cite_ref-rbcinsurance_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbcinsurance-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The completion of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1976 saw the relocation of many critical head-office functions from Montreal, with Toronto serving as RBC's corporate headquarters ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, RBC merged with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Trust_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Trust (Canada)">Royal Trust</a>. </p><p>In 1998, RBC acquired <a href="/wiki/Security_First_Network_Bank" title="Security First Network Bank">Security First Network Bank</a> in Atlanta—the first pure Internet bank.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan-atl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-atl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Royal Bank of Canada proposed to merge with the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a>, at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a> proposed to merge with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce" title="Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce">Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce</a>. Both mergers were examined by the <a href="/wiki/Competition_Bureau" title="Competition Bureau">Competition Bureau</a> of Canada, and ultimately rejected by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a>, at the time the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Finance Minister</a> of Canada, and future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a>. </p><p>In 2000, RBC merged merchant credit/debit card acquiring business with the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a>'s to form <a href="/wiki/Moneris" title="Moneris">Moneris</a> Solutions. In 2013, RBC completed the acquisition of the Canadian subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Ally_Financial" title="Ally Financial">Ally Financial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ally_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ally-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An RBC branch in <a href="/wiki/The_Glebe" title="The Glebe">The Glebe</a> neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> was firebombed in May 2010. The party responsible later identified themselves on <a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a> and threatened to make their presence at the upcoming <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor-jackson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-jackson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2022, RBC and <a href="/wiki/HSBC_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="HSBC Canada">HSBC Canada</a> announced a deal which would see RBC acquiring 100% of the common shares of HSBC Canada for an all-cash purchase price of $13.5 billion, a multiple of 9.4 times HSBC Canada's estimated 2024 earnings. Completion of the transaction is expected by late 2023, subject to regulatory approvals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, RBC received approval from <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Finance Minister</a> Chrystia Freeland to take over <a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Canada" title="HSBC Bank Canada">HSBC Bank</a> in a deal. Conditions for the deal include that none of HSBC Canada's 4,000 employees will be laid off within six months of the closing date or two years for direct staff, and banking services will be provided at 33 HSBC branches for at least another four years. RBC will also provide $7 billion in financing for <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a> developments in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_expansion">International expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bank_of_Canada,_Trinidad,_1920,_$20_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_of_Canada%2C_Trinidad%2C_1920%2C_%2420_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg/220px-Royal_Bank_of_Canada%2C_Trinidad%2C_1920%2C_%2420_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_of_Canada%2C_Trinidad%2C_1920%2C_%2420_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg/330px-Royal_Bank_of_Canada%2C_Trinidad%2C_1920%2C_%2420_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_of_Canada%2C_Trinidad%2C_1920%2C_%2420_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg/440px-Royal_Bank_of_Canada%2C_Trinidad%2C_1920%2C_%2420_or_%C2%A34.3.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3825" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>A $20 RBC banknote from 1938, issued for circulation in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_(38094444456).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_%2838094444456%29.jpg/220px-Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_%2838094444456%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_%2838094444456%29.jpg/330px-Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_%2838094444456%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_%2838094444456%29.jpg/440px-Downtown_Minneapolis_from_the_Skyroom_%2838094444456%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RBC_Plaza_(Minneapolis)" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Plaza (Minneapolis)">RBC Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, headquarters for RBC Wealth Management, formerly <a href="/wiki/Dain_Rauscher_Wessels" title="Dain Rauscher Wessels">Dain Rauscher Wessels</a>, a firm acquired by RBC in 2000</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1882: Merchants Bank of Halifax opened offices in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>.</li> <li>1899: RBC opened an agency in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and a branch in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.</li> <li>1903: RBC bought Banco de Oriente de Santiago de Cuba. By the mid-1920s, RBC had 65 branches in Cuba and is the largest bank in the country.</li> <li>1904: RBC bought Banco del Commercio de Havana.</li> <li>1907: RBC opened a branch in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>; branches in <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez,_Puerto_Rico" title="Mayagüez, Puerto Rico">Mayagüez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a> followed.</li> <li>1909: RBC established a branch in <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau, Bahamas</a>.</li> <li>1910: RBC opened a branch in London and acquired branches in Puerto Rico and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> as a result of its acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Halifax" title="Union Bank of Halifax">Union Bank of Halifax</a>.</li> <li>1911: RBC opened an agency in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and branches in <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>, Barbados, and <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston, Jamaica</a>.</li> <li>1912: RBC bought Bank of British Honduras (incorporated in 1902 by United States citizens from <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>) in <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a>, which it converted to a branch. <ul><li>RBC opened a branch in the Dominican Republic; three more follow.</li></ul></li> <li>1913: RBC opened a branch in Grenada.</li> <li>1914: RBC bought out Bank of British Guiana (est. 1836), in <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, and converted it to a branch.</li> <li>1915: RBC opened branches in Costa Rica, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, Dominica, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a>.</li> <li>1916: RBC opened a branch in Venezuela.</li> <li>1917: RBC opened branches in Antigua, Dominica, St. Kitts, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>.</li> <li>1918: RBC opened a branch in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, and another in <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> that lasted less than a year.</li> <li>1919: RBC opened branches in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, Haiti.</li> <li>1920: RBC opened a branch in Colombia and a branch in <a href="/wiki/Castries" title="Castries">Castries</a>, St Lucia.</li> <li>1923: RBC bought and consolidated the banking operations of Pedro Gomez Mena e Hijo in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.</li> <li>1925: RBC opened a branch in Peru, and acquired the American-owned, and failed, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_and_South_America" title="Bank of Central and South America">Bank of Central and South America</a>. The purchase of BCSA brought with it subsidiaries, and their branches, in Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Venezuela</li> <li>1932: RBC closed its branch in St. Lucia.</li> <li>1940: RBC closed its branches in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>.</li> <li>1958: A representative office opened in Hong Kong, which became a branch in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959: RBC opened a branch in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)">St. Vincent</a>.</li> <li>1960: RBC returned to St. Lucia.</li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s regime acquired RBC's operations in Cuba on December 8.<sup id="cite_ref-Pound_2005_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pound_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the forced sale, RBC had 24 branches in Cuba. From 1961 to 1965, RBC maintained a Special Representative in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> to facilitate trade between Cuba and Canada. After the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> in April 1961, the Special Representative acted as a financial intermediary between the American and Cuban governments to manage the ransoming of the prisoners for food and agricultural machinery.</li> <li>1964: RBC opened a branch in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Cayman_Islands" title="George Town, Cayman Islands">George Town, Cayman Islands</a>.</li> <li>1970s: As a result of Law 75, RBC's operations in Colombia became Banco Royal Colombiano.</li> <li>1973: RBC was forced to incorporate its operations in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, which became Royal Bank (Jamaica).</li> <li>1980: RBC purchased Banco de San Juan in Puerto Rico, adding its 14 branches to the six that RBC already had in Puerto Rico. RBC sold its assets in Grenada to <a href="/wiki/Republic_Bank" title="Republic Bank">Republic Bank</a> of Trinidad and Tobago.</li> <li>1985: RBC started to withdraw from much of the Caribbean. <ul><li>It sold its 12 branches in the Dominican Republic to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banco_de_Comercio_Dominicano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banco de Comercio Dominicano (page does not exist)">Banco de Comercio Dominicano</a>.</li> <li>It also sold its stake in Royal Bank (Jamaica) to Jamaica Mutual Life Assurance. Branches in Curacao, Aruba, St. Maarten and Dominica are still open (1985–present)</li> <li>The Government of Guyana nationalized its operations there and renamed the bank the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Bank" title="Republic Bank">National Bank of Industry and Commerce Ltd.</a><sup id="cite_ref-eclac_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eclac-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Additionally, RBC incorporated its operations in Trinidad and Tobago locally, floating the shares, thereby divesting itself of ownership. The new bank took the name <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago">Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (RBTT).</li></ul></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/National_Mutual_Royal_Bank" title="National Mutual Royal Bank">National Mutual Royal Bank</a> opened in Australia with RBC having a 50% shareholding<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986: RBC sold its two branches in Haiti to <a href="/wiki/Sogebank" title="Sogebank">Societe Generale Haitienne de Banque</a>, a local bank.</li> <li>1987: RBC sold its operations in Belize, ex-British Honduras, to Belize Holdings Inc., which renamed them <a href="/wiki/Belize_Bank" title="Belize Bank">Belize Bank</a>.</li> <li>1990: National Mutual Royal Bank in Australia sold to the <a href="/wiki/Australia_and_New_Zealand_Banking_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia and New Zealand Banking Group">Australia and New Zealand Banking Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: RBC sold Royal Bank of Puerto Rico to Spain's <a href="/wiki/Banco_Bilbao_Vizcaya_Argentaria" title="Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria">Banco Bilbao-Vizcaya</a>.</li> <li>1995: RBC sold Royal Trust Bank (Austria) to <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank" title="Anglo Irish Bank">Anglo Irish Bank</a>, which renamed it Anglo Irish Bank (Austria).</li> <li>2000: Acquired <a href="/wiki/Dain_Rauscher_Wessels" title="Dain Rauscher Wessels">Dain Rauscher Wessels</a>, a US <a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">brokerage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> firm based in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: RBC acquired Centura Bank based in <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina" title="Rocky Mount, North Carolina">Rocky Mount, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: RBC bought the investment banking and brokerage firm <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Anthony" title="Tucker Anthony">Tucker Anthony Sutro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>) from <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Financial" title="John Hancock Financial">John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: RBC purchased Florida interest in Provident Financial Group, Cincinnati OH.</li> <li>2003: Hong Kong branch started operating as a licensed bank.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: RBC upgraded its representative office in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China, to a branch.</li> <li>2006: Created an institutional investment joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Dexia" title="Dexia">Dexia</a>. The 50/50 partnership operated under the name RBC Dexia Investor Services.<sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: RBC acquires Carlin Financial.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: RBC established a representative office in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India. RBC re-acquired 98.14% of the shares of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago">Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago</a>. This brought RBC back to Trinidad and Tobago 20 years after it had withdrawn and provided it with a presence in other islands served by RBTT.</li> <li>2011: RBC sold <a href="/wiki/RBC_Bank" title="RBC Bank">RBC Bank</a> to <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a> for US$3.62 billion. PNC ATMs are now used by customers with RBC Bank (Georgia), N.A. providing Canadians with bank options when they are residing in the US.</li> <li>2012: RBC completed the acquisition of Dexia's 50% stake in RBC Dexia Investor Services Limited, making it the sole owner of the newly named [RBC Investor & Treasury Services].<sup id="cite_ref-robertson0403_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson0403-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RBC also opened a Branch in Wilemstad, Curaçao.</li> <li>2014: RBC "entered into a merger agreement to acquire <a href="/wiki/City_National_Bank_(California)" title="City National Bank (California)">City National Corporation</a>", a major U. S. bank.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: RBC agreed to sell its Swiss private bank Royal Bank of Canada (Suisse) SA to local rival <a href="/wiki/Banque_SYZ" title="Banque SYZ">SYZ Group</a>. Terms of the sale were not disclosed. Royal Bank of Canada (Suisse) manages <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">CHF</a> 10 billion (US$10.5 billion, C$13.4 billion) of assets for clients in Africa, the Middle East and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: RBC completed the acquisition of City National Bank (November)</li> <li>2016: On January 21, 2016, Aviva announced the acquisition of RBC General Insurance Company, for C$582 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Aviva_Canada_announces_the_acquisition_of_RBC_General_Insurance_Company..._44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aviva_Canada_announces_the_acquisition_of_RBC_General_Insurance_Company...-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019: RBC agreed to sell its Eastern Caribbean banking operations, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, to a consortium of banks in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022: RBC announced the acquisition of wealth manager <a href="/wiki/Brewin_Dolphin" title="Brewin Dolphin">Brewin Dolphin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in a deal which valued Brewin Dolphin at C$2.4bn (£1.6bn).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branding">Branding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logo">Logo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Logo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bank_of_Canada_Old_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Royal_Bank_of_Canada_Old_Logo.png/170px-Royal_Bank_of_Canada_Old_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dd/Royal_Bank_of_Canada_Old_Logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Logo used by RBC from 1979 to 2001, designed by Gottschalk + Ash.</figcaption></figure> <p>The bank's first modern identity was designed by firm <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_(brand_consultancy)" title="Lippincott (brand consultancy)">Lippincott & Margulies</a>, and was introduced in January 1962. From this point forward the bank's logo has contained the same basic element of a stylized lion clutching a globe, becoming more simplified with each iteration. Alongside promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a>, a tweaked version of the mark by Montreal design consultancy Gottschalk + Ash silently debuted in June 1979. The same basic form was retained, however many lines were thickened and details simplified to facilitate printing at small sizes. The total brand overhaul and shortening of the Royal Bank name to RBC in August 2001 coincided with their expansion into the United States market.<sup id="cite_ref-logo_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logo-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direction of the lion, now further simplified, was reversed, the crown above omitted, and both the symbol and wordmark were placed within a blue shield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sponsorship">Sponsorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sponsorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RBC sponsors cultural events including the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>. It also sponsors the <a href="/wiki/RBC_Taylor_Prize" title="RBC Taylor Prize">RBC Taylor Prize</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">literary award</a> for non-fiction writing in Canada, and hosts a yearly Canadian Women Entrepreneur Award.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rbctaylor_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbctaylor-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2013, the RBC Foundation partnered with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> to revive the <a href="/wiki/Siminovitch_Prize_in_Theatre" title="Siminovitch Prize in Theatre">Siminovitch Prize in Theatre</a>, given to recognize achievement in Canadian theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-YahooFinance_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YahooFinance-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proud_Sponsor_(4350970068).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proud_Sponsor_%284350970068%29.jpg/220px-Proud_Sponsor_%284350970068%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proud_Sponsor_%284350970068%29.jpg/330px-Proud_Sponsor_%284350970068%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proud_Sponsor_%284350970068%29.jpg/440px-Proud_Sponsor_%284350970068%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>An RBC logo at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>RBC is one of Canada's largest sponsors of amateur sports and is the longest-running Canadian sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. It employs dozens of top-tier amateur athletes as part-time spokespeople through the <a href="/wiki/RBC_Olympians" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Olympians">RBC Olympians</a> program. RBC is a former premier sponsor of <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Canada" title="Hockey Canada">Hockey Canada</a> and previously owned the naming rights to the <a href="/wiki/National_Junior_A_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="National Junior A Championship">National Junior A Championship</a>, then called the Royal Bank Cup (later the RBC Cup). In addition, it supports Canadian hockey at the grassroots level through the RBC Play Hockey program. </p><p>RBC owns naming rights to the <a href="/wiki/RBC_Centre_(Sarnia)" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Centre (Sarnia)">RBC Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBC_Convention_Centre_Winnipeg" title="RBC Convention Centre Winnipeg">RBC Convention Centre Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBC_Canadian_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC Canadian Open">RBC Canadian Open</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RBC_Heritage" title="RBC Heritage">RBC Heritage</a> (formerly the Heritage Classic). From 2002 to 2012, RBC previously held the naming rights to what is now the <a href="/wiki/PNC_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="PNC Arena">PNC Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-winnipeg_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winnipeg-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RBC has owned naming rights for the Top 25 Canadian Immigrants Award, presented annually by <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Immigrant" title="Canadian Immigrant">Canadian Immigrant</a></i>, since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head_offices">Head offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Head offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_Ville_Marie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Place_Ville_Marie.jpg/124px-Place_Ville_Marie.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Place_Ville_Marie.jpg/186px-Place_Ville_Marie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Place_Ville_Marie.jpg/248px-Place_Ville_Marie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bank_Plaza,_Toronto,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/110px-Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/165px-Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Royal_Bank_Plaza%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="4310" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Place_Ville_Marie" title="Place Ville Marie">Place Ville Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> (left), serves as the official head office for RBC, whereas <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (right), serves as the bank's corporate headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The head office for the institution was initially located at the Merchants' Bank of Halifax Building, on Bedford Row, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. The building served as the head office for the bank from 1864 to 1907. In 1907, the RBC relocated its head office to the Four Pillars Building, at 147 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street" title="Saint Jacques Street">Saint Jacques Street</a> (renumbered 221 in 1928), Montreal. The building was used as RBC's head office until 1928. The Four Pillars Building was later demolished, with only its facade remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, RBC moved its head office to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Bank_Building,_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Royal Bank Building, Montreal">Old Royal Bank Building</a>, at 360 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street" title="Saint Jacques Street">Saint Jacques Street</a>, Montreal. </p><p>In 1962, RBC moved its head office to <a href="/wiki/Place_Ville-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Place Ville-Marie">Place Ville-Marie</a>, at <a href="/wiki/University_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="University Street">University Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Lévesque Boulevard">René-Lévesque Boulevard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. In 1976, RBC completed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a>, at 200 <a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a>, Toronto, and shifted the majority of its critical head-office functions from Montreal to Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Bank of Canada presently operates two headquarters, with its corporate headquarters at Royal Bank Plaza and its head office based at Place Ville-Marie.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of its management operations are based in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 5, 2024, RBC terminated CFO Nadine Ahn and Ken Mason (vice president and head of capital and term funding) over an undisclosed personal relationship that led to the latter receiving preferential treatment including a promotion and compensation increases.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 15, 2007, <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a> reported RBC was "refusing" to open US dollar accounts for people of certain nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_2007-01-16_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_2007-01-16-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian citizens with <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> in Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Myanmar, North Korea or Sudan (mostly countries with US sanctions) were affected. The <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury Department">US Treasury Department</a> restricts certain foreign nationals from using the US dollar payment system to limit <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001,_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001, attacks">September 11, 2001, attacks</a>. RBC replied that compliance with such laws does not represent an endorsement by the bank and on January 17, clarified its position on the application of the US laws, specifying that "with some exceptions" it does open accounts for dual citizens of the sanctioned countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio-Canada_2007-01-17_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio-Canada_2007-01-17-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been reports that the bank had closed the accounts of some <a href="/wiki/Iranian-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian-Canadian">Iranian-Canadian</a> citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-salam_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salam-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Action_Network" title="Rainforest Action Network">Rainforest Action Network</a>, RBC's financing of <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> extraction and expansion amounted to "more than $2.3 billion in loans and financing [of] more than $6.9 billion in [corporate] debt between 2003 and 2007 for 13 companies including: <a href="/wiki/Encana" title="Encana">Encana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPTI_Canada" title="OPTI Canada">OPTI Canada</a>, Delphi Energy, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Oil_Sands_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Oil Sands Trust">Canadian Oil Sands Trust</a>, Northwest Upgrading, <a href="/wiki/Suncor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suncor">Suncor</a>, <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connacher_Oil_and_Gas" title="Connacher Oil and Gas">Connacher Oil and Gas</a>, InterPipeline and <a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 report on fossil fuel finance by the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> and Rainforest Action Network found that RBC was the fifth largest funder of fossil fuels in the world, and largest in Canada, investing over US$160 billion on fossil fuel projects since the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Fossil_Fuel_Finance_Report_2020_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fossil_Fuel_Finance_Report_2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sparked criticism from environmental groups and climate activists.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Observer_2021-10-29_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Observer_2021-10-29-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent 2023 report from a coalition of environmental group places RBC as the largest financier of fossil fuel in the world in 2022, investing US$42 billion in fossil fuel projects in that year alone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_of_SCO_litigation_on_Linux">Funding of SCO litigation on Linux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Funding of SCO litigation on Linux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RBC invested in <a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">SCO Group</a> during the series of court cases seeking to <a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">collect royalties from the users of Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investor_protection">Investor protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Investor protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a> fined RBC $35,000,000 for engaging in more than 1,000 wash sales, fictitious sales, and other non-competitive practices over a three year period.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mismarking">Mismarking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mismarking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the Royal Bank of Canada fired several traders in its corporate bond business, after another trader accused them of <a href="/wiki/Mismarking" title="Mismarking">mismarking</a> bonds the bank held by overpricing them, and marked down the values of the bonds and recognized $13 million of trading losses relating to the bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank said it investigated the accusations, and took remedial action.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> noted: "traders might have an incentive to boost [the bonds'] prices because it could have an impact on their bonuses."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_foreign_workers_and_Canadian_layoffs">Temporary foreign workers and Canadian layoffs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Temporary foreign workers and Canadian layoffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temporary_foreign_worker_program_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary foreign worker program in Canada">Temporary foreign worker program in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Lang_RBC_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanda Lang RBC controversy">Amanda Lang RBC controversy</a></div> <p>In April 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> reported that the Royal Bank of Canada was indirectly hiring <a href="/wiki/Temporary_resident_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary resident (Canada)">temporary foreign workers</a> to replace 45 Canadian <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> workers.<sup id="cite_ref-tomlinson_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomlinson-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CBC reported on May 7, 2013 that, during <a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a> in Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">NDP</a> leveled accusations against the government and then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>. Harper responded that the government has been working on problems with the Temporary Foreign Worker Program for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-harper_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacation_pay_class_action_lawsuit">Vacation pay class action lawsuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vacation pay class action lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/RBC_Dominion_Securities#Legal_affairs" title="RBC Dominion Securities">RBC Dominion Securities § Legal affairs</a></div> <p>On December 29, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ontario" title="Supreme Court of Ontario">Supreme Court of Ontario</a> certified a class action lawsuit permitting employees of <a href="/wiki/RBC_Dominion_Securities" title="RBC Dominion Securities">RBC Dominion Securities</a> to seek $800 million in damages, over alleged unpaid wages for holidays and other vacation days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships">Memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RBC is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bankers_Association" title="Canadian Bankers Association">Canadian Bankers Association</a> which includes Canada's <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(banks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (banks)">Big Five</a> banks, and is a registered member with the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation">Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>, a federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks. </p><p>It is also a member of: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarIFS" title="CarIFS">CarIFS</a> ATM Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interac" title="Interac">Interac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a> (in Canadian and Caribbean markets)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYCE" title="NYCE">NYCE</a> <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point of sale</a> Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plus_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus Network">Plus Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Banking_Alliance_for_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Banking Alliance for Women">Global Banking Alliance for Women</a><sup id="cite_ref-RBC_Royal_Bank_Women_Entrepreneurs_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC_Royal_Bank_Women_Entrepreneurs-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of Chairman of the Board was created in October 1949 for outgoing president Sydney Dobson. Until 2001, the chairmanship was given to the current or former president. After John Cleghorn's retirement in 2001, the chairmanship was made a separate, non-executive position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>James W. Merkel, 1864–1869</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clifford_Kinnear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Clifford Kinnear (page does not exist)">Thomas Clifford Kinnear</a>, 1869–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Kenny" title="Thomas Edward Kenny">Thomas Edward Kenny</a>, 1870–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel_Holt" title="Herbert Samuel Holt">Herbert Samuel Holt</a>, 1908–1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Wilson" title="Morris Wilson">Morris Watson Wilson</a>, 1934 – 13 May 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_G._Dobson" title="Sydney G. Dobson">Sydney George Dobson</a>, 4 June 1946 – 18 October 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Muir" title="James Muir">James Muir</a>, 18 October 1949 – 10 April 1960</li> <li>Madison Melville Walter, 26 April 1960 – 9 December 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Earle_McLaughlin" title="W. Earle McLaughlin">William Earle McLaughlin</a>, 19 December 1960– 30 June 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Frazee" title="Rowland Frazee">Rowland Cardwell Frazee</a> 1 July 1977 – 30 September 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_K._Finlayson" title="Jock K. Finlayson">Jock Kinghorn Finlayson</a>, 1 October 1980 – 31 May 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Taylor" title="Allan R. Taylor">Allan Richard Taylor</a>, 1 June 1983 – 31 May 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleghorn" title="John Cleghorn">John Edward Cleghorn</a>, 1 June 1986 – 30 March 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Nixon" title="Gordon Nixon">Gordon Melbourne Nixon</a>, 1 April 2001 – 31 July 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._McKay" title="David I. McKay">David Ian McKay</a> 1 August 2014 –</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairman_of_the_Board">Chairman of the Board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chairman of the Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_G._Dobson" title="Sydney G. Dobson">Sydney George Dobson</a>, 18 October 1949 – 30 November 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Muir" title="James Muir">James Muir</a>, 1 December 1954 – 10 April 1960</li> <li>Madison Melville Walter, 26 April 1960 – 9 December 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Earle_McLaughlin" title="W. Earle McLaughlin">William Earle McLaughlin</a>, 1962 – 30 September 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Frazee" title="Rowland Frazee">Rowland Cardwell Frazee</a>, 1 October 1980 – 31 May 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Taylor" title="Allan R. Taylor">Allan Richard Taylor</a>, 1 June 1986 – 26 January 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleghorn" title="John Cleghorn">John Edward Cleghorn</a>, 26 January 1995 – 31 July 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Saint-Pierre" title="Guy Saint-Pierre">Guy Saint-Pierre</a>, 1 August 2001 – 27 February 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._O%27Brien" title="David P. O'Brien">David Peter O'Brien</a>, 27 February 2004 – 31 December 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Taylor_(business_executive)" title="Kathleen Taylor (business executive)">Kathleen Patricia Taylor</a>, 1 January 2014 – 5 April 2023</li> <li>Jacynthe Côté, 5 April 2023 –</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(banks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (banks)">Big Five (banks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_and_credit_unions_in_Canada" title="List of banks and credit unions in Canada">List of banks and credit unions in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Americas" title="List of banks in the Americas">List of banks in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investors_in_Bernard_L._Madoff_Investment_Securities" title="List of investors in Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities">List of investors in Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks" title="List of largest banks">List of largest banks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The bank maintains both a "corporate headquarters" in Toronto, and a "head office" in Montreal, with most of its management operations taking place in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall199322–23-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall199322–23_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall1993">McDowall 1993</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBC2015AnnualReport-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBC2015AnnualReport_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbc.com/investorrelations/pdf/ar_2015_e.pdf">"Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Bank of Canada. October 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Bank+of+Canada%3A+Annual+Report+2015&rft.pub=Royal+Bank+of+Canada&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.com%2Finvestorrelations%2Fpdf%2Far_2015_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadianEncyclopedia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadianEncyclopedia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusufali2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yusufali, Sasha (August 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-bank-of-canada/">"Royal Bank of Canada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Bank+of+Canada&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Yusufali&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Froyal-bank-of-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obeyleadership-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obeyleadership_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.com/our-company/our-leadership.html">"Our Leadership"</a>. <i>RBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=RBC+replaces+Canadian+staff+with+foreign+workers&rft.date=2013-04-06&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Frbc-replaces-canadian-staff-with-foreign-workers-1.1315008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harper-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harper_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/harper-says-foreign-worker-program-is-being-fixed-1.1359848?cmp=rss">"Harper says foreign worker program is being fixed"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. May 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Harper+says+foreign+worker+program+is+being+fixed&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fharper-says-foreign-worker-program-is-being-fixed-1.1359848%3Fcmp%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cp24.com/news/rbc-facing-800m-class-action-lawsuit-over-alleged-pay-violations-1.6226608">"RBC facing $800M class-action lawsuit over alleged pay violations"</a>. <i>CP24</i>. January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CP24&rft.atitle=RBC+facing+%24800M+class-action+lawsuit+over+alleged+pay+violations&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp24.com%2Fnews%2Frbc-facing-800m-class-action-lawsuit-over-alleged-pay-violations-1.6226608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBC_Royal_Bank_Women_Entrepreneurs-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBC_Royal_Bank_Women_Entrepreneurs_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045714/http://www.rbcroyalbank.com/RBC:-/sme/women/trade_mission.html">"First Canadian Businesswomen's Trade Mission to Australia, Sydney, June 11–14, 2002"</a>. Royal Bank of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbcroyalbank.com/RBC:-/sme/women/trade_mission.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Canadian+Businesswomen%27s+Trade+Mission+to+Australia%2C+Sydney%2C+June+11%E2%80%9314%2C+2002&rft.pub=Royal+Bank+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbcroyalbank.com%2FRBC%3A-%2Fsme%2Fwomen%2Ftrade_mission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall1993" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, Duncan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbc.com/history/quicktofrontier/index.html"><i>Quick to the Frontier: Canada's Royal Bank</i></a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart" title="McClelland & Stewart">McClelland & Stewart</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0771055041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0771055041"><bdi>978-0771055041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quick+to+the+Frontier%3A+Canada%27s+Royal+Bank&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0771055041&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.com%2Fhistory%2Fquicktofrontier%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McDowall, Duncan (1993). <i>Au coeur de l'action: Banque Royale</i> (in French). Montreal: les Editions de l'Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2761911146" title="Special:BookSources/978-2761911146"><bdi>978-2761911146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Au+coeur+de+l%27action%3A+Banque+Royale&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=les+Editions+de+l%27Homme&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2761911146&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Bank+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Bank_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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selflink">Royal Bank of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Canada" title="HSBC Bank Canada">HSBC Bank Canada</a> (acquired and merged into RBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Bank" title="RBC Bank">RBC Bank</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago">Royal Bank of Trinidad and Tobago</a> (Caribbean)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investment banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Capital_Markets" title="RBC Capital Markets">RBC Capital Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueBay_Asset_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueBay Asset Management">BlueBay Asset Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Direct_Investing" title="RBC Direct Investing">RBC Direct Investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Dominion_Securities" title="RBC Dominion Securities">RBC Dominion Securities</a></li> <li>RBC Global Asset Management</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wealth management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>RBC Wealth Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewin_Dolphin" title="Brewin Dolphin">Brewin Dolphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>RBC Insurance</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Place_Ville_Marie" title="Place Ville Marie">Place Ville Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Convention_Centre_Winnipeg" title="RBC Convention Centre Winnipeg">RBC Convention Centre Winnipeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_Heritage" title="RBC Heritage">RBC Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada_v_R" title="Royal Bank of Canada v R">Royal Bank of Canada v R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Category:Royal Bank of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Royal_Bank_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Royal Bank of Canada">WikiCommons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banks_and_credit_unions_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_banks" title="Template:Canadian banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_banks" title="Template talk:Canadian banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banks_and_credit_unions_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_and_credit_unions_in_Canada" title="List of banks and credit unions in Canada">Banks and credit unions in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_banks_of_Canada" title="Big Five banks of Canada">Big Five</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce" title="Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce">Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplii_Financial" title="Simplii Financial">Simplii Financial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Bank of Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Canada" title="HSBC Bank Canada">HSBC Bank Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Bank" title="Tangerine Bank">Tangerine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a> (<a href="/wiki/TD_Canada_Trust" title="TD Canada Trust">TD Canada Trust</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterna_Bank" title="Alterna Bank">Alterna Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">AMEX Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China#Canada" title="Bank of China">Bank of China (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tire_Financial_Services" title="Canadian Tire Financial Services">Canadian Tire Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Western_Bank" title="Canadian Western Bank">Canadian Western Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motive_Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Motive Financial">Motive Financial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citibank_Canada" title="Citibank Canada">Citibank Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_Bank" title="Equitable Bank">Equitable Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_Bank_of_Canada" title="Exchange Bank of Canada">Exchange Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_Bank_of_Canada" title="First Nations Bank of Canada">First Nations Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICICI_Bank#ICICI_Bank_Canada" title="ICICI Bank">ICICI Bank Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Bank_of_Canada" title="Laurentian Bank of Canada">Laurentian Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manulife_Bank_of_Canada" title="Manulife Bank of Canada">Manulife Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Credit_Union" title="Meridian Credit Union">Motusbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada" title="National Bank of Canada">National Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Group" title="Peoples Group">Peoples Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Choice_Financial" title="President's Choice Financial">President's Choice Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancity" title="Vancity">Vancity Community Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VersaBank" title="VersaBank">VersaBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_One_Bank_of_Canada" title="Wealth One Bank of Canada">Wealth One Bank of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Credit_unions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Credit_unions_in_Canada" title="Credit unions in Canada">Credit unions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal credit unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Capital_Savings" title="Coast Capital Savings">Coast Capital Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_Credit_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovation Credit Union">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI_Financial_Cooperation" title="UNI Financial Cooperation">UNI Financial Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial credit unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueShore_Financial" title="BlueShore Financial">BlueShore Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_West_Credit_Union" title="First West Credit Union">First West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Envision_Financial" title="Envision Financial">Envision Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Savings" title="Island Savings">Island Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_First" title="Valley First">Valley First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_%26_Fraser" title="Gulf & Fraser">Gulf & Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospera_Credit_Union" title="Prospera Credit Union">Prospera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancity" title="Vancity">Vancity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prairies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_Credit_Union" title="Access Credit Union">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Credit_Union" title="Affinity Credit Union">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_Credit_Union" title="Assiniboine Credit Union">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Credit_Union" title="Cambrian Credit Union">Cambrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conexus_Credit_Union" title="Conexus Credit Union">Conexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConnectFirst_Credit_Union" title="ConnectFirst Credit Union">ConnectFirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servus_Credit_Union" title="Servus Credit Union">Servus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinbach_Credit_Union" title="Steinbach Credit Union">Steinbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterna_Savings" title="Alterna Savings">Alterna Savings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pace_Savings_%26_Credit_Union" title="Pace Savings & Credit Union">Pace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desjardins_Group" title="Desjardins Group">Desjardins Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desjardins_Ontario_Credit_Union" title="Desjardins Ontario Credit Union">Desjardins Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUCA_Credit_Union" title="DUCA Credit Union">DUCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libro_Credit_Union" title="Libro Credit Union">Libro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Credit_Union" title="Meridian Credit Union">Meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_financial_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other financial institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_Development_Bank_of_Canada" title="Business Development Bank of Canada">Business Development Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Mortgage_and_Housing_Corporation" title="Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation">Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Canada" title="Farm Credit Canada">Farm Credit Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">ATB Financial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deposit insurance & regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation">Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Regulatory_Authority_of_Ontario" title="Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario">Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Superintendent_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions">Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="S&amp;P/TSX_60_companies_of_Canada_(June_22,_2020)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:S%26P/TSX_60" title="Template:S&P/TSX 60"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:S%26P/TSX_60" title="Template talk:S&P/TSX 60"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S%26P/TSX_60" title="Special:EditPage/Template:S&P/TSX 60"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="S&amp;P/TSX_60_companies_of_Canada_(June_22,_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/S%26P/TSX_60" title="S&P/TSX 60">S&P/TSX 60</a> companies of Canada <small>(June 22, 2020)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnico_Eagle" title="Agnico Eagle">Agnico Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Power_%26_Utilities" title="Algonquin Power & Utilities">Algonquin Power & Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimentation_Couche-Tard" title="Alimentation Couche-Tard">Alimentation Couche-Tard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtkinsR%C3%A9alis" title="AtkinsRéalis">AtkinsRéalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_Health" title="Bausch Health">Bausch Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCE_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE Inc">BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Corporation" title="Brookfield Corporation">Brookfield Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Infrastructure_Partners" title="Brookfield Infrastructure Partners">Brookfield Infrastructure Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Property_Partners" title="Brookfield Property Partners">Brookfield Property Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameco" title="Cameco">Cameco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPREIT" title="CAPREIT">Canadian Apartment Properties REIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce" title="Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce">Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">Canadian National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Natural_Resources" title="Canadian Natural Resources">Canadian Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tire" title="Canadian Tire">Canadian Tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_Growth" title="Canopy Growth">Canopy Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL_Industries" title="CCL Industries">CCL Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGI_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="CGI Inc">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Software" title="Constellation Software">Constellation Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollarama" title="Dollarama">Dollarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emera" title="Emera">Emera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals" title="First Quantum Minerals">First Quantum Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FirstService" title="FirstService">FirstService</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortis_Inc." title="Fortis Inc.">Fortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nevada" title="Franco-Nevada">Franco-Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Weston_Limited" title="George Weston Limited">George Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gildan" title="Gildan">Gildan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinross_Gold" title="Kinross Gold">Kinross Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland_Lake_Gold" title="Kirkland Lake Gold">Kirkland Lake Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loblaw_Companies" title="Loblaw Companies">Loblaw Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_International" title="Magna International">Magna International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manulife" title="Manulife">Manulife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Inc">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada" title="National Bank of Canada">National Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">Nutrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenText" title="OpenText">OpenText</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembina_Pipeline" title="Pembina Pipeline">Pembina Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Corporation">Power Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant_Brands_International" title="Restaurant Brands International">Restaurant Brands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saputo_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Saputo Inc">Saputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Shaw Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Life_Financial" title="Sun Life Financial">Sun Life Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teck_Resources" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Custodian_Bank" title="Template:Custodian Bank"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Custodian_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Custodian Bank (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Custodian_Bank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Custodian Bank"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Custodian_banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Custodian_bank" title="Custodian bank">Custodian banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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