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aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coptic language</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Coptic_language" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Coptic_language" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Coptic+language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Coptic (Bohairic Coptic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Timetremənkhēmi) is an <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaC-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extinctlang-5">[4]</a> It is a group of closely related Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">[2]</a> representing the most recent developments of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton20071-6">[5]</a> and historically spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, starting from the third century AD in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2009404-1">[1]</a> Coptic was supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as the primary <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">spoken language</a> of Egypt following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</a> and was slowly replaced over the centuries. Coptic has no native speakers today,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> although it remains in daily use as the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton20071-6">[5]</a> Innovations in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and the influx of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> distinguish Coptic from earlier periods of the Egyptian language. It is written with the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a>, a modified form of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> with seven additional letters borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic Egyptian script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton20071-6">[5]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Coptic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style>ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (Timetremənkʰēmi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Literary</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd – c. 14th century AD<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2009404-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Spoken</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd – c. 19th century AD<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-extinct-3">[note 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3rd century AD – present<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Coptic</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#History" title="Egyptian language">Archaic Egyptian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Old_Egyptian" title="Egyptian language">Old Egyptian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Middle_Egyptian" title="Egyptian language">Middle Egyptian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Late_Egyptian" title="Egyptian language">Late Egyptian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Demotic" title="Egyptian language">Demotic</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Bohairic</li> <li>Sahidic</li> <li>Akhmimic</li> <li>Lycopolitan</li> <li>Fayyumic</li> <li>Oxyrhynchite</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=95">cop</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cop" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cop">cop</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/cop">cop</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/copt1239">copt1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png/320px-Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png/480px-Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png/640px-Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="3135"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Historical map of the distribution of the Coptic dialects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/CopticLetters.svg/40px-CopticLetters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/CopticLetters.svg/60px-CopticLetters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/CopticLetters.svg/80px-CopticLetters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="394"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coptic</a> text. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Coptic" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Coptic letters.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> The major Coptic dialects are Sahidic, Bohairic, Akhmimic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan, and Oxyrhynchite. Sahidic Coptic was spoken between the cities of <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and flourished as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> across Egypt in the period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 325 – c. 800 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton20071-6">[5]</a> Bohairic, the language of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, gained prominence in the 9th century and is the dialect used by the Coptic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geographic_distribution">2 Geographic distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Influence_on_other_languages">2.1 Influence on other languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Pre-Islamic_period">3.1 Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Islamic_period">3.2 Islamic period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modern_revitalisation_attempts">3.3 Modern revitalisation attempts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Writing_system">4 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literature">5 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Vocabulary">6 Vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Phonology">7 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Vowels">7.1 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Consonants">7.2 Consonants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Grammar">8 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Nouns">8.1 Nouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Pronouns">8.2 Pronouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Adjectives">8.3 Adjectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Verbs">8.4 Verbs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Verbal_grade_system">8.4.1 Verbal grade system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Tense/aspect/mood_inflection">8.4.2 Tense/aspect/mood inflection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Second_tenses">8.4.3 Second tenses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Prepositions">8.5 Prepositions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Syntax">9 Syntax</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sentential_syntax">9.1 Sentential syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Dialects">10 Dialects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Lower_Egyptian_dialects">10.1 Lower Egyptian dialects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Bohairic">10.1.1 Bohairic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Upper_Egyptian_dialects">10.2 Upper Egyptian dialects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sahidic">10.2.1 Sahidic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Fayyumic">10.2.2 Fayyumic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Oxyrhynchite">10.2.3 Oxyrhynchite</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Lycopolitan">10.2.4 Lycopolitan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Akhmimic">10.2.5 Akhmimic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Aswanic">10.2.6 Aswanic</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#General_studies">14.1 General studies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Grammars_and_grammatical_studies">14.2 Grammars and grammatical studies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Dictionaries">14.3 Dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Phonology_2">14.4 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Bibliographies">14.5 Bibliographies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In Coptic the language is called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%89%E2%B2%A7%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%89%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%9B%E2%B2%AD%E2%B2%8F%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ">ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ</a> (timetremǹkhēmi) "Egyptian" or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%81%E2%B2%A5%E2%B2%A1%E2%B2%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ⲁⲥⲡⲓ">ϯⲁⲥⲡⲓ</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%A3%E2%B2%89%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%9B%E2%B2%AD%E2%B2%8F%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ">ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ</a> (tiaspi ǹremǹkhēmi) "the Egyptian language". Coptic also possessed the term <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B2%85%E2%B2%A9%E2%B2%A1%E2%B2%A7%E2%B2%93%E2%B2%9F%E2%B2%A5#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ">ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ</a> (gyptios) "Egyptian", derived from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%91%E1%BC%B0%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Αἰγύπτιος">Αἰγύπτιος</a> (Aigúptios). This was borrowed into Arabic as ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:قبط">قبْط</a>‎ (qibṭ/qubṭ), and from there into the languages of Europe, giving rise to words like <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> copte and English Copt. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coptic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Coptic language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Coptic is today spoken liturgically in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>). The language is spoken only in Egypt and historically has had little influence outside of the territory, except for monasteries located in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. Coptic's most noticeable linguistic influence has been on the various dialects of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, which is characterised by a Coptic <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> features.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_languages">Influence on other languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence on other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition to influencing the grammar, vocabulary and syntax of Egyptian Arabic, Coptic has lent to both <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> such words as:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>timsāḥ (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تمساح; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: תמסח), "crocodile"; emsah (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ);[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] this subsequently entered Turkish as timsah. Coptic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ is grammatically masculine and hence would have taken the form pemsah (Sahidic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ; Bohairic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ) with the definite articular prefix. Hence it is unclear why the word should have entered Arabic with an initial t, which would have required the word to be grammatically feminine (i.e. Sahidic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">*ⲧⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ; Bohairic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">*ϯⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>ṭūbah, Arabic: طوبة, "brick";[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sahidic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ, tōōbe; Bohairic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, tōbi; this subsequently entered <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a>) as tova and <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> respectively, the latter of which was borrowed by <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>wāḥah, Arabic: واحة, "oasis"; Sahidic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ, ouahe; Bohairic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩⲉϩⲓ, ouehi; this subsequently entered Turkish as vaha[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> A few words of Coptic origin are found in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>; some of the words were later lent to various European languages — such as <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>, from Coptic baare (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ, "small boat").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, most words of Egyptian origin that entered into Greek and subsequently into other European languages came directly from Ancient Egyptian, often <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a>. An example is the Greek oasis (ὄασις), which comes directly from Egyptian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/w%E1%B8%A5%EA%9C%A3t#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:wḥꜣt">wḥꜣt</a> or Demotic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/w%E1%B8%A5j#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:wḥj">wḥj</a>. However, Coptic <a href="/wiki/Reborrowed" class="mw-redirect" title="Reborrowed">reborrowed</a> some words of Ancient Egyptian origin into its lexicon, via Greek. For example, both Sahidic and Bohairic use the word ebenos, which was taken directly from Greek ἔβενος ("ebony"), originally from Egyptian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hbnj#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:hbnj">hbnj</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many place names in modern Egypt are Arabic adaptations of their <a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_place_names" title="List of Coptic place names">former Coptic names</a>: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Coptic name </th> <th colspan="2">Modern name </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ (səjōwt) </td> <td>أسيوط (ʾasyūṭ) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲫⲓⲟⲙ (phəyom) </td> <td>الفيوم (al-fayyūm) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϯⲙⲉⲛϩⲱⲣ (təmənhōr) </td> <td>دمنهور (damanhūr) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ (swan) </td> <td>أسوان (ʾaswān) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲉⲛϥ (mənf) </td> <td>منف (manf) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Coptic name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁⲡⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, papnoute (from Egyptian pꜣy-pꜣ-nṯr), means "belonging to God" or "he of God".<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> It was adapted into Arabic as Babnouda, which remains a common name among Egyptian Copts to this day. It was also borrowed into Greek as the name Παφνούτιος (<a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Paphnutius (disambiguation)">Paphnutius</a>). That, in turn, is the source of the Russian name <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Пафнутий">Пафнутий</a> (Pafnuty), perhaps best known in the name of the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev" title="Pafnuty Chebyshev">Pafnuty Chebyshev</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos_graffito_74.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abydos_graffito_74.png/220px-Abydos_graffito_74.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="1590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abydos_graffito_74.png/220px-Abydos_graffito_74.png" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abydos_graffito_74.png/330px-Abydos_graffito_74.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Abydos_graffito_74.png/440px-Abydos_graffito_74.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Demotic graffito in Greek letters from year 5 <a href="/wiki/Horwennefer" title="Horwennefer">Horwennefer</a> (200/201 BC).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> may have the longest documented history of any language, from <a href="/wiki/Old_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Egyptian language">Old Egyptian</a>, which appeared just before 3200 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20101%E2%80%932-13">[12]</a> to its final phases as Coptic in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Coptic belongs to the Later Egyptian phase, which started to be written in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>. Later Egyptian represented colloquial speech of the later periods. It had analytic features like definite and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> verb conjugation. Coptic, therefore, is a reference to both the most recent stage of Egyptian after <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Demotic" title="Egyptian language">Demotic</a> and the new writing system that was adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_period">Pre-Islamic period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG/220px-Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG/220px-Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG/330px-Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG/440px-Coptic_liturgic_inscription.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coptic liturgical inscription from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, dated to the fifth or sixth century.</figcaption></figure> The earliest attempts to write the Egyptian language using the Greek alphabet are Greek transcriptions of Egyptian proper names, most of which date to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>. Scholars frequently refer to this phase as Pre-Coptic. However, it is clear that by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period of ancient Egypt</a>, demotic scribes regularly employed a more phonetic orthography, a testament to the increasing cultural contact between <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> even before <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquest of Egypt. Coptic itself, or <a href="/wiki/Old_Coptic" title="Old Coptic">Old Coptic</a>, takes root in the first century. The transition from the older Egyptian scripts to the newly adapted Coptic alphabet was in part due to the decline of the traditional role played by the priestly class of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>, who, unlike most ordinary Egyptians, were literate in the temple scriptoria. Old Coptic is represented mostly by non-Christian texts such as Egyptian pagan prayers and magical and astrological papyri. Many of them served as <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> to original <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> and demotic equivalents. The glosses may have been aimed at non-Egyptian speakers. Under late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> persecuted many Egyptian converts to the new <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian religion</a>, which forced new converts to flee to the Egyptian deserts. In time, the growth of these communities generated the need to write Christian Greek instructions in the Egyptian language. The early Fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed some of their works to the Egyptian monks in Egyptian. The Egyptian language, now written in the Coptic alphabet, flourished in the second and third centuries. However, it was not until <a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenoute</a> that Coptic became a fully standardised literary language based on the Sahidic dialect. Shenouda's native Egyptian tongue and knowledge of Greek and rhetoric gave him the necessary tools to elevate Coptic, in content and style, to a literary height nearly equal to the position of the Egyptian language in ancient Egypt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islamic period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png/220px-Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 341px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png/220px-Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png" data-width="220" data-height="341" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png/330px-Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Page_from_19th_century_Coptic_Language_Grammar.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Page from 19th-century Coptic-language grammar</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> came with the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a> in the seventh century. At the turn of the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> decreed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] that Arabic replace <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> as the sole <a href="/wiki/Administrative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative language">administrative language</a>. Literary Coptic gradually declined, and within a few hundred years, Egyptian bishop <a href="/wiki/Severus_ibn_al-Muqaffa" title="Severus ibn al-Muqaffa">Severus ibn al-Muqaffa</a> found it necessary to write his History of the Patriarchs in Arabic. However, ecclesiastically the language retained an important position, and many <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> texts were also composed during this period. Until the 10th century, Coptic remained the spoken language of the native population outside the capital. The Coptic language massively declined under the hands of Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, as part of his campaigns of religious persecution. He issued strict orders completely prohibiting the use of Coptic anywhere, whether in schools, public streets, and even homes, including mothers speaking to their children. Those who did not comply had their tongues cut off. He personally walked the streets of Cairo and eavesdropped on Coptic-speaking homes to find out if any family was speaking Coptic.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> As a written language, Coptic is thought to have completely given way to <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> around the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> though it seems to have survived as a spoken language until the 17th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">[2]</a> and in some localities even longer.<a href="#cite_note-extinct-3">[note 1]</a> From the medieval period, there is one known example of <a href="/wiki/Tarsh" title="Tarsh">tarsh-printed</a> Coptic. The fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> A.Ch. 12.145, now in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>, contains a frame of Coptic text around an Arabic main text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer200650-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_revitalisation_attempts">Modern revitalisation attempts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern revitalisation attempts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 20th century, some Copts tried to revive the Coptic language, but they were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In the second half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria</a> started a national Church-sponsored movement to <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revive</a> Coptic. Several works of grammar were published, including a more comprehensive dictionary than had been formerly available. The scholarly findings of the field of <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> and the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Coptic_Studies" title="Institute of Coptic Studies">Institute of Coptic Studies</a> further contributed to the renaissance. Efforts at language revitalisation continue to be undertaken, and have attracted the interest of <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> and linguists in and outside of Egypt.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic script</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg/220px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8131" data-file-height="5448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg/220px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg/330px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg/440px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VI_fol._16.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bodmer_Papyri#Coptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodmer Papyri">Papyrus Bodmer VI</a> ("Dialect P") possesses the richest of all Coptic alphabets, with 35 unique <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, with the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic Egyptian</a>. This is comparable to the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic alphabet</a>, which includes the runic letter <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> There is some variation in the number and forms of these signs depending on the dialect. Some of the letters in the Coptic alphabet that are of Greek origin were normally reserved for Greek words. Old Coptic texts used several graphemes that were not retained in the literary Coptic orthography of later centuries. In Sahidic, <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> boundaries may have been marked by a supralinear stroke ⟨◌̄⟩, or the stroke may have tied letters together in one word, since Coptic texts did not otherwise indicate word divisions. Some scribal traditions use a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> over the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲓ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲩ at the beginning of a word or to mark a diphthong. Bohairic uses a superposed point or small stroke known as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫⲓⲛⲕⲓⲙ (jinkim, "movement"). When jinkim is placed over a vowel it is pronounced independently, and when it is placed over a consonant a short <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ precedes it.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic literature</a></div> The oldest Coptic writings date to the pre-Christian era (Old Coptic), though Coptic literature consists mostly of texts written by prominent saints of the Coptic Church such as Anthony the Great, Pachomius the Great and Shenoute. Shenoute helped fully standardise the Coptic language through his many sermons, treatises and homilies, which formed the basis of early Coptic literature. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The core <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of Coptic is <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>, most closely related to the preceding <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> phase of the language. Up to 40% of the vocabulary of literary Coptic is drawn from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, but borrowings are not always fully adapted to the Coptic phonological system and may have <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> differences as well. There are instances of Coptic texts having passages that are almost entirely composed from Greek lexical roots. However, that is likely because the majority of Coptic religious texts are direct translations of Greek works. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What invariably attracts the attention of the reader of a Coptic text, especially if it is written in the Sa'idic dialect, is the very liberal use which is made of Greek loan words, of which so few, indeed, are to be found in the Ancient Egyptian language. There Greek loan words occur everywhere in Coptic literature, be it Biblical, liturgical, theological, or non-literary, i.e. legal documents and personal letters. Though nouns and verbs predominate, the Greek loan words may come from any other part of speech except pronouns'<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></blockquote> Words or concepts for which no adequate Egyptian translation existed were taken directly from Greek to avoid altering the meaning of the religious message. In addition, other Egyptian words that would have adequately translated the Greek equivalents were not used as they were perceived as having overt pagan associations. Old Coptic texts use many such words, phrases and <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a>; for example, the word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲃⲁⲓⲧⲱⲩ '(Who is) in (His) Mountain', is an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGignac1991174-23">[22]</a> There are also traces of some archaic grammatical features, such as residues of the Demotic <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a>, lack of an indefinite article and possessive use of suffixes. Thus, the transition from the old traditions to the new Christian religion also contributed to the adoption of Greek words into the Coptic religious lexicon. It is safe to assume that the everyday speech of the native population retained, to a greater extent, its indigenous Egyptian character, which is sometimes reflected in Coptic nonecclesiastical documents such as letters and contracts. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Coptic provides the clearest indication of Later Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> from its writing system, which fully indicates vowel sounds and occasionally stress patterns. The phonological system of Later Egyptian is also better known than that of the Classical phase of the language because of a greater number of sources indicating Egyptian sounds, including <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">cuneiform letters</a> containing transcriptions of Egyptian words and phrases, and Egyptian renderings of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> names. Coptic sounds, in addition, are known from a variety of Coptic-Arabic papyri in which Arabic letters were used to transcribe Coptic and vice versa. They date to the medieval Islamic period, when Coptic was still spoken.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are some differences of opinion among Coptic language scholars on the correct phonetic interpretation of the writing system of Coptic. Differences centre on how to interpret the pairs of letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ/ⲏ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ/ⲱ. In the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> in the 5th century BC, the first member of each pair is a short closed vowel /e, o/, and the second member is a long open vowel /ɛː, ɔː/. In some interpretations of Coptic phonology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumley1948-25">[24]</a> it is assumed that the length difference is primary, with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ/ⲏ /e, eː/ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ/ⲱ is /o, oː/. Other scholars<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin1983xii%E2%80%93ix-27">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] argue for a different analysis in which <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ/ⲏ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ/ⲱ are interpreted as /e, ɛ/ and /o, ɔ/. These two charts show the two theories of Coptic vowel phonology: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1088965794">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .columns-start .column{float:left;min-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .columns-2 .column{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .columns-3 .column{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .columns-4 .column{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .columns-5 .column{width:20%}}</style><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthong</a> phonemes (length theory) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthong</a> phonemes (vowel quality theory) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> Dialects vary in their realisation. The difference between [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] seems to be allophonic. Evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that these are distinct vowels, and if they are, the difference has a very low <a href="/wiki/Functional_load" title="Functional load">functional load</a>. For dialects that use orthographic ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲓ⟩ for a single vowel, there appears to be no phonetic difference from ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲓ⟩. Double orthographic vowels are presumed here to be long, as that makes the morphology more straightforward.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (Another common interpretation is that these represented glottal stop.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Bohairic vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲓ /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩ /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Sahidic vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲓ /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩ /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏⲏ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱⲱ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲟ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Lycopolitan vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲓ /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩ /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏⲏ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱⲱ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲟ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Akhmimic vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲓ /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲓⲉⲓ /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩ /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩⲟⲩ /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲉ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲟ /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>/<a href="#cite_note-28">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲁ /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Frequent spelling of this vowel as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱⲱ indicates that it is in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with [<a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">[oː]</a>]. </li> </ol></div></div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> There is no length distinction in final stressed position, but only those vowels that occur long appear there: ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">(ⲉ)ⲓ, ⲉ, ⲁ, ⲟ~ⲱ, ⲟⲩ⟩. In Sahidic, the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ was used for short /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ before back fricatives, and also for unstressed schwa /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/. It's possible there was also a distinction between short /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/, but if so the functional load was extremely low. Bohairic did not have long vowels. /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ was only written ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲓ⟩. As above, it's possible that /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ were distinct vowels rather than just allophones. In Late Coptic (that is, Late Bohairic), the vowels were reduced to those found in Egyptian Arabic, /a, i, u/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Coptic_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Coptic language">discuss</a>] ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ, ⲟ⟩ became /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/, ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ⟩ became /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/, and ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ⟩ became either /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/. It is difficult to explain ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ⟩. However, it generally became /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ in stressed monosyllables, /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ in unstressed monosyllables, and in polysyllables, /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ when followed by /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, and /<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ when not. There were no doubled orthographic vowels in Mesokemic. Some representative correspondences with Sahidic are: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sahidic stressed vowels </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲁ, ⲉⲉ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱⲱ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mesokemic equivalent </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲏ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲱ </td></tr></tbody></table> It is not clear if these correspondences reflect distinct pronunciations in Mesokemic, or if they are an imitation of the long Greek vowels ⟨η, ω⟩. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As with the vowels, there are differences of opinion over the correct interpretation of the Coptic consonant letters, particularly with regard to the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϭ. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫ is transcribed as ⟨j⟩ in many older Coptic sources and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϭ as ⟨ɡ⟩<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumley1948-25">[24]</a> or ⟨č⟩. <a href="#CITEREFLambdin1983">Lambdin (1983)</a> notes that the current conventional pronunciations are different from the probable ancient pronunciations: Sahidic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫ was probably pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a>] and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϭ was probably pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a>]. <a href="#CITEREFReintges2004">Reintges (2004</a>, p. 22) suggests that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫ was pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]. Beside being found in Greek loanwords, the letters ⟨φ, θ, χ⟩ were used in native words for a sequence of /p, t, k/ plus /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/, as in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲑⲉ = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧ-ϩⲉ "the-way" (f.sg.) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲫⲟϥ = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡ-ϩⲟϥ "the-snake" (m.sg). The letters did not have this use in Bohairic, which used them for single sounds. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Coptic consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ⟩ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirate</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[a]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲫ⟩ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲑ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϭ⟩<a href="#cite_note-fn1-30">[b]</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲭ⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡ⟩ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʲ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϭ⟩<a href="#cite_note-fn1-30">[b]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕ⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϥ⟩ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">xʲ</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳋ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳃ⟩<a href="#cite_note-32">[c]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϧ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳉ⟩<a href="#cite_note-33">[d]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϩ⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃ⟩<a href="#cite_note-35">[e]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲣ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲗ⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲓ⟩ </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲩ⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The aspirate series is present only in Bohairic. </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_30-1">b</a> The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϭ has two values: In Bohairic it represents /<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a>/, the aspirated counterpart to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϫ /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/. In the other dialects it represents /<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a>/, the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> counterpart to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕ /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> /<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">xʲ</a>/ is present only in the minor Coptic dialects P and I,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] where it is written ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳋ⟩ and ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳃ⟩ respectively.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ is written ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϧ⟩ in Bohairic and Dialect P, and ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳉ⟩ in Akhmimic and Dialect I. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Coptic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃ is alternatively interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>].<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> Like the other <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> consonants, it belongs to the class of <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> and may occupy the syllable <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Nucleus" title="Syllable">nucleus</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>cf. Sahidic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲃ̄ⲧ /tv̩t/ "fish"). </li> </ol></div></div> It is possible that in addition there was a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>, that was not consistently written. Coptic does not seem to have had a glottal stop at the beginning of orthographically vowel-initial words. It is possible that vowels written double were an attempt to indicate glottal stop, rather than a long vowel, in the middle of a word. However, there is little evidence for this[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (e.g., Arabic words with short vowels and glottal stop are not written with double vowels in Coptic, and Coptic words with double orthographic vowels are transcribed with long vowels rather than hamza in Arabic.) In Late Coptic (ca. 14th century), Bohairic sounds that did not occur in Egyptian Arabic were lost. A possible shift from a tenuis-aspirate distinction to voiced-tenuis is only attested from the alveolars, the only place that Arabic has such a contrast. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Late Coptic consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Original pronunciation </th> <th>Late pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> (final [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Earlier phases of Egyptian may have contrasted voiceless and voiced bilabial plosives, but the distinction seems to have been lost. Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic all interchangeably use their respective graphemes to indicate either sound; for example, Coptic for 'iron' appears alternately as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲃⲉ. That probably reflects dialect variation. Both letters were interchanged with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲫ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϥ to indicate /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃ was also used in many texts to indicate the bilabial approximant /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/. <a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptologists</a> believe that Coptic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃ was articulated as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]. In the present-day Coptic Church services, this letter is realised as /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/, but it is almost certainly a result of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_pronunciation_reform" title="Coptic pronunciation reform">pronunciation reforms</a> instituted in the 19th century. Whereas Old Egyptian contrasts /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, the two sounds appear to be in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> in Coptic, as they were since the Middle Egyptian period. However, they are contrasted only in Greek loans; for example, native Coptic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ (anzēb) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ (ansēbə) 'school' are homophonous. Other consonants that sometimes appear to be either in free variation or to have different distributions across dialects are [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] (especially in the Fayyumic dialect, a feature of earlier Egyptian) and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>], with the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> being more common in Coptic words and the voiced ones in Greek borrowings. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid consonants</a>, this pattern may indicate a <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> in Later Egyptian, leading to a neutralisation of voiced alveolar and velar plosives. When the voiced plosives are realised, it is usually the result of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">consonant voicing</a> in proximity to /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/. Though there is no clear evidence that Coptic had a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, different orthographic means have been posited for indicating one by those who believe that it did: with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ word-initially, with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲓ word-finally in monosyllabic words in northern dialects and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ in monosyllabic words in Akhmimic and Assiutic, by reduplication of a vowel's grapheme but mostly unwritten. A few early manuscripts have a letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳋ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳃ ç where Sahidic and Bohairic have <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣ š. and Akhmimic has <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⳉ x. This sound seems to have been lost early on. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Coptic is <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a> with <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> word order but can be <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> with the correct preposition in front of the subject. Number, gender, tense, and mood are indicated by prefixes that come from Late Egyptian. The earlier phases of Egyptian did this through suffixation. Some vestiges of the suffix inflection survive in Coptic, mainly to indicate <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable possession</a> and in some verbs. Compare the Middle Egyptian form *satāpafa 'he chooses' (written stp.f in hieroglyphs) to Coptic (Sahidic) f.sotp <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅ 'he chooses'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> All Coptic nouns carry <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, either masculine or feminine, usually marked through a definite article as in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the difference is that Coptic articles are prefixes. Masculine nouns are marked with the article /pə, peː/ and feminine nouns with the article /tə, teː/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin19832-37">[29]</a> in the Sahidic dialect and /pi, əp/ and /ti, ət/ in the Bohairic dialect. <dl><dd>Bohairic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ /pəˈɾomə/ – 'the man' / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϯϫⲓϫ /təˈt͡ʃit͡ʃ/ – 'the hand'</dd> <dd>Sahidic: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲣⲱⲙⲉ /pəˈɾomə/ – 'the man' / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϫⲓϫ /təˈt͡ʃit͡ʃ/ – 'the hand'</dd></dl> The definite and indefinite articles also indicate <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>; however, only definite articles mark gender. Coptic has a number of <a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plurals</a>, a vestige of Older Egyptian, but in the majority of cases, the article marks number. Generally, nouns <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for plurality end in /wə/, but there are some irregularities. The dual was another feature of earlier Egyptian that survives in Coptic in only few words, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲛⲁⲩ (snau) 'two'. Words of Greek origin keep their original grammatical gender, except for neuter nouns, which become masculine in Coptic. <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a> of definite nouns is expressed with a series of <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive articles</a> which are prefixed to the noun. These articles agree with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> of the possessor and the number and gender of the possessed noun. The forms of the possessive article vary according to dialect. <div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Coptic possessive articles </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person/Number/Gender </th> <th colspan="6">Dialect </th></tr> <tr> <th>Possessor </th> <th>Possessed </th> <th>Bohairic </th> <th>Fayyumic </th> <th>Oxyrhynchite </th> <th>Sahidic </th> <th>Lycopolitan </th> <th>Akhmimic </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲁ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲕ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲕ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲕ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲩ- </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲟⲩ- </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲟⲩ- </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϥ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϥ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉϥ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲥ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲥ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲥ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲛ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲛ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲛ- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛ- </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ- </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛ- </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄- </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲩ- </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲩ- </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲩ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲟⲩ- </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲩ- </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲟⲩ- </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲟⲩ- </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲩ- </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲟⲩ- </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Translation </th> <th colspan="6">Dialect </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bohairic </th> <th>Fayyumic </th> <th>Oxyrhynchite </th> <th>Sahidic </th> <th>Lycopolitan </th> <th>Akhmimic </th></tr> <tr> <td>"my brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲁ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲁ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲁ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>) brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲕ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>) sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲕ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲕ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲕ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>) siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲕ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲕ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>) brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>) sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲟⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>) siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲟⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"his brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϥ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"his sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϥ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"his siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉϥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉϥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"her brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲥ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"her sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲥ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲥ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"her siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲥ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"our brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲛ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"our sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"our siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲛ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲛ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>) brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>) sister" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"your (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>) siblings" </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"their brother" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲩ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲩ-ⲥⲁⲛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"their sister" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲟⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲩ-ⲥⲟⲛⲉ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲟⲩ-ⲥⲱⲛⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"their siblings" </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲟⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲟⲩ-ⲥⲛⲏⲩ </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coptic pronouns are of two kinds, dependent and independent. Independent pronouns are used when the pronoun is acting as the subject of a sentence, as the object of a verb, or with a preposition. Dependent pronouns are a series of prefixes and suffixes that can attach to verbs and other nouns. Coptic verbs can therefore be said to inflect for the person, number and gender of the subject and the object: a pronominal prefix marks the subject, and a pronominal suffix marks the object, e.g. "I I'have'it the ball." When (as in this case) the subject is a pronoun, it normally is not also expressed independently, unless for emphasis. As in other Afroasiatic languages, gender of pronouns differ only in the second and third person singular. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns of the Bohairic dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="2">Independent </th> <th rowspan="2">Proclitic </th> <th rowspan="2">As suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Unstressed </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲛⲟⲕ anok </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲛ̀ⲕ- anək- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϯ- ti- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ⲓ =i </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲛⲟⲛ anon </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲛ- an- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲛ- ten- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ⲛ =n </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">2nd person </th> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>masc. </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ əntʰok </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕ- əntek- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕ̀- ək- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ⲕ =k </td></tr> <tr> <th>fem. </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ əntʰo </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ- ənte- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣ- te-, tr- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ ⸗ⲉ ⸗ⲣ ⸗ⲣⲉ ⸗ⲧⲉ =∅, =e, =r(e), =te </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ əntʰōten </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛ- ənten- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ- teten- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ⲧⲉⲛ ⸗ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ =ten, =teten </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">3rd person </th> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>masc. </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ əntʰof </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϥ̀- əf- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ϥ =f </td></tr> <tr> <th>fem. </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ əntʰos </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥ̀- əs- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ⲥ =s </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ əntʰōou </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲉ- se- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">⸗ⲟⲩ =ou </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adjectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most Coptic adjectives are actually nouns that have the attributive particle n to make them adjectival. In all stages of Egyptian, this morpheme is also used to express the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>; for example, the Bohairic word for 'Egyptian', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ /remənkʰeːmə/, is a combination of the nominal prefix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲣⲉⲙ- rem- (the reduced form of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲣⲱⲙⲓ rōmi 'man'), followed by the genitive morpheme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ ən ('of') and finally the word for Egypt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲭⲏⲙⲓ kʰēmi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbal_grade_system">Verbal grade system</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verbal grade system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coptic, like Ancient Egyptian and Semitic languages, has root-and-pattern or templatic morphology, and the basic meaning of a verb is contained in a root and various derived forms of root are obtained by varying the vowel pattern. For example, the root for 'build' is kt. It has four derived forms: <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲟⲧ kɔt (the absolute state grade)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲉⲧ- ket- (the nominal state grade)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲟⲧ⸗ kot= (the pronominal state grade)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲉⲧ kɛt (the stative grade)</li></ol> (The nominal state grade is also called the construct state in some grammars of Coptic.) The absolute, nominal, and pronominal state grades are used in different syntactic contexts. The absolute state grade of a transitive verb is used before a direct object with the accusative preposition /ən, əm/, and the nominal state grade is used before a direct object with no case-marking. The pronominal state grade is used before a pronominal direct object enclitic. In addition, many verbs also have a neutral state grade, used to express a state resulting from the action of the verb. Compare the following forms:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin198339-38">[30]</a> <div style="display:none;"> ABS:absolute state grade NOM:nominal state grade PRONOM:pronominal state grade </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>Absolute state grade</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓAijimia-i-jimi<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-find.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolute state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧəmpaiōtəm-p-a-iōt<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-father</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧAijimi əmpaiōta-i-jimi əm-p-a-iōtPFV-1SG-find.ABS PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father'I found my father.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>Nominal state grade</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϫⲉⲙAijema-i-jem<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-find.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominal state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧpaiōtp-a-iōt<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-father</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϫⲉⲙ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧAijem paiōta-i-jem p-a-iōtPFV-1SG-find.NOM DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father'I found my father.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>Pronominal state grade</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛⲧϥAijəntfa-i-jənt=f<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-find.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pronominal state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRONOM</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3MSG</abbr></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛⲧϥAijəntfa-i-jənt=fPFV-1SG-find.PRONOM=3MSG'I found him.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> For most transitive verbs, both absolute and nominal state grade verbs are available for non-pronominal objects. However, there is one important restriction, known as Jernstedt's rule (or the Stern-Jernstedt rule) (<a href="#CITEREFJernstedt1927">Jernstedt 1927</a>): present-tense sentences cannot be used in the nominal state grade. Thus sentences in the present tense always show a pattern like the first example above (absolute state), never the second pattern (nominal state). In general, the four grades of Coptic verb are not predictable from the root, and are listed in the lexicon for each verb. The following chart shows some typical patterns of correspondence: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss </th> <th colspan="2">Absolute state </th> <th colspan="2">Nominal state </th> <th colspan="2">Pronominal state </th> <th colspan="2">Neutral state </th></tr> <tr> <td>Spread</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲱⲣϣ̀</td> <td>poːrəʃ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲣ̀ϣ</td> <td>pərʃ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲱⲣϣ</td> <td>poːrʃ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲟⲣϣ̀</td> <td>poʔrəʃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dig</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲓⲕⲉ</td> <td>ʃiːkə</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲉⲕⲧ</td> <td>ʃekt</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲁⲕⲧ</td> <td>ʃakt</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲟⲕⲉ</td> <td>ʃoʔkə </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comfort</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲟⲗⲥⲗ̀</td> <td>solsəl</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲗ̀ⲥⲗ̀</td> <td>səlsəl</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲗ̀ⲥⲱⲗ</td> <td>səlsoːl</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲗ̀ⲥⲱⲗ</td> <td>səlsoːl </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roll</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲕⲟⲣⲕⲣ̀</td> <td>skorkər</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲕⲣ̀ⲕⲣ̀</td> <td>skərkər</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲕⲣ̀ⲕⲱⲣ</td> <td>skərkoːr</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲥⲕⲣ̀ⲕⲱⲣ</td> <td>skərkoːr </td></tr> <tr> <td>Build</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲱⲧ</td> <td>koːt</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲉⲧ</td> <td>ket</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲟⲧ</td> <td>kot</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲕⲏⲧ</td> <td>keːt </td></tr></tbody></table> It is hazardous to make firm generalisations about the relationships between these grade forms, but the nominal state is usually shorter than the corresponding absolute and neutral forms. Absolute and neutral state forms are usually bisyllabic or contain a long vowel; the corresponding nominal state forms are monosyllabic or have short vowels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense/aspect/mood_inflection">Tense/aspect/mood inflection</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tense/aspect/mood inflection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coptic has a very large number of distinct <a href="/wiki/Tense-aspect-mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense-aspect-mood">tense-aspect-mood</a> categories, expressed by particles which are either before the verb or before the subject. The future /na/ is a preverbal particle and follows the subject:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2010210-39">[31]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲠⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥPecoeispe-joeis<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-lord</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉnakrinena-krine<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>-judge</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥənnelaosən-ne-laos<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-people</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">Ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥPecoeis nakrine ənnelaospe-joeis na-krine ən-ne-laosDEF:MASC:SG-lord FUT-judge PREP-DEF:PL-people'The lord will judge the nations.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> In contrast, the perfective /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ is a pre-subject particle: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲀAa<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲉtefsōnete-f-sōne<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3MSG</abbr>-sister</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲇⲉdede<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PART</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲗololcarry.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolute state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲕⲏⲥənnefkēsən-ne-f-kēs<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3MSG</abbr>-bone</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">Ⲁ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϥⲥⲱⲛⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲇⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲟⲗ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲕⲏⲥA tefsōne de ol ənnefkēsa te-f-sōne de ol ən-ne-f-kēsPFV DEF:F:SG-3MSG-sister <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PART</abbr> carry.ABS PREP-DEF:PL-3MSG-bone'His sister carried his bones.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> There is some variation in the labels for the tense/aspect/mood categories. The chart below shows the labels from <a href="#CITEREFReintges2004">Reintges (2004)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLambdin1983">Lambdin (1983)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFPlumley1948">Plumley (1948)</a>. (Where they agree, only one label is shown.) Each form lists the morphology found with a nonpronominal subject (Marked with an underscore in Coptic) and a third person singular masculine pronominal subject ('he'): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Tense name </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Nominal subject </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">3rd M. Sg. Pronominal subject </th></tr> <tr> <th>Reintges</th> <th>Lambdin</th> <th>Plumley </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Present</td> <td></td> <td>Present I</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">_</td> <td>NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϥ-</td> <td>f- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Present Circumstantial</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲉ _</td> <td>ere NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉϥ-</td> <td>ef- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relative of First Present</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ _</td> <td>etere NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲧϥ̀-</td> <td>etəf- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preterite Present</td> <td>Imperfect</td> <td>Imperfect</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲣⲉ _</td> <td>nere NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉϥ-</td> <td>nef- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preterite Past</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲁ _</td> <td>nea NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲁϥ-</td> <td>neaf- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future I </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">_ ⲛⲁ-</td> <td>NP na-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϥⲛⲁ-</td> <td>fna- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future II </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲉ _ ⲛⲁ-</td> <td>ere NP na-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉϥⲛⲁ-</td> <td>efna- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future III</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲉ _</td> <td>ere NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉϥⲉ-</td> <td>efe- </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Negative Future III</td> <td>Negative Future II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉ _</td> <td>ənne NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥ-</td> <td>ənnef- </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Imperfect of Future</td> <td>Future Imperfect</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉⲣⲉ _ ⲛⲁ-</td> <td>nere NP na-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁ-</td> <td>nefna- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perfect I</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ _</td> <td>a NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁϥ-</td> <td>af- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative Perfect I</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲉ _</td> <td>əmpe NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥ-</td> <td>əmpef- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perfect II</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ _</td> <td>ənta NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥ-</td> <td>əntaf- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Habitual</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲁⲣⲉ _</td> <td>ʃare NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲁϥ-</td> <td>ʃaf- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Habitual I </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ _</td> <td>eʃare NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉϣⲁϥ-</td> <td>eʃaf- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative Habitual</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲉⲣⲉ _</td> <td>mere NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲉϥ-</td> <td>mef- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">Jussive</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Injunctive_mood" title="Injunctive mood">Injunctive</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">Optative</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲁⲣⲉ _</td> <td>mare NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥ-</td> <td>maref- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conditional</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ _</td> <td>erʃan NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉϥϣⲁⲛ-</td> <td>efʃan- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conjunctive</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ _</td> <td>ənte NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛϥ̀-</td> <td>nəf- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inferential</td> <td>Future Conjunctive of Result</td> <td>Future I</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲁⲣⲉ _</td> <td>tare NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥ-</td> <td>taref- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temporal</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲣⲉ _</td> <td>əntere NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥ-</td> <td>ənteref- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terminative</td> <td>"Until"</td> <td>"Unfulfilled action</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ _</td> <td>ʃante NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̀-</td> <td>ʃantəf- </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>"Not yet"</td> <td>"Unfulfilled action</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ _</td> <td>əmpate NP</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧϥ̀-</td> <td>əmpatəf- </td></tr></tbody></table> An approximate range of use for most of the tense/aspect/mood categories is shown in the following table: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tense name (Lambdin)</th> <th>Approximate range of use </th></tr> <tr> <td>Present I</td> <td>Present time in narrative (predicate focus) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relative of Present I</td> <td>Non-subject relative clause in present tense </td></tr> <tr> <td>Circumstantial</td> <td>Background clauses; relative clauses with indefinite heads </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperfect</td> <td>Action in progress in the past </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future I</td> <td>Simple future tense (predicate focus) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future II</td> <td>Simple future tense (adverbial focus) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future III</td> <td>Future tense conveyed as necessary, inevitable, or obligatory </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perfect I</td> <td>Primary narrative tense (predicate focus) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative Perfect I</td> <td>Negative of Perfect I </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perfect II</td> <td>Primary narrative tense (adverbial focus); relative clause form of Perfect I </td></tr> <tr> <td>Habitual</td> <td>Characteristic or habitual action </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative Habitual</td> <td>Negative of Habitual </td></tr> <tr> <td>Injunctive</td> <td>Imperative for first and third persons ('let me', 'let him', etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conditional</td> <td>Protasis (if-clause) of a conditional (if-then) statement </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conjunctive</td> <td>Event shares the TAM of a preceding initial verb </td></tr> <tr> <td>Future Conjunctive of Result</td> <td>Used in clauses that express a resultant action </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temporal</td> <td>Past action in a subordinate temporal clause ("when NP V-ed, ...") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_tenses">Second tenses</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Second tenses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An unusual feature of Coptic is the extensive use of a set of "second tenses", which are required in certain syntactic contexts. "Second tenses" are also called "relative tenses" in some work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2004-40">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prepositions">Prepositions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prepositions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coptic has prepositions, rather than postpositions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϩⲓhihion</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓpjoip-joi<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-ship</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ϩⲓ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓhi pjoihi p-joion DEF:M:SG-ship'on the ship'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Pronominal objects of prepositions are indicated with enclitic pronouns: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲟⲕerokon-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2MSG</abbr></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲟⲕerokon-2MSG'to you'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁⲛnanfor-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁⲛnanfor-1PL'for us'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> Many prepositions have different forms before the enclitic pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin198330%E2%80%9331-41">[33]</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"><div class="columns-start columns-2"><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ̀ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓe-p-joito-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>-ship</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉ̀ⲡ̀ϫⲟⲓe-p-joito-DEF:SG:M-ship'to the ship'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1088965794"></div><div class="column"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲟϥerofon-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3MSG</abbr></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲉⲣⲟϥerofon-3MSG'to him'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </div><div style="clear: both"></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentential_syntax">Sentential syntax</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sentential syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coptic typically shows subject–verb–object (SVO) word order, as in the following examples:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2010211-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin198339-38">[30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁAa<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϭⲁⲙⲁⲩⲗⲉtecamaulete-camaule<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-camel</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲓⲥⲉmisemisedeliver.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolute state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲉənoušēreən-ou-šēre<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indefinite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INDEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-girl</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ϣⲓⲙⲉənšimeən-šimelink-woman</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲧⲉϭⲁⲙⲁⲩⲗⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙⲓⲥⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲟⲩϣⲏⲣⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ϣⲓⲙⲉA tecamaule mise ənoušēre ənšimea te-camaule mise ən-ou-šēre ən-šimePFV DEF:F:SG-camel deliver.ABS PREP-INDEF:SG-girl link-woman'The she-camel delivered a daughter.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥPejoeispe-joeis<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-lord</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉnakrinena-krine<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>-judge</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥənnelaosən-ne-laos<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-people</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲉϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛⲁⲕⲣⲓⲛⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲗⲁⲟⲥPejoeis nakrine ənnelaospe-joeis na-krine ən-ne-laosDEF:M:SG-lord FUT-judge PREP-DEF:PL-people'The Lord will judge the people.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉAicinea-i-cine<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-find.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolute state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧəmpaeiōtəm-p-a-eiōt<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="preposition, prepositional case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PREP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-father</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧAicine əmpaeiōta-i-cine əm-p-a-eiōtPFV-1sg-find.ABS PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father'I found my father.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The verbs in these sentences are in the absolute state grade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2010208-43">[35]</a> which requires that its direct object be introduced with the preposition /ən, əm/. This preposition functions like <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>. There is also an alternative nominal state grade of the verb in which the direct object of the verb follows with no preposition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲀⲓϭⲉⲛAicena-i-cen<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-find.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominal state grade" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧpaeiōtp-a-eiōt<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-father</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">Ⲁⲓϭⲉⲛ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧAicen paeiōta-i-cen p-a-eiōtPFV-1SG-find.NOM DEF:M:SG-1SG-father'I found my father.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandstone_stela,_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt,_find_spot_unknown,_date_known._The_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="5366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 366px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="366" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Sandstone_stela%2C_inscribed_with_Coptic_text._The_names_Phoibammon_and_Abraham_appear._From_Egypt%2C_find_spot_unknown%2C_date_known._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sandstone stela, inscribed with Coptic text. The names Phoibammon and Abraham appear. From Egypt, find spot unknown, date known. The British Museum, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/300px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/300px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/450px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/600px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church</figcaption></figure> There is little written evidence of dialectal differences in the pre-Coptic phases of the Egyptian language due to the centralised nature of the political and cultural institutions of ancient Egyptian society. However, literary Old and Middle (Classical) Egyptian represent the spoken dialect of Lower Egypt around the city of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, the capital of Egypt in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>. Later Egyptian is more representative of the dialects spoken in Upper Egypt, especially around the area of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> as it became the cultural and religious center of the New Kingdom. Coptic more obviously displays a number of regional dialects that were in use from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt, south into <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, and in the western oases. However, while many of these dialects reflect actual regional linguistic (namely phonological and some lexical) variation, they mostly reflect localised orthographic traditions with very little grammatical differences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Egyptian_dialects">Lower Egyptian dialects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lower Egyptian dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bohairic">Bohairic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bohairic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png/220px-Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5160" data-file-height="7264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png/220px-Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png/330px-Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png/440px-Papyrus_Bodmer_III_p._142.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Bodmer_III" title="Papyrus Bodmer III">Papyrus Bodmer III</a> is an early Bohairic <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> containing the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bohairic_Coptic" title="Bohairic Coptic">Bohairic</a> (also known as Memphitic)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] dialect originated in the western <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. The earliest Bohairic manuscripts date to the 4th century, but most texts come from the 9th century and later; this may be due to poor preservation conditions for texts in the humid regions of northern Egypt. It shows several conservative features in <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> not found in other dialects. Bohairic is the dialect used today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church, replacing Sahidic some time in the eleventh century. In contemporary liturgical use, there are two traditions of pronunciation, arising from successive reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries (see <a href="/wiki/Coptic_pronunciation_reform" title="Coptic pronunciation reform">Coptic pronunciation reform</a>). Modern revitalisation efforts are based on this dialect. Bashmuric (also known as Mansurian and Dialect G) was a sub-dialect of Bohairic most likely spoken in Eastern Delta. Its main characteristic is using solely Greek letters to represent Coptic phonemes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Egyptian_dialects">Upper Egyptian dialects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Upper Egyptian dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sahidic">Sahidic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sahidic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shred_of_a_pottery_vessel_inscribed_with_5_lines,_Coptic_Sahidic_language._Byzantine_period,_6th_century_CE._From_Thebes,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shred_of_a_pottery_vessel_inscribed_with_5_lines%2C_Coptic_Sahidic_language._Byzantine_period%2C_6th_century_CE._From_Thebes%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4162" data-file-height="3336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shred_of_a_pottery_vessel_inscribed_with_5_lines%2C_Coptic_Sahidic_language._Byzantine_period%2C_6th_century_CE._From_Thebes%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shred_of_a_pottery_vessel_inscribed_with_5_lines%2C_Coptic_Sahidic_language._Byzantine_period%2C_6th_century_CE._From_Thebes%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shred_of_a_pottery_vessel_inscribed_with_5_lines%2C_Coptic_Sahidic_language._Byzantine_period%2C_6th_century_CE._From_Thebes%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pottery shard inscribed with 5 lines in Coptic Sahidic. Byzantine period, 6th century AD. From Thebes, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> Sahidic (also known as Thebaic)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] is the dialect in which most known Coptic texts are written, and was the leading dialect in the pre-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> period. It is thought to have originally been a regional dialect from the area around <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolis</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coptic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉⲓⲛ, romanized: Shmounein).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around 300 it began to be written in literary form, including translations of major portions of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Coptic_versions_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic versions of the Bible">Coptic versions of the Bible</a>). By the 6th century, a standardised spelling had been attained throughout Egypt. Almost all native authors wrote in this dialect of Coptic. Sahidic was, beginning in the 9th century, challenged by Bohairic, but is attested as late as the 14th. While texts in other Coptic dialects are primarily translations of Greek literary and religious texts, Sahidic is the only dialect with a considerable body of original literature and non-literary texts. Because Sahidic shares most of its features with other dialects of Coptic with few peculiarities specific to itself, and has an extensive corpus of known texts, it is generally the dialect studied by learners of Coptic, particularly by scholars outside of the Coptic Church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fayyumic">Fayyumic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fayyumic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fayyumic (also known as Crocodilopolic; in older works it is often called Bashmuric) was spoken primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> west of the Nile Valley. It is attested from the 3rd to the 10th centuries. It is most notable for writing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲗ (which corresponds to /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/), where other dialects generally use <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲣ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ (probably corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]). In earlier stages of Egyptian, the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a> were not distinguished in writing until the New Kingdom, when Late Egyptian became the administrative language. Late Egyptian orthography utilised a <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> that combined the graphemes for /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ in order to express /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/. Demotic for its part indicated /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ using a diacritic variety of /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/. South Fayyumic (also called Dialect V) was spoken around modern towns of <a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasser,_Egypt" title="Nasser, Egypt">Bush</a> and is distinguished from central Fayyumic by not having <a href="/wiki/Lambdacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambdacism">lambdacism</a>. Ashmuninic (also known as Hermopolic or Dialect H) was spoken around the city of <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Shmun</a> and shares South Fayyumic features like vowel gemination and absence of lambdacism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxyrhynchite">Oxyrhynchite</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Oxyrhynchite" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Oxyrhynchite (also known as Mesokemic or, confusingly, Middle Egyptian) is the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a> and surrounding areas. It shows similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lycopolitan">Lycopolitan</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Lycopolitan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Lycopolitan (also known as Subakhmimic and Assiutic) is a dialect closely related to Akhmimic in terms of when and where it was attested, but manuscripts written in Lycopolitan tend to be from the area of <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a>. The main differences between the two dialects seem to be graphic in nature. The Lycopolitan variety was used extensively for translations of <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> works, including the texts of the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akhmimic">Akhmimic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Akhmimic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Akhmimic (also called Chemmic or Panopolic) was the dialect of the area around the town of <a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Akhmim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Πανὸς πόλις, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Panopolis). It flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries, after which no writings are attested. Akhmimic is phonologically the most archaic of the Coptic dialects. One characteristic feature is the retention of the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/, which is realised as /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ in most other dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aswanic">Aswanic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Aswanic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Aswanic (also known as Syenic) was the dialect of the area around the town of <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. It is very close to Akhmimic, and sometimes considered a sub-dialect, although, what makes it different is that "ϩ" is written before pronouns, for example in normal Coptic it is said Afso, which means drank, but in the Aswanic dialect it is said Hafso. It also has a distinctive way of writing; so the letter "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃ" is written instead of the letter "ϥ". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 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reform">Coptic pronunciation reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_place_names" title="List of Coptic place names">List of Coptic place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-extinct-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extinct_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extinct_3-1">b</a> The language may have survived in isolated pockets in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87. In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language)" title="Passive speaker (language)">passive speakers</a> over 50 years old were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a>, see Werner Vycichl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copticsounds.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/pi-solsel-ein-dorf-mit-koptischer-uberlieferung1.pdf">Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung</a> in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, (MDAIK) vol. 6, 1936, pp. 169–175 (in German). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>] is the local equivalent of Cairene [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2009404-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2009404_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2009404_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichter2009">Richter 2009</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2020b1_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2020b">Allen 2020b</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaC-4"><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaC_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Coptic-language">"Coptic language | Egyptian, Christianity & Alphabet | Britannica"</a>, britannica.com, 21 September 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Coptic+language+%26%23124%3B+Egyptian%2C+Christianity+%26+Alphabet+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCoptic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extinctlang-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Extinctlang_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered">Endangered languages: The full list</a>, 15 April 2011, retrieved 12 October 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+languages%3A+The+full+list&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2011%2Fapr%2F15%2Flanguage-extinct-endangered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton20071-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton20071_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton20071_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton20071_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton20071_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayton2007">Layton 2007</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cop">"Coptic"</a>. Ethnologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701095528/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cop">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Coptic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fcop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasco_Torres2017" class="citation book cs1">Blasco Torres, Ana Isabel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516150147/https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/135722">Representing Foreign Sounds: Greek Transcriptions of Egyptian Anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD</a>. University of Salamanca. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14201%2Fgredos.135722">10.14201/gredos.135722</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/135722">the original</a> on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-03-14. <q>...four main dialects were spoken in Graeco-Roman Egypt: Bohairic in the Delta, Fayumic in the Fayum, Sahidic between approximately Oxyrhynchus and Lykopolis and Akhmimic between Panopolis and Elephantine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Foreign+Sounds%3A+Greek+Transcriptions+of+Egyptian+Anthroponyms+from+800+BC+to+800+AD&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=University+of+Salamanca&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14201%2Fgredos.135722&rft.aulast=Blasco+Torres&rft.aufirst=Ana+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgredos.usal.es%2Fhandle%2F10366%2F135722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327211152/http://www.axistranslations.com/language-resources/coptic-language.html">"Coptic Language History"</a>. www.axistranslations.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axistranslations.com/language-resources/coptic-language.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2020-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axistranslations.com&rft.atitle=Coptic+Language+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axistranslations.com%2Flanguage-resources%2Fcoptic-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projetrosette.info/popup.php?Id=1012&idObjet=1780">"pAy, pA(n)y"</a>. Projet Rosette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055130/http://projetrosette.info/popup.php?Id=1012&idObjet=1780">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Projet+Rosette&rft.atitle=pAy%2C+pA%28n%29y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojetrosette.info%2Fpopup.php%3FId%3D1012%26idObjet%3D1780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projetrosette.info/popup.php?Id=1012&idObjet=2725">"nTr"</a>. Projet Rosette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054842/http://projetrosette.info/popup.php?Id=1012&idObjet=2725">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Projet+Rosette&rft.atitle=nTr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojetrosette.info%2Fpopup.php%3FId%3D1012%26idObjet%3D2725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/coptic-dictionary/entry.cgi?entry=1752&super=719">"ⲗⲁϩⲙϥ [lahmf], ⲗⲁϩⲙⲉϥ [lahmef]"</a>. Coptic Dictionary Online. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104520/https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/coptic-dictionary/entry.cgi?entry=1752&super=719">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coptic+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=%E2%B2%97%E2%B2%81%CF%A9%E2%B2%99%CF%A5+%5Blahmf%5D%2C+%E2%B2%97%E2%B2%81%CF%A9%E2%B2%99%E2%B2%89%CF%A5+%5Blahmef%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpling.uis.georgetown.edu%2Fcoptic-dictionary%2Fentry.cgi%3Fentry%3D1752%26super%3D719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20101–2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20101%E2%80%932_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2010">Allen 2010</a>, p. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuirguis2010" class="citation web cs1">Guirguis, Fatin Morris (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eSodnQEACAAJ">"The Vision of Theophilus: Resistance Through Orality Among the Persecuted Copts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+Theophilus%3A+Resistance+Through+Orality+Among+the+Persecuted+Copts&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Guirguis&rft.aufirst=Fatin+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeSodnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2010" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, Mark N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6l-Eun-EzkkC">The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517)</a>. American Univ in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240526082128/https://books.google.com/books?id=6l-Eun-EzkkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2023-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Papacy+in+Islamic+Egypt+%28641-1517%29&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Mark+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6l-Eun-EzkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rubenson, Samuel (December 31, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ema/1920">"The Transition from Coptic to Arabic"</a>. Égypte/Monde arabe (27–28): 77–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fema.1920">10.4000/ema.1920</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902083451/https://journals.openedition.org/ema/1920">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2019 – via journals.openedition.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89gypte%2FMonde+arabe&rft.atitle=The+Transition+from+Coptic+to+Arabic&rft.issue=27%E2%80%9328&rft.pages=77-92&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fema.1920&rft.aulast=Rubenson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fema%2F1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer200650-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaefer200650_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaefer2006">Schaefer (2006)</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyokawa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Miyokawa, Hiroko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jorient/58/2/58_184/_article/-char/en">"Pharaonism and the Revival of the Coptic Language among Early Twentieth-Century Coptic Christians"</a>. Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan. 58 (2): 184–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Fjorient.58.2_184">10.5356/jorient.58.2_184</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711064730/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jorient/58/2/58_184/_article/-char/en">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Society+for+Near+Eastern+Studies+in+Japan&rft.atitle=Pharaonism+and+the+Revival+of+the+Coptic+Language+among+Early+Twentieth-Century+Coptic+Christians&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-195&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5356%2Fjorient.58.2_184&rft.aulast=Miyokawa&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjorient%2F58%2F2%2F58_184%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/1984/rec/1">"Dialect P (or Proto-Theban)"</a>. Claremont Colleges Digital Library. Macmillan – via Claremont Graduate University, School of Religion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Claremont+Colleges+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Dialect+P+%28or+Proto-Theban%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccdl.claremont.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fcce%2Fid%2F1984%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/coptic_alphabet.pdf">"The Coptic Alphabet"</a> (PDF). www.suscopts.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513065527/http://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/coptic_alphabet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2006-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.suscopts.org&rft.atitle=The+Coptic+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suscopts.org%2Fdeacons%2Fcoptic%2Fcoptic_alphabet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621225841/https://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/lesson5.pdf">"Coptic Lesson 5:The Rule of the JINKIM"</a> (PDF). Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/lesson5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on Jun 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+the+Southern+United+States&rft.atitle=Coptic+Lesson+5%3AThe+Rule+of+the+JINKIM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suscopts.org%2Fdeacons%2Fcoptic%2Flesson5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Girgis, WA (1963–64). Greek loan words in Coptic. Bulletin de la Société d'archéologie copte 17:63–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGignac1991174-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGignac1991174_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGignac1991">Gignac 1991</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSijpesteijnLennart_Sundelin2004" class="citation book cs1">Sijpesteijn, Petra; Lennart Sundelin (2004). Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt. Leiden, Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13886-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13886-5"><bdi>978-90-04-13886-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papyrology+and+the+History+of+Early+Islamic+Egypt&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13886-5&rft.aulast=Sijpesteijn&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft.au=Lennart+Sundelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumley1948-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumley1948_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumley1948_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlumley1948">Plumley 1948</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Greenberg 1962/1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin1983xii–ix-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambdin1983xii%E2%80%93ix_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambdin1983">Lambdin 1983</a>, pp. xii–ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk1987" class="citation journal cs1">Funk, Wolf-Peter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/zaes.1987.114.12.117/html">"Die Zeugen des koptischen Literaturdialekts I7"</a>. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 114 (1–2): 129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fzaes.1987.114.12.117">10.1524/zaes.1987.114.12.117</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192659355">192659355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%84gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Die+Zeugen+des+koptischen+Literaturdialekts+I7&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1987.114.12.117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192659355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Wolf-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1987.114.12.117%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakács2015" class="citation journal cs1">Takács, Gábor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=3139332&journal_code=BIOR">"Questions of Egyptian Historical Phonology and Afro-Asiatic"</a>. Bibliotheca Orientalis. 72 (5–6): 565–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FBIOR.72.5.3139332">10.2143/BIOR.72.5.3139332</a>. p. 569: <q>Firstly, as is well-known, Coptic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲃ had the value [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] or less probably [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheca+Orientalis&rft.atitle=Questions+of+Egyptian+Historical+Phonology+and+Afro-Asiatic&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=565-585&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FBIOR.72.5.3139332&rft.aulast=Tak%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fcontent.php%3Furl%3Darticle%26id%3D3139332%26journal_code%3DBIOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin19832-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambdin19832_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambdin1983">Lambdin 1983</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin198339-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambdin198339_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambdin198339_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambdin1983">Lambdin 1983</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2010210-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReintges2010210_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReintges2010">Reintges 2010</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2004-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReintges2004_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReintges2004">Reintges 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambdin198330–31-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambdin198330%E2%80%9331_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambdin1983">Lambdin 1983</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2010211-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReintges2010211_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReintges2010">Reintges 2010</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReintges2010208-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReintges2010208_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReintges2010">Reintges 2010</a>, p. 208. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_studies">General studies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: General studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Abel" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Abel" title="Carl Abel">Abel, Carl</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=61">"On the Coptic Language"</a>. Transactions of the Philological Society (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Coptic+Language&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3924121%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Gessman, A. M. (1976). "The Birth of the Coptic Script". University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14. 2–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+South+Florida+Language+Quarterly+14&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+Coptic+Script&rft.volume=2%E2%80%933&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gessman&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGignac1991" class="citation book cs1">Gignac, Francis Thomas (1991). "Old Coptic". In Aziz Suryal Atiya (ed.). The Coptic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York and Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan Canada. pp. 169–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Coptic&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+and+Toronto&rft.pages=169-188&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company+and+Collier+Macmillan+Canada&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gignac&rft.aufirst=Francis+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Kasser" title="Rodolphe Kasser">Kasser, Radolphe</a>. 1991. "Dialects". In <a href="/wiki/The_Coptic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coptic Encyclopedia">The Coptic Encyclopedia</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya" title="Aziz Suryal Atiya">Aziz Suryal Atiya</a>. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Company and Collier Macmillan Canada. 87–96.</li> <li>Wolfgang Kosack. Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.</li> <li>Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Polotsky" title="Hans Jakob Polotsky">Polotsky, Hans Jakob</a>. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2006" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, K. R. (2006). Enigmatic Charms: Medieval Arabic Block Printed Amulets in American and European Libraries and Museums. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047408529">10.1163/9789047408529</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047408529" title="Special:BookSources/9789047408529"><bdi>9789047408529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigmatic+Charms%3A+Medieval+Arabic+Block+Printed+Amulets+in+American+and+European+Libraries+and+Museums&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047408529&rft.isbn=9789047408529&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2009" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Tonio Sebastian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/4212/1/Richter_Greek_Coptic_2009.pdf">"Greek, Coptic and the 'language of the Hijra': the rise and decline of the Coptic language in late antique and medieval Egypt"</a> (PDF). Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek%2C+Coptic+and+the+%27language+of+the+Hijra%27%3A+the+rise+and+decline+of+the+Coptic+language+in+late+antique+and+medieval+Egypt&rft.btitle=Hellenism+to+Islam%3A+Cultural+and+Linguistic+Change+in+the+Roman+Near+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Tonio+Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fpropylaeumdok%2F4212%2F1%2FRichter_Greek_Coptic_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammars_and_grammatical_studies">Grammars and grammatical studies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Grammars and grammatical studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Cha%C3%AEne" title="Marius Chaîne">Chaîne, Marius</a>. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.</li> <li>Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. Koptisch – Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernstedt1927" class="citation journal cs1">Jernstedt, Peter V (1927). "Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts". <a href="/wiki/Comptes_Rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_de_l%27URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS">Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS</a>. 2: 69–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences+de+l%27URSS&rft.atitle=Das+koptische+Pr%C3%A4sens+und+die+Ankn%C3%BCpfungsarten+des+n%C3%A4heren+Objekts&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=69-74&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Jernstedt&rft.aufirst=Peter+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambdin1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lambdin,_Thomas_Oden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambdin, Thomas Oden">Lambdin, Thomas Oden</a> (1983). Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sahidic+Coptic&rft.place=Macon&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lambdin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Oden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton2007" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Benjamin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y83UUpkdOMMC">Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises & Vocabularies</a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042918108" title="Special:BookSources/9789042918108"><bdi>9789042918108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coptic+in+20+Lessons%3A+Introduction+to+Sahidic+Coptic+with+Exercises+%26+Vocabularies&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789042918108&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY83UUpkdOMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.</li> <li>Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumley1948" class="citation book cs1">Plumley, John Martin (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/plumley/html/home.htm">Introductory Coptic Grammar</a>. London: Home & Van Thal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Coptic+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Home+%26+Van+Thal&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Plumley&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreelyreceive.net%2Fmetalogos%2Ffiles%2Fplumley%2Fhtml%2Fhome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Polotsky" title="Hans Jakob Polotsky">Polotsky, Hans Jakob</a>. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReintges2004" class="citation book cs1">Reintges, Chris H. (2004). Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic dialect): a learner's grammar. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89645-570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89645-570-3"><bdi>978-3-89645-570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coptic+Egyptian+%28Sahidic+dialect%29%3A+a+learner%27s+grammar&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=R%C3%BCdiger+K%C3%B6ppe+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-89645-570-3&rft.aulast=Reintges&rft.aufirst=Chris+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReintges2010" class="citation book cs1">Reintges, Chris H. (2010). "Coordination, converbs, and clause-chaining in Coptic Egyptian typology". In Bril, Isabelle (ed.). Clause linking and clause hierarchy. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0588-9"><bdi>978-90-272-0588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coordination%2C+converbs%2C+and+clause-chaining+in+Coptic+Egyptian+typology&rft.btitle=Clause+linking+and+clause+hierarchy&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+Language+Companion+Series&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0588-9&rft.aulast=Reintges&rft.aufirst=Chris+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.</li> <li>Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7653-255-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-7653-255-2">88-7653-255-2</a>.</li> <li>Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1875-7">978-90-429-1875-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tattam" title="Henry Tattam">Tattam, Henry</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compendiousgramm00tatt_728">A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863)</a></li> <li>Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.</li> <li>Vergote, Jozef. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.</li> <li>Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Dictionaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_(Egyptologist)" title="Jaroslav Černý (Egyptologist)">Černý, Jaroslav</a>. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ewing_Crum" title="Walter Ewing Crum">Crum, Walter Ewing</a>. 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/crum.html">[1]</a>A Coptic Dictionary]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted by Sandpiper Books Ltd, London & Powells Books, Chicago, 2000.</li> <li>Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch – Deutsch – Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9524018-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9524018-9-7">978-3-9524018-9-7</a>.</li> <li>Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.</li> <li>Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology_2">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lF78Max-h8MC">Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48635-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48635-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48635-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF78Max-h8MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2020a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2020a). "Coptic". Ancient Egyptian Phonology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108751827.003">10.1017/9781108751827.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108485555" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108485555"><bdi>978-1108485555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coptic&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Phonology&rft.pages=3-22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108751827.003&rft.isbn=978-1108485555&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2020b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DerDEAAAQBAJ">Coptic: A Grammar of Its Six Major Dialects</a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64602-064-5"><bdi>978-1-64602-064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coptic%3A+A+Grammar+of+Its+Six+Major+Dialects&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64602-064-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDerDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds", Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–75.</li> <li>Greenberg, Joseph H (originally published 1962). "The interpretation of the Coptic vowel system", On Language: Selected Writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, eds., K Denning & S Kemmer. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990: 428–38.</li> <li>Grossman, Eitan and Martin Haspelmath. 2015. "The Leipzig-Jerusalem Transliteration of Coptic", Egyptian-Coptic Linguistics in Typological Perspective, eds., Eitan Grossman, Martin Haspelmath & Tonio Sebastian Richter. Berlin/Munich/Boston: Walter de Gruyter. 145–56.</li> <li>Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher. 1975. "The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the Survival of Coptic Word in the Colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic Grammatical Constructions in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic". University of Oxford. 32-671.</li> <li>Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology", Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), vol. 1, ed., Alan S. Kaye. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–60.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeust1999" class="citation book cs1">Peust, Carsten (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/peust1999">Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language</a>. Peust & Gutschmidt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3933043026" title="Special:BookSources/3933043026"><bdi>3933043026</bdi></a> – via Heidelberg University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Phonology%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Phonology+of+a+Dead+Language&rft.pub=Peust+%26+Gutschmidt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3933043026&rft.aulast=Peust&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fpeust1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoptic+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographies">Bibliographies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliographies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)</li> <li>Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch – Koptisch – Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9524018-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9524018-4-2">978-3-9524018-4-2</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9524018-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9524018-5-9">978-3-9524018-5-9</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Kosack: Basilios "De archangelo Michael": sahidice Pseudo – Euhodios "De resurrectione": sahidice Pseudo – Euhodios "De dormitione Mariae virginis": sahidice & bohairice : < Papyruskodex Turin, Mus. Egizio Cat. 63000 XI. > nebst Varianten und Fragmente. In Parallelzeilen ediert, kommentiert und übersetzt von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906206-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906206-02-8">978-3-906206-02-8</a>.</li> <li>Wolfgang Kosack: Novum Testamentum Coptice. Neues Testament, Bohairisch, ediert von Wolfgang Kosack. Novum Testamentum, Bohairice, curavit Wolfgang Kosack. / Wolfgang Kosack. neue Ausgabe, Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906206-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906206-04-2">978-3-906206-04-2</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/cop" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/cop">Coptic language test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Coptic" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Category:Coptic"> Coptic language repository</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Coptic language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Coptic_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Coptic language">Coptic language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alinsuciu.com/">By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407092011/http://www.france-copte.net/">France-copte.net</a> By Mikhail David, French coptic site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copticsounds.wordpress.com/">Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/Home"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧⲟ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308023606/http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/Home">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Coptic language <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/resources">internet links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307213341/http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/resources">Archived</a> 2021-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/bibliography">bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065509/http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/bibliography">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptica.ch/">Coptica.ch</a> Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202033727/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~pinax/greekkeys/NAUdownload.html">New Athena Unicode font</a>; includes the new Coptic range</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-takla.org/Learn_Languages/01_Learn_Coptic-ta3leem-2ebty/Learn-Coptic_00-index_El-Fehres.html">Online Coptic tutorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remenkimi.com/">A comprehensive Coptic language resource</a> (Remenkimi) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521125230/http://remenkimi.com/">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2C80.pdf">Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard</a></li> <li>Heike Behlmer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819071419/http://online.mq.edu.au/pub/AHPG897/biblio.html">Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011121552/http://bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Coptic_manuscript/index.html">Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/outils/polices/">Ifao N Copte</a> – A professional Coptic font for researchers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408075557/http://www.typographies.fr/">a set of Coptic fonts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/freefont/">GNU FreeFont</a>—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&oldid=1258815176">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&oldid=1258815176</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Coptic_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 19:51 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopties" title="Kopties – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kopties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptische_Sprache" title="Koptische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Koptische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة القبطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة القبطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_copto" title="Idioma copto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma copto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܩܘܦܛܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܩܘܦܛܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_coptu" title="Idioma coptu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma coptu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Копт мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Копт мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibti_dili" title="Qibti dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qibti dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قیبطی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیبطی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কিবতীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিবতীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt-g%C3%BA" title="Copt-gú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Copt-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Копт теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Копт теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Копцкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Копцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коптски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коптски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopteg" title="Kopteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kopteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_copta" title="Llengua copta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua copta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Копт чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Копт чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopt%C5%A1tina" title="Koptština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koptština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copteg" title="Copteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptisk_(sprog)" title="Koptisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koptisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptische_Sprache" title="Koptische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koptische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopt%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Koptšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Koptšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti_keel" title="Kopti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kopti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κοπτική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοπτική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_copto" title="Idioma copto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma copto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopta_lingvo" title="Kopta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kopta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptoera" title="Koptoera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koptoera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="زبان قبطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان قبطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copte" title="Copte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Copte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptysk" title="Koptysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koptysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Choptais" title="An Choptais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Choptais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_copta" title="Lingua copta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua copta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A5%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="콥트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콥트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ղպտիերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղպտիերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कॉप्टिक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉप्टिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Koptišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Koptišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptski_jezik" title="Koptski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koptski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Koptiko" title="Pagsasao a Koptiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Koptiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Koptik" title="Bahasa Koptik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Koptik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopt%C3%ADska" title="Koptíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Koptíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_copta" title="Lingua copta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua copta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קופטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קופטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Koptik" title="Basa Koptik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Koptik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಕಾಪ್ಟಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಪ್ಟಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Koptu" title="Amánung Koptu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Koptu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კოპტური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოპტური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Копт кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Копт кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Coptica" title="Lingua Coptica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Coptica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptu_valoda" title="Koptu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Koptu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopt%C5%B3_kalba" title="Koptų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koptų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_c%C3%B2pta" title="Léngoa còpta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa còpta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopt_nyelv" title="Kopt nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kopt nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_k%C3%B4pta" title="Fiteny kôpta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kôpta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കോപ്റ്റിക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോപ്റ്റിക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Kopta" title="Lingwa Kopta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Kopta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_K%C5%8Dpetika" title="Reo Kōpetika – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Kōpetika" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%89" title="لغه قبطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه قبطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Qibti" title="Bahasa Qibti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Qibti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯣꯞꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯞꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptisch_(taal)" title="Koptisch (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koptisch (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="コプト語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コプト語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptisk_spriak" title="Koptisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Koptisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptisk" title="Koptisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koptisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptisk" title="Koptisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koptisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2pte_(lenga)" title="Còpte (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còpte (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibtiy_tili" title="Qibtiy tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qibtiy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبطی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قبطی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="قبطي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قبطي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2ptich" title="Còptich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Còptich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_koptyjski" title="Język koptyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język koptyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_copta" title="Língua copta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua copta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_copt%C4%83" title="Limba coptă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba coptă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коптский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коптский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Коптик тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Коптик тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kopte" title="Gjuha kopte – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kopte" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_copta" title="Lingua copta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua copta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොප්ටික් භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොප්ටික් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coptic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopt%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Koptščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koptščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptitongo" title="Koptitongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Koptitongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коптски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коптски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptski_jezik" title="Koptski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koptski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptin_kieli" title="Koptin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koptin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptiska" title="Koptiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koptiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Kopto" title="Wikang Kopto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Kopto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Taqub%E1%B9%ADit" title="Tutlayt Taqubṭit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Taqubṭit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาคอปติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคอปติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони қибтӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони қибтӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1pt%C3%AEce" title="Kıptîce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıptîce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybty_dili" title="Kybty dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kybty dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Коптська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коптська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبطی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبطی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="قىبتىي تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىبتىي تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Copt" title="Tiếng Copt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Copt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopto_(yinaknan)" title="Kopto (yinaknan) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kopto (yinaknan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="科普特语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科普特语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87" title="科普特文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科普特文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1btki" title="Qıbtki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qıbtki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="科普特语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科普特语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Koptik" title="Hata Koptik – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Koptik" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Qibti" title="Bahasa Qibti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Qibti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 19:51 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-f6qbx","wgBackendResponseTime":300,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.535","walltime":"2.919","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31838,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":497167,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":55632,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":344461,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2483.213 1 -total"," 12.09% 300.176 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.02% 273.559 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.58% 262.772 4 Template:Reflist"," 9.12% 226.387 20 Template:Fix"," 8.29% 205.895 15 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.39% 183.625 422 Template:Coptic"," 6.42% 159.461 60 Template:Transl"," 6.16% 152.910 2 Template:Sidebar"," 5.55% 137.896 1 Template:Culture_of_Egypt"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.336","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25709518,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2020a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2020b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlasco_Torres2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGessman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGignac1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuirguis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJernstedt1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambdin1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyokawa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeust1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumley1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReintges2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReintges2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSijpesteijnLennart_Sundelin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakács2015\"] = 1,\n [\"papnoute\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 14,\n [\"Afro-Asiatic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 9,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Column\"] = 6,\n [\"Columns-end\"] = 4,\n [\"Columns-start\"] = 4,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Coptic\"] = 422,\n [\"Copts\"] = 1,\n [\"Culture of Egypt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Em\"] = 2,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fs interlinear\"] = 14,\n [\"Gcl\"] = 52,\n [\"Google books URL\"] = 3,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 91,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 60,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 20,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 80,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Incubator\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 17,\n [\"Languages of Egypt\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Oldwikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 25,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 15,\n [\"Tooltip\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 60,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","21.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","11.4"],["?","160","10.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","7.6"],["dataWrapper 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-09T18:18:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T19:51:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Historical_Map_of_the_Coptic_Dialects.png","headline":"latest stage of the Egyptian language"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>