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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_and_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Scope and duration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_and_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Low harvest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collectivization,_procurements,_and_the_export_of_grain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collectivization,_procurements,_and_the_export_of_grain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Collectivization, procurements, and the export of grain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collectivization,_procurements,_and_the_export_of_grain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination_and_persecution_of_Ukrainians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination_and_persecution_of_Ukrainians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Discrimination and persecution of Ukrainians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination_and_persecution_of_Ukrainians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peasant_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peasant_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Peasant resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasant_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Regional variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repressive_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repressive_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Repressive policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repressive_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preceding_the_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preceding_the_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Preceding the famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preceding_the_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 During the famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_the_end_of_and_after_the_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_the_end_of_and_after_the_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Near the end of and after the famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_the_end_of_and_after_the_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torgsin_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torgsin_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Torgsin system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torgsin_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannibalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannibalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Cannibalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannibalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainians_in_other_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainians_in_other_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Ukrainians in other republics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainians_in_other_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuban_and_the_North_Caucasus_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuban_and_the_North_Caucasus_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Kuban and the North Caucasus of Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuban_and_the_North_Caucasus_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Kazakhstan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_immediate_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_immediate_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Aftermath and immediate reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_immediate_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Genocide question </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_and_Western_denial_and_downplay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_and_Western_denial_and_downplay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Soviet and Western denial and downplay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_and_Western_denial_and_downplay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In modern politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_modern_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In modern politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_recognition_of_Holodomor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_recognition_of_Holodomor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Government recognition of Holodomor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_recognition_of_Holodomor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Remembrance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Remembrance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Remembrance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Remembrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 On film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatican_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Vatican City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holodomor_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holodomor_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Holodomor memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holodomor_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In culture and the arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture_and_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture and the arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declarations_and_legal_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarations_and_legal_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Declarations and legal acts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarations_and_legal_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Books and articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Holodomor</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هولودومور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هولودومور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolodomor" title="Qolodomor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qolodomor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_(1932%E2%80%941933)" title="Украиналағы аслыҡ (1932—1933) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Украиналағы аслыҡ (1932—1933)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Галадаморы (Украіна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галадаморы (Украіна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%8E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Галадамор ва Ўкраіне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галадамор ва Ўкраіне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гладомор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гладомор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladomor_na_Ukrajin%C4%9B" title="Hladomor na Ukrajině – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hladomor na Ukrajině" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81" title="Χολοντομόρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χολοντομόρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomoro" title="Holodomoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Holodomoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هولودومور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولودومور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4" title="홀로도모르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀로도모르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Հոլոդոմոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլոդոմոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungursney%C3%B0in_%C3%AD_Sov%C3%A9t-%C3%9Akra%C3%ADnu" title="Hungursneyðin í Sovét-Úkraínu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hungursneyðin í Sovét-Úkraínu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הולודומור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולודומור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოდომორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლოდომორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomors" title="Holodomors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holodomors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomoras" title="Holodomoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holodomoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гладомор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гладомор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოდომორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰოლოდომორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ホロドモール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホロドモール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodom%C3%B2r" title="Holodomòr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Holodomòr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golodomor" title="Golodomor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Golodomor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_g%C5%82%C3%B3d_na_Ukrainie" title="Wielki głód na Ukrainie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki głód na Ukrainie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Eolodomor" title="Ğolodomor – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ğolodomor" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Голодомор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голодомор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Голодомор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Голодомор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomori" title="Holodomori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holodomori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hladomor_na_Ukrajine" title="Hladomor na Ukrajine – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hladomor na Ukrajine" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladomor" title="Gladomor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gladomor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Голодомор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Голодомор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கோலதமோர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோலதமோர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainada%C4%9F%C4%B1_a%C3%A7l%C4%B1q_(1932-1933)" title="Ukrainadağı açlıq (1932-1933) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ukrainadağı açlıq (1932-1933)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮอลอดอมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮอลอดอมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ҳолодомор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳолодомор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_(1932%E2%80%941933)" title="Голодомор в Україні (1932—1933) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голодомор в Україні (1932—1933)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Holodomor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="乌克兰大饥荒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌克兰大饥荒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%91%E8%8D%92" title="烏克蘭大饑荒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏克蘭大饑荒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1932–1933 human-made famine in Soviet Ukraine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Famine in Ukraine" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Ukraine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Famine in Ukraine (disambiguation)">Famine in Ukraine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Holodomor <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Голодомор</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg/240px-HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg/360px-HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg/480px-HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1191" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Starved peasants on a street in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, 1933, Ukraine's capital at the time</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">1932–1933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Around 3.5 to 5 million in Ukraine; see <a href="#Death_toll">death toll</a></li> <li>62,000 to "hundreds of thousands" in the Kuban<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadchenkoRudneva2012-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians in Kazakhstan</a> dead or migrated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhayon2016-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Industrialization policy during the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First Five Year Plan</a></li> <li>Whether it was intentional is debated by scholars</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relief</th><td class="infobox-data">Foreign relief rejected by the state. 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the state as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004479–484-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consequences</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Heavy population loss in Ukraine</li> <li>Kuban Ukrainian population declined from 915,000 to 150,000 between 1926 and 1939 from various causes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Over 35% of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians in Kazakhstan</a> lost in the famine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhayon2016-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Holodomor,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> also known as the Ukrainian Famine,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> was a human-made <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Ukraine</a> from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. The Holodomor was part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> which affected the major <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">grain-producing</a> areas of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. While scholars are in consensus that the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">cause of the famine</a> was man-made, it remains in dispute whether the Holodomor was directed at Ukrainians and whether it constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, the point of contention being the absence of attested documents explicitly ordering the starvation of any area in the Soviet Union. Some historians conclude that the famine was deliberately engineered by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to eliminate a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian independence">Ukrainian independence</a> movement. Others suggest that the famine was primarily the consequence of rapid <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%9353)#Industrialization_in_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)">Soviet industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a> of agriculture. A middle position is that the initial causes of the famine were an unintentional byproduct of the process of collectivization but once it set in, starvation was selectively weaponized and the famine was "instrumentalized" and amplified against Ukrainians as a means to punish Ukrainians for resisting Soviet policies and to suppress their <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">nationalist sentiments</a>. Ukraine was one of the largest grain-producing states in the USSR and was subject to unreasonably high grain quotas compared to the rest of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-Marples_2009.-12">[c]</a> This caused Ukraine to be hit particularly hard by the famine. Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials vary greatly. A joint statement to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7 to 10 million died.<a href="#cite_note-UN_signatory_nations,_2003-13">[d]</a> However, current scholarship estimates a range significantly lower with 3.5 to 5 million victims.<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> The famine's widespread impact on Ukraine persists to this day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] Public discussion of the famine was banned in the Soviet Union until the <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> period initiated by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerbyn20051055–1061-15">[11]</a> Since 2006, the Holodomor has <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">been recognized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and 33 other UN member states, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, and 35 of the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> as a genocide against the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government. In 2008, the Russian <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> condemned the Soviet regime "that has neglected the lives of people for the achievement of economic and political goals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2019-17">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Holodomor literally translated from <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> means "death by hunger", "killing by hunger, killing by starvation",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxCHMFHQRNtYCpgPA396_396]-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth2007132-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2005464,_457-20">[16]</a> or sometimes "murder by hunger or starvation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawkes2006-21">[17]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of the Ukrainian holod, '<a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>', and mor, '<a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>'. The expression holodom moryty means "to inflict death by hunger." The Ukrainian verb moryty (морити) means "to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment." The <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> form of moryty is zamoryty, 'kill or drive to death'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumInUa_Dictionary2010-22">[18]</a> In English, the Holodomor has also been referred to as the artificial famine, terror-genocide and the great famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerbyn20051055–1061-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4yWin1-ckYgCpgPA145_145]-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoriakvon_Hagen2009-24">[20]</a> It was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> as Haladamor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017363-25">[21]</a> and by Ukrainian immigrant organisations in the United States and Canada by 1978;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHryshko1983-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolot1985-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadzewyczZaryckyKolomayets1983-28">[24]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, of which Ukraine was a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">constituent republic</a>, any references to the famine were dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet propaganda">anti-Soviet propaganda</a>, even after <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> in 1956, until the declassification and publication of historical documents in the late 1980s made continued denial of the catastrophe unsustainable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerbyn20051055–1061-15">[11]</a> Discussion of the Holodomor became possible as part of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> ("openness") policy in the 1980s. In Ukraine, the first official use of famine was in a December 1987 speech by <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a>, on the occasion of the republic's 70th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2004-29">[25]</a> Another early public usage in the Soviet Union was in a February 1988 speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the party organisation of the Kyiv branch of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Union of Soviet Writers</a> in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusiienko1988-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Commission_Report_vol.167-31">[27]</a> The term holodomor may have first appeared in print in the Soviet Union on 18 July 1988, when Musiyenko's article on the topic was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace2008132-32">[28]</a> Holodomor is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004, described as "artificial hunger, organised on a vast scale by a criminal <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> against a country's population."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusel_2001-33">[29]</a> According to Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve, the Holodomor has been described as a "Ukrainian Holocaust". They assert that since the 1990s the term Holodomor has been widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communists">anti-communists</a> in order to draw parallels to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. However this term has been criticized by some academics, as the Holocaust was a heavily documented, coordinated effort by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its collaborators to eliminate certain ethnic groups such as Jews.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By contrast, there is no definitive documentation that Stalin directly ordered the mass murder of Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty2018-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngerman2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUkFlO7hoxOMCpgPA196_196]-35">[31]</a> Barkan et al. state that the term Holodomor was "introduced and popularized by the Ukrainian diaspora in North America before Ukraine became independent" and that the term 'Holocaust' in reference to the famine "is not explained at all."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkanColeStruve2007-36">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_and_duration">Scope and duration</h3></div> The famine affected the Ukrainian SSR as well as the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> at the time) in spring 1932,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyrih,_1990;_No._1-132.-37">[33]</a> and from February to July 1933,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004204-38">[34]</a> with the most victims recorded in spring 1933. The consequences are evident in demographic statistics: between 1926 and 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Ukrainian population</a> increased by only 6.6%, whereas Russia and Belarus grew by 16.9% and 11.7% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSSR_Census1939-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemoscope_Weekly2012-40">[36]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians as ethnicity</a> decreased by 10%.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> From the 1932 harvest, Soviet authorities were able to procure only 4.3 million tons of grain, as compared with 7.2 million tons obtained from the 1931 harvest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004470,_476-43">[39]</a> Rations in towns were drastically cut back, and in winter 1932–1933 and spring 1933, people in many urban areas starved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004xviii-44">[40]</a> Urban workers were supplied by a <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> system and therefore could occasionally assist their starving relatives in the countryside, but rations were gradually cut. By spring 1933, urban residents also faced starvation. It is estimated 70% to 80% of all famine deaths during the Holodomor in eight analyzed Oblasts in the Soviet Union occurred in the first seven months of 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> The first reports of mass <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> and deaths from starvation emerged from two urban areas of the city of <a href="/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Uman</a>, reported in January 1933 by <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a>. By mid-January 1933, there were reports about mass "difficulties" with food in urban areas, which had been undersupplied through the rationing system, and deaths from starvation among people who were refused rations, according to the December 1932 decree of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. By the beginning of February 1933, according to reports from local authorities and Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> (secret police), the most affected area was <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk Oblast</a>, which also suffered from epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a> and Kyiv oblasts were second and third respectively. By mid-March, most of the reports of starvation originated from Kyiv Oblast.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By mid-April 1933, <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a> reached the top of the most affected list, while Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Vinnytsia, and <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a> oblasts, and Moldavian SSR were next on the list. Reports about mass deaths from starvation, dated mid-May through the beginning of June 1933, originated from <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> in Kyiv and Kharkiv oblasts. The "less affected" list noted <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a> and northern parts of Kyiv and Vinnytsia oblasts. The Central Committee of the CP(b) of Ukraine Decree of 8 February 1933 said no hunger cases should have remained untreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403.-46">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>, which was tracking the situation in 1933, reported the difficulties in communications and the appalling situation in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> Local authorities had to submit reports about the numbers suffering from hunger, the reasons for hunger, number of deaths from hunger, food aid provided from local sources, and centrally provided food aid required. The GPU managed parallel reporting and food assistance in the Ukrainian SSR. Many regional reports and most of the central summary reports are available from present-day central and regional Ukrainian archives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403.-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:1em auto 1em 2em; text-align:right;"> <caption>Soviet grain collections and exports (in thousand tons)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995645-48">[44]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year ending </th> <th>Collections </th> <th>Exports </th></tr> <tr> <th>June 1930 </th> <td>16081 </td> <td>1343 </td></tr> <tr> <th>June 1931 </th> <td>22139 </td> <td>5832 </td></tr> <tr> <th>June 1932 </th> <td>22839 </td> <td>4786 </td></tr> <tr> <th>June 1933 </th> <td>18513 </td> <td>1607 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></div> While scholars are in consensus that the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">cause of the famine</a> was man-made,<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> it remains in dispute whether the Holodomor was directed at Ukrainians and whether it constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, the point of contention being the absence of attested documents explicitly ordering the starvation of any area in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2005824DaviesWheatcroft2006628,_631-51">[47]</a> Some historians conclude that the famine was deliberately engineered by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to eliminate a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian independence">Ukrainian independence</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_"Holodomor"-52">[e]</a> Others suggest that the famine was primarily the consequence of rapid <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%9353)#Industrialization_in_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)">Soviet industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a> of agriculture. A middle position, held for example by historian Andrea Graziosi, is that the initial causes of the famine were an unintentional byproduct of the process of collectivization but once it set in, starvation was selectively weaponized and the famine was "instrumentalized" and amplified against Ukrainians as a means to punish Ukrainians for resisting Soviet policies and to suppress their <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">nationalist sentiments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth2008-53">[48]</a> Some scholars suggest that the famine was a consequence of human-made and natural factors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraziosi2004-29">[25]</a> The most prevalent man-made factor was changes made to agriculture because of rapid <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%9353)#Industrialization_in_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)">industrialisation</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First Five Year Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawkes2006-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2005-55">[50]</a> There are also those who blame a systematic set of policies perpetrated by the Soviet government under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> designed to exterminate the Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_"Holodomor"-52">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2005-56">[51]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200277"[T]he_drought_of_1931_was_particularly_severe,_and_drought_conditions_continued_in_1932._This_certainly_helped_to_worsen_the_conditions_for_obtaining_the_harvest_in_1932"_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200277"[T]he_drought_of_1931_was_particularly_severe,_and_drought_conditions_continued_in_1932._This_certainly_helped_to_worsen_the_conditions_for_obtaining_the_harvest_in_1932"-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngerman2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUkFlO7hoxOMCpgPA194_194]-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low_harvest">Low harvest</h4></div> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Stephen G. Wheatcroft</a>, the grain yield for the Soviet Union preceding the famine was a low harvest of between 55 and 60 million tons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004xix–xxi-59">[54]</a> likely in part caused by damp weather and low traction power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2018-60">[55]</a> yet official statistics mistakenly reported a yield of 68.9 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2002-61">[56]</a> (Note that a single ton of grain is enough to feed three people for one year.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995643-62">[57]</a> Historian Mark Tauger has suggested that drought and damp weather were causes of the low harvest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETauger200145-63">[58]</a> Mark Tauger suggested that heavy rains would help the harvest while Stephen Wheatcroft suggested it would hurt it which Natalya Naumenko notes as a disagreement in scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumenko2021-64">[59]</a> Another factor which reduced the harvest suggested by Tauger included endemic plant rust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETauger200139-65">[60]</a> However, in regard to plant disease Stephen Wheatcroft notes that the Soviet extension of sown area combined with lack of crop rotation may have exacerbated the problem,<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2004,_p._437-66">[f]</a> which Tauger also acknowledges in regard to the latter.<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collectivization,_procurements,_and_the_export_of_grain">Collectivization, procurements, and the export of grain</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a>; <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union#First_plan,_1928–1932" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans of the Soviet Union § First plan, 1928–1932</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor#Consequence_of_collectivization" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor § Consequence of collectivization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg/190px-15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg/285px-15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg/380px-15th_anniversary_of_Holodomor_-_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>Postcard commemorating the 15th anniversary of the Holodomor, which shows Stalin looking at his kolkhoz built on a pile of starved Ukrainians. Published in 1948 by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Youth_Association" title="Ukrainian Youth Association">Ukrainian Youth Association</a>.</figcaption></figure> Due to factional struggles with <a href="/wiki/Bukharin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharin">Bukharin</a> wing of the party, peasant resistance to the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>, and the need for industrialization, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> declared a need to extract a "tribute" or "tax" from the peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-collectivizationstruggle-68">[62]</a> This idea was supported by most of the party in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-collectivizationstruggle-68">[62]</a> The tribute collected by the party took on the form of a virtual war against the peasantry that would lead to its <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural destruction</a> and the relegating of the countryside to essentially a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> homogenized to the urban culture of the Soviet elite.<a href="#cite_note-collectivizationstruggle-68">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, however, opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and would have favoured a <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">voluntary</a>, gradual approach towards <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farming</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> with greater tolerance for the rights of Soviet Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> This campaign of "colonizing" the peasantry had its roots both in old <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperialism">Russian Imperialism</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> yet with key differences to the latter such as Soviet repression reflecting more the weakness of said state rather than its strength.<a href="#cite_note-collectivizationstruggle-68">[62]</a> In this vein by the summer of 1930, the government instituted a program of food requisitioning, ostensibly to increase grain exports. According to Natalya Naumenko, <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization in the Soviet Union</a> and lack of favored industries were primary contributors to famine mortality (52% of excess deaths), and some evidence shows there was discrimination against ethnic Ukrainians and Germans. In Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">collectivisation policy</a> was enforced, entailing extreme crisis and contributing to the famine. In 1929–1930, peasants were induced to transfer land and livestock to state-owned farms, on which they would work as day-labourers for payment in kind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2017-73">[67]</a> Food exports continued during the famine, albeit at a reduced rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017189–220,_221ff-74">[68]</a> In regard to exports, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Michael Ellman</a> states that the 1932–1933 grain exports amounted to 1.8 million tonnes, which would have been enough to feed 5 million people for one year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> The collectivization and high procurement quota explanation for the famine is somewhat called into question by the fact that the oblasts of Ukraine with the highest losses were <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, which produced far lower amounts of grain than other sections of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1982-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1933-76">[70]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Stephen G. Wheatcroft</a> lists four problems Soviet authorities ignored during collectivization that would hinder the advancement of agricultural technology and ultimately contributed to the famine:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004436–441-77">[71]</a> <ul><li>"Over-extension of the sown area" — Crops yields were reduced and likely some plant disease caused by the planting of future harvests across a wider area of land without rejuvenating soil leading to the reduction of fallow land.</li> <li>"Decline in draught power" — the over extraction of grain lead to the loss of food for farm animals, which in turn reduced the effectiveness of agricultural operations.</li> <li>"Quality of cultivation" — the planting and extracting of the harvest, along with ploughing was done in a poor manner due to inexperienced and demoralized workers and the aforementioned lack of draught power.</li> <li>"The poor weather" — drought and other poor weather conditions were largely ignored by Soviet authorities who gambled on good weather and believed agricultural difficulties would be overcome.</li></ul> Mark Tauger notes that Soviet and Western specialist at the time noted draught power shortages and lack of crop rotation contributed to intense weed infestations,<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> with these both being also factors Stephen Wheatcroft lists as contributing to the famine. Natalya Naumenko calculated that reduced agriculture production in "collectivized" collective farms is responsible for up to 52% of Holodomor <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">excess deaths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discrimination_and_persecution_of_Ukrainians">Discrimination and persecution of Ukrainians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor#Soviet_state_policies_that_contributed_to_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor § Soviet state policies that contributed to the Holodomor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine#Mid-1920s_to_early_1930s" title="Russification of Ukraine">Russification of Ukraine § Mid-1920s to early 1930s</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> At every [train] station there was a crowd of peasants in rags, offering icons and linen in exchange for a loaf of bread. The women were lifting up their infants to the compartment windows—infants pitiful and terrifying with limbs like sticks, puffed bellies, big cadaverous heads lolling on thin necks. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hungarians in the United Kingdom">Hungarian-British</a> journalist</cite> </div> It has been proposed that the Soviet leadership used the human-made famine to attack <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a>, and thus it could fall under the legal definition of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis2003-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinn2008-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2005-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky1999-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2006-82">[76]</a> For example, special and particularly lethal policies were adopted in and largely limited to Soviet Ukraine at the end of 1932 and 1933. According to <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a>, "each of them may seem like an <a href="/wiki/Anodyne" title="Anodyne">anodyne</a> administrative measure, and each of them was certainly presented as such at the time, and yet each had to kill."<a href="#cite_note-note-anodyne-83">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder201042–46-84">[77]</a> Other sources discuss the famine in relation to a project of imperialism or colonialism of Ukraine by the Soviet state.<a href="#cite_note-colon1-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-colon2-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-colon3-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg/190px-Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg/285px-Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg/380px-Famine_en_URSS_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a> with the areas of most disastrous famine shaded black</figcaption></figure> According to a <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">Centre for Economic Policy Research</a> paper published in 2021 by Andrei Markevich, Natalya Naumenko, and Nancy Qian, regions with higher Ukrainian population shares were struck harder with centrally planned policies corresponding to famine such as increased procurement rate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQian2021-89">[82]</a> and Ukrainian populated areas were given lower numbers of tractors which the paper argues demonstrates that ethnic discrimination across the board was centrally planned, ultimately concluding that 92% of famine deaths in Ukraine alone along with 77% of famine deaths in Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus combined can be explained by systematic bias against Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkevichNaumenkoQian2021-90">[83]</a> Mark Tauger criticized Natalya Naumenko's work as being based on: "major historical inaccuracies and falsehoods, omissions of essential evidence contained in her sources or easily available, and substantial misunderstandings of certain key topics".<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> For example, Naumenko ignored Tauger's findings of 8.94 million tons of the harvest that had been lost to crop "rust and smut",<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> four reductions in grain procurement to Ukraine including a 39.5 million puds reduction in grain procurements ordered by Stalin,<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> and that from Tauger's findings which are contrary to Naumenko's paper's claims the "per-capita grain procurements in Ukraine were less, often significantly less, than the per-capita procurements from the five other main grain-producing regions in the USSR in 1932".<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> Other scholars argue that in other years preceding the famine this was not the case. For example, Stanislav Kulchytsky claims Ukraine produced more grain in 1930 than the <a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Oblast" title="Central Black Earth Oblast">Central Black Earth Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Volga">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Volga">Lower Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> regions all together, which had never been done before, and on average gave 4.7 quintals of grain from every sown hectare to the state—a record-breaking index of marketability—but was unable to fullfill the grain quota for 1930 until May 1931. Ukraine produced a similar amount of grain in 1931; however, by the late spring of 1932 "many districts were left with no reserves of produce or fodder at all".<a href="#cite_note-Kulchytskystalinslave-91">[84]</a> Despite this, according to statistics gathered by Nataliia Levchuk, Ukraine and North Caucasus Krai delivered almost 100% of their grain procurement in 1931 versus 67% in two Russian Oblasts during the same period versus 1932 where three Russian regions delivered almost all of their procurements and Ukraine and North Caucasus did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> This can partially be explained by Ukrainian regions losing a third of their harvests and Russian regions losing by comparison only 15% of their harvest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> Ultimately, Tauger states: "if the regime had not taken even that smaller amount grain from Ukrainian villages, the famine could have been greatly reduced or even eliminated" however (in his words) "if the regime had left that grain in Ukraine, then other parts of the USSR would have been even more deprived of food than they were, including Ukrainian cities and industrial sites, and the overall effect would still have been a major famine, even worse in "non-Ukrainian" regions."<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> In fact in contrast to Naumenko's paper's claims the higher Ukrainian collectivization rates in Tauger's opinion actually indicate a pro-Ukrainian bias in Soviet policies rather than an anti-Ukrainian one: "[Soviet authorities] did not see collectivization as "discrimination" against Ukrainians; they saw it as a reflection of—in the leaders' view—Ukraine's relatively more advanced farming skills that made Ukraine better prepared for collectivization (Davies 1980a, 166, 187–188; Tauger 2006a)."<a href="#cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">[61]</a> Naumenko responded to some of Tauger's criticisms in another paper.<a href="#cite_note-naumenkoresponse-92">[85]</a> Naumenko criticizes Tauger's view of the efficacy of collective farms arguing Tauger's view goes against the consensus,<a href="#cite_note-naumenkoresponse-92">[85]</a> she also states that the tenfold difference in death toll between the 1932-1933 Soviet famine and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1891%E2%80%931892" title="Russian famine of 1891–1892">Russian famine of 1891–1892</a> can only be explained by government policies,<a href="#cite_note-naumenkoresponse-92">[85]</a> and that the infestations of pests and plant disease suggested by Tauger as a cause of the famine must also correspond such infestations to rates of collectivization due to deaths by area corresponding to this<a href="#cite_note-naumenkoresponse-92">[85]</a> due Naumenko's findings that: "on average, if you compare two regions with similar pre-famine characteristics, one with zero collectivization rate and another with a 100 percent collectivization rate, the more collectivized region's 1933 mortality rate increases by 58 per thousand relative to its 1927–1928 mortality rate".<a href="#cite_note-naumenkoresponse-92">[85]</a> Naumenko believes the disagreement between her and Tauger is due to a "gulf in training and methods between quantitative fields like political science and economics and qualitative fields like history" noting that Tauger makes no comments on one of her paper's results section.<a href="#cite_note-naumenkoresponse-92">[85]</a> Tauger made a counter-reply to this reply by Naumenko.<a href="#cite_note-taugerresponseresponse-93">[86]</a> Tauger argues in his counter reply that Naumenko's attempt to correspond collectivization rates to famine mortality fails because "there was no single level of collectivization anywhere in the USSR in 1930, especially in the Ukrainian Republic" and that "since collectivization changed significantly by 1932–1933, any connection between 1930 and 1933 omits those changes and is therefore invalid".<a href="#cite_note-taugerresponseresponse-93">[86]</a> Tauger also criticizes Naumenko's ignoring of statistics Tauger's presented where "in her reply she completely ignored the quantitative data [Tauger] presented in [his] article" in which she against the evidence "denied that any famines took place in the later 1920s".<a href="#cite_note-taugerresponseresponse-93">[86]</a> To counter Naumenko's claim that collectivization explains the famine Tauger argues ( in his words) how agro-environmental disasters better explain the regional discrepancies: "[Naumenko's] calculations again omit any consideration of the agro-environmental disasters that harmed farm production in 1932. In her appendices, Table C3, she does the same calculation with collectivization data from 1932, which she argues shows a closer correlation between collectivization and famine mortality (Naumenko 2021b, 33). Yet, as I showed, those agroenvironmental disasters were much worse in the regions with higher collectivization—especially Ukraine, the North Caucasus, and the Volga River basin (and also in Kazakhstan)—than elsewhere in the USSR. As I documented in my article and other publications, these were regions that had a history of environmental disasters that caused crop failures and famines repeatedly in Russian history."<a href="#cite_note-taugerresponseresponse-93">[86]</a> Tauger notes: "[Naumenko's] assumption that collectivization subjected peasants to higher procurements, but in 1932 in Ukraine this was clearly not the case" as "grain procurements both total and per-capita were much lower in Ukraine than anywhere else in the USSR in 1932".<a href="#cite_note-taugerresponseresponse-93">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peasant_resistance">Peasant resistance</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945258">.mw-parser-output .holodomor-sidebar .sidebar-list-title,.mw-parser-output .holodomor-sidebar .sidebar-content{padding-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .holodomor-sidebar .sidebar-above{padding-bottom:0;border:0;font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks holodomor-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Holodomor" title="Category:Holodomor">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holodomor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Holodomor_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Holodomor_icon.svg/150px-Holodomor_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Holodomor_icon.svg/225px-Holodomor_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Holodomor_icon.svg/300px-Holodomor_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="525" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above plainlist"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Memorial_Day" title="Holodomor Memorial Day">Holodomor Memorial Day</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Famines in the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933">Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">Secret police (OGPU)</a></li></ul> Policies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spikelets" title="Law of Spikelets">Law of Spikelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_of_Ukrainization_policies_in_Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal of Ukrainization policies in Soviet Ukraine">Reversal of Ukrainization policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Responsible parties</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev" title="Pavel Postyshev">Pavel Postyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Investigation and understanding</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Inquiry_Into_the_1932%E2%80%9333_Famine_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine">1984 International Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">1985 USA Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holodomor" title="Template:Holodomor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holodomor" title="Template talk:Holodomor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holodomor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holodomor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/80px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/120px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/160px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Ukraine">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Ukraine">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_shipbuilding_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of shipbuilding in Ukraine">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology_in_Ukraine" title="History of technology in Ukraine">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of television in Ukraine">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish history</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistorical_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistorical Ukraine">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Ukraine">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kyiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_transition_in_Ukraine" title="Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine">Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_Scandal" title="Cassette Scandal">Cassette Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a>, including the Ukrainian SSR, was not popular among the peasantry, and forced collectivisation led to numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_peasant_revolts" title="List of peasant revolts">peasant revolts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> recorded 932 disturbances in Ukraine, 173 in the North Caucasus, and only 43 in the Central Black Earth Oblast (out of 1,630 total). Reports two years prior recorded over 4,000 unrests in Ukraine, while in other agricultural regions - Central Black Earth, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, and North Caucasus - the numbers were sightly above 1,000. OGPU's summaries also cited public proclamations of Ukrainian insurgents to restore the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">independence of Ukraine</a>, while reports by the Ukrainian officials included information about the declining popularity and authority of the party among peasants.<a href="#cite_note-Kulchytskystalinslave-91">[84]</a> Oleh Wolowyna comments that peasant resistance and the ensuing repression of said resistance was a critical factor for the famine in Ukraine and parts of Russia populated by national minorities like Germans and Ukrainians allegedly tainted by "fascism and bourgeois nationalism" according to Soviet authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h3></div> The collectivization and high procurement quota explanation for the famine is called into question by the fact that the oblasts of Ukraine with the highest losses were <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, which produced far lower amounts of grain than other sections of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> A potential explanation for this was that Kharkiv and Kyiv fulfilled and over fulfilled their grain procurements in 1930 which led to <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> in these oblasts having their procurement quotas doubled in 1931 compared to the national average increase in procurement rate of 9%. While Kharkiv and Kyiv had their quotas increased, the Odesa oblast and some raions of Dnipropetrovsk oblast had their procurement quotas decreased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2022-94">[87]</a> According to Nataliia Levchuk of the Ptoukha Institute of Demography and Social Studies, "the distribution of the largely increased 1931 grain quotas in Kharkiv and Kyiv oblasts by raion was very uneven and unjustified because it was done disproportionally to the percentage of wheat sown area and their potential grain capacity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2022-94">[87]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Famine losses by region<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2018-95">[88]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Oblast</th> <th>Total Deaths (1932–1934 in thousands)</th> <th>Deaths per 1000 (1932)</th> <th>Deaths per 1000 (1933)</th> <th>Deaths per 1000 (1934) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a></td> <td>1110.8</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>178.7</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a></td> <td>1037.6</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>178.9</td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia Oblast</a></td> <td>545.5</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>114.6</td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk Oblast</a></td> <td>368.4</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>91.6</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a></td> <td>326.9</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>98.8</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv Oblast</a></td> <td>254.2</td> <td>6</td> <td>75.7</td> <td>11.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stalino_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalino Oblast">Stalino Oblast</a></td> <td>230.8</td> <td>7</td> <td>41.1</td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyraspol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyraspol">Tyraspol</a></td> <td>68.3</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>102.4</td> <td>8.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repressive_policies">Repressive policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png/220px-Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png/330px-Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png/440px-Blackboard_-_punishment_of_kolhoz_during_Holodomor_in_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>A "black board" published in the newspaper "Under the Flag of Lenin" in January 1933—a "blacklist" identifying specific <a href="/wiki/Kolhoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolhoz">kolhozes</a> and their punishment in the <a href="/wiki/Bashtanka_Raion" title="Bashtanka Raion">Bashtanka Raion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv Oblast</a>, Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> Several repressive policies were implemented in Ukraine immediately preceding, during, and proceeding the famine, including but not limited to cultural-religious persecution the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spikelets" title="Law of Spikelets">Law of Spikelets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacklisting_(Soviet_policy)" title="Blacklisting (Soviet policy)">Blacklisting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union#1932–1991" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">the internal passport system</a>, and harsh grain requisitions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preceding_the_famine">Preceding the famine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Freedom_of_Ukraine_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process">Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process</a></div> Coiner of the term <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> considered the repression of the Orthodox Church to be a prong of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against Ukrainians when seen in correlation to the Holodomor famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerbyn2015-96">[89]</a> Collectivization did not just entail the acquisition of land from farmers but also the closing of churches, burning of icons, and the arrests of priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick19946-97">[90]</a> Associating the church with the tsarist regime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick199433-98">[91]</a> the Soviet state continued to undermine the church through expropriations and repression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViola1999-99">[92]</a> They cut off state financial support to the church and secularized church schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick199433-98">[91]</a> By early 1930 75% of the Autocephalist <a href="/wiki/Parishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Parishes">parishes</a> in Ukraine were persecuted by Soviet authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBociurkiw1982-100">[93]</a> The GPU instigated a show trial which denounced the Orthodox Church in Ukraine as a "nationalist, political, counter-revolutionary organization" and instigated a staged "self-dissolution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBociurkiw1982-100">[93]</a> However the Church was later allowed to reorganize in December 1930 under a pro-Soviet cosmopolitan leader of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlovsky" title="Ivan Pavlovsky">Ivan Pavlovsky</a> yet purges of the Church reignited during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBociurkiw1982-100">[93]</a> Changes in cultural politics also occurred. First soviet <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> in Ukraine in connection to the member of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party</a> has taken place as early as 1921.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> Yet, the first show trial related to Ukraine in the period of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a> was a trial in 1928 in <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Krai" title="North Caucasus Krai">North Caucasus Krai</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Shakhty_Trial" title="Shakhty Trial">Shakhty Trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> Prior to this in October 1925 Shakhty <a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a> (previously part of <a href="/wiki/Donets_Governorate" title="Donets Governorate">Donets Governorate</a>) was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> and thus the trial was held in Moscow.Yet, one of the central ones, was the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Freedom_of_Ukraine_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for the Freedom of Ukraine process">"Union for the Freedom of Ukraine" Trial</a> in which 45 intellectuals, higher education professors, writers, a theologian and a priest were publicly prosecuted in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, then capital of Soviet Ukraine. Fifteen of the accused were executed, and 248 with links to the defendants were sent to the camps. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Youth_Association" title="Ukrainian Youth Association">Ukrainian Youth Association</a> was also considered a "sub-division" of the "Union for Freedom of Ukraine" and thus its members were also trialed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> Other notable Ukrainian processes included "People's Revolutionary Socialist Party" trial in 1930 (it was claimed that this was an illegal armed insurgent organisation created in December 1929, which existed in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chechnya_and_Ingushetia_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union">Chechnya</a>) <a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> and "Ukrainian National Center" trial in 1931 (another non-existent counter-revolutionary organisation).<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a> at that time some other <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> such as Industrial Party Trial (1930) and the <a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a> were held. The total number is not known,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2001-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019-108">[101]</a> but tens of thousands<a href="#cite_note-Werth,_2008.-109">[h]</a> of people are estimated to have been arrested, exiled, and/or executed during and after the trial including 30,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalko2021191-110">[102]</a> intellectuals, writers, teachers, and scientists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="During_the_famine">During the famine</h4></div> The "Decree About the Protection of Socialist Property", nicknamed by the farmers the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spikelets" title="Law of Spikelets">Law of Spikelets</a>, was enacted on 7 August 1932. The purpose of the law was to protect the property of the <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a> collective farms. It was nicknamed the Law of Spikelets because it allowed people to be prosecuted for <a href="/wiki/Gleaning" title="Gleaning">gleaning</a> leftover grain from the fields. There were more than 200,000 people sentenced under this law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> on 11 September 1932, shortly before Kaganovich and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> were appointed heads of special commissions to oversee the grain procurements in Ukraine and Kuban (a region populated primarily by ethnic Ukrainians at the time), in which Stalin urged Kaganovich to force Ukraine into absolute compliance: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The main thing is now Ukraine. Matters in Ukraine are now extremely bad. Bad from the standpoint of the Party line. They say that there are two oblasts of Ukraine (Kyiv and Dnipropetrovs'k, it seems) where almost 50 raikomy [district Party committees] have come out against the plan of grain procurements, considering them unrealistic. In other <a href="/wiki/Raikom" class="mw-redirect" title="Raikom">raikomy</a>, they confirm, the matter is no better. What does this look like? This is no party, but a parliament, a caricature of a parliament. Instead of directing the districts, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Kosior</a> is always waffling between the directives of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CC VKP(b)</a> and the demands of the district Party committees and waffled to the end. Lenin was right, when he said that a person who lacks the courage at the necessary moment to go against the current cannot be a real Bolshevik leader. Bad from the standpoint of the Soviet [state] line. <a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Chubar</a> is no leader. Bad from the standpoint of the <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Redens" title="Stanislav Redens">Redens</a> lacks the energy to direct the struggle with the counterrevolution in such a big and unique republic as Ukraine. If we do not now correct the situation in Ukraine, we could lose Ukraine. Consider that <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Piłsudski</a> is not daydreaming, and his agents in Ukraine are much stronger than Redens or Kosior imagine. Also consider that within the Ukrainian Communist Party (500,000 members, ha, ha) there are not a few (yes, not a few!) rotten elements that are conscious or unconscious <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Petliura</a> adherents and in the final analysis agents of Pilsudski. If the situation gets any worse, these elements won't hesitate to open a front within (and outside) the Party, against the Party. Worst of all, the Ukrainian leadership doesn't see these dangers.... Set yourself the task of turning Ukraine in the shortest possible time into a fortress of the USSR, into the most inalienable republic. Don't worry about money for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a></blockquote> The blacklist system was formalized in 1932 by the 20 November decree "The Struggle against Kurkul Influence in Collective Farms";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a> blacklisting, synonymous with a board of infamy, was one of the elements of agitation-propaganda in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and especially Ukraine and the ethnically Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> region in the 1930s. A blacklisted collective farm, village, or <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raion</a> (district) had its monetary loans and grain advances called in, stores closed, grain supplies, livestock, and food confiscated as a penalty, and was cut off from trade. Its Communist Party and collective farm committees were purged and subject to arrest, and their territory was forcibly cordoned off by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> secret police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a> Although nominally targeting collective farms failing to meet grain quotas and independent farmers with outstanding tax-in-kind, in practice the punishment was applied to all residents of affected villages and raions, including teachers, tradespeople, and children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a> In the end 37 out of 392 districts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013-113">[105]</a> along with at least 400 collective farms where put on the "black board" in Ukraine, more than half of the blacklisted farms being in <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk Oblast</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapakin2010-114">[106]</a> Every single raion in Dnipropetrovsk had at least one blacklisted village, and in Vinnytsia oblast five entire raions were blacklisted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a> This oblast is situated right in the middle of traditional lands of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhian Cossacks">Zaporizhian Cossacks</a>. Cossack villages were also blacklisted in the Volga and Kuban regions of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a> Some blacklisted areas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013-113">[105]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> could have death rates exceeding 40%<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2018-95">[88]</a> while in other areas such as <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a> blacklisting had no particular effect on mortality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2018-95">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">passport system in the Soviet Union</a> (identity cards) was introduced on 27 December 1932 to deal with the exodus of peasants from the countryside. Individuals not having such a document could not leave their homes on pain of administrative penalties, such as internment in <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>). On 22 January 1933, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> signed a secret decree restricting travel by peasants after requests for bread began in the Kuban and Ukraine. Soviet authorities blamed the exodus of peasants during the famine on anti-Soviet elements, saying that "like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power."<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2001,_pp._306-307.-115">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> There was a wave of migration due to starvation and authorities responded by introducing a requirement that passports be used to go between republics and banning travel by rail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETauger1991-117">[108]</a> During March 1933 <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a> reported that 219,460 people were either intercepted and escorted back or arrested at its checkpoints meant to prevent movement of peasants between districts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1999164-118">[109]</a> It has been estimated that there were some 150,000 excess deaths as a result of this policy, and one historian asserts that these deaths constitute a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> In contrast, historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Stephen Kotkin</a> argues that the sealing of the Ukrainian borders caused by the internal passport system was in order to prevent the spread of famine-related diseases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2017-119">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg/220px-HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg/330px-HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg/440px-HolodomorVyizdValky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>A "Red Train" of carts from the "Wave of Proletarian Revolution" collective farm in the village of Oleksiyivka, Kharkiv oblast in 1932. "Red Trains" took the first harvest of the season's crop to the government depots. During the Holodomor, these brigades were part of the Soviet Government's policy of taking away food from the peasants.</figcaption></figure> Between January and mid-April 1933, a factor contributing to a surge of deaths within certain regions of Ukraine during the period was the relentless search for alleged hidden grain by the confiscation of all food stuffs from certain households, which Stalin implicitly approved of through a telegram he sent on 1 January 1933 to the Ukrainian government reminding Ukrainian farmers of the severe penalties for not surrendering grain they may be hiding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> On the other hand, considerable grain reserves were held back by the Soviet government. By 1 July 1933, around 1,141,000 tons of grain were kept in partially secret reserves which the government did not want to touch. Stephen Wheatcroft, Mark Tauger, and R.W. Davies conclude: "it seems certain that, if Stalin had risked lower levels of these reserves in spring and summer 1933, hundreds of thousands – perhaps millions – of lives could have been saved".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995656–657-120">[111]</a> In order to make up for unfulfilled grain procurement quotas in Ukraine, reserves of grain were confiscated from three sources including, according to Oleh Wolowyna, "(a) grain set side for seed for the next harvest; (b) a grain fund for emergencies; (c) grain issued to collective farmers for previously completed work, which had to be returned if the collective farm did not fulfill its quota."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near_the_end_of_and_after_the_famine">Near the end of and after the famine</h4></div> In Ukraine, there was a widespread purge of Communist party officials at all levels. According to Oleh Wolowyna, 390 "anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary insurgent and chauvinist" groups were eliminated resulting in 37,797 arrests, that led to 719 executions, 8,003 people being sent to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> camps, and 2,728 being put into internal exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> 120,000 individuals in Ukraine were reviewed in the first 10 months of 1933 in a top-to-bottom purge of the Communist party resulting in 23% being eliminated as perceived class hostile elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev" title="Pavel Postyshev">Pavel Postyshev</a> was set in charge of placing people at the head of Machine-Tractor Stations in Ukraine which were responsible for purging elements deemed to be class hostile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> The secretary of the Kharkiv Oblast referred to "bourgeois-nationalistic rabble" as "class enemies" even near the end of the famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKharkiv_Oblast_secretary1933-121">[112]</a> By the end of 1933, 60% of the heads of village councils and raion committees in Ukraine were replaced with an additional 40,000 lower-tier workers being purged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a> is a traditional Ukrainian musical instrument, whereas <a href="/wiki/Bandurist" title="Bandurist">bandurists</a> were the carriers of traditional songs and folklore. One of the communist newspapers in 1930 already stated that "being in love with nationalist romance is not a communist thing" and in December 1933 during the All-Ukrainian Union of Art Workers, the <a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">bandura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">kobza</a> were declared class-enemy instruments,<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> which lead to the beginning of the repressions against the musicians playing them. Despite the crisis, the Soviet government refused to ask for foreign aid for the famine and persistently denied the famine's existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004441-123">[114]</a> What aid was given was selectively distributed to preserve the collective farm system. Grain producing oblasts in Ukraine such as <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnipropetrovsk">Dnipropetrovsk</a> were given more aid at an earlier time than more severely affected regions like <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> which produced less grain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> had quoted <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> during the famine declaring: "<a href="/wiki/He_who_does_not_work,_neither_shall_he_eat" title="He who does not work, neither shall he eat">He who does not work, neither shall he eat</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> This perspective is argued by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Michael Ellman</a> to have influenced official policy during the famine, with those deemed to be idlers being disfavored in aid distribution as compared to those deemed "conscientiously working collective farmers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> In this vein, Olga Andriewsky states that Soviet archives indicate that the most productive workers were prioritized for receiving food aid.<a href="#cite_note-Andriewsky_2015,_p._17-124">[j]</a> Food rationing in Ukraine was determined by city categories (where one lived, with capitals and industrial centers being given preferential distribution), occupational categories (with industrial and railroad workers being prioritized over blue collar workers and intelligentsia), status in the family unit (with employed persons being entitled to higher rations than dependents and the elderly), and type of workplace in relation to industrialization (with those who worked in industrial endeavors near steel mills being preferred in distribution over those who worked in rural areas or in food).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalko2021152–153-125">[115]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Abbe" title="James Abbe">James Abbe</a>, who visited Ukraine at that time, while the Soviet government insisted on him as well as other foreigners to sign an affidavit stating that "they had seen no forced labor in the Ukraine",<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> "only the actual industrial workers had received enough to eat and even their families had suffered".<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> Describing the coal mines he visited in Donetsk region, <a href="/wiki/James_Abbe" title="James Abbe">James Abbe</a> mentions: "The next day we went into the question of forced labor. Of course, the armed soldiers situated in the mine shafts, power houses and tipples had bayonets fastened to their rifles and revolvers strapped to their belts; but they were doubtless guarding the property — though the superintendent failed to tell us what they were guarding the mines against. Anyhow, the system of issuing and revoking food cards is far more sinister and effective than bayonets".<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> There was also migration in to Ukraine as a response to the famine: in response to the demographic collapse, the Soviet authorities ordered large-scale resettlements, with over 117,000 peasants from remote regions of the Soviet Union taking over the deserted farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuśnierz2013-129">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuśnierz2018-130">[120]</a> Areas depopulated by the famine were resettled by Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a>, Donetsk and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a> oblasts, but not as much so in central Ukraine. In some areas where depopulation was due to migration rather than mortality, Ukrainians returned to their places of residence to find their homes occupied by Russians, leading to widespread fights between Ukrainian farmers and Russian settlers. Such clashes caused around one million Russian settlers to be returned home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENalyvaykoBulanenko2016-131">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torgsin_system">Torgsin system</h3></div> Torsion networks appeared in 1931.They were selling goods for foreign currency or exchanging them for precious metals. Originally only exclusively for foreigners, but later soviet citizens were also allowed to exchange the goods. During Holodomor people brought family heritage - crosses, earrings, wedding rings to Torgsins and exchanged it for special stamps, for which they could obtain basic goods - mostly flour, cereals or sugar. Torgsins operated at highly speculative prices and were known for long queues. With that mechanism authorities were able to extort from the population whatever could have been hidden during the confiscations. Many families survived, in particular thanks to Torgsin.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> Yet the network was also a cause of a psychological trauma,<a href="#cite_note-:0-133">[123]</a> since people had to give up on family valuables and relics that had not only material, but also spiritual value. During the Holodomor, the network of torgsins expanded considerably—by the end of 1933, there were already about 300 such shops in Soviet Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-:0-133">[123]</a> In 1933, the population brought 45 tons of pure gold to torsgins. The network existed until 1936 . <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</h3></div> Evidence of widespread <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> was documented during the Holodomor:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolis2003-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokur2008-134">[124]</a> <blockquote>Survival was a moral as well as a physical struggle. A woman doctor wrote to a friend in June 1933 that she had not yet become a cannibal, but was "not sure that I shall not be one by the time my letter reaches you." The good people died first. Those who refused to steal or to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitute</a> themselves died. Those who gave food to others died. Those who refused to eat <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">corpses</a> died. Those who refused to kill their fellow man died. Parents who resisted cannibalism died before their children did.... At least 2,505 people were sentenced for cannibalism in the years 1932 and 1933 in Ukraine, though the actual number of cases was certainly much higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder201050–51-135">[125]</a></blockquote> Most cases of cannibalism were "necrophagy, the consumption of corpses of people who had died of starvation". But the murder of children for food was common as well. Many survivors told of neighbors who had killed and eaten their own children. One woman, asked why she had done this, "answered that her children would not survive anyway, but this way she would". She was arrested by the police. The police also documented cases of children being kidnapped, killed, and eaten, and "stories of children being hunted down as food" circulated in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017chapter_11-136">[126]</a> When nearly all grain and all kinds of animal meat had been exhausted, "a black market arose in human flesh" and it "may even have entered the official economy." The police kept a close eye on butcher shops and slaughterhouses, trying to prevent them from bringing human flesh into circulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder201051-137">[127]</a> The Italian consul, Sergio Gradenigo, nevertheless reported from Kharkiv that the "trade of human meat becomes more active."<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> In March 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">secret police</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv province</a> collected "ten or more reports of cannibalism every day" but concluded that "in reality there are many more such incidents", most of which went unreported. Those found guilty of cannibalism were often "imprisoned, executed, or lynched". But while the authorities were well informed about the extent of cannibalism, they also tried to suppress this information from becoming widely known, the chief of the secret police warning "that written notes on the subject do not circulate among the officials where they might cause rumours".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017chapter_11-136">[126]</a> And the information secretly collected failed to spur the Soviet government into action. Various reports of the horrors of the famine, including the cannibalism, were sent to Moscow, where they were apparently shelved and ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017chapter_11-136">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainians_in_other_republics">Ukrainians in other republics</h3></div> Ukrainians in other parts of the Soviet Union also experienced famine and repressive policies. Rural districts with Ukrainian populations in parts of the Soviet Union outside of Ukraine had higher mortality rates in Russia and Belarus than other districts, this discrepancy did not however apply to urban Ukrainians in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2022-139">[129]</a> This is sometimes viewed as being connected to the Holodomor in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-140">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kuban_and_the_North_Caucasus_of_Russia">Kuban and the North Caucasus of Russia</h4></div> In 1932–1933, the policies of forced collectivization of the Ukrainian population of the Soviet Union, which caused a devastating famine that greatly affected the Ukrainian population of the Kuban. The number of documented victims of famine in Kuban was at least 62,000. According to other historians, the real death toll is many times higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadchenkoRudneva2012-2">[2]</a> Brain Boeck thinks the figure more in the "hundreds of thousands".<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> One source estimate that during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a> Krasnodar lost over 14% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">[41]</a> Purges were also extensive in the region. 358 of 716 party secretaries in Kuban were removed, along with 43% of the 25,000 party members there; in total, 40% of the 115,000 to 120,000 rural party members in the North Caucasus were removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004178-141">[131]</a> Party officials associated with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a> were targeted, as the national policy was viewed to be connected with the failure of grain procurement by Soviet authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2004,_p._190-142">[k]</a> In this vein the Kuban corresponding to the famine had a reversal of the previously attempted policy of Ukrainisation. Prior to the reversal of Ukrainianization, the policy was failing in the Kuban with most local districts not completing it partially due to opposition by local Cossack nationalists and Russian chauvinists in the Kuban including by sabotage despite punitive threats from the state to complete the process made in May 1932.<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> The large Cossack stanitsa Poltavskaia sabotaged and resisted collectivization more than any other area in the Kuban which was perceived by <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> to be connected to Ukrainian nationalist and Cossack conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> Kaganovich relentlessly pursued the policy of requisition of grain in Poltavskaia and the rest of the Kuban and personally oversaw the purging of local leaders and Cossacks. Kaganovich viewed the resistance of Poltavskaia through Ukrainian lens delivering oration in a mixed Ukrainian language. To justify this Kaganovich cited a letter allegedly written by a stanitsa ataman named Grigorii Omel'chenko advocating Cossack separatism and local reports of resistance to collectivization in association with this figure to substantiate this suspicion of the area.<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> However Kaganocvich did not reveal in speeches throughout the region that many of those targeted by persecution in Poltavskaia had their family members and friends deported or shot including in years before the supposed Omel'chenko crisis even started. Ultimately due to being perceived as the most rebellious area almost all (or 12,000) members of the Poltavskaia stantisa were deported to the north.<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> This coincided with and was a part of a wider deportation of 46,000 <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">cossacks</a> from Kuban.<a href="#cite_note-cossackspunished-143">[132]</a> According to the Holodomor Museum, 300,000 people were deported from the North Caucasus between 1930 and 1933, two thirds of them from the Kuban region.<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> Likely in connection to the affairs in Poltavskaia, Ukrainization was officially reversed in a decree on 26 December 1932; as stated in this decree, there was a two-week deadline to transfer all publishing and paperwork in the region to Russian, and the Ukrainian language was effectively banned in Kuban until 1991.<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> A representative of the Ukrainian state publishing house claimed 1,500 Ukrainian teachers in the Kuban were either deported or killed though this number has not been verified.<a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-3">[3]</a> The professional Ukrainian theatre in Krasnodar was closed. All Ukrainian toponyms in the Kuban, which reflected the areas from which the first Ukrainians settlers had moved, were changed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> The names of <a href="/wiki/Stanytsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanytsia">Stanytsias</a> such as the rural town of Kyiv, in Krasnodar, was changed to "Krasnoartilyevskaya", and Uman to "Leningrad", and <a href="/wiki/Poltavskaya_(rural_locality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poltavskaya (rural locality)">Poltavskaia</a> to "Krasnoarmieiskaya". Russification, the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and other tactics used by the Union government led to a catastrophic fall in the population that self-identified as being Ukrainian in the Kuban. Official Soviet Union statistics of 1959 state that Ukrainians made up 4% of the population, in 1989 – 3%. The self-identified Ukrainian population of Kuban decreased from 915,000 in 1926, to 150,000 in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2007-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h4></div> Ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan were significantly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakh famine of 1930–1933</a> in addition to the Kazakhs. Ukrainians in Kazakhstan had the second highest proportional death rate after the Kazakhs themselves. Between the 1926 and 1937 censuses, Ukrainian population in Kazakhstan decreased by 36% from 859,396 to 549,859 – mainly from famine and epidemics but also including emigration – while Uzbeks, Uighurs, and other ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan each lost between 12% and 30% of their populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhayon2016-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_and_immediate_reception">Aftermath and immediate reception</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg/190px-Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg/285px-Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg/380px-Famine_in_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>A print from a postcard designed by Zofia Nalepińska-Bojczuk, referring to the Holodomor, 1935</figcaption></figure> Despite attempts by the Soviet authorities to hide the scale of the disaster, it became known abroad thanks to the publications of journalists <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(journalist)" title="Gareth Jones (journalist)">Gareth Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Ammende" title="Ewald Ammende">Ewald Ammende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Clyman" title="Rhea Clyman">Rhea Clyman</a>, and photographs made by engineer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wienerberger" title="Alexander Wienerberger">Alexander Wienerberger</a> and others. To support their <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_Holodomor" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the Holodomor">denial of the famine</a>, the Soviets hosted prominent Westerners such as <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, French ex-prime minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>, and others at <a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin villages</a>, who then made statements that they had not seen hunger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoroffVincentKuryliw2015-145">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawWellsKeynesStalin1934-146">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThevenin20058-147">[136]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">German occupation of Ukraine</a>, the occupation authorities allowed the publication of articles in local newspapers about Holodomor and other communist crimes, but they also did not want to pay too much attention to this issue in order to avoid stirring national sentiment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Sosnovy" title="Stepan Sosnovy">Stepan Sosnovy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, published a comprehensive statistical research on the number of Holodomor casualties, based on documents from Soviet archives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESosnovy1953222-148">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a> disseminated information about the Holodomor in Europe and North America. At first, the public attitude was rather cautious, as the information came from people who had lived in the occupied territories, but it gradually changed in the 1950s. Scientific study of the Holodomor, based on the growing number of memoirs published by survivors, began in the 1950s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">Soviet Census (1937)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_famine_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ukraine_famine_map.png/350px-Ukraine_famine_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ukraine_famine_map.png/525px-Ukraine_famine_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ukraine_famine_map.png/700px-Ukraine_famine_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>A map of the depopulation of Ukraine and southern Russia from 1929 to 1933, with territories that were not part of the Soviet state during the famine in white</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union long denied that the famine had taken place. The <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>) controlled the archives for the Holodomor period and made relevant records available very slowly. The exact number of the victims remains unknown and is probably impossible to estimate even within a margin of error of a hundred thousand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldatenko2003-149">[138]</a> However, by the end of 1933, millions of people had starved to death or otherwise died unnaturally in the Soviet republics. In 2001, based on a range of official demographic data, historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Stephen G. Wheatcroft</a> noted that official death statistics for this period were systematically repressed and showed that many deaths were un-registered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUytkroft2001885-150">[139]</a> Estimates vary in their coverage, with some using the 1933 Ukraine borders, some of the current borders, and some counting ethnic Ukrainians. Some <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">extrapolate</a> on the basis of deaths in a given area, while others use archival data. Some historians question the accuracy of Soviet censuses, as they may reflect <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerezhkov1993-151">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> Other estimates come from recorded discussions between world leaders. In an August 1942 conversation, Stalin gave <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> his estimates of the number of "<a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>" who were repressed for resisting <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> as 10 million, in all of the Soviet Union, rather than only in Ukraine. When using this number, Stalin implied that it included not only those who lost their lives but also those who were forcibly deported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerezhkov1993317-153">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> There are variations in opinion as to whether deaths in <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag labour camps</a> should be counted or only those who starved to death at home. Estimates before archival opening varied widely such as: 2.5 million (<a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Kubiyovych">Volodymyr Kubiyovych</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> 4.8 million (Vasyl Hryshko);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> and 5 million (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquest2002-154">[143]</a> In the 1980s, dissident demographer and historian Alexander P. Babyonyshev (writing as Sergei Maksudov) estimated officially non-accounted <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> in 1933 at 150,000,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaksudov1981-155">[144]</a> leading to a calculation that the number of births for 1933 should be increased from 471,000 to 621,000 (down from 1,184,000 in 1927).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Given the decreasing birth rates and assuming the natural mortality rates in 1933 to be equal to the average annual mortality rate in 1927–1930 (524,000 per year), a natural population growth for 1933 would have been 97,000 (as opposed to the recorded decrease of 1,379,000). This was five times less than the growth in the previous three years (1927–1930). Straight-line extrapolation of population (continuation of the previous net change) between census takings in 1927 and 1936 would have been +4.043 million, which compares to a recorded −538,000 change. Overall change in birth and death amounts to 4.581 million fewer people but whether through factors of choice, disease or starvation will never be fully known.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 2000s, there were debates among historians and in civil society about the number of deaths as Soviet files were released and tension built between Russia and the Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a>. Yushchenko and other Ukrainian politicians described fatalities as in the region of seven to ten million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawkes2006-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheeter2007-156">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2003-157">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYushchenko2007-158">[147]</a> Yushchenko stated in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> that the Holodomor "took away 20 million lives of Ukrainians,".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYushchenko2005-159">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[149]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> issued a public statement giving the death toll at about 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyiv_Post2010-161">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2010-162">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2009-163">[152]</a> Some Ukrainian and Western historians use similar figures. <a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">David R. Marples</a> gave a figure of 7.5 million in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples200750-164">[153]</a> During an international conference held in Ukraine in 2016, Holodomor 1932–1933 loss of the Ukrainian nation, at the National <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kyiv">University of Kyiv</a> <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>, it was claimed that during the Holodomor 7 million Ukrainians were killed, and in total, 10 million people died of starvation across the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko_University_news2016-165">[154]</a> However, the use of the 7 to 20 million figures has been criticized by historians <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Stephen G. Wheatcroft</a>. Snyder wrote: "President Viktor Yushchenko does his country a grave disservice by claiming ten million deaths, thus exaggerating the number of Ukrainians killed by a factor of three; but it is true that the famine in Ukraine of 1932–1933 was a result of purposeful political decisions, and killed about three million people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2009-163">[152]</a> In an email to <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmedia News">Postmedia News</a>, Wheatcroft wrote: "I find it regrettable that Stephen Harper and other leading Western politicians are continuing to use such exaggerated figures for Ukrainian famine mortality" and "[t]here is absolutely no basis for accepting a figure of 10 million Ukrainians dying as a result of the famine of 1932–1933."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyiv_Post2010-161">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2010-162">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2000-166">[155]</a> In 2001, Wheatcroft had calculated total population loss (including <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>) across the Union at 10 million and possibly up to 15 million between 1931 and 1934, including 2.8 million (and possibly up to 4.8 million excess deaths) and 3.7 million (up to 6.7 million) population losses including birth losses in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUytkroft2001885-150">[139]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:1em auto 1em 2em; text-align:right;"> <caption>Declassified Soviet statistics (in thousands)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">Year</th> <th>Births</th> <th>Deaths</th> <th>Natural change </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1927</td> <td>1,184</td> <td>523</td> <td>661 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1928</td> <td>1,139</td> <td>496</td> <td>643 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1929</td> <td>1,081</td> <td>539</td> <td>542 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1930</td> <td>1,023</td> <td>536</td> <td>487 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1931</td> <td>975</td> <td>515</td> <td>460 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1932</td> <td>782</td> <td>668</td> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1933</td> <td>471</td> <td>1,850</td> <td>−1,379 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1934</td> <td>571</td> <td>483</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1935</td> <td>759</td> <td>342</td> <td>417 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1936</td> <td>895</td> <td>361</td> <td>534 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2002, Ukrainian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislav_Kulchytsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislav Kulchytsky (page does not exist)">Stanislav Kulchytsky</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4246777#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4246777">d</a>], using demographic data including those recently unclassified, narrowed the losses to about 3.2 million or, allowing for the lack of precise data, 3 million to 3.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2004-167">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytskyYefimenko200342–63-168">[157]</a> The number of recorded excess deaths extracted from the birth/death statistics from Soviet archives is contradictory. The data fail to add up to the differences between the results of the 1926 Census and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> Kulchytsky summarized the declassified Soviet statistics as showing a decrease of 538,000 people in the population of Soviet Ukraine between 1926 census (28,926,000) and 1937 census (28,388,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2002-152">[141]</a> Historians estimate a quarter of the death toll was from children and extrapolate a further 600,000 lost births.<a href="#cite_note-169">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[158]</a> Similarly, Wheatcroft's work from Soviet archives showed that excess deaths in Ukraine in 1932–1933 numbered a minimum of 1.8 million (2.7 including birth losses): "Depending upon the estimations made concerning unregistered mortality and natality, these figures could be increased to a level of 2.8 million to a maximum of 4.8 million excess deaths and to 3.7 million to a maximum of 6.7 million population losses (including birth losses)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2001-107">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg/220px-Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg/330px-Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg/440px-Alexander_Wienerberger_Holodomor18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Starvation during the Holodomor, <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkivshchyna</a>, 1933. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wienerberger" title="Alexander Wienerberger">Alexander Wienerberger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolodomorUcrania9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HolodomorUcrania9.jpg/220px-HolodomorUcrania9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HolodomorUcrania9.jpg/330px-HolodomorUcrania9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HolodomorUcrania9.jpg/440px-HolodomorUcrania9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Passers-by and the corpse of a starved man on a street in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, 1932</figcaption></figure> A 2002 study by French demographer Jacques Vallin and colleagues <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002-171">[159]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesléPisonVallin2005"What_is_striking_in_the_long-term_picture_of_Ukrainian_life_expectancy_is_the_devastating_impact_of_the_calamities_of_the_1930s_and_1940s._In_1933,_the_famine_which_had_occasioned_unparalleled_excess_mortality_of_2.2_million,_cut_the_period_life_expectancy_to_a_low_of_under_10_years"_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesléPisonVallin2005"What_is_striking_in_the_long-term_picture_of_Ukrainian_life_expectancy_is_the_devastating_impact_of_the_calamities_of_the_1930s_and_1940s._In_1933,_the_famine_which_had_occasioned_unparalleled_excess_mortality_of_2.2_million,_cut_the_period_life_expectancy_to_a_low_of_under_10_years"-172">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesléVallin2003-173">[161]</a> utilising some similar primary sources to Kulchytsky, and performing an analysis with more sophisticated demographic tools with forward projection of expected growth from the 1926 census and backward projection from the 1939 census estimates the number of direct deaths for 1933 as 2.582 million. This number of deaths does not reflect the total demographic loss for Ukraine from these events as the fall of the birth rate during the crisis and the out-migration contribute to the latter as well. The total population shortfall from the expected value between 1926 and 1939 estimated by Vallin amounted to 4.566 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002-171">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnytskyi_et_al._2015-174">[162]</a> Of this number, 1.057 million is attributed to the birth deficit, 930,000 to forced out-migration, and 2.582 million to the combination of excess mortality and voluntary out-migration. With the latter assumed to be negligible, this estimate gives the number of deaths as the result of the 1933 famine about 2.2 million. According to demographic studies, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, which had been in the high forties to low fifties, fell sharply for those born in 1932 to 28 years, and for 1933 fell further to the extremely low 10.8 years for females and 7.3 years for males. It remained abnormally low for 1934 but, as commonly expected for the post-crisis period peaked in 1935–36.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002-171">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudnytskyi_et_al._2015-174">[162]</a> According to historian Snyder in 2010, the recorded figure of excess deaths was 2.4 million. However, Snyder claims that this figure is "substantially low" due to many deaths going unrecorded. Snyder states that demographic calculations carried out by the Ukrainian government provide a figure of 3.89 million dead, and opined that the actual figure is likely between these two figures, approximately 3.3 million deaths to starvation and disease related to the starvation in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933. Snyder also estimates that of the million people who died in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> from famine at the same time, approximately 200,000 were ethnic Ukrainians due to Ukrainian-inhabited regions being particularly hard hit in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder201042–46-84">[77]</a> As a child, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, born into a mixed Russian-Ukrainian family, experienced the famine in <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a>, Russia. He recalled in a memoir that "In that terrible year [in 1933] nearly half the population of my native village, <a href="/wiki/Privolnoye,_Krasnogvardeysky_District,_Stavropol_Krai" class="mw-redirect" title="Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai">Privolnoye</a>, starved to death, including two sisters and one brother of my father."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorbachev2006-175">[163]</a> Wheatcroft and <a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">R. W. Davies</a> concluded that disease was the cause of a large number of deaths: in 1932–1933, there were 1.2 million cases of typhus and 500,000 cases of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>. Malnourishment increases fatality rates from many diseases, and are not counted by some historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004429-176">[164]</a> From 1932 to 1934, the largest rate of increase was recorded for typhus, commonly spread by <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>. In conditions of harvest failure and increased poverty, lice are likely to increase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004512-177">[165]</a> Gathering numerous refugees at railway stations, on trains and elsewhere facilitates the spread. In 1933, the number of recorded cases was 20 times the 1929 level. The number of cases per head of population recorded in Ukraine in 1933 was already considerably higher than in the USSR as a whole. By June 1933, the incidence in Ukraine had increased to nearly 10 times the January level, and it was much higher than in the rest of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004512-177">[165]</a> Estimates of the human losses due to famine must account for the numbers involved in migration (including <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">forced resettlement</a>). According to Soviet statistics, the migration balance for the population in Ukraine for 1927–1936 period was a loss of 1.343 million people. Even when the data were collected, the Soviet statistical institutions acknowledged that the precision was less than for the data of the natural population change. The total number of deaths in Ukraine due to unnatural causes for the given ten years was 3.238 million. Accounting for the lack of precision, estimates of the human toll range from 2.2 million to 3.5 million deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2018466-178">[166]</a> According to Babyonyshev's 1981 estimate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaksudov1981-155">[144]</a> about 81.3% of the famine victims in the Ukrainian SSR were ethnic Ukrainians, 4.5% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and 1.1% were <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> and other nationalities were victims as well. The Ukrainian rural population was the hardest hit by the Holodomor. Since the peasantry constituted a demographic backbone of the Ukrainian nation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotocki2003-179">[167]</a> the tragedy deeply affected the Ukrainians for many years. In an October 2013 opinion poll (in Ukraine) 38.7% of those polled stated "my families had people affected by the famine", 39.2% stated they did not have such relatives, and 22.1% did not know.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2013-180">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_question">Genocide question</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holodomor-Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Holodomor-Chicago.jpg/220px-Holodomor-Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Holodomor-Chicago.jpg/330px-Holodomor-Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Holodomor-Chicago.jpg/440px-Holodomor-Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago%27s_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago's American">Chicago American</a>'s front page</figcaption></figure> Scholars continue to debate whether the human-made Soviet famine was a central act in a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a> or a tragic byproduct of rapid <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Soviet industrialization</a> and the collectivization of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky1999-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawkes2006-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2005-55">[50]</a> Whether the Holodomor is a genocide is <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">a significant and contentious issue in modern politics</a>. A number of governments, such as Canada, have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide. The decision was criticized by <a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">David R. Marples</a>, who claimed that states who recognize the Holodomor as a genocide are motivated by emotion, or on pressure by local and international groups rather than hard evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2009-182">[170]</a> In contrast, some sources argue that Russian influence and unwillingness to worsen relations with Russia would prevent or stall the recognition of Holodomor as a genocide in certain regions (for example, Germany).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanchenko2022-183">[171]</a> Scholarly positions are diverse. <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> (a pioneer of genocide studies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a>: 35  who coined the term genocide, and an initiator of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>), called the famine an intentional genocide. <a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">James Mace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a> have written that the Holodomor was a genocide and the intentional result of Soviet policies under Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a> According to Lemkin, Ukraine was "perhaps the classic example of Soviet genocide, its longest and broadest experiment in <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> – the destruction of the Ukrainian nation". Lemkin stated that, because Ukrainians were very sensitive to the racial murder of its people and way too populous, the Soviet regime could not follow a pattern of total extermination (as in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>). Instead the genocidal effort consisted of four steps: 1) extermination of the Ukrainian national elite, 2) liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church</a>, 3) extermination of a significant part of the Ukrainian peasantry as "custodians of traditions, folklore and music, national language and literature", and 4) populating the territory with other nationalities with intent of mixing Ukrainians with them, which would eventually lead to the dissolution of the Ukrainian nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2010-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin2008-186">[174]</a> Because of these four factors, Lemkin considered the Holodomor an attempt to destroy the whole Ukrainian nation, not just the Ukrainian peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-187">[175]</a> The "rediscovery" of his 1953 address about the Holodomor has influenced Holodomor scholars, especially his view of genocide as a complex process targeting institutions, culture, and economic existence of a group and not necessarily meaning its "immediate destruction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">[104]</a>: 35  Stanislav Kulchytsky, who recognizes Holodomor as genocide, believes that historians should approach the study of the famine with realization that in the Soviet socialist construction "appearance belied reality", and that the real intentions of some ideas and policies would not be put on paper. He nevertheless believes that there is enough evidence that proves that Stalin felt hostility and distrust towards Ukrainians and wanted to suppress any potential disobedience from their side. Kulchytsky bases his claims among other things on Stalin's telegrams and letters sent to the highest-ranked officials shortly before and during the time when most lethal policies were applied and executed in Ukraine and Kuban. He believes that while the famine started rather as a result of collectivization, near the end of 1932 it was turned into an instrument of intentional starvation of millions of Ukrainians to death.<a href="#cite_note-188">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> states that, in his opinion, Holodomor meets the criteria of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide convention">Genocide convention</a>. He does, however, refrains from using the term and prefers the term "mass killing" instead, arguing that the public misinterprets the term genocide as an intention to murder every member of the national or ethnic group, something that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> are closer to than any other cases, including the Holodomor.<a href="#cite_note-proftim-189">[177]</a>: 1:30:50  Other historians such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Michael Ellman</a> consider the Holodomor a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>, but do not classify it as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman200781–682,_686-190">[178]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Steven Rosefielde</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> consider the death toll to be primarily due to state policy, and poor harvests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosefielde1983-191">[179]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Conquest was granted access to the Soviet state archives alongside other western academics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick2015-192">[180]</a> In 2004, Wheatcroft published a private correspondence that he had with Conquest. In the exchange, Conquest wrote that he is now of the opinion that the Holodomor was not purposefully inflicted by Stalin but "What I argue is that with resulting famine imminent, he could have prevented it, but put "Soviet interest" other than feeding the starving first – thus consciously abetting it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004-193">[181]</a> In an interview recorded in 2006 Conquest stated the Holodomor should be recognized as an attack on the Ukrainian people and discussed problems with the use of the term genocide.<a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">Robert Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Stephen Kotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wheatcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Wheatcroft">Stephen Wheatcroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">J. Arch Getty</a> reject the notion that Stalin intentionally wanted to kill Ukrainians, but conclude that Stalinist policies and widespread incompetence among government officials set the stage for famine in Ukraine and other Soviet republics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty2000-195">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200269_et_seq.-196">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2017-119">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> believes that the famine was planned to undermine Ukrainian identity but discusses how shifts in understanding of the term genocide mean that it is more difficult to apply now that it was when the term was initially conceived. Another argument she puts forward is that the question of genocide is not as important as it once was because it was a proxy debate about Ukraine and Ukrainians' right to exist, a right which no longer needs historic justification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017347–356-197">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_and_Western_denial_and_downplay">Soviet and Western denial and downplay</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_Holodomor" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the Holodomor">Denial of the Holodomor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg/220px-6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg/330px-6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg/440px-6_aug_top_daily_express_Holodomor_Genocide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>, 6 August 1934</figcaption></figure> Scholars consider Holodomor denial to be the assertion that the 1932–1933 famine in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a> did not occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadzinsky1996256–59-198">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquest200196-199">[187]</a> Denying the existence of the famine was the Soviet state's position and reflected in both <a href="/wiki/Soviet_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet propaganda">Soviet propaganda</a> and the work of some Western journalists and intellectuals including <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Duranty" title="Walter Duranty">Walter Duranty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Louis Fischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a> In Britain and the United States, eye-witness accounts by Welsh freelance journalist <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Jones_(journalist)" title="Gareth Jones (journalist)">Gareth Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-WalesOnline-201">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-SovietArticles-202">[190]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Beal" title="Fred Beal">Fred Beal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2021-203">[191]</a> were met with widespread disbelief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-204">[192]</a> In the Soviet Union, any discussion of the famine was banned entirely. Ukrainian historian Stanislav Kulchytsky stated the Soviet government ordered him to falsify his findings and depict the famine as an unavoidable natural disaster, to absolve the Communist Party and uphold the legacy of Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-205">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_politics">In modern politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></div> The event is considered a genocide by Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInfoUkes_Staff2009-206">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYefimenko2021-208">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorbunovaKlymchuk2020-209">[197]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Pravda2022-210">[198]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">lower house of parliament</a> of Russia condemned the Soviet regime "that has neglected the lives of people for the achievement of economic and political goals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2019-17">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg/170px-Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg/255px-Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg/340px-Dzhugashvili_with_Kaganovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (left) played a role in enforcing Stalin's policies that led to the Holodomor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerbyn2008-211">[199]</a></figcaption></figure> On 10 November 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERada,_Nov._2006.-212">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Welle,_Dec_2022.-214">[202]</a> 25 countries, including Russia, Ukraine, and United States signed a joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor with the following <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>: <blockquote>In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government of Ukraine</a>. Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River region">Volga River region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Caucasus">Northern Caucasus</a>, Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Weekly2003-215">[203]</a></blockquote>In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> established the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a>, which compiled its 1988 Report to Congress. In the report, the US government concludes with anecdotal evidence, that the Soviets had purposely prevented Ukrainians from leaving famine-struck regions. This was corroborated following the discovery of Stalin's letter to Molotov titled, "Preventing the Mass Exodus of Peasants who are Starving", restricting travel by peasants after "in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun", that "like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power."<a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a> The commission published the earlier-mentioned letter written by Stalin to <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> on 11 September 1932.<a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukrainian parliament</a> first recognized the Holodomor as a genocide in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerkhovna_Rada,_2003.-218">[206]</a> and criminalized both <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> in 2006. In 2010, the Kyiv Court of Appeal ruled that the Holodomor was an act of genocide and held <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev" title="Pavel Postyshev">Pavel Postyshev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendel_Khatayevich" title="Mendel Khatayevich">Mendel Khatayevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> leaders responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2010-219">[207]</a> The Holodomor has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Famine</a> of 1845–1849 that took place in Ireland under British rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoackJanssenCornerford2014-220">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer2014-221">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESymposium:_Starvation_As_A_Political_Tool,_2020.-222">[210]</a> which has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Genocide_question" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">similar controversy and debate</a>. Russia's war strategy in <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">the war against Ukraine in 2022</a> has drawn parallels with the Holodomor for the intentional impediment of relief supplies to civilians, the blockade of Ukrainian ports that threatened to cause famine in other countries, and the deliberate targeting of civilian infrastructure to deprive Ukrainians of the necessities of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_WaalMurdoch2022-223">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantoraVinograd2022-224">[212]</a> As of early May 2022,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holodomor&action=edit">[update]</a> Ukraine's Defense Ministry claims that Russian forces have plundered at least 500,000 tons of grain from farmers since the invasion started. This looting included the seizure of industrial farm equipment, such as tractors, and forcing farmers to surrender 70% of their grain yields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerFylyppov2022-225">[213]</a> Russia's use of starvation as a weapon of war in 2022 has been cited as part of a genocidal pattern in a major report by 35 legal and genocide experts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2022-226">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_recognition_of_Holodomor">Government recognition of Holodomor</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg/300px-Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg/450px-Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg/600px-Holodomor_World_Recognition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Recognition of Holodomor by country</figcaption></figure> After campaigns from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)">Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> for the recognition of the Holodomor as a genocide, parliaments and governments of various countries have issued statements recognising the Holodomor as genocide including Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERada,_Nov._2006.-212">[200]</a> and 14 other countries, as of 2006,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holodomor&action=edit">[update]</a> including Australia, Canada, Colombia, Georgia, Mexico, Peru and Poland. In November 2022, the Holodomor was recognised as a genocide by Germany, Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2022-227">[215]</a> Moldova,<a href="#cite_note-228">[216]</a> Romania,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022c-229">[217]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_opposition" title="Belarusian opposition">Belarusian opposition in exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> compared the Russian war in Ukraine with its targeted <a href="/wiki/October%E2%80%93November_2022_nationwide_missile_strikes_on_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="October–November 2022 nationwide missile strikes on Ukraine">destruction of civilian infrastructure</a> to the "terrible Holodomor Genocide", during an address at St. Peter's Square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPianigiani2022-231">[219]</a> Countries recognising Holodomor as a genocide: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[221]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[223]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[225]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-Croatia-238">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[227]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-France-242">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, 20 December 2005<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, 30 November 2022<a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, 26 November 2003<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, 22 March 2023<a href="#cite_note-246">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>'s senate<a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[238]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[239]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[241]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[244]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[245]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, 24 November 2022<a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-Slovakia-259">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-zakon-264">[252]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[253]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainska_Pravda2018-266">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-holodomor-us-senate-268">[256]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">[220]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[257]</a></li></ul></div> Other political bodies whose legislatures have passed a resolution recognizing Holodomor as a genocide: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022e-270">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dahm,_2022-271">[259]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remembrance">Remembrance</h2></div> To honour those who perished in the Holodomor, monuments have been dedicated and public events held annually in Ukraine and worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG/220px-Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG/330px-Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG/440px-Holodomor_Remembrance_Day_2013_in_Lviv_18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Candles and wheat as a symbol of remembrance during the Holodomor Remembrance Day 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Memorial_Day" title="Holodomor Memorial Day">Holodomor Memorial Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malevich_running-man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Malevich_running-man.jpg/220px-Malevich_running-man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Malevich_running-man.jpg/330px-Malevich_running-man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Malevich_running-man.jpg/440px-Malevich_running-man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>One of the interpretations of The Running Man painting by <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>, also known as Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword, is the artist's indictment of the Great Famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorbachov1998-272">[260]</a> "Kasimir Malevich's haunting 'The Running Man' (1933–34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4f324_LVBL4CpgPA144_144]-273">[261]</a></figcaption></figure> Since 1998, Ukraine has officially observed the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Memorial_Day" title="Holodomor Memorial Day">Holodomor Memorial Day</a> on the fourth Saturday of November,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerkhovna_Rada,_2007.-274">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2013-180">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnyDay_Guide2017-275">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERud2016-276">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Herpen201340-277">[265]</a> established by a presidential decree of <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a>. In 2006, customs were established for a minute of silence at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, flags flown at half-mast, and restrictions on entertainment broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYushchenko2006-278">[266]</a> In 2007, three days of commemorations on the <a href="/wiki/Maidan_Nezalezhnosti" title="Maidan Nezalezhnosti">Maidan Nezalezhnosti</a> included video testimonies of communist crimes in Ukraine and documentaries, scholarly lectures,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENat.RadioUkraine2007-279">[267]</a> and the National Bank of Ukraine issued a set of commemorative coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENat.BankUkraine2007-280">[268]</a> As of 2009,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holodomor&action=edit">[update]</a> Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZIK_(information_agency)2009-281">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide</a> was erected on the slopes of the Dnieper river, welcoming its first visitors on 22 November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2018-282">[270]</a> The ceremony of the memorial's opening was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Holodomor. The year 2008 was declared by president <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> as the "Year of Remembrance" to commemorate victims of the famine.<a href="#cite_note-283">[271]</a> In an October 2013 opinion poll, 33.7% of Ukrainians fully agreed and 30.4% rather agreed with the statement "The Holodomor was the result of actions committed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet authorities</a>, along with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, and was the result of human actions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2013-180">[168]</a> In the same poll, 22.9% of those polled fully or partially agreed with the view that the famine was caused by natural circumstances, but 50.5% disagreed with that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2013-180">[168]</a> Furthermore, 45.4% of respondents believed that the Holodomor was "a deliberate attempt to destroy the Ukrainian nation" and 26.2% rather or completely disagreed with this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2013-180">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kyiv_-_17_May_2010.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> (right) and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> (left) near Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kyiv on 17 May 2010. Russia has since changed its policy and started downplaying or denying the Holodomor.</figcaption></figure> In a November 2021 poll, 85% agreed that the Holodomor was a genocide of Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERating_Group_Ukraine2021-284">[272]</a> A poll undertaken in Ukraine in 2022 recorded 93% agreeing that the Holodomor was a genocide with 3% disagreeing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022d-285">[273]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Head_of_State,_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._(53354825468).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Head_of_State%2C_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._%2853354825468%29.jpg/220px-The_Head_of_State%2C_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._%2853354825468%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Head_of_State%2C_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._%2853354825468%29.jpg/330px-The_Head_of_State%2C_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._%2853354825468%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Head_of_State%2C_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._%2853354825468%29.jpg/440px-The_Head_of_State%2C_the_First_Lady_commemorated_the_victims_of_the_famines_in_Ukraine._%2853354825468%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Ukraine's Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Valerii_Zaluzhnyi" title="Valerii Zaluzhnyi">Valerii Zaluzhnyi</a> at an event to mark the 90th anniversary of the Holodomor, 25 November 2023</figcaption></figure> On 19 October 2022, Russian occupation authorities dismantled a Holodomor monument in the destroyed city of Mariupol on the basis that it was not a monument but a symbol of "disinformation at the state level".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalachuk2022-286">[274]</a> Ukrainian culture minister <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Tkachenko_(journalist)" title="Oleksandr Tkachenko (journalist)">Oleksandr Tkachenko</a> said "such acts signifies that the current Russian regime is a true successor to the one guilty of crimes against humanity and the Ukrainian people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Voice_-_UA2022-287">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> Perhaps the first public commemoration of victims was a procession held by Ukrainians displaced in the Second World War in 1948 in Munich, the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/American_Zone_of_Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="American Zone of Occupation">American zone of occupation</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-288">[276]</a> The most recent countries to recognize Holodomor as a genocide are Germany and Vatican City.<a href="#cite_note-289">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> The first public monument to the Holodomor was erected and dedicated in 1983 outside City Hall in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada, to mark the 50th anniversary of the famine-genocide. Since then, the fourth Saturday in November has in many jurisdictions been marked as the official day of remembrance for people who died as a result of the 1932–1933 Holodomor and political repression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1999-290">[278]</a> On 22 November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian Canadians</a> marked the beginning of National Holodomor Awareness Week and Holodomor Memorial Day (the fourth Friday of November in Schools and the fourth Saturday of November globally). The success of this initiative is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Kuryliw" title="Valentina Kuryliw">Valentina Kuryliw</a>, as chair of the National Holodomor Education Committee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2020-291">[279]</a> of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress. Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism Minister <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Jason Kenney</a> attended a vigil in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECTV_news2008-292">[280]</a> In November 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited the Holodomor memorial in Kyiv, although Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych did not join him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Saskatchewan became the first jurisdiction in North America and the first province in Canada to recognize the Holodomor as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Saskatchewan2013-293">[281]</a> The Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day Act was introduced in the Saskatchewan Legislature on 6 May 2008,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisnyk200813-294">[282]</a> and received royal assent on 14 May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2008-295">[283]</a> On 9 April 2009, the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> unanimously passed bill 147, "The Holodomor Memorial Day Act", which calls for the fourth Saturday in November to be a day of remembrance. This was the first piece of legislation in the Province's history to be introduced with Tri-Partisan sponsorship: the joint initiators of the bill were <a href="/wiki/Dave_Levac" title="Dave Levac">Dave Levac</a>, MPP for Brant (Liberal Party); <a href="/wiki/Cheri_DiNovo" title="Cheri DiNovo">Cheri DiNovo</a>, MPP for Parkdale–High Park (NDP); and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Klees" title="Frank Klees">Frank Klees</a>, MPP for Newmarket–Aurora (PC). MPP Levac was made a chevalier of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Ukraine)" title="Order of Merit (Ukraine)">Ukraine's Order of Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[284]</a> On 2 June 2010, the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> unanimously passed bill 390, "Memorial Day Act on the great Ukrainian famine and genocide (the Holodomor)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2010-297">[285]</a> On 25 September 2010, a new Holodomor monument was unveiled at St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>, Ontario, Canada, bearing the inscription "Holodomor: Genocide By Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933" and a section in Ukrainian bearing mention of the 10 million victims.<a href="#cite_note-298">[286]</a> On 21 September 2014, a statue entitled "Bitter Memories of Childhood" was unveiled outside the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislative_Building" title="Manitoba Legislative Building">Manitoba Legislative Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> to memorialize the Holodomor.<a href="#cite_note-299">[287]</a> A monument to the Holodomor has been erected on Calgary's <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_(Calgary)" title="Memorial Drive (Calgary)">Memorial Drive</a>, itself originally designated to honour Canadian servicemen of the First World War. The monument is located in the district of <a href="/wiki/Renfrew,_Calgary" title="Renfrew, Calgary">Renfrew</a> near Ukrainian Pioneer Park, which pays tribute to the contributions of Ukrainian immigrants to Canada.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 21 October 2018, a memorial statue was unveiled on Canada Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Place" title="Exhibition Place">Exhibition Place</a> of Toronto. The site provides a place for an annual memorial on the fourth Saturday of November.<a href="#cite_note-300">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div> On 16 March 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate of the Republic of Poland</a> paid tribute to the victims of the Great Famine and declared it an act of genocide, expressing solidarity with the Ukrainian nation and its efforts to commemorate this crime.<a href="#cite_note-301">[289]</a> On 22 January 2015, a Holodomor monument was erected in the city of <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> The Ukrainian Weekly reported a meeting taking place on 27 February 1982 in the parish center of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_National_Shrine_of_the_Holy_Family" title="Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family">Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family</a> in commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Great Famine caused by the Soviet authorities. On 20 March 1982, the Ukrainian Weekly also reported a multi-ethnic community meeting that was held on 15 February on the North Shore Drive at the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Village,_Chicago" title="Ukrainian Village, Chicago">Ukrainian Village</a> in Chicago to commemorate the famine which took the lives of seven million Ukrainians. Other events in commemoration were held in other places around the United States as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 29 May 2008, the city of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ukrainians_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Ukrainians in Baltimore">Baltimore</a> held a candlelight commemoration for the Holodomor at the War Memorial Plaza in front of City Hall. This ceremony was part of the larger international journey of the "International Holodomor Remembrance Torch", which began in Kyiv and made its way through thirty-three countries. Twenty-two other US cities were also visited during the tour. Then-Mayor <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Dixon" title="Sheila Dixon">Sheila Dixon</a> presided over the ceremony and declared 29 May to be "Ukrainian Genocide Remembrance Day in Baltimore". She referred to the Holodomor "among the worst cases of man's inhumanity towards man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2008-303">[291]</a> On 2 December 2008, a ceremony was held in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, for the Holodomor Memorial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihun2008-304">[292]</a> On 13 November 2009, <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> released a statement on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day. In this, he said that "remembering the victims of the man-made catastrophe of Holodomor provides us an opportunity to reflect upon the plight of all those who have suffered the consequences of extremism and tyranny around the world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2009-305">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObama2009-306">[294]</a> NSC Spokesman Mike Hammer released a similar statement on 20 November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObama2010-307">[295]</a> In 2011, the American day of remembrance of Holodomor was held on 19 November. The statement released by the White House Press Secretary reflects on the significance of this date, stating that "in the wake of this brutal and deliberate attempt to break the will of the people of Ukraine, Ukrainians showed great courage and resilience. The establishment of a proud and independent Ukraine twenty years ago shows the remarkable depth of the Ukrainian people's love of freedom and independence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObama2011-308">[296]</a> On 7 November 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Genocide_Memorial,_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC">Holodomor Genocide Memorial</a> was opened in Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-309">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniels2015-310">[298]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/115th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="115th Congress">115th Congress</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> adopted resolutions commemorating the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor, "the Soviet Union's manmade famine that it committed against the people of Ukraine in 1932 and 1933."<a href="#cite_note-311">[299]</a> The Senate Resolution, S. Res. 435 (115th Congress)<a href="#cite_note-312">[300]</a> was adopted on 3 October 2018 and stated that the U.S. Senate "solemnly remembers the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and extends its deepest sympathies to the victims, survivors, and families of this tragedy." On 11 December 2018, the United States House of Representatives adopted H. Res. 931 (115th Congress),<a href="#cite_note-holodomor-us-senate-268">[256]</a> a resolution extending the House's "deepest sympathies to the victims and survivors of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, and their families" and condemned "the systematic violations of human rights, including the freedom of self-determination and freedom of speech, of the Ukrainian people by the Soviet Government."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 12 May 2022, and at the 117th United States congress, a new H. Res. 1109 was adopted, recognizing the Holodomor as a genocide and the resolution to serve as a reminder of the repressive Soviet policies including the blockade policy that prevented the delivery of humanitarian aid and people from escaping.<a href="#cite_note-313">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_film">On film</h3></div> The 2019 feature film <a href="/wiki/Mr_Jones_(2019_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Jones (2019 film)">Mr Jones</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/James_Norton_(actor)" title="James Norton (actor)">James Norton</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a>, focuses on Jones and his investigation of and reporting on the Ukrainian famine in the face of political and journalistic opposition. In January 2019, it was selected to compete for the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a> at the <a href="/wiki/69th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="69th Berlin International Film Festival">69th Berlin International Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[302]</a> The film won Grand Prix Golden Lions at the 44th <a href="/wiki/Gdynia_Film_Festival" title="Gdynia Film Festival">Gdynia Film Festival</a> in September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-315">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatican_City">Vatican City</h3></div> On 23 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> held a ceremony to remember the victims of the famine. He referred to the Holodomor as a genocide. "Let us remember long-suffering Ukraine. This Saturday marks the anniversary of the terrible genocide of the Holodomor in 1932–1933 artificially caused by Stalin. Let us pray for the victims of this genocide and pray for the all Ukrainians, the children, the women and the elderly, the babies, who are today suffering the martyrdom of aggression."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022a-316">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holodomor_memorials">Holodomor memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holodomor_memorials_and_monuments" title="List of Holodomor memorials and monuments">List of Holodomor memorials and monuments</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First in the world: 1983 Holodomor Monument in Edmonton, Canada"><img alt="First in the world: 1983 Holodomor Monument in Edmonton, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg/120px-Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg/180px-Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg/240px-Edmonton_Holodomor_Memorial_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First in the world: 1983 Holodomor Monument in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holodomor_education_van.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Touring van devoted to Holodomor education, seen in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2017"><img alt="Touring van devoted to Holodomor education, seen in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Holodomor_education_van.jpg/120px-Holodomor_education_van.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Holodomor_education_van.jpg/180px-Holodomor_education_van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Holodomor_education_van.jpg/240px-Holodomor_education_van.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Touring van devoted to Holodomor education, seen in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2017</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv"><img alt=""Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg/120px-HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg/180px-HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg/240px-HolodomorKyivSvichky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Light the candle" event at a Holodomor memorial in Kyiv</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque in Grand Park, Los Angeles, California, United States"><img alt="Plaque in Grand Park, Los Angeles, California, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg/80px-Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg/119px-Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg/159px-Holodomor_Plaque_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Park" title="Grand Park">Grand Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster by Australian artist Leonid Denysenko"><img alt="Poster by Australian artist Leonid Denysenko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg/90px-Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg/134px-Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg/179px-Holomor_Art_Denysenko_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="4782" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster by Australian artist <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Denysenko" title="Leonid Denysenko">Leonid Denysenko</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp of Ukraine, 1993"><img alt="Stamp of Ukraine, 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG/87px-Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG/131px-Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG/174px-Golodomor_Stamps_of_Ukraine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="2038" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp of Ukraine, 1993</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932–1933 famine in Vyshhorod, Ukraine. The authors are Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk"><img alt="Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932–1933 famine in Vyshhorod, Ukraine. The authors are Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg/120px-Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg/180px-Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg/240px-Monument_dedicated_to_victims_of_years_1932-33_famine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="406" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932–1933 famine in Vyshhorod, Ukraine. The authors are <a href="/wiki/Boris_Krylov" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Krylov">Boris Krylov</a> and Oles Sydoruk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_of_Wheat_(memorial).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933, Washington DC."><img alt="Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933, Washington DC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Field_of_Wheat_%28memorial%29.jpg/120px-Field_of_Wheat_%28memorial%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Field_of_Wheat_%28memorial%29.jpg/180px-Field_of_Wheat_%28memorial%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Field_of_Wheat_%28memorial%29.jpg/240px-Field_of_Wheat_%28memorial%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="703" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933, Washington DC.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture_and_the_arts">In culture and the arts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <ul><li>Harvest of Despair (1984), directed by <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Nowytski" title="Slavko Nowytski">Slavko Nowytski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a>) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHm_1uN80s0">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlady1985-317">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow1985-318">[306]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine-33" title="Famine-33">Famine-33</a> (1991), directed by Oles Yanchuk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_(film)" title="The Guide (film)">The Guide</a> (2014), directed by <a href="/wiki/Oles_Sanin" title="Oles Sanin">Oles Sanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_44_(film)" title="Child 44 (film)">Child 44</a> (2015), directed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Espinosa" title="Daniel Espinosa">Daniel Espinosa</a>, based on the book by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rob_Smith" title="Tom Rob Smith">Tom Rob Smith</a> – briefly describes the Holodomor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_Harvest_(2017_film)" title="Bitter Harvest (2017 film)">Bitter Harvest</a> (2017), directed by <a href="/wiki/George_Mendeluk" title="George Mendeluk">George Mendeluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Jones_(2019_film)" title="Mr. Jones (2019 film)">Mr. Jones</a> (2019), directed by <a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a></li> <li>Seeds of Hunger (2023), directed by Guillaume Ribot (documentary film)<a href="#cite_note-319">[307]</a></li> <li>Capital of Despair: Holodomor Chroniclers (2023), a documentary series directed by Roman Barabash – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhvCfggrV3Q">Episode 1</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (in Ukrainian, English subtitles)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Ulas Samchuk</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Maria_(Ukrainian_novel)" title="Maria (Ukrainian novel)">Maria</a> (1934) is dedicated to the Holodomor (English translation published 1952).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamchuk1952-320">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Marsh" title="Katherine Marsh">Katherine Marsh</a>'s book The Lost Year: A Survival Story of the Ukrainian Famine (2023)<a href="#cite_note-321">[309]</a> was a finalist in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Young_People%27s_Literature" title="National Book Award for Young People's Literature">National Book Award for Young People's Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> The play Holodomor premiered in Tehran, Iran in February 2021.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETehran_Times2021-323">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/22px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/33px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, 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.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holodomor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Joint_Statement_on_Holodomor" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Joint Statement on Holodomor">Joint Statement on Holodomor</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921%E2%80%931923_famine_in_Ukraine" title="1921–1923 famine in Ukraine">1921–1923 famine in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor:_The_Unknown_Ukrainian_Tragedy_(1932%E2%80%931933)" title="Holodomor: The Unknown Ukrainian Tragedy (1932–1933)">Holodomor: The Unknown Ukrainian Tragedy (1932–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakh famine of 1930–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ukraine" title="List of massacres in Ukraine">List of massacres in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Голодомо́р, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Holodomor, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ɦolodoˈmɔr]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201790-7">[7]</a> derived from морити голодом, moryty holodom, 'to kill by starvation'); Also literally known as "Extermination by Hunger" or "Hunger-extermination" </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: великий український голод, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: velykyi ukrainskyi holod </li> <li id="cite_note-Marples_2009.-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Marples_2009._12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarples2009">Marples 2009.</a> "Ukrainian scholars who write most regularly on the famine, such as Yurii Shapoval ([35]), Stanislav Kul'chyts'kyi ([15], [16], [17], [18]), Vasyl Marochko ([22], [23]) and Petro Panchenko et al. ([28]), place emphasis on several factors that appear to elucidate the true causes of the famine: the rapid introduction of collectivisation in Ukraine compared to other regions; the unreasonable grain quotas placed upon Ukraine; the closure of the borders of Ukraine and the North Caucasus according to Stalin's directive of 22 January 1933 to prevent the migration of starving peasants; the fact that Ukrainian officials informed Moscow of the situation in Ukraine and the imminence of famine as early as 1932 but without any results; Stalin's letter to Kaganovich of 11 August 1932 that outlined his suspicions of the Ukrainian peasantry and his fear of 'losing Ukraine' (Davies et al.[ 4]); the fact that the Extraordinary Commission in Ukraine led by Molotov took draconian measures, with its decree of 18 November 1932, confiscating not only grain, but also meat and vegetables, ensuring the inevitability of the peasants starving; the lack of such starvation in other republics, and most specifically Russia and Byelorussia; the link between the famine and the assault on the Ukrainian nation, as manifested by terror and deportations; the purge of cultural and national leaders; and the cessation of the earlier policy of Ukrainisation. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_signatory_nations,_2003-13"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_signatory_nations,_2003_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUN_signatory_nations2003">UN signatory nations, 2003</a>. "In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), which took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. ... [A]s a result of civil war and forced collectivization, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations. ... [W]e deplore the acts and policies that brought about mass starvation and death of millions of people. We do not want to settle scores with the past, it could not be changed, but we are convinced that exposing violations of human rights, preserving historical records and restoring the dignity of victims through acknowledgement of their suffering, will guide future societies and help to avoid similar catastrophes in the future. ... </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_"Holodomor"-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_"Holodomor"_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_"Holodomor"_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritannica_Holodomor">Britannica "Holodomor"</a>. "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 – a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated ... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2004,_p._437-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2004,_p._437_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies, Wheatcroft 2004, (page 437)</a>. "It was not until the autumn of 1932 that the restoration of proper crop rotation received the strong support of the authorities (see pp. 231–4). Meanwhile, much damage had been done. Such a dramatic expansion of sown area and reduction of fallow, without improved crop rotation and the careful introduction of alternative means for rejuvenating the soil with fertilisers or manure, was bound to lead to the reduction of yields and an increased likelihood of crop diseases. By 1932, in many regions, and particularly in Ukraine, soil exhaustion and crop diseases were widespread." </li> <li id="cite_note-note-anodyne-83"><a href="#cite_ref-note-anodyne_83-0">^</a> The term anodyne administrative measure in the quote means a measure that was not meant to solve the problem but to calm the hungry crowds, or a measure which, in of itself, would not create opposition (See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anodyne" class="extiw" title="wikt:anodyne">wikt:anodyne</a>). The term '<a href="/wiki/Anodyne" title="Anodyne">Anodyne</a>' refers to pain relieving methods, drugs or remedies, used prior to the 20th century. </li> <li id="cite_note-Werth,_2008.-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Werth,_2008._109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth2008">Werth, 2008.</a> "And while hunger hit the peasants harder than any other group, resulting in the death of millions in atrocious conditions, another form of repression, of a police nature, struck others in Ukraine at the same moment — the political and intellectual elites, from village teachers to national leaders, via the intelligentsia. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians were arrested and punished with camp sentences" </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2001,_pp._306-307.-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2001,_pp._306-307._115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2001">Martin 2001, pp. 306-307</a>. "TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation 'through the peasantry' ... TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all 'peasants' of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence.' ... Molotov, Stalin </li> <li id="cite_note-Andriewsky_2015,_p._17-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Andriewsky_2015,_p._17_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndriewsky2015">Andriewsky 2015, (page 17)</a>. "Finally, new studies have revealed the very selective — indeed, highly politicized — nature of state assistance in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Soviet authorities, as we know, took great pains to guarantee the supply of food to the industrial workforce and to certain other categories of the population — Red Army personnel and their families, for example. As the latest research has shown, however, in the spring of 1933, famine relief itself became an ideological instrument. The aid that was provided in rural Ukraine at the height of the Famine, when much of the population was starving, was directed, first and foremost, to 'conscientious' collective farm workers — those who had worked the highest number of workdays. Rations, as the sources attest, were allocated in connection with spring sowing). The bulk of assistance was delivered in the form of grain seed that was 'lent' to collective farms (from reserves that had been seized in Ukraine) with the stipulation that it would be repaid with interest. State aid, it seems clear, was aimed at trying to salvage the collective farm system and a workforce necessary to maintain it. At the very same time, Party officials announced a campaign to root out 'enemy elements of all kinds who sought to exploit the food problems for their own counter-revolutionary purposes, spreading rumours about the famine and various 'horrors'. Famine-relief, in this way, became yet another way to determine who lived and who died." </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2004,_p._190-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2004,_p._190_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies, Wheatcroft 2004, (page 109)</a>. "In a considerable number of districts in Ukraine and the North Caucasus counter-revolutionary elements – kulaks, former officers, Petlyurians, supporters of the Kuban' Rada and others – were able to penetrate into the kolkhozy as chairmen or influential members of the board, or as bookkeepers and storekeepers, and as brigade leaders at the threshers, and were able to penetrate into the village soviets, land agencies and cooperatives. They attempt to direct the work of these organisations against the interests of the proletarian state and the policy of the party; they try to organise a counter-revolutionary movement, the sabotage of the grain collections, and the sabotage of the village." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Lost births are additional births that would hypothetically have taken place had there been no famine. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaimark201070-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaimark201070_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaimark2010">Naimark 2010</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadchenkoRudneva2012-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsadchenkoRudneva2012_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsadchenkoRudneva2012_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsadchenkoRudneva2012">Osadchenko & Rudneva 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-boeckbrian-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_3-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoeck2023" class="citation journal cs1">Boeck, Brian J. 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Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fussr_nac_26.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520171244/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. 20 May 2024. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_39.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004470,_476-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004470,_476_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies & Wheatcroft 2004</a>, pp. 470, 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004xviii-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004xviii_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies & Wheatcroft 2004</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolowyna2021_45-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolowyna2021">Wolowyna 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403.-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403._46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403._46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403.">Pyrih, 1990; No. 343-403</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisenauer2014" class="citation web cs1">Reisenauer, Troy Philip (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/bitstream/handle/10365/27445/The%20Great%20Famine%20in%20Soviet%20Ukraine%20Toward%20New%20Avenues%20of%20Inquiry%20into%20the%20Holodomor.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"The Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine: Toward New Avenues of Inquiry into the Holodomor"</a> (PDF). North Dakota State University. p. 26-28. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Famine+in+Soviet+Ukraine%3A+Toward+New+Avenues+of+Inquiry+into+the+Holodomor&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=North+Dakota+State+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Reisenauer&rft.aufirst=Troy+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ndsu.edu%2Fir%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10365%2F27445%2FThe%2520Great%2520Famine%2520in%2520Soviet%2520Ukraine%2520Toward%2520New%2520Avenues%2520of%2520Inquiry%2520into%2520the%2520Holodomor.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995645-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995645_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995">Davies, Tauger & Wheatcroft 1995</a>, p. 645. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndriewsky2015">Andriewsky 2015</a>, p. 37: "Historians of Ukraine are no longer debating whether the Famine was the result of natural causes (and even then not exclusively by them). The academic debate appears to come down to the issue of intentions, to whether the special measures undertaken in Ukraine in the winter of 1932–33 that intensified starvation were aimed at Ukrainians as such." </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozenasZhukov2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rozenas, Arturas; Zhukov, Yuri M. (2019). "Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's 'Terror by Hunger'". American Political Science Review. 113 (2): 571. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055419000066">10.1017/S0003055419000066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143428346">143428346</a>. <q>Similar to famines in Ireland in 1846–1851 (Ó Gráda 2007) and China in 1959–1961 (Meng, Qian and Yared 2015), the politics behind Holodomor have been a focus of historiographic debate. The most common interpretation is that Holodomor was 'terror by hunger' (Conquest 1987, 224), 'state aggression' (Applebaum 2017) and 'clearly premeditated mass murder' (Snyder 2010, 42). Others view it as an unintended by-product of Stalin's economic policies (Kotkin 2017; Naumenko 2017), precipitated by natural factors like adverse weather and crop infestation (Davies and Wheatcroft 1996; Tauger 2001).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Mass+Repression+and+Political+Loyalty%3A+Evidence+from+Stalin%27s+%27Terror+by+Hunger%27&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=571&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055419000066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143428346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rozenas&rft.aufirst=Arturas&rft.au=Zhukov%2C+Yuri+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2005824DaviesWheatcroft2006628,_631-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman2005824DaviesWheatcroft2006628,_631_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2005">Ellman 2005</a>, p. 824; <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2006">Davies & Wheatcroft 2006</a>, pp. 628, 631. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth2008-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth2008_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth2008">Werth 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps">Kulchytsky2007- Evidential Gaps</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2005-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarples2005_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarples2005_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarples2005_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarples2005">Marples 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllman2005-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllman2005_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2005">Ellman 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200277"[T]he_drought_of_1931_was_particularly_severe,_and_drought_conditions_continued_in_1932._This_certainly_helped_to_worsen_the_conditions_for_obtaining_the_harvest_in_1932"-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200277"[T]he_drought_of_1931_was_particularly_severe,_and_drought_conditions_continued_in_1932._This_certainly_helped_to_worsen_the_conditions_for_obtaining_the_harvest_in_1932"_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2002">Davies & Wheatcroft 2002</a>, p. 77, "[T]he drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continued in 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in 1932". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngerman2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUkFlO7hoxOMCpgPA194_194]-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngerman2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUkFlO7hoxOMCpgPA194_194]_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngerman2009">Engerman 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA194">194</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004xix–xxi-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft2004xix–xxi_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004">Davies & Wheatcroft 2004</a>, pp. xix–xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2018-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2018_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheatcroft2018">Wheatcroft 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples2002-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarples2002_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarples2002">Marples 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995643-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995643_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995">Davies, Tauger & Wheatcroft 1995</a>, p. 643. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETauger200145-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETauger200145_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTauger2001">Tauger 2001</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaumenko2021-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaumenko2021_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaumenko2021">Naumenko 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETauger200139-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETauger200139_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTauger2001">Tauger 2001</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-TaugerQianCritique-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaugerQianCritique_67-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauger" class="citation journal cs1">Tauger, Mark B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1286/TaugerSept2023.pdf?mimetype=pdf">"The Environmental Economy of the Soviet Famine in Ukraine in 1933: A Critique of Several Papers by Natalya Naumenko"</a> (PDF). Econ Journal Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018075413/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1286/TaugerSept2023.pdf?mimetype=pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econ+Journal+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Economy+of+the+Soviet+Famine+in+Ukraine+in+1933%3A+A+Critique+of+Several+Papers+by+Natalya+Naumenko&rft.aulast=Tauger&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconjwatch.org%2FFile%2Bdownload%2F1286%2FTaugerSept2023.pdf%3Fmimetype%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collectivizationstruggle-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collectivizationstruggle_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collectivizationstruggle_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collectivizationstruggle_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collectivizationstruggle_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola2014" class="citation book cs1">Viola, Lynne (2014). "Collectivization in the Soviet Union: Specificities and Modalities". The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe:Comparison and Entanglements. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. pp. 49–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-048-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-048-9"><bdi>978-963-386-048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Collectivization+in+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Specificities+and+Modalities&rft.btitle=The+Collectivization+of+Agriculture+in+Communist+Eastern+Europe%3AComparison+and+Entanglements&rft.pages=49-69&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-963-386-048-9&rft.aulast=Viola&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeilharz2019" class="citation book cs1">Beilharz, Peter (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lfe-DwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+widely+acknowledged+collectivisation&pg=PT196">Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-70651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-70651-2"><bdi>978-1-000-70651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%2C+Trotskyism+and+the+Transition+to+Socialism&rft.pages=1-206&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-000-70651-2&rft.aulast=Beilharz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLfe-DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bwidely%2Backnowledged%2Bcollectivisation%26pg%3DPT196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leontrotskyrevol0000rube/page/160/mode/2up?q=forced+collectivization">Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Protses_TsK_1921">the original</a> on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resource.history.org.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81+%D1%86%D0%BA+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%97+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2+1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fcgi-bin%2Feiu%2Fhistory.exe%3F%26I21DBN%3DEIU%26P21DBN%3DEIU%26S21STN%3D1%26S21REF%3D10%26S21FMT%3Deiu_all%26C21COM%3DS%26S21CNR%3D20%26S21P01%3D0%26S21P02%3D0%26S21P03%3DTRN%3D%26S21COLORTERMS%3D0%26S21STR%3DProtses_TsK_1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Institute_of_National_Memory" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Institute_of_National_Memory" title="Ukrainian Institute of National Memory">Ukrainian Institute of National Memory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306060857/https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/traven/18/1928-pochavsya-sud-po-shahtynskiy-spravi">"1928 - pochavsya sud po "shakhtynsʹkiy spravi"" <bdi lang="uk">1928 - почався суд по "шахтинській справі"</bdi></a> [1928 - the trial of the "Shakhtyn case" began]. УІНП (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/traven/18/1928-pochavsya-sud-po-shahtynskiy-spravi">the original</a> on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A3%D0%86%D0%9D%D0%9F&rft.atitle=1928+-+pochavsya+sud+po+%22shakhtyns%CA%B9kiy+spravi%22+1928+-+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%22%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%22&rft.au=Ukrainian+Institute+of+National+Memory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuinp.gov.ua%2Fistorychnyy-kalendar%2Ftraven%2F18%2F1928-pochavsya-sud-po-shahtynskiy-spravi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=ESU;n=16497#OR9hWEUG66RY930K1">"Postanovleniye Prezidiuma TSIK SSSR ot 16.10.1925 «Ob uregulirovanii granits Ukrainskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Sovetskoy Respubliki s Rossiyskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Federativnoy Sovetskoy Respublikoy i Belorusskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Sovetskoy Respublikoy»" <bdi lang="ru">Постановление Президиума ЦИК СССР от 16.10.1925 «Об урегулировании границ Украинской Социалистической Советской Республики с Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республикой и Белорусской Социалистической Советской Республикой».</bdi></a> [Resolution of the Presidium of the CEC of the USSR of 16.10.1925 "On the settlement of the borders of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic with the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic and the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic".] (in Russian). Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postanovleniye+Prezidiuma+TSIK+SSSR+ot+16.10.1925+%C2%ABOb+uregulirovanii+granits+Ukrainskoy+Sotsialisticheskoy+Sovetskoy+Respubliki+s+Rossiyskoy+Sotsialisticheskoy+Federativnoy+Sovetskoy+Respublikoy+i+Belorusskoy+Sotsialisticheskoy+Sovetskoy+Respublikoy%C2%BB.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+16.10.1925+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%C2%BB.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DESU%3Bn%3D16497%23OR9hWEUG66RY930K1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602141027/https://uamoderna.com/md/kravets-kharkiv-svu-1930/">""Monstr-protses": kharkivsʹka sprava "Spilky Vyzvolennya Ukrayiny" 1930 r. u hromadsʹko-politychniy dumtsi Halychyny" <bdi lang="uk">"Монстр-процес": харківська справа "Спілки Визволення України" 1930 р. у громадсько-політичній думці Галичини</bdi></a> [The "Monster Trial": The Kharkiv Case of the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine" in 1930 in the Public and Political Thought of Galicia]. Україна Модерна (in Ukrainian). 3 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uamoderna.com/md/kravets-kharkiv-svu-1930/">the original</a> on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%22Monstr-protses%22%3A+kharkivs%CA%B9ka+sprava+%22Spilky+Vyzvolennya+Ukrayiny%22+1930+r.+u+hromads%CA%B9ko-politychniy+dumtsi+Halychyny+%22%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%22%3A+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%22%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%22+1930+%D1%80.+%D1%83+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuamoderna.com%2Fmd%2Fkravets-kharkiv-svu-1930%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapoval" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shapoval, Yurii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602075134/https://esu.com.ua/article-71165">"Narodnoyi revolyutsiynoyi sotsialistychnoyi partiyi Sprava" <bdi lang="uk">Народної революційної соціалістичної партії Справа</bdi></a> [Case of "People's Revolutionary Socialist Party"]. Енциклопедія Сучасної України (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esu.com.ua/article-71165">the original</a> on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=Narodnoyi+revolyutsiynoyi+sotsialistychnoyi+partiyi+Sprava+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aulast=Shapoval&rft.aufirst=Yurii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesu.com.ua%2Farticle-71165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrystajkoŠapoval1999" class="citation book cs1">Prystajko, Volodymyr I.; Šapoval, Jurij I. (1999). Mychajlo Hruševs'kyj: sprava "UNC" i ostanni roky (1931-1934) = Paralleltit. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. Kyïv: Krytyka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-7679-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-7679-08-8"><bdi>978-966-7679-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mychajlo+Hru%C5%A1evs%27kyj%3A+sprava+%22UNC%22+i+ostanni+roky+%281931-1934%29+%3D+Paralleltit.+Mykhailo+Hrushevsky&rft.place=Ky%C3%AFv&rft.pub=Krytyka&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-966-7679-08-8&rft.aulast=Prystajko&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr+I.&rft.au=%C5%A0apoval%2C+Jurij+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2001-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2001_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2001_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheatcroft2001">Wheatcroft 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019">Leonavičius & Ozolinčiūtė 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalko2021191-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalko2021191_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalko2021">Malko 2021</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Mace" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Mace">Mace, James E.</a> (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7">"Is the Ukrainian Genocide a Myth?"</a> (PDF). Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 376 (3): 45–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F221023903X00378">10.1163/221023903X00378</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325182725/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian-American+Slavic+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+the+Ukrainian+Genocide+a+Myth%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F221023903X00378&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FJames_Mace%2FIs_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf%3FPHPSESSID%3Dho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndriewsky2015_112-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndriewsky2015">Andriewsky 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapakin2010-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapakin2010_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapakin2010">Papakin 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyrih2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Pyrih, Ruslan I͡a. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-518-419-5/978-966-518-419-5.pdf">1932–1933 rokiv v Ukraïni: Dokumenty i materialy <bdi lang="uk">1932–1933 років в Ukraïni: Документи і матеріали</bdi></a> [Holodomor of 1932–33 in Ukraine: Documents and Materials] (PDF). Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a>. pp. 609–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-518-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-518-419-5"><bdi>978-966-518-419-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101194242/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-966-518-419-5/978-966-518-419-5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1932%E2%80%931933+rokiv+v+Ukra%C3%AFni%3A+Dokumenty+i+materialy+1932%E2%80%931933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B2+Ukra%C3%AFni%3A+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=609-10&rft.pub=Kyiv-Mohyla+Academy&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-966-518-419-5&rft.aulast=Pyrih&rft.aufirst=Ruslan+I%CD%A1a.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.org.ua%2FLiberUA%2F978-966-518-419-5%2F978-966-518-419-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETauger1991-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETauger1991_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTauger1991">Tauger 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerth1999164-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerth1999164_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerth1999">Werth 1999</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKotkin2017-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotkin2017_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKotkin2017_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKotkin2017">Kotkin 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995656–657-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995656–657_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995">Davies, Tauger & Wheatcroft 1995</a>, pp. 656–657. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKharkiv_Oblast_secretary1933-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKharkiv_Oblast_secretary1933_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKharkiv_Oblast_secretary1933">Kharkiv Oblast secretary 1933</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umoloda.kyiv.ua/number/3248/196/118497/fb">""Класово ворожа" бандура: пам'яті розстріляних кобзарів"</a> [The "Class-Hostile" Bandura: In Memory of Executed Kobzars]. umoloda.kyiv.ua (in Ukrainian). 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Congress.gov. 6 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423151238/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2005/4/6/house-section/article/H1784-3">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=Congressional+Record+House+Articles&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fcongressional-record%2F2005%2F4%2F6%2Fhouse-section%2Farticle%2FH1784-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyiv_Post2010-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyiv_Post2010_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyiv_Post2010_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyiv_Post2010">Kyiv Post 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2010-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2010_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2010_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2010">O'Neil 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2009-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2009_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2009_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyder2009">Snyder 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarples200750-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarples200750_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarples2007">Marples 2007</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevchenko_University_news2016-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevchenko_University_news2016_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShevchenko_University_news2016">Shevchenko University news 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2000-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheatcroft2000_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheatcroft2000">Wheatcroft 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2004-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulchytsky2004_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulchytsky2004">Kulchytsky 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulchytskyYefimenko200342–63-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulchytskyYefimenko200342–63_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKulchytskyYefimenko2003">Kulchytsky & Yefimenko 2003</a>, pp. 42–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnytskyiLevchukWolowynaShevchuk2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rudnytskyi, Omelian; Levchuk, Nataliia; Wolowyna, Oleh; Shevchuk, Pavlo; Kovbasiuk (Savchuk), Alla (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/csp/index.php/csp/article/view/21772">"Demography of a man-made human catastrophe: The case of massive famine in Ukraine 1932-1933"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Studies+in+Population+%5BARCHIVES%5D&rft.atitle=Demography+of+a+man-made+human+catastrophe%3A+The+case+of+massive+famine+in+Ukraine+1932-1933&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=53-80&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25336%2FP6FC7G&rft.issn=1927-629X&rft.aulast=Rudnytskyi&rft.aufirst=Omelian&rft.au=Levchuk%2C+Nataliia&rft.au=Wolowyna%2C+Oleh&rft.au=Shevchuk%2C+Pavlo&rft.au=Kovbasiuk+%28Savchuk%29%2C+Alla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.ualberta.ca%2Fcsp%2Findex.php%2Fcsp%2Farticle%2Fview%2F21772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002_171-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002">Vallin et al. 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMesléPisonVallin2005"What_is_striking_in_the_long-term_picture_of_Ukrainian_life_expectancy_is_the_devastating_impact_of_the_calamities_of_the_1930s_and_1940s._In_1933,_the_famine_which_had_occasioned_unparalleled_excess_mortality_of_2.2_million,_cut_the_period_life_expectancy_to_a_low_of_under_10_years"-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMesléPisonVallin2005"What_is_striking_in_the_long-term_picture_of_Ukrainian_life_expectancy_is_the_devastating_impact_of_the_calamities_of_the_1930s_and_1940s._In_1933,_the_famine_which_had_occasioned_unparalleled_excess_mortality_of_2.2_million,_cut_the_period_life_expectancy_to_a_low_of_under_10_years"_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMesléPisonVallin2005">Meslé, Pison & Vallin 2005</a>, "What is striking in the long-term picture of Ukrainian life expectancy is the devastating impact of the calamities of the 1930s and 1940s. 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Retrieved 24 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=On+%27Genocide%27+And+Famine&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.aulast=Chalupa&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FRFERL_Interview_Robert_Conquest_Genocide_Famine%2F1357449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetty2000-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetty2000_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGetty2000">Getty 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200269_et_seq.-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesWheatcroft200269_et_seq._196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2002">Davies & Wheatcroft 2002</a>, p. 69 et seq.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017347–356-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApplebaum2017347–356_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFApplebaum2017">Applebaum 2017</a>, pp. 347–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadzinsky1996256–59-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadzinsky1996256–59_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadzinsky1996">Radzinsky 1996</a>, pp. 256–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConquest200196-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConquest200196_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConquest2001">Conquest 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadzinsky1996">Radzinsky 1996</a>, pp. 256–59; <a href="#CITEREFPipes1995">Pipes 1995</a>, pp. 232–36; <a href="#CITEREFUkrainian_Weekly2002">Ukrainian Weekly 2002</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMace2004">Mace 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&dq=%22after+over+half+a+century+of+denial%22&pg=PA93">93</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2004">Totten, Parsons & Charny 2004</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-WalesOnline-201"><a href="#cite_ref-WalesOnline_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992">"Welsh journalist who exposed a Soviet tragedy"</a>. Wales Online, Western Mail and the South Wales Echo. 13 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418214816/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online%2C+Western+Mail+and+the+South+Wales+Echo&rft.atitle=Welsh+journalist+who+exposed+a+Soviet+tragedy&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fwelsh-journalist-who-exposed-soviet-2069992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SovietArticles-202"><a href="#cite_ref-SovietArticles_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/soviet_articles.htm">"Famine Exposure: Newspaper Articles relating to Gareth Jones' trips to The Soviet Union (1930–35)"</a>. garethjones.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114101134/https://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/soviet_articles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=garethjones.org&rft.atitle=Famine+Exposure%3A+Newspaper+Articles+relating+to+Gareth+Jones%27+trips+to+The+Soviet+Union+%281930%E2%80%9335%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garethjones.org%2Fsoviet_articles%2Fsoviet_articles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal2021-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeal2021_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeal2021">Beal 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2009-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2009_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2009">Levy 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInfoUkes_Staff2009-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInfoUkes_Staff2009_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInfoUkes_Staff2009">InfoUkes Staff 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorbunovaKlymchuk2020">Gorbunova & Klymchuk 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKravchenko2020">Kravchenko 2020</a>, pp. 30–34; <a href="#CITEREFMarples2007">Marples 2007</a>, p. 246: "Still, the researchers have been unable to come up with a firm figure of the number of victims. Conquest cites 5 million deaths; Werth from 4 to 5 million; and Kul'chyts'kyi 3.5 million."; <a href="#CITEREFMendel2018">Mendel 2018</a>: "The data of V. Tsaplin indicates 2.9 million deaths in 1933 alone."; <a href="#CITEREFYefimenko2021">Yefimenko 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYefimenko2021-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYefimenko2021_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYefimenko2021">Yefimenko 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorbunovaKlymchuk2020-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorbunovaKlymchuk2020_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorbunovaKlymchuk2020">Gorbunova & Klymchuk 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Pravda2022-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_Pravda2022_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEuropean_Pravda2022">European Pravda 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerbyn2008-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerbyn2008_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSerbyn2008">Serbyn 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERada,_Nov._2006.-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERada,_Nov._2006._212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERada,_Nov._2006._212-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRada,_Nov._2006.">Rada, Nov. 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahm2022" class="citation news cs1">Dahm, Julia (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/">"EU parliament votes to recognise 'Holodomor' famine as genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220081552/https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=EU+parliament+votes+to+recognise+%27Holodomor%27+famine+as+genocide&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.aulast=Dahm&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fagriculture-food%2Fnews%2Feu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Welle,_Dec_2022.-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Welle,_Dec_2022._214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsche_Welle,_Dec_2022.">Deutsche Welle, Dec 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Weekly2003-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Weekly2003_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUkrainian_Weekly2003">Ukrainian Weekly 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2001">Martin 2001</a>, pp. 306–307: "TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants "for bread" has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation "through the peasantry" . . . TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all "peasants" of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence. . . . Molotov, Stalin" </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7">"Is the Ukrainian Genocide a Myth?"</a> (PDF). James E. Marce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325182725/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/James_Mace/Is_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf?PHPSESSID=ho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+E.+Marce&rft.atitle=Is+the+Ukrainian+Genocide+a+Myth%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron1.chtyvo.org.ua%2FJames_Mace%2FIs_the_Ukrainian_Genocide_a_Myth_anhl.pdf%3FPHPSESSID%3Dho2l7bb4c2gmor9b9j4qhetpi7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerkhovna_Rada,_2003.-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerkhovna_Rada,_2003._218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerkhovna_Rada,_2003.">Verkhovna Rada, 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2010-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInterfax_Ukraine2010_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2010">Interfax Ukraine 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoackJanssenCornerford2014-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoackJanssenCornerford2014_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoackJanssenCornerford2014">Noack, Janssen & Cornerford 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer2014-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer2014_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayer2014">Bayer 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESymposium:_Starvation_As_A_Political_Tool,_2020.-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymposium:_Starvation_As_A_Political_Tool,_2020._222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSymposium:_Starvation_As_A_Political_Tool,_2020.">Symposium: Starvation As A Political Tool, 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_WaalMurdoch2022-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_WaalMurdoch2022_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_WaalMurdoch2022">de Waal & Murdoch 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantoraVinograd2022-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantoraVinograd2022_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSantoraVinograd2022">Santora & Vinograd 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEListerFylyppov2022-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEListerFylyppov2022_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFListerFylyppov2022">Lister & Fylyppov 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2022-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2022_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiamond2022">Diamond 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2022-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2022_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2022">Stewart 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdesk2022" class="citation web cs1">desk, The Kyiv Independent news (24 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/romania-moldova-ireland-recognize-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people">"Romania, Moldova, Ireland recognize Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124230352/https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/romania-moldova-ireland-recognize-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Romania%2C+Moldova%2C+Ireland+recognize+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.aulast=desk&rft.aufirst=The+Kyiv+Independent+news&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fnews-feed%2Fromania-moldova-ireland-recognize-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022c-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022c_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUkrinform2022c">Ukrinform 2022c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/romania-belarus-opposition-recognized-holodomor-171800062.html">"Romania and Belarus' opposition recognized Holodomor as a genocide of Ukrainians"</a>. The New Voice of Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>. 24 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124234605/https://news.yahoo.com/romania-belarus-opposition-recognized-holodomor-171800062.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Voice+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Romania+and+Belarus%27+opposition+recognized+Holodomor+as+a+genocide+of+Ukrainians&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fromania-belarus-opposition-recognized-holodomor-171800062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPianigiani2022-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPianigiani2022_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPianigiani2022">Pianigiani 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUcrainica_Research2009_232-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFUcrainica_Research2009">Ucrainica Research 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310104837/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392803/">"Belgium's House of Representatives recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/10/7392803/">the original</a> on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium%27s+House+of+Representatives+recognises+Holodomor+as+genocide+of+Ukrainians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2023%2F03%2F10%2F7392803%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516084710/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide/">"The upper house of the Brazilian parliament has recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide/">the original</a> on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+upper+house+of+the+Brazilian+parliament+has+recognized+the+Holodomor+as+an+act+of+genocide.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fthe-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503022241/https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2022/04/26/aprovado-reconhecimento-do-holodomor-como-genocidio-contra-ucranianos">"Aprovado reconhecimento do Holodomor como genocídio contra ucranianos"</a> [Approved recognition of Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians]. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Senado Federal</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2022/04/26/aprovado-reconhecimento-do-holodomor-como-genocidio-contra-ucranianos">the original</a> on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senado+Federal&rft.atitle=Aprovado+reconhecimento+do+Holodomor+como+genoc%C3%ADdio+contra+ucranianos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.senado.leg.br%2Fnoticias%2Fmaterias%2F2022%2F04%2F26%2Faprovado-reconhecimento-do-holodomor-como-genocidio-contra-ucranianos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530190914/https://kyivindependent.com/bulgarian-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people/">"Bulgarian parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a>. 1 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/bulgarian-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people">the original</a> on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+parliament+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fnews-feed%2Fbulgarian-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203235238/https://bnr.bg/en/post/101773202/bulgarias-national-assembly-declares-the-holodomor-in-ukraine-a-genocide">"Bulgaria's National Assembly declares the Holodomor In Ukraine a genocide"</a>. 1 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnr.bg/en/post/101773202/bulgarias-national-assembly-declares-the-holodomor-in-ukraine-a-genocide">the original</a> on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%27s+National+Assembly+declares+the+Holodomor+In+Ukraine+a+genocide&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fen%2Fpost%2F101773202%2Fbulgarias-national-assembly-declares-the-holodomor-in-ukraine-a-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croatia-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Croatia_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630105651/https://kyivindependent.com/croatia-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians/">"Croatian government supports recognition of Holodomor as genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Independent">Kyiv Independent</a>. 15 June 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/croatia-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians/">the original</a> on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Croatian+government+supports+recognition+of+Holodomor+as+genocide&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fcroatia-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2023" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Mark (28 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701072543/https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/croatia/item/15122-croatian-parliament-unanimously-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-the-ukrainian-people">"Croatian Parliament Unanimously Recognizes Holodomor as Genocide against the Ukrainian People"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubrovnik_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubrovnik Times (page does not exist)">Dubrovnik Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/croatia/item/15122-croatian-parliament-unanimously-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-the-ukrainian-people">the original</a> on 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dubrovnik+Times&rft.atitle=Croatian+Parliament+Unanimously+Recognizes+Holodomor+as+Genocide+against+the+Ukrainian+People&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedubrovniktimes.com%2Fnews%2Fcroatia%2Fitem%2F15122-croatian-parliament-unanimously-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-the-ukrainian-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125170100/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine/">"The Czech Republic recognized the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide in Ukraine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine/">the original</a> on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Czech+Republic+recognized+the+Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%931933+as+genocide+in+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fthe-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3688723-french-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">"French Parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. 29 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329164927/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3688723-french-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Parliament+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3688723-french-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France-242"><a href="#cite_ref-France_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329074136/https://kyivindependent.com/france-recognizes-holodomor/">"France recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a>. 28 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/france-recognizes-holodomor/">the original</a> on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=France+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainians&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Ffrance-recognizes-holodomor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129170439/https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/16/dossiers/holomor_genocide">"Reconnaissance et condamnation de la grande famine de 1932-1933, connue sous le nom d'Holodomor, comme génocide"</a> [Recognition and condemnation of the great famine of 1932-1933, known as the Holodomor, as genocide]. <a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblée nationale">Assemblée nationale</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/16/dossiers/holomor_genocide">the original</a> on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale&rft.atitle=Reconnaissance+et+condamnation+de+la+grande+famine+de+1932-1933%2C+connue+sous+le+nom+d%27Holodomor%2C+comme+g%C3%A9nocide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fdyn%2F16%2Fdossiers%2Fholomor_genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521110823/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3710648-french-senate-recognizes-19321933-holodomor-as-genocide-of-ukrainian-people.html">"French Senate recognizes 1932-1933 Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. 17 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3710648-french-senate-recognizes-19321933-holodomor-as-genocide-of-ukrainian-people.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=French+Senate+recognizes+1932-1933+Holodomor+as+genocide+of+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3710648-french-senate-recognizes-19321933-holodomor-as-genocide-of-ukrainian-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitnikova2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sitnikova, Iryna (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130230515/https://hromadske.ua/posts/nimechchina-viznala-golodomor-genocidom-ukrayinskogo-narodu">"Німеччина визнала Голодомор геноцидом українського народу"</a> [Germany recognized the Holodomor with the genocide of the Ukrainian people] (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hromadske.ua/posts/nimechchina-viznala-golodomor-genocidom-ukrayinskogo-narodu">the original</a> on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Sitnikova&rft.aufirst=Iryna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhromadske.ua%2Fposts%2Fnimechchina-viznala-golodomor-genocidom-ukrayinskogo-narodu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2023/03/23/segja_hungursneyd_i_ukrainu_hafa_verid_hopmord/">"Segja hungursneyð í Úkraínu hafa verið hópmorð"</a> [Say the famine in Ukraine was mass murder]. <a href="/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Morgunblaðið">Morgunblaðið</a> (in Icelandic). 23 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323135218/https://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2023/03/23/segja_hungursneyd_i_ukrainu_hafa_verid_hopmord/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0&rft.atitle=Segja+hungursney%C3%B0+%C3%AD+%C3%9Akra%C3%ADnu+hafa+veri%C3%B0+h%C3%B3pmor%C3%B0&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbl.is%2Ffrettir%2Finnlent%2F2023%2F03%2F23%2Fsegja_hungursneyd_i_ukrainu_hafa_verid_hopmord%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/iceland-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians/">"Iceland recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a>. 23 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328065217/https://kyivindependent.com/iceland-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Iceland+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainians&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Ficeland-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530133439/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3686432-zelensky-visits-kherson-region.html">"Iceland recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. 23 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3686451-iceland-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3686451-iceland-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3621342-irelands-senate-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html">"Ireland's Senate recognizes Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as genocide"</a>. 24 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124182422/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3621342-irelands-senate-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Senate+recognizes+Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Ukraine+as+genocide&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3621342-irelands-senate-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/SenatorMarkDaly/posts/pfbid035FDubJcjJWyHLbPejpNEL4A2k5hyXw8rwYZShdWuyVqPtyWhVK3bvPc1bNseo9exl">"Mark Daly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214005644/https://www.facebook.com/SenatorMarkDaly/posts/pfbid035FDubJcjJWyHLbPejpNEL4A2k5hyXw8rwYZShdWuyVqPtyWhVK3bvPc1bNseo9exl">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Mark+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FSenatorMarkDaly%2Fposts%2Fpfbid035FDubJcjJWyHLbPejpNEL4A2k5hyXw8rwYZShdWuyVqPtyWhVK3bvPc1bNseo9exl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/italy-senate-recognizes-holodomor-ukraine-genocide/32522340.html">"Italy's Senate Votes To Recognize Holodomor Famine In Ukraine As Genocide"</a>. RFE/RL. 27 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727085625/http://www.rferl.org/a/italy-senate-recognizes-holodomor-ukraine-genocide/32522340.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Senate+Votes+To+Recognize+Holodomor+Famine+In+Ukraine+As+Genocide&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fitaly-senate-recognizes-holodomor-ukraine-genocide%2F32522340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230615022726/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3722570-luxembourgs-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians.html">"Luxembourg's parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. 14 June 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3722570-luxembourgs-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Luxembourg%27s+parliament+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainians&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3722570-luxembourgs-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714120545/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/luxembourg-parliament-recognises-holodomor-as-genocide-of-ukrainian-people/ar-AA1cvwDw">"Luxembourg Parliament recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. 13 June 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/luxembourg-parliament-recognises-holodomor-as-genocide-of-ukrainian-people/ar-AA1cvwDw">the original</a> on 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Luxembourg+Parliament+recognises+Holodomor+as+genocide+of+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fluxembourg-parliament-recognises-holodomor-as-genocide-of-ukrainian-people%2Far-AA1cvwDw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221232844/https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/romania-moldova-ireland-recognize-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people">"Romania, Moldova, Ireland recognize Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. 24 November 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/romania-moldova-ireland-recognize-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people">the original</a> on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania%2C+Moldova%2C+Ireland+recognize+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fnews-feed%2Fromania-moldova-ireland-recognize-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162627/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/7/7410240/">"Dutch House of Representatives recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. 7 July 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/07/7/7410240/">the original</a> on 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Dutch+House+of+Representatives+recognises+Holodomor+as+genocide+of+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2023%2F07%2F7%2F7410240%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaniyan2023" class="citation web cs1">Vaniyan, Roman (7 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163024/https://ukranews.com/en/news/943160-the-netherlands-recognizes-holodomor-as-a-genocide-of-the-ukrainian-people">"The Netherlands recognizes Holodomor as a genocide of the Ukrainian people"</a>. Ukrainian News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukranews.com/en/news/943160-the-netherlands-recognizes-holodomor-as-a-genocide-of-the-ukrainian-people">the original</a> on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+News&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands+recognizes+Holodomor+as+a+genocide+of+the+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft.aulast=Vaniyan&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F943160-the-netherlands-recognizes-holodomor-as-a-genocide-of-the-ukrainian-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401155815/https://www.spilka.pt/index.php/em-portugues/noticias/63-2009-05-11-21-22-35/2009-05-11-22-28-36/7372-voto-de-condenacao-n-233-xiii-reconhecimento-do-holodomor-grande-fome-de-1932-e-1933-ocorrida-na-ucrania">"Parlamento de Portugal reconheceu a Holodomor de 1932–1933 na Ucrânia como Genocídio contra o povo Ucraniano"</a> [Parliament of Portugal recognized the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as Genocide against the Ukrainian people] (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spilka.pt/index.php/em-portugues/noticias/63-2009-05-11-21-22-35/2009-05-11-22-28-36/7372-voto-de-condenacao-n-233-xiii-reconhecimento-do-holodomor-grande-fome-de-1932-e-1933-ocorrida-na-ucrania">the original</a> on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parlamento+de+Portugal+reconheceu+a+Holodomor+de+1932%E2%80%931933+na+Ucr%C3%A2nia+como+Genoc%C3%ADdio+contra+o+povo+Ucraniano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spilka.pt%2Findex.php%2Fem-portugues%2Fnoticias%2F63-2009-05-11-21-22-35%2F2009-05-11-22-28-36%2F7372-voto-de-condenacao-n-233-xiii-reconhecimento-do-holodomor-grande-fome-de-1932-e-1933-ocorrida-na-ucrania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221216155359/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html">"Romania recognizes Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as genocide"</a>. 24 November 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania+recognizes+Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Ukraine+as+genocide&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slovakia-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Slovakia_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrsr.sk/web/Default.aspx?sid=schodze/hlasovanie/hlasklub&ID=50635">"Návrh skupiny poslancov Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky na prijatie uznesenia Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky k uznaniu hladomoru na Ukrajine v rokoch 1932-1933 za genocídu (tlač 1734). Hlasovanie o návrhu uznesenia"</a> [Proposal of a group of deputies of the National Council of the Slovak Republic to adopt a resolution of the National Council of the Slovak Republic to recognize the famine in Ukraine in the years 1932-1933 as genocide (print 1734). Voting on the draft resolution]. <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of the Slovak Republic">National Council of the Slovak Republic</a> website (in Slovak). 20 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628162104/https://www.nrsr.sk/web/Default.aspx?sid=schodze/hlasovanie/hlasklub&ID=50635">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/06/20/7407727/">the original</a> on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Slovakian+parliament+recognises+Holodomor+as+genocide+of+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2023%2F06%2F20%2F7407727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngleški2023" class="citation web cs1">Angleški, S. T. A. 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Retrieved 24 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slovenia+Times&rft.atitle=Slovenia+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft.aulast=Angle%C5%A1ki&rft.aufirst=S.+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsloveniatimes.com%2Fslovenia-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529144345/https://www.24ur.com/novice/tujina/dz-sprejel-deklaracijo-o-priznanju-gladomora-kot-genocida.html">"Slovenija gladomor priznala za genocid, Zelenski se zahvaljuje poslancem"</a> [Slovenia recognized the famine as genocide, Zelenski thanks the MPs]. 24ur.com (in Slovenian). 23 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.24ur.com/novice/tujina/dz-sprejel-deklaracijo-o-priznanju-gladomora-kot-genocida.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=24ur.com&rft.atitle=Slovenija+gladomor+priznala+za+genocid%2C+Zelenski+se+zahvaljuje+poslancem&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.24ur.com%2Fnovice%2Ftujina%2Fdz-sprejel-deklaracijo-o-priznanju-gladomora-kot-genocida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-politics/swiss-house-of-representatives-recognises-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/87605880">"Swiss House of Representatives recognises Holodomor famine as genocide"</a>. swissinfo.ch. 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Swiss+House+of+Representatives+recognises+Holodomor+famine+as+genocide&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fswiss-politics%2Fswiss-house-of-representatives-recognises-holodomor-famine-as-genocide%2F87605880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakon-264"><a href="#cite_ref-zakon_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16"><bdi lang="uk">ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні</bdi></a> [Law of Ukraine: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine]. rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503083223/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rada.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D+%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%98%3A+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+1932%E2%80%931933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzakon4.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F376-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525181543/https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-05-25/debates/6EC6E8AD-56E4-44BF-A0DC-1E077B9ED2E9/UkrainianHolodomor">"Ukrainian Holodomor: Debated on Thursday 25 May 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">UK Parliament</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-05-25/debates/6EC6E8AD-56E4-44BF-A0DC-1E077B9ED2E9/UkrainianHolodomor">the original</a> on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Holodomor%3A+Debated+on+Thursday+25+May+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2Fcommons%2F2023-05-25%2Fdebates%2F6EC6E8AD-56E4-44BF-A0DC-1E077B9ED2E9%2FUkrainianHolodomor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainska_Pravda2018-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUkrainska_Pravda2018_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUkrainska_Pravda2018">Ukrainska Pravda 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212093648/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/931/text">"Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932—1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/931/text">the original</a> on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Expressing+the+sense+of+the+House+of+Representatives+that+the+85th+anniversary+of+the+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%941933%2C+known+as+the+Holodomor%2C+should+serve+as+a+reminder+of+repressive+Soviet+policies+against+the+people+of+Ukraine.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F931%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holodomor-us-senate-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holodomor-us-senate_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holodomor-us-senate_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829114336/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/931/text">"Text – H.Res.931 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. 11 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/931/text">the original</a> on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Text+%E2%80%93+H.Res.931+%E2%80%93+115th+Congress+%282017%E2%80%932018%29%3A+Expressing+the+sense+of+the+House+of+Representatives+that+the+85th+anniversary+of+the+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933%2C+known+as+the+Holodomor%2C+should+serve+as+a+reminder+of+repressive+Soviet+policies+against+the+people+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F931%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3778588-welsh-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">"Welsh Parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. 25 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020202/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3778588-welsh-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Parliament+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3778588-welsh-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022e-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022e_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUkrinform2022e">Ukrinform 2022e</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahm,_2022-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Dahm,_2022_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahm2022" class="citation news cs1">Dahm, Julia (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/">"EU parliament votes to recognise 'Holodomor' famine as genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220081552/https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/eu-parliament-votes-to-recognise-holodomor-famine-as-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. 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Yuri Marchenko. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-617-684-146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-617-684-146-3"><bdi>978-617-684-146-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001230619/https://books.google.com/books?id=lMokDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023. 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Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ontario+MPP+gets+Ukrainian+knighthood+for+bill+honouring+victims+of+famine&rft.date=2010-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews-story%2F2181600-ontario-mpp-gets-ukrainian-knighthood-for-bill-honouring-victims-of-famine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2010-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2010_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2010">Ukrainian Canadian Congress 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmaryscawthra.com/holodomor-monument.php">"Holodomor Monument – Пам'ятник Голодомору 1932–33"</a>. St. Mary's Ukrainian Catholic Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106234945/http://www.stmaryscawthra.com/holodomor-monument.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2013. 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Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unveiling+of+the+Holodomor+monument+%22Bitter+Memories+of+Childhood%22&rft.pub=UkrainianWinnipeg.ca&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrainianwinnipeg.ca%2Fholodomor-monument-unveiling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231204105/https://www.explace.on.ca/about/blog/the-holodomor-memorial-project">"The Holodomor Memorial Project"</a>. www.explace.on.ca. Canadian National Exhibition Association. 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Retrieved 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cineuropa&rft.atitle=Mr.+Jones+tames+the+Golden+Lions+at+the+Polish+Film+Festival+in+Gdynia&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcineuropa.org%2Fen%2Fnewsdetail%2F378608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022a-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUkrinform2022a_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUkrinform2022a">Ukrinform 2022a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlady1985-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlady1985_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlady1985">Klady 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlow1985-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlow1985_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlow1985">Blow 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/post/17001">"Events to Mark 90 Years Since the Holodomor"</a>. 13 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517185542/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/17001">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+to+Mark+90+Years+Since+the+Holodomor&rft.date=2023-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fpost%2F17001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamchuk1952-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamchuk1952_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamchuk1952">Samchuk 1952</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2023" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Katherine (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-diEAAAQBAJ">The Lost Year: A Survival Story of the Ukrainian Famine</a>. Roaring Brook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-31361-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-31361-4"><bdi>978-1-250-31361-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Year%3A+A+Survival+Story+of+the+Ukrainian+Famine&rft.pub=Roaring+Brook+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-250-31361-4&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-diEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/books/the-lost-year-a-survival-story-of-the-ukrainian-famine/">"The Lost Year: A Survival Story of the Ukrainian Famine"</a>. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 6 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Book+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Year%3A+A+Survival+Story+of+the+Ukrainian+Famine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalbook.org%2Fbooks%2Fthe-lost-year-a-survival-story-of-the-ukrainian-famine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETehran_Times2021-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETehran_Times2021_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTehran_Times2021">Tehran Times 2021</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union#Terror,_famine_and_the_Gulag" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union § Terror, famine and the Gulag</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriewsky2015" class="citation journal cs1">Andriewsky, Olga (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21226%2FT2301N">"Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/East/West:_Journal_of_Ukrainian_Studies" title="East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies">East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies</a>. 2 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>: 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21226%2FT2301N">10.21226/T2301N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East%2FWest%3A+Journal+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Decentred+History%3A+The+Study+of+the+Holodomor+and+Ukrainian+Historiography&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21226%2FT2301N&rft.aulast=Andriewsky&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21226%252FT2301N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyDay_Guide2017" class="citation web cs1">AnyDay Guide (25 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1463">"Remembrance Day for the Victims of Holodomors in Ukraine / November 25, 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035922/https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1463">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembrance+Day+for+the+Victims+of+Holodomors+in+Ukraine+%2F+November+25%2C+2017&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft.au=AnyDay+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanydayguide.com%2Fcalendar%2F1463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum, Anne</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/Red_Famine" title="Red Famine">Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53886-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53886-2"><bdi>978-0-385-53886-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Famine%3A+Stalin%27s+War+on+Ukraine&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53886-2&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalachuk2022" class="citation news cs1">Balachuk, Iryna (19 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/19/7372573/">"Occupiers dismantle monument to victims of Holodomor in Mariupol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117025954/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/19/7372573/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Occupiers+dismantle+monument+to+victims+of+Holodomor+in+Mariupol&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft.aulast=Balachuk&rft.aufirst=Iryna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F19%2F7372573%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkanColeStruve2007" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Elazar; Cole, Elizabeth A.; Struve, Kai (2007). Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86583-240-5"><bdi>978-3-86583-240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shared+History%2C+Divided+Memory%3A+Jews+and+Others+in+Soviet-Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Leipziger+Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-86583-240-5&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Elazar&rft.au=Cole%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Struve%2C+Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayer2014" class="citation news cs1">Bayer, Alexei (8 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobalist.com/ukraine-ireland-overcoming-mighty-neighbors/">"Ukraine and Ireland: Overcoming Mighty Neighbors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globalist" title="The Globalist">The Globalist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505090304/https://www.theglobalist.com/ukraine-ireland-overcoming-mighty-neighbors/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globalist&rft.atitle=Ukraine+and+Ireland%3A+Overcoming+Mighty+Neighbors&rft.date=2014-02-08&rft.aulast=Bayer&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobalist.com%2Fukraine-ireland-overcoming-mighty-neighbors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Beal" title="Fred Beal">Beal, Fred Erwin</a> (2021) [originally published in 1937, New York: Hillman-Curl.]. Proletarian Journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow. Hassell Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-01-433038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-01-433038-3"><bdi>978-1-01-433038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proletarian+Journey%3A+New+England%2C+Gastonia%2C+Moscow&rft.pub=Hassell+Street+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-01-433038-3&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Fred+Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerezhkov1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berezhkov, Valentin M. (1993). Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina <bdi lang="ru">Как я стал переводчиком Сталина</bdi> [How I became Stalin's translator] (in Russian). Moscow: "ДЭМ" (DEM). p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85207-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-85207-044-0"><bdi>5-85207-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kak+ya+stal+perevodchikom+Stalina+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=%22%D0%94%D0%AD%D0%9C%22+%28DEM%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=5-85207-044-0&rft.aulast=Berezhkov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2008" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Tabitha (6 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105031558/http://enewschannels.com/2008/06/06/enc3223_160145.php">"International Holodomor Remembrance Torch in Baltimore Commemorates Ukrainian Genocide"</a>. eNewsChannels. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enewschannels.com/2008/06/06/enc3223_160145.php">the original</a> on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Holodomor+Remembrance+Torch+in+Baltimore+Commemorates+Ukrainian+Genocide&rft.pub=eNewsChannels&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Tabitha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenewschannels.com%2F2008%2F06%2F06%2Fenc3223_160145.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihun2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bihun, Yaro (7 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2008/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf">"Site of Ukrainian Genocide Memorial in D.C. is dedicated"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. 76 (49): 1, 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003959/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2008/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Site+of+Ukrainian+Genocide+Memorial+in+D.C.+is+dedicated&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=1%2C+8&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft.aulast=Bihun&rft.aufirst=Yaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Farchive%2Fpdf3%2F2008%2FThe_Ukrainian_Weekly_2008-49.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilinsky1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615023457/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/uscongr4.htm">"Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 1 (2): 147–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623529908413948">10.1080/14623529908413948</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Was+the+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+Genocide%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-156&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623529908413948&rft.aulast=Bilinsky&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faminegenocide.com%2Fresources%2Fbilinsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlow1985" class="citation web cs1">Blow, Peter (15 April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html">"Film: Harvest of Despair: The 1932-33 Famine in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Nowytski" title="Slavko Nowytski">Nowytski, Slavko (director)</a>; Luhovy, Yuri and Novytski, S. (producers). Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Research_and_Documentation_Centre" title="Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre">Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217224042/http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022. <q><a href="#Nowytski1985">Documentary on Youtube</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film%3A+Harvest+of+Despair%3A+The+1932-33+Famine+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Canadian+Research+and+Documentation+Centre&rft.date=1985-04-15&rft.aulast=Blow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucrdc.org%2FFilm-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBociurkiw1982" class="citation journal cs1">Bociurkiw, Bohdan R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1012&context=ree">"Soviet Religious Policy in the Ukraine in Historical Perspective"</a>. Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe. 2 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235156/https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1012&context=ree">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Soviet+Religious+Policy+in+the+Ukraine+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bociurkiw&rft.aufirst=Bohdan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1012%26context%3Dree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriakvon_Hagen2009" class="citation book cs1">Boriak, Hennadii; von Hagen, Mark (2009). Sources for the Study of the 'Great Famine' in Ukraine. The Holodomor Series. Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Studies Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940465-06-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940465-06-0"><bdi>978-0-940465-06-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Study+of+the+%27Great+Famine%27+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=The+Holodomor+Series&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Studies+Fund&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-940465-06-0&rft.aulast=Boriak&rft.aufirst=Hennadii&rft.au=von+Hagen%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1999" class="citation news cs1">Bradley, Lara (3 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308034620/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm">"Ukraine's 'Forced Famine' Officially Recognized"</a>. The Sudbury Star. Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/forcedfam.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2012 – via reprint at ArtUkraine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sudbury+Star&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+%27Forced+Famine%27+Officially+Recognized&rft.date=1999-01-03&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artukraine.com%2Ffamineart%2Fforcedfam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (13 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/nov/13/gareth-jones-story-retold-documentary">"1930s journalist Gareth Jones to have story retold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211110421/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/nov/13/gareth-jones-story-retold-documentary">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=1930s+journalist+Gareth+Jones+to+have+story+retold&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2009%2Fnov%2F13%2Fgareth-jones-story-retold-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusel_2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Busel, Vyacheslav T., ed. (2004) [2001]. "holodomor" <bdi lang="uk">голодомор</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603010902/http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80">Velykyy tlumachnyy slovnyk suchasnoyi ukrayinsʹkoyi movy <bdi lang="uk">Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови</bdi></a> [Great Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Perun. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-569-013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-569-013-9"><bdi>978-966-569-013-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Interpret/uk-ru/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80">the original</a> on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016. <q>Shtuchnyy holod, orhanizovanyy u velycheznykh masshtabakh zlochynnoyu vladoyu proty naselennya vlasnoyi krayiny.</q> <bdi lang="uk">Штучний голод, організований у величезних масштабах злочинною владою проти населення власної країни.</bdi> [An artificial famine organized on a huge scale by a criminal government against the population of its own country.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=holodomor+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80&rft.btitle=Velykyy+tlumachnyy+slovnyk+suchasnoyi+ukrayins%CA%B9koyi+movy+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Perun&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-966-569-013-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingvo.ua%2Fuk%2FInterpret%2Fuk-ru%2F%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1933" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlin, William Henry (1933). "The Balance Sheet of the Five Year Plan". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 11 (3): 458–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030526">10.2307/20030526</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030526">20030526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Balance+Sheet+of+the+Five+Year+Plan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=458-469&rft.date=1933&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20030526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20030526&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (2001). Reflections on a Ravaged Century (New ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32086-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32086-2"><bdi>978-0-393-32086-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+a+Ravaged+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32086-2&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (2002) [1986]. The Harvest Of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-9750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-9750-7"><bdi>978-0-7126-9750-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvest+Of+Sorrow%3A+Soviet+Collectivisation+and+the+Terror-Famine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-9750-7&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCTV_news2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/CTV_news" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV news">CTV news</a> (22 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/ukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010">"Ukrainian-Canadians mark famine's 75th anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV.ca" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV.ca">CTV.ca</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018082438/http://www.ctvnews.ca/ukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian-Canadians+mark+famine%27s+75th+anniversary&rft.pub=CTV.ca&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft.au=CTV+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fukrainian-canadians-mark-famine-s-75th-anniversary-1.345010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC">Europe East and West</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06924-3"><bdi>978-0-224-06924-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135653/https://books.google.com/books?id=4yWin1-ckYgC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+East+and+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06924-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yWin1-ckYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">Davies, Robert W.</a>; Tauger, Mark B.; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3169517">"Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-1933"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 54 (3): 642–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2501740">10.2307/2501740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740">2501740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163790684">163790684</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225000154/https://www.academia.edu/3169517">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin%2C+Grain+Stocks+and+the+Famine+of+1932-1933&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=642-57&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163790684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2501740%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2501740&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Tauger%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3169517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">Davies, Robert W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf">"The Soviet Famine of 1932–33 and the Crisis in Agriculture"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (ed.). Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History. Houndmills: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-75461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-75461-0"><bdi>978-0-333-75461-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113320/https://melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/Davies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%9333+and+the+Crisis+in+Agriculture&rft.btitle=Challenging+Traditional+Views+of+Russian+History&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-75461-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Stephen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au%2Fdocuments%2FDavies_Wheatcroft_ch.4_Famine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">Davies, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen</a> (2004). The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27397-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27397-9"><bdi>978-0-230-27397-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1075104809">1075104809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Years+of+Hunger%3A+Soviet+Agriculture%2C+1931%E2%80%931933&rft.series=The+Industrialisation+of+Soviet+Russia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1075104809&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27397-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2319/h16/pensumliste/stalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf">"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman"</a> (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130600652217">10.1080/09668130600652217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451229">20451229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145729808">145729808</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630071851/https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/iakh/HIS2319/h16/pensumliste/stalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+the+Soviet+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%9333%3A+A+Reply+to+Ellman&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=625-633&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145729808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20451229%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130600652217&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uio.no%2Fstudier%2Femner%2Fhf%2Fiakh%2FHIS2319%2Fh16%2Fpensumliste%2Fstalin-and-the-soviet-famine-of-1932-33_-a-reply-to-ellman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemoscope_Weekly2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demoscope Weekly (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php?reg=2">"Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1939 goda: Ukrainskaya SSR" <bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года: Украинская ССР</bdi></a> [All-Union census of the population of 1939: Ukrainian SSR] (in Russian). Institute of Demography, National Research University Higher School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119190805/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php?reg=2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vsesoyuznaya+perepis%27+naseleniya+1939+goda%3A+Ukrainskaya+SSR+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1939+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=Institute+of+Demography%2C+National+Research+University+Higher+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2012-01&rft.au=Demoscope+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fsng_nac_39.php%3Freg%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche_Welle,_Dec_2022." class="citation news cs1">Deutsche Welle (DW) staff (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-recognizes-ukraine-holodomor-as-genocide/a-64107714">"European Parliament recognizes Ukraine Holodomor as genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW broadcasting</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217025837/https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-recognizes-ukraine-holodomor-as-genocide/a-64107714">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+recognizes+Ukraine+Holodomor+as+genocide&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.au=Deutsche+Welle+%28DW%29+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feuropean-parliament-recognizes-ukraine-holodomor-as-genocide%2Fa-64107714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_WaalMurdoch2022" class="citation news cs1">de Waal, Alex; Murdoch, Catriona (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/29/russia-could-be-guilty-of-starvation-crimes-in-ukraine-we-must-act">"Russia could be guilty of starvation crimes in Ukraine. We must act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230118/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/29/russia-could-be-guilty-of-starvation-crimes-in-ukraine-we-must-act">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+could+be+guilty+of+starvation+crimes+in+Ukraine.+We+must+act&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Murdoch%2C+Catriona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2022%2Fmar%2F29%2Frussia-could-be-guilty-of-starvation-crimes-in-ukraine-we-must-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2022" class="citation web cs1">Diamond, Yonah (27 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf">"Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation's Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent"</a> (PDF). Prof. John Packer, Erin Farrell Rosenberg (Principal Advisors) with 35 additional contributing experts. Yonah Diamond was the Principal Author. <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_University_of_America#New_Lines_Institute_for_Strategy_and_Policy" title="Fairfax University of America">New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights">Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616080955/https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independent+Legal+Analysis+of+the+Russian+Federation%27s+Breaches+of+the+Genocide+Convention+in+Ukraine+and+the+Duty+to+Prevent&rft.pub=New+Lines+Institute+for+Strategy+and+Policy%3B+Raoul+Wallenberg+Centre+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Yonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesinstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FEnglish-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolot1985" class="citation book cs1">Dolot, Miron (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/executionbyhunge00dolo_0">Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30416-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Execution+by+Hunger%3A+The+Hidden+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30416-9&rft.aulast=Dolot&rft.aufirst=Miron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexecutionbyhunge00dolo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ellman, Michael (September 2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931 – 1934". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 57 (6): 823–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130500199392">10.1080/09668130500199392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13880089">13880089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Leadership+Perceptions+and+of+Intent+in+the+Soviet+Famine+of+1931+%E2%80%93+1934&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=823-841&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130500199392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13880089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Ellman, Michael</a> (June 2007). "Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932 – 33 Revisited". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 59 (4). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 663–693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130701291899">10.1080/09668130701291899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53655536">53655536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+the+Soviet+famine+of+1932+%E2%80%93+33+Revisited&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=663-693&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130701291899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53655536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ellman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Engerman, David C. (2009) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7">Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03652-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03652-9"><bdi>978-0-674-03652-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernization+from+the+Other+Shore%3A+American+Intellectuals+and+the+Romance+of+Russian+Development&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03652-9&rft.aulast=Engerman&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkFlO7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Pravda2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/European_Pravda" title="European Pravda">European Pravda</a> (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2022/12/15/7152550/">"European Parliament Recognises Holodomor as Genocide of Ukrainian People"</a>. www.eurointegration.com.ua (in English, Russian, and Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215140342/https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2022/12/15/7152550/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eurointegration.com.ua&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+Recognises+Holodomor+as+Genocide+of+Ukrainian+People&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.au=European+Pravda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurointegration.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F15%2F7152550%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawkes2006" class="citation news cs1">Fawkes, Helen (24 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6179818.stm">"Legacy of famine divides Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328063049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6179818.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Legacy+of+famine+divides+Ukraine&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft.aulast=Fawkes&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6179818.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2008" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Peter (27 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html">"Aftermath of a Soviet Famine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105103337/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Aftermath+of+a+Soviet+Famine&rft.date=2008-04-27&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F04%2F26%2FAR2008042602039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1994" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1994). 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Retrieved 18 July 2020. <q>Similarly, the overwhelming weight of opinion among scholars working in the new archives (including Courtois's co-editor Werth) is that the terrible famine of the 1930s was the result of Stalinist bungling and rigidity rather than some genocidal plan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Future+Did+Not+Work&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=J.+Arch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2000%2F03%2Fthe-future-did-not-work%2F378081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetty2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">Getty, J. 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Clairview Books. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905570-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-905570-02-3"><bdi>1-905570-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+for+the+Earth%3A+action+now+for+peace%2C+global+justice+and+a+sustainable+future&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Clairview+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-905570-02-3&rft.aulast=Gorbachev&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Sergeevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLQ2RZRtOFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorbunovaKlymchuk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gorbunova, Viktoriia; Klymchuk, Vitalii (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21226%2Fewjus609">"The Psychological Consequences of the Holodomor in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/East/West:_Journal_of_Ukrainian_Studies" title="East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies">East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies</a>. 7 (2): 33–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21226%2Fewjus609">10.21226/ewjus609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228999786">228999786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East%2FWest%3A+Journal+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Psychological+Consequences+of+the+Holodomor+in+Ukraine&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33-68&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21226%2Fewjus609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228999786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gorbunova&rft.aufirst=Viktoriia&rft.au=Klymchuk%2C+Vitalii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21226%252Fewjus609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Saskatchewan2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Saskatchewan (14 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2013/november/14/saskatchewan-recognizes-genocide-during-holodomor-remembrance-week">"Saskatchewan recognises genocide during Holodomor Remembrance Week | News and Media | Government of Saskatchewan"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/1_98/kazimir.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Fullest+Expression+of+Pure+Feeling&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Horbachov&rft.aufirst=Dmytro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wumag.kiev.ua%2Fwumag_old%2Farchiv%2F1_98%2Fkazimir.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHryshko1983" class="citation book cs1">Hryshko, Vasyl (1983) [1976]. Carynnyk, Marco (ed.). The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933. Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9691830-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9691830-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9691830-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+Holocaust+of+1933&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Bahrianyi+Foundation&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-9691830-1-3&rft.aulast=Hryshko&rft.aufirst=Vasyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfoUkes_Staff2009" class="citation web cs1">InfoUkes Staff (26 April 2009) [28 November 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/">"The Artificial Famine/Genocide (Holodomor) in Ukraine 1932–33"</a>. InfoUkes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124193048/http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Artificial+Famine%2FGenocide+%28Holodomor%29+in+Ukraine+1932%E2%80%9333&rft.pub=InfoUkes&rft.date=2009-04-26&rft.au=InfoUkes+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoukes.com%2Fhistory%2Ffamine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyrih,_1990;_No._1-132." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Institute of History of Ukraine (1990). Pyrih, Ruslan Y.; Kentii, Anatoly V.; Komarova, Irina L.; Lozytskyi, V. S.; Solovyova, A. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815104813/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php">Documents 1-132 extracted from "Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія"</a> [Documents 1-132 extracted from "The famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents"] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-Pyrig-1932.php">the original</a> on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012. <q><a href="#Pyrih1990">See also full book</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+1-132+extracted+from+%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+1932%E2%80%9333+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%22%2F+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%3B+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.%D0%86%D0%BD-%D1%82+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.-%D0%9A.%3A%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4.%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BC+%22%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%22&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Kyiv-Mohyla+Academy&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.ua%2FSections%2FFamine%2FPublicat%2FFam-Pyrig-1932.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Institute of History of Ukraine (1990). Pyrih, Ruslan Y.; Kentii, Anatoly V.; Komarova, Irina L.; Lozytskyi, V. S.; Solovyova, A. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815125317/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php">Documents 343-403 extracted from "Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали"/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім "Києво-Могилянська академія"</a> [Documents 343-403 extracted from "The famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: through the eyes of historians, in the language of documents"] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Publicat/Fam-kolekt-1933.php">the original</a> on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012. <q><a href="#Pyrih1990">See also full book</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+343-403+extracted+from+%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+1932%E2%80%9333+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%22%2F+%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%3B+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.%D0%86%D0%BD-%D1%82+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.-%D0%9A.%3A%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4.%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BC+%22%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%22&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Kyiv-Mohyla+Academy&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.ua%2FSections%2FFamine%2FPublicat%2FFam-kolekt-1933.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax Ukraine</a> (14 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/24889.html">"Remembrance of Holodomor in Ukraine will help prevent such tragedy in future, says Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301234647/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/24889.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembrance+of+Holodomor+in+Ukraine+will+help+prevent+such+tragedy+in+future%2C+says+Obama&rft.date=2009-11-14&rft.au=Interfax+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F24889.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax Ukraine</a> (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303231855/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html">"Sentence to Stalin, his comrades for organizing Holodomor takes effect in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sentence+to+Stalin%2C+his+comrades+for+organizing+Holodomor+takes+effect+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.au=Interfax+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fsentence-to-stalin-his-comrades-for-organizing-hol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax Ukraine</a> (20 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html">"Poll: Almost two-thirds of Ukrainians believe famine of 1932–1933 was organized by Stalinist regime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021312/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/175778.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Almost+two-thirds+of+Ukrainians+believe+famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+was+organized+by+Stalinist+regime&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.au=Interfax+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F175778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2017). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (3rd ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82384-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82384-6"><bdi>978-1-138-82384-6</bdi></a>. <q>Holodomor – the Ukrainian "famine-extermination" of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin's Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root holod 'hunger' with the verbal root mor 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82384-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharkiv_Oblast_secretary1933" class="citation web cs1">Kharkiv Oblast secretary (9 April 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901160840/http://www.golodomor.kharkov.ua/docs.php?pagep=20&doc=334">"Kharkiv Oblast State Archive Ф. П - 58, catalogue 1, file 59, lists 146-147, 152"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golodomor.kharkov.ua/docs.php?pagep=20&doc=334">the original</a> on 1 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kharkiv+Oblast+State+Archive+%D0%A4.+%D0%9F+-+58%2C+catalogue+1%2C+file+59%2C+lists+146-147%2C+152.&rft.date=1933-04-09&rft.au=Kharkiv+Oblast+secretary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golodomor.kharkov.ua%2Fdocs.php%3Fpagep%3D20%26doc%3D334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlady1985" class="citation journal cs1">Klady, Leonard (1985) [originally published by Winnipeg Free Press, 26 October 1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/harvest_of_despair/">"Famine Film Harvest of Despair"</a>. Forum: A Ukrainian Review (61). Scranton: Ukrainian Fraternal Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104181945/http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/harvest_of_despair/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2022 – via InfoUkes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum%3A+A+Ukrainian+Review&rft.atitle=Famine+Film+Harvest+of+Despair&rft.issue=61&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Klady&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoukes.com%2Fhistory%2Ffamine%2Fharvest_of_despair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2017" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Kotkin, Stephen</a> (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/11/08/studying-stalin/">"Terrible Talent: Studying Stalin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Interest" title="The American Interest">The American Interest</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Richard Aldous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108025813/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2017/11/08/studying-stalin/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Interest&rft.atitle=Terrible+Talent%3A+Studying+Stalin&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Fstudying-stalin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKravchenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kravchenko, Ye (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visnyk.history.knu.ua/eng/archive/2020/144-eng/144-6-kravchenko-eng">"The Concept of Demographic Losses in the Holodomor Studies"</a>. Vìsnik - Kiïvsʹkij nacìonalʹnij unìversitet ìmenì Tarasa Ševčenka: Ìstorìâ (144): 30–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17721%2F1728-2640.2020.144.6">10.17721/1728-2640.2020.144.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1728-2640">1728-2640</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226687490">226687490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001230456/https://visnyk.history.knu.ua/eng/archive/2020/144-eng/144-6-kravchenko-eng">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ACsnik+-+Ki%C3%AFvs%CA%B9kij+nac%C3%AConal%CA%B9nij+un%C3%ACversitet+%C3%ACmen%C3%AC+Tarasa+%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denka%3A+%C3%8Cstor%C3%AC%C3%A2&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Demographic+Losses+in+the+Holodomor+Studies&rft.issue=144&rft.pages=30-34&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226687490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1728-2640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17721%2F1728-2640.2020.144.6&rft.aulast=Kravchenko&rft.aufirst=Ye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisnyk.history.knu.ua%2Feng%2Farchive%2F2020%2F144-eng%2F144-6-kravchenko-eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stalislav (22 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/skilki_nas_zaginulo_pid_golodomoru_1933_roku.html">"Skilʹky nas zahynulo vid Holodomoru 1933 roku?" <bdi lang="uk">Скільки нас загинуло від Голодомору 1933 року?</bdi></a> [How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933]. <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.atitle=Skil%CA%B9ky+nas+zahynulo+vid+Holodomoru+1933+roku%3F+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+1933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%3F&rft.date=2002-11-22&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stalislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FSOCIUM%2Fskilki_nas_zaginulo_pid_golodomoru_1933_roku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytskyYefimenko2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stanislav; Yefimenko, Hennadiy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523184052/http://histans.com/LiberUA/Book/Ki/4.pdf">"Kulchytsky pages 42-64"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/index.php?litera&id=2027">Demohrafichni naslidky holodomoru 1933 r. v Ukrayini. Vsesoyuznyy perepys 1937 r. v Ukrayini: dokumenty ta materialy <bdi lang="uk">Демографічні наслідки голодомору 1933 р. в Україні. Всесоюзний перепис 1937 р. в Україні: документи та матеріали</bdi></a> [Demographic consequences of the 1933 Holodomor in Ukraine. The all-Union census of 1937 in Ukraine: Documents and Materials] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Institute of History. pp. 42–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-02-3014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-02-3014-9"><bdi>978-966-02-3014-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histans.com/LiberUA/Book/Ki/4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kulchytsky+pages+42-64&rft.btitle=Demohrafichni+naslidky+holodomoru+1933+r.+v+Ukrayini.+Vsesoyuznyy+perepys+1937+r.+v+Ukrayini%3A+dokumenty+ta+materialy+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+1933+%D1%80.+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96.+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+1937+%D1%80.+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=42-63&rft.pub=Institute+of+History&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-966-02-3014-9&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Yefimenko%2C+Hennadiy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistans.com%2FLiberUA%2FBook%2FKi%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stanislav (22 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/prichini_golodu_1933_roku_v_ukrayini_po_storinkah_odnieyi_prizabutoyi_knigi.html">"Prychyny holodu 1933 roku v Ukrayini po storinkakh odniyeyi pidzabutoyi knyhy" <bdi lang="uk">Причини голоду 1933 року в Україні по сторінках однієї підзабутої книги</bdi></a> [Reasons for the 1933 famine in Ukraine according to the pages of one all but forgotten book]. <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a> (in Ukrainian) (16). Retrieved 20 January 2021. <q>During the hearings, the Ukrainian politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Khmara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Khmara (page does not exist)">Stefan Khmara</a> said, 'I would like to address the scientists, particularly, Stanislav Kulchytsky, who attempts to mark down the number of victims and counts them as 3–3.5 million. I studied these questions analysing the demographic statistics as early as in 1970s and concluded that the number of victims was no less than 7 million'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.atitle=Prychyny+holodu+1933+roku+v+Ukrayini+po+storinkakh+odniyeyi+pidzabutoyi+knyhy+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+1933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%94%D1%97+%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FSOCIUM%2Fprichini_golodu_1933_roku_v_ukrayini_po_storinkah_odnieyi_prizabutoyi_knigi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stalislav (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/demografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html">"Demohrafichni vtraty Ukrayiny v khkh stolitti" <bdi lang="uk">Демографічні втрати України в хх столітті</bdi></a> [Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century]. <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.atitle=Demohrafichni+vtraty+Ukrayiny+v+khkh+stolitti+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%85%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stalislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FSOCIUM%2Fdemografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kulchytsky2005" class="citation news cs1">Kulchytsky, Stanislav (25 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190108/http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html">"Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians – Six-part series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 33–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orangerevolution.us/blog/_archives/2005/12/18/1454373.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007 – via Orange Revolution website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Why+did+Stalin+exterminate+the+Ukrainians%3F+Comprehending+the+Holodomor.+The+position+of+Soviet+historians+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BSix-part+series&rft.issue=33%E2%80%9339&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orangerevolution.us%2Fblog%2F_archives%2F2005%2F12%2F18%2F1454373.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Original online issues for series: <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin1" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627212021/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4">"Part 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 33. 25 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4">the original</a> on 27 June 2022. <q><a href="#Kulchytsky2005">(Kulchytsky 2005)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Part+1&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-and-i%2Fwhy-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin2" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820211035/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3">"Part 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 34. 1 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3">the original</a> on 20 August 2022. <q><a href="#Kulchytsky2005">(Kulchytsky 2005)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Part+2&rft.issue=34&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-and-i%2Fwhy-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin3" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031204914/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2">"Part 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 35. 8 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2">the original</a> on 31 October 2022. <q><a href="#Kulchytsky2005">(Kulchytsky 2005)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Part+3&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-and-i%2Fwhy-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin4" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031204914/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1">"Part 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 37. 22 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1">the original</a> on 31 October 2022. <q><a href="#Kulchytsky2005">(Kulchytsky 2005)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Part+4&rft.issue=37&rft.date=2005-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-and-i%2Fwhy-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin5" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627210051/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0">"Part 5"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 38. 29 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0">the original</a> on 27 June 2022. <q><a href="#Kulchytsky2005">(Kulchytsky 2005)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Part+5&rft.issue=38&rft.date=2005-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-and-i%2Fwhy-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin6" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627210009/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians">"Part 6"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 39. 6 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/history-and-i/why-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians">the original</a> on 27 June 2022. <q><a href="#Kulchytsky2005">(Kulchytsky 2005)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Part+6&rft.issue=39&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhistory-and-i%2Fwhy-did-stalin-exterminate-ukrainians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kulchytsky, Stanislav (24 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodomor-33_chomu_i_yak.html">"Holodomor-33: chomu i yak?" <bdi lang="uk">Голодомор-33: чому і як?</bdi></a> [Holodomor-33: Why and how?]. <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a> (in Ukrainian) (25). Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.atitle=Holodomor-33%3A+chomu+i+yak%3F+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80-33%3A+%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%96+%D1%8F%D0%BA%3F&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FSOCIUM%2Fgolodomor-33_chomu_i_yak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (13 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302083339/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis">"Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 1 of 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/day-after-day/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis">the original</a> on 2 March 2022. <q><a href="#Kulch2005.2">Part 2</a>, <a href="#Kulch2005.3">Part 3</a>, <a href="#Kulch2005.4">Part 4</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%9333+as+genocide%3A+gaps+in+the+evidential+basis+Part+1+of+4&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fday-after-day%2Fholodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kulch2005.2" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (27 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302081200/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-thevidential-basis">"Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-thevidential-basis">the original</a> on 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%9333+as+genocide%3A+gaps+in+the+evidential+basis+Part+2&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fclose%2Fholodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-thevidential-basis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kulch2005.3" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (6 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501113747/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0">"Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0">the original</a> on 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%9333+as+genocide%3A+gaps+in+the+evidential+basis+Part+3&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fclose%2Fholodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kulch2005.4" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (20 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627201933/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis">"Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis Part 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>. No. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis">the original</a> on 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%9333+as+genocide%3A+gaps+in+the+evidential+basis+Part+4&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fclose%2Fholodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (17 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/podrobici/golodomor-1932-1933-rr-yak-genocid-progalini-u-dokazoviy-bazi-1">"Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. yak henotsyd: prohalyny u dokazovii bazi" <bdi lang="uk">Голодомор 1932 — 1933 рр. як геноцид: прогалини у доказовій базі</bdi></a> [Holodomor 1932–1933 as genocide: gaps in the evidence]. <a href="/wiki/The_Day_(Kyiv)" title="The Day (Kyiv)">Den</a> (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202145734/https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/podrobici/golodomor-1932-1933-rr-yak-genocid-progalini-u-dokazoviy-bazi-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den&rft.atitle=Holodomor+1932%E2%80%931933+rr.+yak+henotsyd%3A+prohalyny+u+dokazovii+bazi+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+1932+%E2%80%94+1933+%D1%80%D1%80.+%D1%8F%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96&rft.date=2007-02-17&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fday.kyiv.ua%2Fuk%2Farticle%2Fpodrobici%2Fgolodomor-1932-1933-rr-yak-genocid-progalini-u-dokazoviy-bazi-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0">English article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501113747/https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/close/holodomor-1932-33-genocide-gaps-evidential-basis-0">Archived</a> 1 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Stanislav_Kulchytskyi/Holod_1932-1933_pp_v_Ukpaini_iak_henotsyd_movoiu_dokumentiv_ochyma_svidkiv.pdf?PHPSESSID=dq1od2p7iq2j66s39rbk283pr4">Holod 1932-1933 pp. v Ukrayini yak henotsyd: movoyu dokumentiv, ochyma svidkiv <bdi lang="uk">гoлoд 1932-1933 pp. в Україні як геноцид: мовою документів, очима свідків</bdi></a> [Famine 1932-1933 pp. in Ukraine as genocide: in the language of documents, through the eyes of witnesses] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521114821/https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Stanislav_Kulchytskyi/Holod_1932-1933_pp_v_Ukpaini_iak_henotsyd_movoiu_dokumentiv_ochyma_svidkiv.pdf?PHPSESSID=dq1od2p7iq2j66s39rbk283pr4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holod+1932-1933+pp.+v+Ukrayini+yak+henotsyd%3A+movoyu+dokumentiv%2C+ochyma+svidkiv+%D0%B3o%D0%BBo%D0%B4+1932-1933+pp.+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%8F%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%3A+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron2.chtyvo.org.ua%2FStanislav_Kulchytskyi%2FHolod_1932-1933_pp_v_Ukpaini_iak_henotsyd_movoiu_dokumentiv_ochyma_svidkiv.pdf%3FPHPSESSID%3Ddq1od2p7iq2j66s39rbk283pr4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111015422/https://holodomor.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Kulchytsky-Holodomor-and-Communist-Onslaught.pdf">"The Ukrainian Holodomor against the Background of the Communist Onslaught, 1929–1938"</a> (PDF). Holodomor Research and Education Consortium. Translated by Kinsella, Ali; Olynyk, Marta D. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomor.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Kulchytsky-Holodomor-and-Communist-Onslaught.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holodomor+Research+and+Education+Consortium&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Holodomor+against+the+Background+of+the+Communist+Onslaught%2C+1929%E2%80%931938&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomor.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FKulchytsky-Holodomor-and-Communist-Onslaught.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulchytsky2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Кульчицький Станіслав Владиславович">Kulchytsky, Stanislav</a> [in Ukrainian] (27 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202162453/https://localhistory.org.ua/videos/bez-bromu/golodomor-stanislav-kulchitskii/">"Chomu vidbuvsya Holodomor - Stanislav Kulʹchytsʹkyy" <bdi lang="uk">Чому відбувся Голодомор - Станіслав Кульчицький</bdi></a> [Why did the Holodomor happen - Stanislav Kulchytsky] (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://localhistory.org.ua/videos/bez-bromu/golodomor-stanislav-kulchitskii/">the original</a> on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chomu+vidbuvsya+Holodomor+-+Stanislav+Kul%CA%B9chyts%CA%B9kyy+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+-+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft.aulast=Kulchytsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocalhistory.org.ua%2Fvideos%2Fbez-bromu%2Fgolodomor-stanislav-kulchitskii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuśnierz2013" class="citation conference cs1">Kuśnierz, Robert (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000523/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/6/4/7/0/5/p647057_index.html">Post-holodomor Population Resettlements to Ukraine (1933–1934)</a>. 45th Annual Convention of the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies. Boston. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/6/4/7/0/5/p647057_index.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Post-holodomor+Population+Resettlements+to+Ukraine+%281933%E2%80%931934%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%9Bnierz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitation.allacademic.com%2Fmeta%2Fp_mla_apa_research_citation%2F6%2F4%2F7%2F0%2F5%2Fp647057_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuśnierz2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuśnierz, Robert (10 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2FDN.2018.1.03">"Przesiedlenia ludności na Ukrainie w latach 1933–1934"</a> [Resettlement of population in Ukraine in the years 1933–1934]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzieje_Najnowsze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzieje Najnowsze (page does not exist)">Dzieje Najnowsze</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzieje_Najnowsze" class="extiw" title="pl:Dzieje Najnowsze">pl</a>] (in Polish). 50 (1): 51–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2FDN.2018.1.03">10.12775/DN.2018.1.03</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzieje+Najnowsze%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bpl%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Przesiedlenia+ludno%C5%9Bci+na+Ukrainie+w+latach+1933%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-68&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12775%2FDN.2018.1.03&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%9Bnierz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12775%252FDN.2018.1.03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyiv_Post2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/montreal-gazette-harper-accused-of-exaggerating-uk-88179.html">"Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">MontrealGazette.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210648/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/montreal-gazette-harper-accused-of-exaggerating-uk-88179.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harper+accused+of+exaggerating+Ukrainian+genocide+death+toll&rft.pub=MontrealGazette.com%2C+Kyiv+Post&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.au=Kyiv+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Farticle%2Fcontent%2Fukraine-politics%2Fmontreal-gazette-harper-accused-of-exaggerating-uk-88179.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Liber, George. Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914–1954 ( U of Toronto Press, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a> (2008) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302234607/http://www.uccla.ca/SOVIET_GENOCIDE_IN_THE_UKRAINE.pdf">"Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine"</a> (PDF). In Luciuk, Lubomyr; Grekul, Lisa (eds.). Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashtan_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashtan Press (page does not exist)">Kashtan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896354-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896354-33-0"><bdi>978-1-896354-33-0</bdi></a>. 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Tak vvazhav avtor terminu "henotsyd"" <bdi lang="uk">Голодомор був геноцидом. Так вважав автор терміну "геноцид"</bdi></a> [Holodomor was a genocide, according to the author of the term] (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2010/11/26/6400/">the original</a> on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holodomor+buv+henotsydom.+Tak+vvazhav+avtor+terminu+%22henotsyd%22+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC.+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83+%22%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%22&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istpravda.com.ua%2Fcolumns%2F2010%2F11%2F26%2F6400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019" class="citation journal cs1">Leonavičius, Vylius; Ozolinčiūtė, Eglė (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15388%2FSocMintVei.2019.1.10">"The Transformation of the Soviet Agriculture"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologija:_Mintis_Ir_Veiksmas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociologija: Mintis Ir Veiksmas (page does not exist)">Sociologija: Mintis Ir Veiksmas</a> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija:_Mintis_Ir_Veiksmas" class="extiw" title="lt:Sociologija: Mintis Ir Veiksmas">lt</a>]. 44 (1): 93–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15388%2FSocMintVei.2019.1.10">10.15388/SocMintVei.2019.1.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213399789">213399789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociologija%3A+Mintis+Ir+Veiksmas%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Blt%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Soviet+Agriculture&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-131&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15388%2FSocMintVei.2019.1.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213399789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leonavi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Vylius&rft.au=Ozolin%C4%8Di%C5%ABt%C4%97%2C+Egl%C4%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15388%252FSocMintVei.2019.1.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2009" class="citation news cs1">Levy, Clifford J. (16 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/europe/16kiev.html">"A New View of a Famine That Killed Millions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804005058/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/world/europe/16kiev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+View+of+a+Famine+That+Killed+Millions&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F16%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F16kiev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerFylyppov2022" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim; Fylyppov, Sanyo (5 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/europe/russia-ukraine-grain-theft-cmd-intl/index.html">"Russians steal vast amounts of Ukrainian grain and equipment, threatening this year's harvest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618081808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/europe/russia-ukraine-grain-theft-cmd-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russians+steal+vast+amounts+of+Ukrainian+grain+and+equipment%2C+threatening+this+year%27s+harvest&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fylyppov%2C+Sanyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F05%2F05%2Feurope%2Frussia-ukraine-grain-theft-cmd-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoroffVincentKuryliw2015" class="citation web cs1">Loroff, Nicole; Vincent, Jordan; Kuryliw, Valentina (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/holodomor-denial-silences/">"Holodomor – Denial and Silences: The Cover-Up: Denials, Dismissals and Silences"</a>. HREC Education [Holodomor Research and Education Consortium]. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214040645/https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/holodomor-denial-silences/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HREC+Education+%5BHolodomor+Research+and+Education+Consortium%5D&rft.atitle=Holodomor+%E2%80%93+Denial+and+Silences%3A+The+Cover-Up%3A+Denials%2C+Dismissals+and+Silences&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Loroff&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Jordan&rft.au=Kuryliw%2C+Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.holodomor.ca%2Fteaching-materials%2Fholodomor-denial-silences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">Mace, James</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/famineinukraine100serb">"The man-made famine of 1933 in Soviet Ukraine"</a>. In Serbyn, Roman; <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Krawchenko" title="Bohdan Krawchenko">Krawchenko, Bohdan</a> (eds.). Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 93–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+Man-Made+Famine+in+Ukraine&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93-126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace2008" class="citation book cs1">Mace, James E. (2008). Ваші мертві вибрали мене ... [Your dead chose me ...]. Kyiv: Vyd-vo ZAT "Ukraïns'ka pres-hrupa". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-8152-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-8152-13-9"><bdi>978-966-8152-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+...&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Vyd-vo+ZAT+%22Ukra%C3%AFns%27ka+pres-hrupa%22&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-966-8152-13-9&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> (A collection of Mace's articles and columns published in <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a> from 1993 to 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksudov1981" class="citation book cs1">Maksudov, Sergei (1981). "Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958". In Medvedev, Roy A. (ed.). The Samizdat Register II. London–New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01419-8"><bdi>978-0-393-01419-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Losses+Suffered+by+the+Population+of+the+USSR+1918%E2%80%931958&rft.btitle=The+Samizdat+Register+II&rft.place=London%E2%80%93New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01419-8&rft.aulast=Maksudov&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Margolis_(journalist)" title="Eric Margolis (journalist)">Margolis, Eric</a> (16 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html">"Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust"</a>. ukemonde.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909103902/http://www.ukemonde.com/genocide/margolisholocaust.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017. <q>First appeared in Toronto Sun, 16Nov2003</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukemonde.com&rft.atitle=Seven+million+died+in+the+%27forgotten%27+holocaust&rft.date=2003-11-16&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukemonde.com%2Fgenocide%2Fmargolisholocaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Holodomor" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Makuch, Andrij. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577">"The famine of 1932–1933"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123082312/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#ref404577">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+online&rft.aulast=Makuch&rft.aufirst=Andrij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FHistory%23ref404577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalko2021" class="citation book cs1">Malko, Victoria A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqhGEAAAQBAJ">The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9679-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9679-4"><bdi>978-1-4985-9679-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135739/https://books.google.com/books?id=FqhGEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+Intelligentsia+and+Genocide%3A+The+Struggle+for+History%2C+Language%2C+and+Culture+in+the+1920s+and+1930s&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-9679-4&rft.aulast=Malko&rft.aufirst=Victoria+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqhGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkevichNaumenkoQian2021" class="citation report cs1">Markevich, Andrei; Naumenko, Natalya; Qian, Nancy (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w29089">The Causes of Ukrainian Famine Mortality, 1932–33</a> (CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16408). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw29089">10.3386/w29089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+Ukrainian+Famine+Mortality%2C+1932%E2%80%9333&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw29089&rft.aulast=Markevich&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft.au=Naumenko%2C+Natalya&rft.au=Qian%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw29089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">Marples, David R.</a> (14 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024742/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml">"Analysis: Debating the undebatable? Ukraine Famine of 1932–1933"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. Vol. LXX, no. 28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280205.shtml">the original</a> on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Debating+the+undebatable%3F+Ukraine+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.volume=LXX&rft.issue=28&rft.date=2002-07-14&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Fold%2Farchive%2F2002%2F280205.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">Marples, David</a> (30 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615015541/http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176">"The great famine debate goes on ..."</a> ExpressNews, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressnews.ualberta.ca/article.cfm?id=7176">the original</a> on 15 June 2008 – via originally published in the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+great+famine+debate+goes+on+...&rft.pub=ExpressNews%2C+University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressnews.ualberta.ca%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D7176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">Marples, David R.</a> (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&pg=PP1">Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-98-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-98-1"><bdi>978-963-7326-98-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135653/https://books.google.com/books?id=bGPjqNGPc40C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+and+Villains%3A+Creating+National+History+in+Contemporary+Ukraine&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-963-7326-98-1&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGPjqNGPc40C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marples, David R. (1 May 2009). "Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 61 (3): 505–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130902753325">10.1080/09668130902753325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67783643">67783643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Issues+in+the+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Ukraine&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-518&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67783643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130902753325&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2001" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Terry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A90ZDgAAQBAJ">The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939</a> (paperback ed.). Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 306–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8677-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-8677-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424003241/https://books.google.com/books?id=A90ZDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Affirmative+Action+Empire%3A+Nations+and+Nationalism+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1923%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=306-307&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8677-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA90ZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniels2015" class="citation news cs1">McDaniels, Andrea K. (7 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html">"Organizers, including Timonium man, hope to educate with Ukrainian memorial in D.C."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031940/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Organizers%2C+including+Timonium+man%2C+hope+to+educate+with+Ukrainian+memorial+in+D.C.&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft.aulast=McDaniels&rft.aufirst=Andrea+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fmaryland%2Fbs-md-ukraine-holodomor-memorial-20151107-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2022" class="citation news cs1">Meier, Michael (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ukraine-famine-holodomor-causes">"Why Did So Many Ukrainians Die in the Soviet Great Famine?"</a>. Kellogg Insight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130111013/https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/ukraine-famine-holodomor-causes">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Did+So+Many+Ukrainians+Die+in+the+Soviet+Great+Famine%3F&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsight.kellogg.northwestern.edu%2Farticle%2Fukraine-famine-holodomor-causes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendel2018" class="citation news cs1">Mendel, Iuliia (24 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/europe/ukraine-holodomor-famine-memorial.html">"85 Years Later, Ukraine Marks Famine That Killed Millions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA563244157">A563244157</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702072611/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/24/world/europe/ukraine-holodomor-famine-memorial.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=85+Years+Later%2C+Ukraine+Marks+Famine+That+Killed+Millions&rft.date=2018-11-24&rft.aulast=Mendel&rft.aufirst=Iuliia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-holodomor-famine-memorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesléPisonVallin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Meslé, France; Pison, Gilles; Vallin, Jacques (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/editions/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/">"France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_%26_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population & Societies (page does not exist)">Population & Societies</a> (413): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.738.7259">10.1.1.738.7259</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/198225762">198225762</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713200829/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/editions/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+%26+Societies&rft.atitle=France-Ukraine%3A+Demographic+Twins+Separated+by+History&rft.issue=413&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.738.7259%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Mesl%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=France&rft.au=Pison%2C+Gilles&rft.au=Vallin%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ined.fr%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Feditions%2Fpopulation-and-societies%2Ffrance-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesléVallin2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meslé, France; Vallin, Jacques (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109000524/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/">Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle</a> [Mortality and causes of death in Ukraine in the 20th century] (in French) (CDROM ed.). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">Institut national d'études démographiques</a>: Centre de démographie et d'écologie humaine de Moscou : Institut national des problèmes de sécurité internationale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/">the original</a> on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortalit%C3%A9+et+causes+de+d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s+en+Ukraine+au+XXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=CDROM&rft.pub=Institut+national+d%27%C3%A9tudes+d%C3%A9mographiques%3A+Centre+de+d%C3%A9mographie+et+d%27%C3%A9cologie+humaine+de+Moscou+%3A+Institut+national+des+probl%C3%A8mes+de+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+internationale&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mesl%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=France&rft.au=Vallin%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ined.fr%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fcahiers%2Fmortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusiienko1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Musiienko, Oleksa H. (18 February 1988). "Hromadians'ka pozytsiia literatury i perebudova" <bdi lang="uk">Громадянська позиція літературі і перебудова</bdi> [The Civic Position of Literature and Perestroika]. Literaturna Ukraïna (in Ukrainian): 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literaturna+Ukra%C3%AFna&rft.atitle=Hromadians%27ka+pozytsiia+literatury+i+perebudova+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96+%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1988-02-18&rft.aulast=Musiienko&rft.aufirst=Oleksa+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman M.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3UwF1eqb0AC">Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity)</a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14784-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14784-0"><bdi>978-0-691-14784-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140205/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3UwF1eqb0AC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Genocides+%28Human+Rights+and+Crimes+against+Humanity%29&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14784-0&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3UwF1eqb0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalyvaykoBulanenko2016" class="citation web cs1">Nalyvayko, Severyn; Bulanenko, Iryna (27 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/">"Historian Martyniuk: Ukrainian homes were massively occupied by Russian settlers"</a>. Euromaidan Press. Translated by Chraibi, Christine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213091224/http://euromaidanpress.com/2016/11/27/historian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromaidan+Press&rft.atitle=Historian+Martyniuk%3A+Ukrainian+homes+were+massively+occupied+by+Russian+settlers&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft.aulast=Nalyvayko&rft.aufirst=Severyn&rft.au=Bulanenko%2C+Iryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuromaidanpress.com%2F2016%2F11%2F27%2Fhistorian-martyniuk-ukrainian-homes-were-massively-occupied-by-russian-settlers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor</a> (26 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memorialholodomors.org.ua/en/about-us/museums-history">"Museum History"</a>. Memorial Ukraine [to the Victims of the Holodomor]. Kyiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217013832/http://memorialholodomors.org.ua/en/about-us/museums-history">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorial+Ukraine+%5Bto+the+Victims+of+the+Holodomor%5D&rft.atitle=Museum+History&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft.au=National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemorialholodomors.org.ua%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fmuseums-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor</a> (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world/">"Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329195700/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Recognition+of+the+Holodomor+as+Genocide&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.au=National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Frecognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Voice_-_UA2022" class="citation news cs1">New Voice - UA (20 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nv.ua/nation/russia-removes-holodomor-memorial-in-mariupol-ukraine-news-50277917.html">"Russia removes Holodomor memorial in Mariupol"</a>. The New Voice of Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021015613/https://english.nv.ua/nation/russia-removes-holodomor-memorial-in-mariupol-ukraine-news-50277917.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Voice+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Russia+removes+Holodomor+memorial+in+Mariupol&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.au=New+Voice+-+UA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nv.ua%2Fnation%2Frussia-removes-holodomor-memorial-in-mariupol-ukraine-news-50277917.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaumenko2021" class="citation journal cs1">Naumenko, Natalya (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050720000625">"The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a>. 81 (1): 156–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050720000625">10.1017/S0022050720000625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507">0022-0507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Famine%3A+The+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1933&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=156-197&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050720000625&rft.issn=0022-0507&rft.aulast=Naumenko&rft.aufirst=Natalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0022050720000625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoackJanssenCornerford2014" class="citation book cs1">Noack, Christian; Janssen, Lindsay; Comerford, Vincent, eds. (October 2014). Holodomor and Gorta Mór: Histories, Memories and Representations of Famine in Ukraine and Ireland. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthem_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthem Press (page does not exist)">Anthem Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-319-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-319-0"><bdi>978-1-78308-319-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holodomor+and+Gorta+M%C3%B3r%3A+Histories%2C+Memories+and+Representations+of+Famine+in+Ukraine+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2014-10&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-319-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2009" class="citation web cs1">Obama, Barack (13 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216173640/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day">"Statement by the President on the Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/statement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day">the original</a> on 16 February 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+President+on+the+Ukrainian+Holodomor+Remembrance+Day&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2Fstatement-president-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2010" class="citation web cs1">Obama administration- NSC Spokesman (20 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day">"Statement by the National Security Council Spokesman Mike Hammer on Ukraine's Holodomor Remembrance Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216170823/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/20/statement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+National+Security+Council+Spokesman+Mike+Hammer+on+Ukraine%27s+Holodomor+Remembrance+Day&rft.date=2010-11-20&rft.au=Obama+administration-+NSC+Spokesman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F11%2F20%2Fstatement-nsc-spokesman-mike-hammer-ukraines-holodomor-remembrance-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama2011" class="citation web cs1">Obama administration- Office of the Press Secretary (19 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day">"Statement by the Press Secretary on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216163838/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/19/statement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+by+the+Press+Secretary+on+Ukrainian+Holodomor+Remembrance+Day&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft.au=Obama+administration-+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2011%2F11%2F19%2Fstatement-press-secretary-ukrainian-holodomor-remembrance-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhayon2016" class="citation web cs1">Ohayon, Isabelle (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization">"The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529051309/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/kazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kazakh+Famine%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Sedentarization&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Ohayon&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fkazakh-famine-beginnings-sedentarization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2010" class="citation web cs1">O'Neil, Peter (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20101030/287835824386057">"Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210519/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20101030/287835824386057">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2021 – via Pressreader.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harper+accused+of+exaggerating+Ukrainian+genocide+death+toll&rft.pub=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fcanada%2Fottawa-citizen%2F20101030%2F287835824386057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsadchenkoRudneva2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Osadchenko, E. V.; Rudneva, S. E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=29574">"Golod na kubani 1932-1933 GG" <bdi lang="ru">Голод на кубани 1932-1933 ГГ</bdi></a> [Famine in the Kuban 1932-1933]. Успехи современного естествознания [Advances in current natural sciences] (in Russian) (1): 96–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1681-7494">1681-7494</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210537/https://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=29574">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022. <q>На Кубани только за период с ноября 1932 г. по весну 1933 г. число задокументированных жертв голода составило 62 тысячи человек. По мнению большинства историков, реальная цифра погибших в разы больше.</q> [In the Kuban, only for the period from November 1932 to the spring of 1933, the number of documented victims of famine amounted to 62 thousand people. According to most historians, the real death toll is many times higher.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%5BAdvances+in+current+natural+sciences%5D&rft.atitle=Golod+na+kubani+1932-1933+GG+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+1932-1933+%D0%93%D0%93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-98&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1681-7494&rft.aulast=Osadchenko&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft.au=Rudneva%2C+S.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natural-sciences.ru%2Fru%2Farticle%2Fview%3Fid%3D29574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapakin2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Papakin, Heorhii (27 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/">""Chorni doshky" Holodomoru – ekonomichnyi metod znyshchennia hromadian URSR (SPYSOK)" <bdi lang="uk">"Чорні дошки" Голодомору - економічний метод знищення громадян УРСР (СПИСОК)</bdi></a> ["Black boards" of the Holodomor: An economic method for the destruction of community members of the Ukrainian SSR (list)]. Istorychna Pravda (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103054050/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/11/27/6591/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istorychna+Pravda&rft.atitle=%22Chorni+doshky%22+Holodomoru+%E2%80%93+ekonomichnyi+metod+znyshchennia+hromadian+URSR+%28SPYSOK%29+%22%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%22+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+-+%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0+%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9A%29&rft.date=2010-11-27&rft.aulast=Papakin&rft.aufirst=Heorhii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istpravda.com.ua%2Fresearch%2F2010%2F11%2F27%2F6591%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPianigiani2022" class="citation news cs1">Pianigiani, Gaia (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/europe/pope-francis-russia-ukraine-stalin-famine.html">"Pope Francis compares Russia's war against Ukraine to a devastating Stalin-era famine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125003433/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/europe/pope-francis-russia-ukraine-stalin-famine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+compares+Russia%27s+war+against+Ukraine+to+a+devastating+Stalin-era+famine.&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pianigiani&rft.aufirst=Gaia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpope-francis-russia-ukraine-stalin-famine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1995). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76184-6"><bdi>978-0-679-76184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Bolshevik+Regime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76184-6&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotocki2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Potocki, Robert (2003). Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939 [The policy of the Polish state towards the Ukrainian question in the years 1930–1939] (in Polish and English). Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-917615-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-917615-4-0"><bdi>978-83-917615-4-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polityka+pa%C5%84stwa+polskiego+wobec+zagadnienia+ukrai%C5%84skiego+w+latach+1930%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Lublin&rft.pub=Instytut+Europy+%C5%9Arodkowo-Wschodniej&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-83-917615-4-0&rft.aulast=Potocki&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQian2021" class="citation web cs1">Qian, Nancy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214014101/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95xMd_sz9rA">"The Political Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932-1933"</a>. CEPR & VideoVox Economics (Webinar). Political Economy. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">Centre for Economic Policy Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95xMd_sz9rA">the original</a> on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEPR+%26+VideoVox+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economic+Causes+of+the+Soviet+Great+Famine%2C+1932-1933&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D95xMd_sz9rA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerkhovna_Rada,_2003." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Rada</a> (14 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032220/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15#top">"Pro Zvernennya do Ukrayinsʹkoho narodu uchasnykiv spetsialʹnoho zasidannya Verkhovnoyi Rady Ukrayiny 14 travnya 2003 roku shchodo vshanuvannya pam'yati zhertv holodomoru 1932–1933" <bdi lang="uk">Про Звернення до Українського народу учасників спеціального засідання Верховної Ради України 14 травня 2003 року щодо вшанування пам'яті жертв голодомору 1932–1933</bdi></a> [Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933]. Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/789-15">the original</a> on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=Pro+Zvernennya+do+Ukrayins%CA%B9koho+narodu+uchasnykiv+spetsial%CA%B9noho+zasidannya+Verkhovnoyi+Rady+Ukrayiny+14+travnya+2003+roku+shchodo+vshanuvannya+pam%27yati+zhertv+holodomoru+1932%E2%80%931933+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+14+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F+2003+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83+%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.date=2003-05-14&rft.au=Rada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzakon4.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F789-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRada,_Nov._2006." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Rada</a> (28 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16">"ZAKON UKRAYINY: Pro Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukrayini" <bdi lang="uk">ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні</bdi></a> [Law of Ukraine: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> (Parliament of Ukraine). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503083223/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/376-16">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZAKON+UKRAYINY%3A+Pro+Holodomor+1932%E2%80%931933+rokiv+v+Ukrayini+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D+%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%98%3A+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+1932%E2%80%931933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96&rft.pub=Verkhovna+Rada+%28Parliament+of+Ukraine%29&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=Rada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzakon4.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F376-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerkhovna_Rada,_2007." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Rada</a> (4 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/1310/98">"Pro vstanovlennya Dnya pam'yati zhertv holodomoriv" <bdi lang="uk">Про встановлення Дня пам'яті жертв голодоморів</bdi></a> [On the establishment of the Holodomor Remembrance Day]. Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada (Parliament of Ukraine). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140208/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1310/98#Text">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=Pro+vstanovlennya+Dnya+pam%27yati+zhertv+holodomoriv+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft.au=Rada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakon.rada.gov.ua%2Fgo%2F1310%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadzinsky1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Radzinsky, Edvard</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_The_First_In-depth_Biography_Based_on_Explosive_New_Documents_from_Russia%27s_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives">Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-60619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-60619-3"><bdi>978-0-340-60619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+First+In-depth+Biography+Based+on+Explosive+New+Documents+from+Russia%27s+Secret+Archives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-340-60619-3&rft.aulast=Radzinsky&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRating_Group_Ukraine2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rating Group Ukraine (26 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/dinamika_otnosheniya_ukraincev_k_golodomoru_1932-33_gg.html">"Dynamika stavlennya ukrayintsiv do holodomoru 1932–33" <bdi lang="uk">Динаміка ставлення українців до голодомору 1932–33</bdi></a> [Dynamics of the attitude of Ukrainians to the Holodomor of 1932–1933] (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126235225/https://ratinggroup.ua/research/ukraine/dinamika_otnosheniya_ukraincev_k_golodomoru_1932-33_gg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dynamika+stavlennya+ukrayintsiv+do+holodomoru+1932%E2%80%9333+%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+1932%E2%80%9333&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft.au=Rating+Group+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratinggroup.ua%2Fresearch%2Fukraine%2Fdinamika_otnosheniya_ukraincev_k_golodomoru_1932-33_gg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2017" class="citation news cs1">Reid, Anna (7 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/rule-by-starvation-1507319629">"Rule by Starvation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008032149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rule-by-starvation-1507319629">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Rule+by+Starvation&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Frule-by-starvation-1507319629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Rosefielde, Steven</a> (1983). "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949". <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Studies">Soviet Studies</a>. 35 (3): 385–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138308411488">10.1080/09668138308411488</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/151363">151363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11636006">11636006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=Excess+Mortality+in+the+Soviet+Union%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+the+Demographic+Consequences+of+Forced+Industrialization%2C+1929%E2%80%931949&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-409&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11636006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F151363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138308411488&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRud2016" class="citation web cs1">Rud, Victor (21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/holodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future">"Holodomor Remembrance Day: Why the Past Matters for the Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044714/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/holodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holodomor+Remembrance+Day%3A+Why+the+Past+Matters+for+the+Future&rft.pub=Atlantic+Council&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.aulast=Rud&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fholodomor-remembrance-day-why-the-past-matters-for-the-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnytskyi_et_al._2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rudnytskyi, Omelian P.; Levchuk, Nataliia M.; Wolowyna, Oleh; Shevchuk, Pavlo E.; Kovbasiuk, Alla B. (24 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/relocation-1933-1936.pdf">"Demography оf a Man-Made Human Catastrophe: the Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography_and_Social_Economy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demography and Social Economy (page does not exist)">Demography and Social Economy</a> (3): 43–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15407%2Fdse2015.03.003">10.15407/dse2015.03.003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813124857/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/mapa/files/relocation-1933-1936.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography+and+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=Demography+%D0%BEf+a+Man-Made+Human+Catastrophe%3A+the+Case+of+Massive+Famine+in+Ukraine+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=43-63&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15407%2Fdse2015.03.003&rft.aulast=Rudnytskyi&rft.aufirst=Omelian+P.&rft.au=Levchuk%2C+Nataliia+M.&rft.au=Wolowyna%2C+Oleh&rft.au=Shevchuk%2C+Pavlo+E.&rft.au=Kovbasiuk%2C+Alla+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhwpi.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fmapa%2Ffiles%2Frelocation-1933-1936.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumInUa_Dictionary2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rusanivsʹkyĭ, Vitaliĭ M., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sum.in.ua/s/zamorjuvaty">"Zamoryuvaty" <bdi lang="uk">Заморювати</bdi></a> [To Freeze]. Academic explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language (in Ukrainian). Наукова думка and Sum.in.ua. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-02-7402-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-02-7402-0"><bdi>978-966-02-7402-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829141154/http://sum.in.ua/s/zamorjuvaty">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zamoryuvaty+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.btitle=Academic+explanatory+dictionary+of+the+Ukrainian+language&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0+and+Sum.in.ua&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-966-02-7402-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsum.in.ua%2Fs%2Fzamorjuvaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamchuk1952" class="citation book cs1">Samchuk, U. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325045524/http://languagelanterns.com/maria_samchuk_bio.htm">Maria. A Chronicle of a Life</a>. Toronto: Language Lantern Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagelanterns.com/maria_samchuk_bio.htm">the original</a> on 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria.+A+Chronicle+of+a+Life&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Language+Lantern+Publications&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Samchuk&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagelanterns.com%2Fmaria_samchuk_bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoraVinograd2022" class="citation news cs1">Santora, Marc; Vinograd, Cassandra (26 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/26/world/europe/ukraine-war-holodomor-strikes.html">"On the Anniversary of Ukraine's Famine, Parallels to Russia's Strikes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222035841/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/26/world/europe/ukraine-war-holodomor-strikes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+the+Anniversary+of+Ukraine%27s+Famine%2C+Parallels+to+Russia%27s+Strikes&rft.date=2022-11-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Santora&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Vinograd%2C+Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F26%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-war-holodomor-strikes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden1982" class="citation journal cs1">Selden, Mark (September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/10676">"The Crisis of Collectivisation: Socialist Development and the Peasantry"</a>. The IDS Bulletin. 13 (4): 4–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1759-5436.1982.mp13004002.x">10.1111/j.1759-5436.1982.mp13004002.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+IDS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+of+Collectivisation%3A+Socialist+Development+and+the+Peasantry&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4-11&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1759-5436.1982.mp13004002.x&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopendocs.ids.ac.uk%2Fopendocs%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F10676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerbyn2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbyn" title="Roman Serbyn">Serbyn, Roman</a> (2005). "Ukraine (Famine)". In Shelton, Dinah L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Vol. 3. Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale. pp. 1055–1061. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865847-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865847-7"><bdi>0-02-865847-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470301730">470301730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%28Famine%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide+and+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=1055-1061&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470301730&rft.isbn=0-02-865847-7&rft.aulast=Serbyn&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerbyn2008" class="citation news cs1">Serbyn, Roman (27 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khpg.org/en/1204069771">"The Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 and the UN Convention on Genocide"</a>. Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713172813/https://khpg.org/en/1204069771">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kharkiv+Human+Rights+Protection+Group&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+and+the+UN+Convention+on+Genocide&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Serbyn&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhpg.org%2Fen%2F1204069771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerbyn2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbyn" title="Roman Serbyn">Serbyn, Roman</a> (9 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/role-of-lemkin/">"Role of Lemkin"</a>. HREC Education [Holodomor Research and Education Consortium]. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530164956/https://education.holodomor.ca/teaching-materials/role-of-lemkin/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HREC+Education+%5BHolodomor+Research+and+Education+Consortium%5D&rft.atitle=Role+of+Lemkin&rft.date=2015-05-09&rft.aulast=Serbyn&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.holodomor.ca%2Fteaching-materials%2Frole-of-lemkin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawWellsKeynesStalin1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells, H. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes, John Maynard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin, Joseph</a> (1934). Stalin-Wells-talk: The Verbatim Record and a Discussion. London: The New Statesman and Nation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1185552369">1185552369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin-Wells-talk%3A+The+Verbatim+Record+and+a+Discussion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+New+Statesman+and+Nation&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1185552369&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rft.au=Wells%2C+H.+G.&rft.au=Keynes%2C+John+Maynard&rft.au=Stalin%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheeter2007" class="citation news cs1">Sheeter, Laura (24 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm">"Ukraine remembers famine horror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731094354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+remembers+famine+horror&rft.date=2007-11-24&rft.aulast=Sheeter&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7111296.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevchenko_University_news2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shevchenko University news (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knu.ua/news/8063">"Mizhnarodna konferentsiya "Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv: vtraty ukrayinsʹkoyi natsiyi"" <bdi lang="uk">Міжнародна конференція "Голодомор 1932–1933 років: втрати української нації"</bdi></a> [International Conference "The Holodomor of 1932–1933: the losses of the Ukrainian nation"] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703050623/https://knu.ua/news/8063">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mizhnarodna+konferentsiya+%22Holodomor+1932%E2%80%931933+rokiv%3A+vtraty+ukrayins%CA%B9koyi+natsiyi%22+%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+1932%E2%80%931933+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%3A+%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%22&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Shevchenko+University+news&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknu.ua%2Fnews%2F8063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (25 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurozine.com/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/">"Holocaust: The ignored reality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurozine" title="Eurozine">Eurozine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728105241/http://www.eurozine.com/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+ignored+reality&rft.pub=Eurozine&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurozine.com%2Fholocaust-the-ignored-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maEfAQAAQBAJ">Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00239-9"><bdi>978-0-465-00239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00239-9&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaEfAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokur2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sokur, Vasily (21 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fakty.ua/32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba">"Vyyavlennym vo vremya golodomora lyudoyedam khodivshiye po selam meditsinskiye rabotniki davali otravlennyye "primanki" – kusok myasa ili khleba" <bdi lang="ru">Выявленным во время голодомора людоедам ходившие по селам медицинские работники давали отравленные "приманки" – кусок мяса или хлеба</bdi></a> [Cannibals identified during the Holodomor were given poisoned "baits" by medical workers walking around the villages – a piece of meat or bread]. <a href="/wiki/Fakty_i_Kommentarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakty i Kommentarii">Facts and Commentaries</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104443/http://fakty.ua/32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012. <q>The author suggests that never in the history of mankind was cannibalism so widespread as during the Holodomor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facts+and+Commentaries&rft.atitle=Vyyavlennym+vo+vremya+golodomora+lyudoyedam+khodivshiye+po+selam+meditsinskiye+rabotniki+davali+otravlennyye+%22primanki%22+%E2%80%93+kusok+myasa+ili+khleba+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%22%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%22+%E2%80%93+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.aulast=Sokur&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffakty.ua%2F32809-vyyavlennym-vo-vremya-golodomora-lyudoedam-hodivshie-po-selam-medicinskie-rabotniki-davali-otravlennye-primanki---kusok-myasa-ili-hleba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoldatenko2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soldatenko, Valerii (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/golodniy_tridtsyat_tretiy_subektivni_dumki_pro_obektivni_protsesi.html">"Holodnyy trydtsyatʹ tretiy sub'yektyvni dumky pro ob'yektyvni protsesy" <bdi lang="uk">Голодний тридцять третій суб'єктивні думки про об'єктивні процеси</bdi></a> [The starvation of '33: subjective thoughts about objective processes]. <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a> (in Ukrainian and Russian) (24, 28 June – 4 July). Kyiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.atitle=Holodnyy+trydtsyat%CA%B9+tretiy+sub%27yektyvni+dumky+pro+ob%27yektyvni+protsesy+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8&rft.issue=24%2C+28+June+%E2%80%93+4+July&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Soldatenko&rft.aufirst=Valerii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FSOCIUM%2Fgolodniy_tridtsyat_tretiy_subektivni_dumki_pro_obektivni_protsesi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosnovy1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Sosnovy" title="Stepan Sosnovy">Sosnovy, Stepan</a> (1953). "The Truth about the Famine". In Pidhainy, Semen O. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf#page=234">The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Volume 1: Testimonials</a> (pdf). Vol. 1. Translated by Oreletsky, Alexander; Prychodko, Olga. Toronto: The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000EGMA4O">B000EGMA4O</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128070224/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf#page=234">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Truth+about+the+Famine&rft.btitle=The+Black+Deeds+of+the+Kremlin%3A+A+White+Book.+Volume+1%3A+Testimonials.&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=The+Basilian+Press%2C+for+Ukrainian+Association+of+Victims+of+Russian+Communist+Terror.&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000EGMA4O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sosnovy&rft.aufirst=Stepan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporiana.org.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fbooks%2F12606%2Ffile.pdf%23page%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2017" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Katharine (26 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/11-million-not-6-million-died-in-the-holocaust/2017/05/26/6fdcc270-3f1c-11e7-b29f-f40ffced2ddb_story.html">"11 million, not 6 million, died in the Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202134430/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/11-million-not-6-million-died-in-the-holocaust/2017/05/26/6fdcc270-3f1c-11e7-b29f-f40ffced2ddb_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=11+million%2C+not+6+million%2C+died+in+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F11-million-not-6-million-died-in-the-holocaust%2F2017%2F05%2F26%2F6fdcc270-3f1c-11e7-b29f-f40ffced2ddb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2022" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Daniel (24 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/irish-senate-recognizes-ukrainian-genocide-in-the-1930s/ar-AA14wfiY">"Irish Senate recognizes Ukrainian genocide in the 1930s"</a>. News 360. <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125155243/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/irish-senate-recognizes-ukrainian-genocide-in-the-1930s/ar-AA14wfiY">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+360&rft.atitle=Irish+Senate+recognizes+Ukrainian+genocide+in+the+1930s&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firish-senate-recognizes-ukrainian-genocide-in-the-1930s%2Far-AA14wfiY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2017). Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-564-2"><bdi>978-1-78478-564-2</bdi></a>. <q>Most scholars rejected this claim, seeing the famine as following from a badly conceived and miscalculated policy of excessive requisitioning of grain, but not as directed specifically against ethnic Ukrainians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Flag+Unfurled%3A+History%2C+Historians%2C+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-564-2&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauger1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tauger, Mark B. (Spring 1991). "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 50 (1): 70–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2500600">10.2307/2500600</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600">2500600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163767073">163767073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+1932+Harvest+and+the+Famine+of+1933&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-89&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163767073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2500600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2500600&rft.aulast=Tauger&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tauger, Mark B. (January 2001). Chase, William; Donnorummo, Bob; Linden, Ronald H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824073308/http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger%2C%20Natural%20Disaster%20and%20Human%20Actions.pdf">"Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933"</a> (PDF). The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Center_for_International_Studies" title="University of Pittsburgh Center for International Studies">University of Pittsburgh Center for International Studies</a>: 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FCBP.2001.89">10.5195/CBP.2001.89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-275X">0889-275X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/Faculty/Tauger/Tauger,%20Natural%20Disaster%20and%20Human%20Actions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Carl+Beck+Papers+in+Russian+and+East+European+Studies&rft.atitle=Natural+Disaster+and+Human+Actions+in+the+Soviet+Famine+of+1931%E2%80%931933&rft.issue=1506&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FCBP.2001.89&rft.issn=0889-275X&rft.aulast=Tauger&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.wvu.edu%2Fhistory%2FFaculty%2FTauger%2FTauger%2C%2520Natural%2520Disaster%2520and%2520Human%2520Actions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310522491">"ResearchGate copy"</a>. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ResearchGate+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F310522491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTehran_Times2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</a> (20 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/458345/Holodomor-reveals-how-Stalin-starved-millions-in-Ukrainian">""Holodomor" reveals how Stalin starved millions in Ukrainian famine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222065203/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/458345/Holodomor-reveals-how-Stalin-starved-millions-in-Ukrainian">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Holodomor%22+reveals+how+Stalin+starved+millions+in+Ukrainian+famine&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft.au=Tehran+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F458345%2FHolodomor-reveals-how-Stalin-starved-millions-in-Ukrainian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThevenin2005" class="citation conference cs1">Thevenin, Etienne (29 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210530/http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/EThevenin.pdf">France, Germany and Austria: Facing the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine</a> (PDF). James Mace Memorial Panel, IAUS Congress, Donetsk, Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/EThevenin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=France%2C+Germany+and+Austria%3A+Facing+the+famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft.aulast=Thevenin&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncua.inform-decisions.com%2Feng%2Ffiles%2FEThevenin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2004" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94429-8"><bdi>978-0-415-94429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94429-8&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Charny%2C+Israel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUcrainica_Research2009" class="citation web cs1">Ucrainica Research (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4">"International Recognition of the Holodomor"</a>. Holodomor Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231045936/http://www.holodomoreducation.org/news.php/news/4">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holodomor+Education&rft.atitle=International+Recognition+of+the+Holodomor&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Ucrainica+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holodomoreducation.org%2Fnews.php%2Fnews%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNat.BankUkraine2007" class="citation web cs1">Ukraine National Bank (17 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108111037/http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm">"Commemorative Coins "Holodomor – Genocide of the Ukrainian People"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bank.gov.ua/Engl/Bank_coin/Yuv_mon/Coins/Other/Golodomor.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+Coins+%22Holodomor+%E2%80%93+Genocide+of+the+Ukrainian+People&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.au=Ukraine+National+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bank.gov.ua%2FEngl%2FBank_coin%2FYuv_mon%2FCoins%2FOther%2FGolodomor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNat.RadioUkraine2007" class="citation web cs1">Ukraine National Radio (23 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216070228/http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808">"Ceremonial events to commemorate Holodomor victims to be held in Kyiv for three days"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=55808">the original</a> on 16 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ceremonial+events+to+commemorate+Holodomor+victims+to+be+held+in+Kyiv+for+three+days&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft.au=Ukraine+National+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrcu.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D148%26listid%3D55808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Weekly2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ukrainian Weekly (14 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2002/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf">"Editorial: Famine denial"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. 70 (28): 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022545/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2002/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Famine+denial&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2002-07-14&rft.au=Ukrainian+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Farchive%2Fpdf3%2F2002%2FThe_Ukrainian_Weekly_2002-28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Weekly2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ukrainian Weekly (16 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2003/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf">"30 U.N. member-states sign joint declaration on Great Famine"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. 71 (46): 1, 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303221638/http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf3/2003/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=30+U.N.+member-states+sign+joint+declaration+on+Great+Famine&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=1%2C+20&rft.date=2003-11-16&rft.au=Ukrainian+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Farchive%2Fpdf3%2F2003%2FThe_Ukrainian_Weekly_2003-46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_signatory_nations2003" class="citation web cs1">UN signatory nations (7 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/505743">"Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the 70th anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103113548/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/505743">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+statement+by+the+delegations+of+Azerbaijan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+Belarus%2C+Benin%2C+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%2C+Canada%2C+Egypt%2C+Georgia%2C+Guatemala%2C+Jamaica%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+Mongolia%2C+Nauru%2C+Pakistan%2C+Qatar%2C+the+Republic+of+Moldova%2C+the+Russian+Federation%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+the+Sudan%2C+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic%2C+Tajikistan%2C+Timor-Leste%2C+Ukraine%2C+the+United+Arab+Emirates+and+the+United+States+of+America+on+the+70th+anniversary+of+the+Great+Famine+of+1932-1933+in+Ukraine+%28Holodomor%29&rft.date=2003-11-07&rft.au=UN+signatory+nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F505743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/new/2008/Holodomor/index.htm">"Holodomor"</a>. Ucc.sk.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115506/http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/new/2008/Holodomor/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holodomor&rft.pub=Ucc.sk.ca&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Ukrainian+Canadian+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.sk.ca%2Foldsite%2Fnew%2F2008%2FHolodomor%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a> (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ca/2010/06/03/quebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide/">"Quebec Passes Bill Recognizing Holodomor as a Genocide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212134207/http://www.ucc.ca/2010/06/03/quebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec+Passes+Bill+Recognizing+Holodomor+as+a+Genocide&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.au=Ukrainian+Canadian+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ca%2F2010%2F06%2F03%2Fquebec-passes-bill-recognizing-holodomor-as-a-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Congress" title="Ukrainian Canadian Congress">Ukrainian Canadian Congress</a> (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucc.ca/about-ucc/committees/national-holodomor-education-committee/">"National Holodomor Education Committee"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316120225/https://www.ucc.ca/about-ucc/committees/national-holodomor-education-committee/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Holodomor+Education+Committee&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.au=Ukrainian+Canadian+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ca%2Fabout-ucc%2Fcommittees%2Fnational-holodomor-education-committee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrainska_Pravda2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (4 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004173557/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/10/4/7194127/">"Senat SSHA vyznav Holodomor henotsydom ukrayinsʹkoho narodu" <bdi lang="uk">Сенат США визнав Голодомор геноцидом українського народу</bdi></a> [The US Senate recognized the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people]. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/10/4/7194127/">the original</a> on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Senat+SSHA+vyznav+Holodomor+henotsydom+ukrayins%CA%B9koho+narodu+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.au=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2F4%2F7194127%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrinform2022a" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (23 November 2022a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3620257-pope-honors-victims-of-holodomor-aggression-against-ukraine.html">"Pope honors victims of Holodomor, aggression against Ukraine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123120058/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3620257-pope-honors-victims-of-holodomor-aggression-against-ukraine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+honors+victims+of+Holodomor%2C+aggression+against+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.au=Ukrinform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-ato%2F3620257-pope-honors-victims-of-holodomor-aggression-against-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrinform2022c" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (24 November 2022c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html">"Romania recognizes Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as genocide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124135059/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Romania+recognizes+Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Ukraine+as+genocide&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.au=Ukrinform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3621132-romania-recognizes-holodomor-of-19321933-in-ukraine-as-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrinform2022d" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (25 November 2022d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3622104-poll-93-of-ukrainians-see-holodomor-as-genocide.html">"Poll: 93% of Ukrainians see Holodomor as genocide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125202547/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3622104-poll-93-of-ukrainians-see-holodomor-as-genocide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+93%25+of+Ukrainians+see+Holodomor+as+genocide&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft.au=Ukrinform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3622104-poll-93-of-ukrainians-see-holodomor-as-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkrinform2022e" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> (15 December 2022e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3634804-european-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">"European Parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215125012/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3634804-european-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+recognizes+Holodomor+as+genocide+against+Ukrainian+people&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.au=Ukrinform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-society%2F3634804-european-parliament-recognizes-holodomor-as-genocide-against-ukrainian-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Commission_Report_vol.1" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">Mace, James Earnest</a>; Samilenko, Olga; Pechenuk, Walter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107194737/http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/">Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932–1933 Vol.1:Report to Congress</a>. Vol. 1 of 3. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112182613/http://genocidecurriculum.org/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/page-67/">67</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genocidecurriculum.org/category/curriculum-resources/general-archive/united-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine/1report-to-congress/">the original</a> on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+the+Ukrainian+Famine+1932%E2%80%931933+Vol.1%3AReport+to+Congress&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1988&rft.au=U.S.+Commission+on+the+Ukraine+Famine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenocidecurriculum.org%2Fcategory%2Fcurriculum-resources%2Fgeneral-archive%2Funited-states-congressional-commission-on-the-ukrainian-famine%2F1report-to-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="US_Commission_OralHist" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">Mace, James Earnest</a>; Heretz, Leonid (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ">Investigation of the Ukrainian famine, 1932–1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a>. Vol. 1–3. U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064442/https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+the+Ukrainian+famine%2C+1932%E2%80%931933%3A+Oral+History+Project+of+the+Commission+on+the+Ukraine+Famine&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft.au=U.S.+Commission+on+the+Ukraine+Famine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u5FAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Commission_OralHist._vol.1" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ">Volume 1</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064442/https://books.google.com/books?id=1u5FAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q><a href="#US_Commission_OralHist">(US Commission- Oral History)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+1&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1u5FAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Commission_OralHist._vol.1" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-9FAAAAYAAJ">Volume 2</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064442/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-9FAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q><a href="#US_Commission_OralHist">(US Commission- Oral History)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+2&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-9FAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Commission_OralHist._vol.1" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPBFAAAAYAAJ">Volume 3</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424003243/https://books.google.com/books?id=bPBFAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q><a href="#US_Commission_OralHist">(US Commission- Oral History)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+3&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPBFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSSR_Census1939" class="citation web cs1">USSR Census (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211443/http://datalib.chass.utoronto.ca/codebooks/utm/ussr_1939.htm">"USSR Census of 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> Data Library Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datalib.chass.utoronto.ca/codebooks/utm/ussr_1939.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto+Data+Library+Service&rft.atitle=USSR+Census+of+1939&rft.date=1939&rft.au=USSR+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatalib.chass.utoronto.ca%2Fcodebooks%2Futm%2Fussr_1939.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUytkroft2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uytkroft, S. (2001). "O demograficheskikh svidetel'stvakh tragedii sovetskoy derevni v 1931–1933 gg." <bdi lang="ru">О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931–1933 гг.</bdi> [On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931–1933]. In V.P. Danilov; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320010655/http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html">Tragediya sovetskoy derevni: Kollektivizatsiya i raskulachivaniye 1927–1939 gg.: Dokumenty i materialy <bdi lang="ru">Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927–1939 гг.: Документы и материалы</bdi></a> [The Tragedy of the Soviet Village: Collectivization and Dekulakization 1927–39: Documents and Materials] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/ROSSPEN" title="ROSSPEN">ROSSPEN</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-0225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-0225-7"><bdi>978-5-8243-0225-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lj.streamclub.ru/history/tragedy.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O+demograficheskikh+svidetel%27stvakh+tragedii+sovetskoy+derevni+v+1931%E2%80%931933+gg.+%D0%9E+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2+1931%E2%80%931933+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.btitle=Tragediya+sovetskoy+derevni%3A+Kollektivizatsiya+i+raskulachivaniye+1927%E2%80%931939+gg.%3A+Dokumenty+i+materialy+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1927%E2%80%931939+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%3A+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=ROSSPEN&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-5-8243-0225-7&rft.aulast=Uytkroft&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flj.streamclub.ru%2Fhistory%2Ftragedy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Vallin, Jacques; Meslé, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (January 2002). "A new estimate of Ukrainian population losses during the crises of the 1930s and 1940s". <a href="/wiki/Population_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Population Studies">Population Studies</a>. 56 (3): 249–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324720215934">10.1080/00324720215934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12553326">12553326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21128795">21128795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=A+new+estimate+of+Ukrainian+population+losses+during+the+crises+of+the+1930s+and+1940s&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-264&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21128795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12553326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00324720215934&rft.aulast=Vallin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Mesl%C3%A9%2C+France&rft.au=Adamets%2C+Serguei&rft.au=Pyrozhkov%2C+Serhii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Herpen2013" class="citation book cs1">Van Herpen, Marcel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dr8Gu1yWMrUC&pg=PT40">Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-28282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-28282-8"><bdi>978-1-137-28282-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140208/https://books.google.com/books?id=dr8Gu1yWMrUC&pg=PT40#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putinism%3A+The+Slow+Rise+of+a+Radical+Right+Regime+in+Russia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-28282-8&rft.aulast=Van+Herpen&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddr8Gu1yWMrUC%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViola1999" class="citation book cs1">Viola, Lynne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZAKmWBNXV8C">Peasant Rebels Under Stalin</a> (E-book ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535132-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535132-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422191917/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZAKmWBNXV8C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Rebels+Under+Stalin&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535132-3&rft.aulast=Viola&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZAKmWBNXV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisnyk2008" class="citation news cs1">Visnyk (Summer 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/pdf/visnykv22no2.pdf">"Saskatchewan first province to recognize Holodomor as genocide"</a> (PDF). Visnyk (Весник). Vol. XXII, no. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203819/http://www.ucc.sk.ca/oldsite/pdf/visnykv22no2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visnyk+%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%29&rft.atitle=Saskatchewan+first+province+to+recognize+Holodomor+as+genocide&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Visnyk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.sk.ca%2Foldsite%2Fpdf%2Fvisnykv22no2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth, Nicolas</a> (1999). "A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union". In Courtois, Stéphane (ed.). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Translated by Kraemer, Mark; Murphy, Jonathan (illustrated hardcover ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2"><bdi>978-0-674-07608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+State+against+Its+People%3A+Violence%2C+Repression%2C+and+Terror+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Communism%3A+Crimes%2C+Terror%2C+Repression&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=illustrated+hardcover&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07608-2&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth, Nicolas</a> (2007). "La grande famine ukrainienne de 1932–1933" [The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933]. In <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth, Nicolas</a> (ed.). La terreur et le désarroi: Staline et son système [Terror and disarray: Stalin and his system edited] (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02462-8"><bdi>978-2-262-02462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+grande+famine+ukrainienne+de+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.btitle=La+terreur+et+le+d%C3%A9sarroi%3A+Staline+et+son+syst%C3%A8me&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-262-02462-8&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Werth, Nicolas (18 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/great-ukrainian-famine-1932-33.html">"The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103063806/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/great-ukrainian-famine-1932-33.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sciences+Po&rft.atitle=The+Great+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1932-33&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Ffr%2Fdocument%2Fgreat-ukrainian-famine-1932-33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerth2012" class="citation book cs1">Werth, Nicolas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA386">"Mass Deportations, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Later Russian Empire and the USSR"</a>. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 386–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.013.0020">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161361-6"><bdi>978-0-19-161361-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713123507/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCHMFHQRNtYC&pg=PA386">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mass+Deportations%2C+Ethnic+Cleansing%2C+and+Genocidal+Politics+in+the+Later+Russian+Empire+and+the+USSR&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=386-406&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.013.0020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161361-6&rft.aulast=Werth&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCHMFHQRNtYC%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2000" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (7 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702185709/http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW%20-%20Note%20on%20Demographic%20Data.pdf">A Note on Demographic Data as an Indicator of the Tragedy of the Soviet Village, 1931–33 (draft)</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW%20-%20Note%20on%20Demographic%20Data.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Note+on+Demographic+Data+as+an+Indicator+of+the+Tragedy+of+the+Soviet+Village%2C+1931%E2%80%9333+%28draft%29&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au%2Fdocuments%2FSGW%2520-%2520Note%2520on%2520Demographic%2520Data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712050441/https://melgrosh.unimelb.edu.au/documents/SGW-%7B%7BTypo%7CUkra%7Cnian%7D%7DFamine_mortality.pdf">"Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3"</a> (PDF). In Vasil'ev, V.; Shapovala, Y. (eds.). Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. Kyiv: Geneza. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Current+knowledge+of+the+level+and+nature+of+mortality+in+the+Ukrainian+famine+of+1931%E2%80%933&rft.btitle=Komandiri+velikogo+golodu%3A+Poizdki+V.Molotova+I+L.Kaganovicha+v+Ukrainu+ta+na+Pivnichnii+Kavkaz%2C+1932%E2%80%931933+rr.&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Geneza&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmelgrosh.unimelb.edu.au%2Fdocuments%2FSGW-%257B%257BTypo%257CUkra%257Cnian%257D%257DFamine_mortality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326562364">"The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a>. 27 (3): 465–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777318000358">10.1017/S0960777318000358</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30116832">10536/DRO/DU:30116832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Turn+Away+from+Economic+Explanations+for+Soviet+Famines&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-469&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30116832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777318000358&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326562364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)" title="Andrew Wilson (historian)">Wilson, Andrew</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C">The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation</a> (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09309-4"><bdi>978-0-300-09309-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219140218/https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainians%3A+Unexpected+Nation&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09309-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4f324_LVBL4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolowyna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wolowyna, Oleh (2 October 2021). "A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 23 (4): 501–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1834741">10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226316468">226316468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=A+Demographic+Framework+for+the+1932%E2%80%931934+Famine+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-526&rft.date=2021-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1834741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226316468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wolowyna&rft.aufirst=Oleh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanchenko2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Halyna_Yanchenko" title="Halyna Yanchenko">Yanchenko, Halyna</a> (2 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/12/2/7378948/">"Bundestah vyznav Holodomor henotsydom ukrayintsiv. Chomu stalysya tsi zminy u nimetsʹkiy politytsi?" <bdi lang="uk">Бундестаг визнав Голодомор геноцидом українців. Чому сталися ці зміни у німецькій політиці?</bdi></a> [The Bundestag recognized the Holodomor as a genocide of Ukrainians. Why did these changes in German politics happen?]. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223151736/https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/12/2/7378948/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Bundestah+vyznav+Holodomor+henotsydom+ukrayintsiv.+Chomu+stalysya+tsi+zminy+u+nimets%CA%B9kiy+politytsi%3F+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2.+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%3F&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft.aulast=Yanchenko&rft.aufirst=Halyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fcolumns%2F2022%2F12%2F2%2F7378948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYefimenko2021" class="citation news cs1">Yefimenko, Hennadiy (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euromaidanpress.com/2021/11/05/more-is-not-better-the-deleterious-effects-of-artificially-inflated-holodomor-death-tolls/">"More is not better. The deleterious effects of artificially inflated Holodomor death tolls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan_Press" title="Euromaidan Press">Euromaidan Press</a>. Translated by Chraibi, Christine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501095158/https://euromaidanpress.com/2021/11/05/more-is-not-better-the-deleterious-effects-of-artificially-inflated-holodomor-death-tolls/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euromaidan+Press&rft.atitle=More+is+not+better.+The+deleterious+effects+of+artificially+inflated+Holodomor+death+tolls&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.aulast=Yefimenko&rft.aufirst=Hennadiy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuromaidanpress.com%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fmore-is-not-better-the-deleterious-effects-of-artificially-inflated-holodomor-death-tolls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYushchenko2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Yushchenko, Viktor</a> (6 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006021607/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/data/print/173.html">"Ukrainian President Yushchenko: Yushchenko's Address before Joint Session of U.S. Congress"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Website+of+President+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+President+Yushchenko%3A+Yushchenko%27s+Address+before+Joint+Session+of+U.S.+Congress&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft.aulast=Yushchenko&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fdata%2Fprint%2F173.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYushchenko2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yushchenko, Viktor (12 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204155/http://www.prezident.gov.ua/documents/5087.html">"UKAZ PREZYDENTA UKRAYINY № 868/2006: Pro vidznachennya u 2006 rotsi Dnya pam'yati zhertv holodomoriv ta politychnykh represiy" <bdi lang="uk">УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 868/2006: Про відзначення у 2006 році Дня пам'яті жертв голодоморів та політичних репресій</bdi></a> [DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 868/2006: On the commemoration of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Famine and Political Repression in 2006] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_Ukraine" title="Office of the President of Ukraine">Office of the President of Ukraine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prezident.gov.ua/documents/5087.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UKAZ+PREZYDENTA+UKRAYINY+%E2%84%96+868%2F2006%3A+Pro+vidznachennya+u+2006+rotsi+Dnya+pam%27yati+zhertv+holodomoriv+ta+politychnykh+represiy+%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%97%D0%98%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%98+%E2%84%96+868%2F2006%3A+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%83+2006+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%94%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9&rft.pub=Office+of+the+President+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft.aulast=Yushchenko&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prezident.gov.ua%2Fdocuments%2F5087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYushchenko2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Yushchenko, Viktor</a> (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908084945/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/8296.html">"Holodomor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/8296.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Holodomor&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Yushchenko&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2F8296.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaxid2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaxid (27 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209021402/https://zaxid.net/vihovannya_golodom_n1511218">"Vykhovannya holodom" <bdi lang="uk">Виховання голодом</bdi></a> [Education by hunger]. Zaxid.net (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zaxid.net/vihovannya_golodom_n1511218">the original</a> on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zaxid.net&rft.atitle=Vykhovannya+holodom+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft.au=Zaxid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzaxid.net%2Fvihovannya_golodom_n1511218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZIK_(information_agency)2009" class="citation web cs1">ZIK (information agency) (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422023215/http://zik.ua/en/news/2009/06/11/184328">"Schoolchildren to study in detail about Holodomor and OUN-UPA"</a>. ZIK–Western Information Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zik.ua/en/news/2009/06/11/184328">the original</a> on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schoolchildren+to+study+in+detail+about+Holodomor+and+OUN-UPA&rft.pub=ZIK%E2%80%93Western+Information+Agency&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.au=ZIK+%28information+agency%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzik.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2009%2F06%2F11%2F184328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ukrainian_history" title="Bibliography of Ukrainian history">Bibliography of Ukrainian history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declarations_and_legal_acts">Declarations and legal acts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a>. 19 April 1988. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055926/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/findings.html">Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a>" (Report to Congress).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2003. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Joint_Statement_on_Holodomor" class="extiw" title="s:Joint Statement on Holodomor">Joint Statement on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_articles">Books and articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmende2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Ammende" title="Ewald Ammende">Ammende, Ewald</a> (2006) [Originally published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1936]. Human life in Russia. London: Hesperides Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-3769-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-3769-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-3769-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+life+in+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hesperides+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-3769-1&rft.aulast=Ammende&rft.aufirst=Ewald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruski2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruski, Jan Jacek (2008). Hołodomor 1932–1933. Wielki Głód na Ukrainie w dokumentach polskiej dyplomacji i wywiadu [Holodomor 1932–1933. The Great Famine in Ukraine in the documents of Polish diplomacy and intelligence] (in Polish). Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89607-56-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89607-56-0"><bdi>978-83-89607-56-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ho%C5%82odomor+1932%E2%80%931933.+Wielki+G%C5%82%C3%B3d+na+Ukrainie+w+dokumentach+polskiej+dyplomacji+i+wywiadu&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Polski+Instytut+Spraw+Mi%C4%99dzynarodowych&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-89607-56-0&rft.aulast=Bruski&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jacek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriak2001" class="citation journal cs1">Boriak, Hennadii (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200046/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/USF/3.pdf">"The Publication of Sources on the History of the 1932–1933 Famine-Genocide: History, Current State, and Prospects"</a> (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 25 (3/4). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>: 167–186. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036832">41036832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20030020">20030020</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/USF/3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Publication+of+Sources+on+the+History+of+the+1932%E2%80%931933+Famine-Genocide%3A+History%2C+Current+State%2C+and+Prospects&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=167-186&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20030020&rft.aulast=Boriak&rft.aufirst=Hennadii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.org.ua%2FLiberUA%2FBook%2FUSF%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriak2008" class="citation journal cs1">Boriak, Hennadii (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2Fd8-ba18-wc92">"Holodomor Archives and Sources: The State of the Art"</a>. The Harriman Review. 16 (2): 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2Fd8-ba18-wc92">10.7916/d8-ba18-wc92</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harriman+Review&rft.atitle=Holodomor+Archives+and+Sources%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2Fd8-ba18-wc92&rft.aulast=Boriak&rft.aufirst=Hennadii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7916%252Fd8-ba18-wc92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1999). "Comment on Wheatcroft". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 51 (8): 1479–1483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139998426">10.1080/09668139998426</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/153839">153839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Comment+on+Wheatcroft&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1479-1483&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139998426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F153839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurranLuciukNewby2015" class="citation book cs1">Curran, Declan; Luciuk, Lubomyr; Newby, Andrew, eds. (2015). Famines in European Economic History: The last great European famines reconsidered. Routledge Explorations in Economic History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-65681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-65681-8"><bdi>978-0-415-65681-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famines+in+European+Economic+History%3A+The+last+great+European+famines+reconsidered&rft.series=Routledge+Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-65681-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">Davies, Robert</a> (1980). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, Volume 1: The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929–1930. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-81480-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-81480-6"><bdi>978-0-674-81480-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Industrialisation+of+Soviet+Russia%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Socialist+Offensive%3A+The+Collectivisation+of+Soviet+Agriculture%2C+1929%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-81480-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolot1984" class="citation book cs1">Dolot, Miron (1984). Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Ukrainian Studies Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9609822-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9609822-1-9"><bdi>978-0-9609822-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+killed+them+and+why%3F%3A+in+remembrance+of+those+killed+in+the+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Ukrainian+Studies+Series&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-9609822-1-9&rft.aulast=Dolot&rft.aufirst=Miron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dolot1985" class="citation book cs1">Dolot, Miron (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/executionbyhunge00dolo_0">Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30416-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Execution+by+Hunger%3A+The+Hidden+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30416-9&rft.aulast=Dolot&rft.aufirst=Miron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexecutionbyhunge00dolo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDushnyk1983" class="citation book cs1">Dushnyk, Walter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Dushnyk_Volodymyr/50_years_ago_the_famine_holocaust_in_Ukraine_Terror_and_human_misery_as_instruments_of_Soviet_Russia.pdf">50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine: Terror and Human Misery as Instruments of Soviet Russian Imperialism</a> (PDF). Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217052632/https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Dushnyk_Volodymyr/50_years_ago_the_famine_holocaust_in_Ukraine_Terror_and_human_misery_as_instruments_of_Soviet_Russia.pdf?PHPSESSID=3ads1phtg6n7ifaa9t74gfkj35">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+years+ago%3A+the+famine+holocaust+in+Ukraine%3A+Terror+and+Human+Misery+as+Instruments+of+Soviet+Russian+Imperialism&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=World+Congress+of+Free+Ukrainians&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Dushnyk&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FDushnyk_Volodymyr%2F50_years_ago_the_famine_holocaust_in_Ukraine_Terror_and_human_misery_as_instruments_of_Soviet_Russia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Falk, Barbara (2005). Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben [Soviet cities in the famine of 1932/33. State food policy and everyday urban life]. Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas (in German). Vol. 38. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-10105-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-10105-3"><bdi>978-3-412-10105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowjetische+St%C3%A4dte+in+der+Hungersnot+1932%2F33.+Staatliche+Ern%C3%A4hrungspolitik+und+st%C3%A4dtisches+Alltagsleben&rft.place=Cologne&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-412-10105-3&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFürst2010" class="citation book cs1">Fürst, Juliane (2010). Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161450-7"><bdi>978-0-19-161450-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Last+Generation%3A+Soviet+Post-War+Youth+and+the+Emergence+of+Mature+Socialism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161450-7&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCrst&rft.aufirst=Juliane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraziosi1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graziosi, Andrea, ed. (1991). Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33 [Letters from Kharkiv: The famine in the Ukraine and in the North Caucasus in the reports of Italian diplomats, 1932-33] (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-12182-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-12182-2"><bdi>978-88-06-12182-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettere+da+Kharkov%3A+la+carestia+in+Ucraina+e+nel+Caucaso+del+Nord+nei+rapporti+dei+diplomatici+italiani%2C+1932%E2%80%9333&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-88-06-12182-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1988" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Foreign Office (1988). Carynnyk, Marco; Luciuk, Lubomyr Y.; Kordan, Bohdan S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Britain-and-Holodomor-Docs">The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933</a>. foreword by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Michael Marrus</a>. Kingston, Ontario: Limestone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919642-31-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919642-31-7"><bdi>978-0-919642-31-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Office+and+the+Famine%3A+British+Documents+on+Ukraine+and+the+Great+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Limestone+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-919642-31-7&rft.au=Great+Britain+Foreign+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBritain-and-Holodomor-Docs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorovich1974" class="citation journal cs1">Gregorovich, Andrew (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/gregorovich/">"Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence"</a>. Forum: A Ukrainian Review (24). Scranton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926024733/http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/gregorovich/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022 – via InfoUkes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum%3A+A+Ukrainian+Review&rft.atitle=Black+Famine+in+Ukraine+1932%E2%80%9333%3A+A+Struggle+for+Existence&rft.issue=24&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gregorovich&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoukes.com%2Fhistory%2Ffamine%2Fgregorovich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalii1963" class="citation book cs1">Halii, Mykola (1963). Organized Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933. Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organized+Famine+in+Ukraine%2C+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Research+and+Information+Institute&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Halii&rft.aufirst=Mykola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlushanytsia1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hlushanytsia, Pavlo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/4493/file.pdf">Hlushanytsya P. Tretya svitova viyna Pavla Hlushanytsi <bdi lang="uk">Глушаниця П. Третя світова війна Павла Глушаниці</bdi></a> [The Third World War by Pavlo Hlushanitsa] (PDF) (in English and Ukrainian). Translated by Moroz, Vera. Toronto: Anabasis Magazine. pp. 91–187. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310073433/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/4493/file.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hlushanytsya+P.+Tretya+svitova+viyna+Pavla+Hlushanytsi+%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F+%D0%9F.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=91-187&rft.pub=Anabasis+Magazine&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hlushanytsia&rft.aufirst=Pavlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporiana.org.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fbooks%2F4493%2Ffile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaratnytska1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karatnytska, Nadia, ed. (1985). Kholod na Ukrayini, 1932–1933: vybrani statyi <bdi lang="uk">Холод на Україні, 1932–1933: вибрані статї</bdi> [Holodomor in Ukraine, 1932–1933: selected articles] (in Ukrainian). New York: Suchasnist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kholod+na+Ukrayini%2C+1932%E2%80%931933%3A+vybrani+statyi+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%2C+1932%E2%80%931933%3A+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Suchasnist&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hryshko1983" class="citation book cs1">Hryshko, Vasyl (1983) [1976]. Carynnyk, Marco (ed.). The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933. Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9691830-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9691830-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9691830-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+Holocaust+of+1933&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Bahrianyi+Foundation&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-9691830-1-3&rft.aulast=Hryshko&rft.aufirst=Vasyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_National_Remembrance2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> (2009). Bednarek, Jerzy; Bohunov, Serhiy; Kokin, Serhiy (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405220650/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-83-7629-077-5/978-83-7629-077-5.pdf">Holodomor. The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933</a> (PDF). Translated by Serówka, Dariusz. additional editors: Petro Kulakovsky, Marcin Majewski, Piotr Mierecki, Zbigniew Nawrocki, Yuriy Shapoval, Jędrzej Tucholski, Victor Tykhomyrov. Warsaw: Ministry of Interior and Administration, Republic of Poland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7629-077-5"><bdi>978-83-7629-077-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-83-7629-077-5/978-83-7629-077-5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holodomor.+The+Great+Famine+in+Ukraine+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Interior+and+Administration%2C+Republic+of+Poland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-83-7629-077-5&rft.au=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.org.ua%2FLiberUA%2F978-83-7629-077-5%2F978-83-7629-077-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Commission+of+Inquiry+into+the+1932%E2%80%9333+Famine+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=World+Congress+of+Free+Ukrainians&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1988IntCommissionFinalRep" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001225745/http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/Holodomor/Holodomor-Commission.pdf">Final report</a> (PDF). Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians. 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/Holodomor/Holodomor-Commission.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2008. <q><a href="#1988IntCommission">(International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine, 1988.)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+report&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=World+Congress+of+Free+Ukrainians&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrainianworldcongress.org%2FHolodomor%2FHolodomor-Commission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brussels, Belgium Proceedings [transcript], 23–27 May 1988. <q><a href="#1988IntCommission">(International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brussels%2C+Belgium+Proceedings+%5Btranscript%5D%2C+23%E2%80%9327+May+1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">New York City Proceedings [transcript], 21 October – 5 November 1988. <q><a href="#1988IntCommission">(International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine)</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+City+Proceedings+%5Btranscript%5D%2C+21+October+%E2%80%93+5+November+1988.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalynyk1955" class="citation book cs1">Kalynyk, Oleksa (1955). Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine. London: Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J7SR2">B0007J7SR2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5170037">5170037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%2C+the+enemy+of+mankind%3A+documents+about+the+methods+and+practise+of+Russian+Bolshevik+occupation+in+Ukraine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Youth+Association+in+Great+Britain&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5170037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007J7SR2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Kalynyk&rft.aufirst=Oleksa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostiuk1960" class="citation book cs1">Kostiuk, Hryhory (1960). Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939. Series I, No. 47. Munich: Institute for the Study of the USSR. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005FGNR9K">B005FGNR9K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinist+rule+in+Ukraine%3A+a+study+of+the+decade+of+mass+terror%2C+1929%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Series+I%2C+No.+47&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+USSR&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB005FGNR9K%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Kostiuk&rft.aufirst=Hryhory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2017b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Kotkin, Stephen</a> (2017b). Stalin (volume 2): Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-380-0"><bdi>978-1-59420-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+%28volume+2%29%3A+Waiting+for+Hitler%2C+1929%E2%80%931941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-380-0&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovalenkoManiak1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kovalenko, Liudmyla. B.; Maniak, Volodymyr A., eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121024508/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-333-00875-2/5-333-00875-2.pdf">33-y-Holod. Narodna knyha-memorial <bdi lang="uk">33-й-Голод. Народна книга-меморіал</bdi></a> [33rd [The Year 33] Famine. People's book-memorial] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Radians'kyj pys'mennyk [Радянський письменник]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-7891-95-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-7891-95-4"><bdi>978-966-7891-95-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-333-00875-2/5-333-00875-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=33-y-Holod.+Narodna+knyha-memorial+33-%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Radians%27kyj+pys%27mennyk+%5B%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%5D&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-966-7891-95-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.org.ua%2FLiberUA%2F5-333-00875-2%2F5-333-00875-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Kowalski" title="Ludwik Kowalski">Kowalski, Ludwik</a> (2011) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004115025/http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/father2/introduction.html">Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime</a>. Wasteland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60047-232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60047-232-9"><bdi>978-1-60047-232-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/father2/introduction.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+on+Earth%3A+Brutality+and+Violence+Under+the+Stalinist+Regime&rft.pub=Wasteland+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60047-232-9&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.csam.montclair.edu%2F~kowalski%2Ffather2%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrawchenko1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Krawchenko" title="Bohdan Krawchenko">Krawchenko, Bohdan</a> (1985). Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine. St Antony's/Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-73160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-73160-1"><bdi>978-0-312-73160-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+change+and+national+consciousness+in+twentieth-century+Ukraine&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+UK&rft.series=St+Antony%27s%2FMacmillan&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-312-73160-1&rft.aulast=Krawchenko&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrawchenkoSerbyn1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Krawchenko" title="Bohdan Krawchenko">Krawchenko, Bohdan</a>; Serbyn, Roman (1986). Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933. Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies">Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-43-8"><bdi>978-0-920862-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine+in+Ukraine+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-920862-43-8&rft.aulast=Krawchenko&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft.au=Serbyn%2C+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuśnierz2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuśnierz, Robert (2005). Marszałek, Adam (ed.). Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933) [Ukraine in the years of collectivization and the Great Famine (1929–1933)] (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń </a>: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Grado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89588-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89588-35-7"><bdi>978-83-89588-35-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraina+w+latach+kolektywizacji+i+Wielkiego+Glodu+%281929%E2%80%931933%29&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+Grado&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-83-89588-35-7&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%9Bnierz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeshuk1995" class="citation book cs1">Leshuk, Leonard, ed. (1995). Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934. Translated by Rueger, Raimund. Kingston, Washington: Kashtan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9706464-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9706464-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9706464-0-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35304980">35304980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Famine%2C+Nights+of+Terror%3A+Firsthand+Accounts+of+Soviet+Collectivization%2C+1928%E2%80%931934&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Kashtan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35304980&rft.isbn=978-0-9706464-0-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuciukGrekul2008" class="citation book cs1">Luciuk, Lubomyr; Grekul, Lisa, eds. (2008) [1953]. Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine. Kashtan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896354-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896354-33-0"><bdi>978-1-896354-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holodomor%3A+Reflections+on+the+Great+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+in+Soviet+Ukraine&rft.pub=Kashtan+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-896354-33-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuciuk2004" class="citation book cs1">Luciuk, Lubomyr, ed. (2004). Not Worthy: Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times. Kingston: Kashtan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896354-34-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896354-34-7"><bdi>978-1-896354-34-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Worthy%3A+Walter+Duranty%27s+Pulitzer+Prize+and+The+New+York+Times&rft.place=Kingston&rft.pub=Kashtan+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-896354-34-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">Mace, James E.</a> (29 December 1983). Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-09-6"><bdi>978-0-916458-09-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+the+dilemma+of+national+liberation%3A+national+communism+in+Soviet+Ukraine%2C+1918%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1983-12-29&rft.isbn=978-0-916458-09-6&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakohon1983" class="citation book cs1">Makohon, Pavlo (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/1912/file.pdf">Witness: memoirs of the Famine of 1933 in Ukraine</a> [Witness: memoirs of the Famine of 1933 in Ukraine] (PDF). Translated by Moroz, Vera. Toronto: Anabasis Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220085624/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/1912/file.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness%3A+memoirs+of+the+Famine+of+1933+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Anabasis+Magazine&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Makohon&rft.aufirst=Pavlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporiana.org.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fbooks%2F1912%2Ffile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Martchenko, Borys, La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933, (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarton2007" class="citation book cs1">Marton, Kati (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatescapeninej00mart/page/98">Great Escape</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatescapeninej00mart/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6115-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6115-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-6115-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Escape&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6115-9&rft.aulast=Marton&rft.aufirst=Kati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatescapeninej00mart%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Montefiore, Simon Sebag</a> (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Alfre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-29144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-29144-8"><bdi>978-0-307-29144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfre&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-307-29144-8&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarunchak1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marunchak, Mykhaĭlo H. (1985). Нація в боротьбі за своє існування: 1932–1933 в Україні і діяспорі [The nation in the struggle for its existence: 1932–1933 in Ukraine and the diaspora] (in Ukrainian). Winnipeg: Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13135619">13135619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94+%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+1932%E2%80%931933+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%96+%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Free+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13135619&rft.aulast=Marunchak&rft.aufirst=Mykha%C4%ADlo+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Memorial, compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of "Memorial", 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine].</li> <li>Mishchenko, Oleksandr, Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen', (Kyiv: Molod', 1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMykhailychenko1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mykhailychenko, H. M.; Shatalina, E. P., eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222182252/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-12-003210-9/5-12-003210-9.pdf">Kolektyvizatsiya i holod na Ukrayini 1929–1933: zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv <bdi lang="uk">Колективізація і голод на Україні 1929–1933 : збірник документів і матеріалів</bdi></a> [Collectivization and famine in Ukraine 1929–1933: a collection of documents and materials] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and Russian). Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-12-003210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-12-003210-0"><bdi>978-5-12-003210-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/5-12-003210-9/5-12-003210-9.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolektyvizatsiya+i+holod+na+Ukrayini+1929%E2%80%931933%3A+zbirnyk+dokumentiv+i+materialiv+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+1929%E2%80%931933+%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-5-12-003210-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.org.ua%2FLiberUA%2F5-12-003210-9%2F5-12-003210-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2022a" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor</a> (6 April 2022a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine/">"The Czech Republic recognized the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide in Ukraine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125170057/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Czech+Republic+recognized+the+Holodomor+of+1932%E2%80%931933+as+genocide+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.au=National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fthe-czech-republic-recognized-the-holodomor-of-1932-1933-as-genocide-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2022b" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor</a> (27 April 2022b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide/">"The upper house of the Brazilian parliament has recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125170055/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/news/the-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+upper+house+of+the+Brazilian+parliament+has+recognized+the+Holodomor+as+an+act+of+genocide.&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft.au=National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fthe-upper-house-of-the-brazilian-parliament-has-recognized-the-holodomor-as-an-act-of-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Oleksiw, Stephen, The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983).</li> <li>Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934, [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPianciola2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pianciola, Niccolò (August 2020). "Review: Environment, Empire, and the Great Famine in Stalin's Kazakhstan: The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, by Sarah Cameron". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 23 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1807140">10.1080/14623528.2020.1807140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225294912">225294912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Environment%2C+Empire%2C+and+the+Great+Famine+in+Stalin%27s+Kazakhstan%3A+The+Hungry+Steppe%3A+Famine%2C+Violence+and+the+Making+of+Soviet+Kazakhstan%2C+by+Sarah+Cameron&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1807140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225294912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pianciola&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidhainy1953" class="citation book cs1">Pidhainy, Semen O., ed. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf">The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Volume 1: Testimonials</a> (PDF). Vol. 1. Translated by Oreletsky, Alexander; Prychodko, Olga. Toronto: The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000EGMA4O">B000EGMA4O</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117035831/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12606/file.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Deeds+of+the+Kremlin%3A+A+White+Book.+Volume+1%3A+Testimonials.&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Basilian+Press%2C+for+Ukrainian+Association+of+Victims+of+Russian+Communist+Terror&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000EGMA4O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporiana.org.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fbooks%2F12606%2Ffile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidhainy1953" class="citation book cs1">Pidhainy, Semen O., ed. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12607/file.pdf">The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Vol. 2: The Greate Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933</a> (PDF). Vol. 2. Translated by Oreletsky, Alexander; Prychodko, Olga. Toronto: The Basilian Press, for Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000EGICL4">B000EGICL4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128063834/https://diasporiana.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/books/12607/file.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Deeds+of+the+Kremlin%3A+A+White+Book.+Vol.+2%3A+The+Greate+Famine+in+Ukraine+in+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Basilian+Press%2C+for+Ukrainian+Association+of+Victims+of+Russian+Communist+Terror.&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000EGICL4%23id-name%3DASIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporiana.org.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fbooks%2F12607%2Ffile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pidnayny, Alexandra, A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975).</li> <li>Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, 8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini, (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajca2005" class="citation book cs1">Rajca, Czesław (2005). Głód na Ukrainie. Lublin/Toronto: Werset. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60133-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60133-04-0"><bdi>978-83-60133-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C5%82%C3%B3d+na+Ukrainie&rft.place=Lublin%2FToronto&rft.pub=Werset&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-83-60133-04-0&rft.aulast=Rajca&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Senyshyn, Halyna, Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933, (Ottawa: Montreal: Umman, 1983).</li> <li>Solovei, Dmytro, The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine, compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953).</li> <li>Stradnyk, Petro, Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini, (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972).</li> <li>Taylor, S.J., Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times's Man in Moscow, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).</li> <li>The man-made famine in Ukraine (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak].</li> <li>United States, Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine, [Daniel E. Mica, chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 1988).</li> <li>United States, Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990).</li> <li>Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33, [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].</li> <li>Verbyts'kyi, M., Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv, (London: Dobrus, 1952).</li> <li>Voropai, Oleksa, V deviatim kruzi, (London, England: Sum, 1953).</li> <li>Voropai, Oleksa, The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933, Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (2004). "Towards Explaining the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective". Food and Foodways. 12 (2–3): 107–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07409710490491447">10.1080/07409710490491447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155003439">155003439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Foodways&rft.atitle=Towards+Explaining+the+Soviet+Famine+of+1931%E2%80%931933%3A+Political+and+Natural+Factors+in+Perspective&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=107-136&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07409710490491447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155003439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2000b" class="citation journal cs1">Wheatcroft, S. G. (September 2000b). "The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 52 (6): 1143–1159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130050143860">10.1080/09668130050143860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19326595">19326595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205667754">205667754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Scale+and+Nature+of+Stalinist+Repression+and+its+Demographic+Significance%3A+On+Comments+by+Keep+and+Conquest&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1143-1159&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205667754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19326595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130050143860&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest_Germany_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)#Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949–present)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">West Germany Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (1988). Zlepko, Dmytro (ed.). Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes [The Ukrainian hunger holocaust: Stalin's concealed genocide of 1932/33 against 7 million Ukrainian peasants as reflected in secret files of the German Foreign Office: a documentation] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Sonnenb%C3%BChl" title="Sonnenbühl">Sonnenbühl</a>: Helmut Wild Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-925848-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-925848-03-2"><bdi>978-3-925848-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+ukrainische+Hunger-Holocaust%3A+Stalins+verschwiegener+V%C3%B6lkermord+1932%2F33+an+7+Millionen+ukrainischen+Bauern+im+Spiegel+geheimgehaltener+Akten+des+deutschen+Ausw%C3%A4rtigen+Amtes&rft.place=Sonnenb%C3%BChl&rft.pub=Helmut+Wild+Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-925848-03-2&rft.au=West+Germany+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Holodomor-Genocide" title="National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide">National Museum of the Holodomor</a> (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/">"Website of the National Museum of the Holodomor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124205436/https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+of+the+National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.au=National+Museum+of+the+Holodomor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharethestory.ca/">"Holodomor survivors share their stories"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525105036/http://www.sharethestory.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holodomor+survivors+share+their+stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sharethestory.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Nowytski" title="Slavko Nowytski">Nowytski, Slavko (director)</a>; Luhovy, Yuri and Novytski, S. (producers); Peter Blow (Scriptwriter) (15 April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHm_1uN80s0">Film: Harvest of Despair: The 1932-33 Famine in Ukraine</a> (Documentary- 55 minutes (on YouTube)). Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Research_and_Documentation_Centre" title="Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre">Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217212342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHm_1uN80s0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film%3A+Harvest+of+Despair%3A+The+1932-33+Famine+in+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Canadian+Research+and+Documentation+Centre&rft.date=1985-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIHm_1uN80s0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html">(Script text.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217224042/http://ucrdc.org/Film-Harvest_of_Despair_annotated.html">Archived</a> 17 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/">"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute's MAPA Digital Atlas of Ukraine focus on the history of the Holodomor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081505/https://gis.huri.harvard.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute%27s+MAPA+Digital+Atlas+of+Ukraine+focus+on+the+history+of+the+Holodomor&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.huri.harvard.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/">"Gareth Jones' international exposure of the Holodomor, plus many related background articles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629145402/https://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gareth+Jones%27+international+exposure+of+the+Holodomor%2C+plus+many+related+background+articles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garethjones.org%2Fsoviet_articles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(in Ukrainian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/index.php">Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207075342/https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/index.php">Archived</a> 7 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Central State Archive of Ukraine (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701220910/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/photos.php">photos</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702013703/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Famine/Resources.php">links</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ukra.html">Ukraine Famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221095044/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ukra.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Revelations from the Russian Archives at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li>Sergei Melnikoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulag.ipvnews.org/article20061131.php">Photos of Holodomor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616003527/http://gulag.ipvnews.org/article20061131.php">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> gulag.ipvnews.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10727.doc.htm">The General Committee decided this afternoon not to recommend the inclusion of an item on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 in Ukraine.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330053227/https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/ga10727.doc.htm">Archived</a> 30 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.un.org</li> <li>Nicolas Werth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/The-1932-1933-Great-Famine-in-Ukraine?artpage=1-5">Case Study: The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070345/http://massviolence.org/the-1932-1933-great-famine-in-ukraine?artpage=1-5">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> / CNRS – France</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209085548/http://kiev.usembassy.gov/files/famine.pdf">Holodomor – Famine in Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933</a> archived from U.S. Embassy in Ukraine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703070434/http://rusarchives.ru/publication/famine/famine-ussr.pdf">Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934</a> – collection of archive materials rusarchives.ru</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727200811/http://www.sbu.gov.ua/sbu/control/en/publish/article?art_id=84758&cat_id=83648">Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraine</a> – official site of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a>, www.sbu.gov.ua</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725021110/http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2010/04/08/the-great-hunger-part-1-2/">CBC program about the Great Hunger</a> archived from www.cbc.ca</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1983" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Caryle (1 October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315235640/http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/wash_march2.htm">"Ukrainian Americans Commemorate Famine in Homeland 50 Years Ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artukraine.com/famineart/wash_march2.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Americans+Commemorate+Famine+in+Homeland+50+Years+Ago&rft.date=1983-10-01&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Caryle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artukraine.com%2Ffamineart%2Fwash_march2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHolodomor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214220458/http://www.narodnaviyna.org.ua/eng/index.html">People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial"</a> archived from www.narodnaviyna.org.ua</li> <li>Oksana Kis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3720178/Defying_Death_Women_s_Experience_of_the_Holodomor_1932_1933">Defying Death Women's Experience of the Holodomor, 1932–1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330051722/https://www.academia.edu/3720178/Defying_Death_Women_s_Experience_of_the_Holodomor_1932_1933">Archived</a> 30 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.academia.edu</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_Stalin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template talk:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseph_Stalin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1922–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Early life of Joseph Stalin">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_during_the_Russian_Revolution,_Civil_War,_and_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War">Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Rule as Soviet leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Political views of Joseph Stalin">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Death toll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)</a>/<a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">(1928–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">Kolkhoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">Sovkhoz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a> / <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1937 Soviet Union legislative election">1937 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1946 Soviet Union legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">1946 Iran crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1950 Soviet Union legislative election">1950 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggravation_of_class_struggle_under_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravation of class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Construction_Projects_of_Communism" title="Great Construction Projects of Communism">Great Construction Projects of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_of_the_human_soul" title="Engineers of the human soul">Engineers of the human soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakhanovite">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_plan_for_the_transformation_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness_brings_on_beatings_by_others" title="Backwardness brings on beatings by others">Backwardness brings on beatings by others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes, repressions, and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Bolshevik_raid_on_the_Tsarevich_Giorgi" title="1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi">1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery" title="1907 Tiflis bank robbery">1907 Tiflis bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Affair">Georgian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">Decossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittorf_affair" title="Wittorf affair">Wittorf affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–33</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holodomor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Murder of Sergey Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_of_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Berezhany" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Berezhany">Berezhany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezwecz-Taklinovo_Death_Road" title="Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road">Berezwecz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Dubno" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Dubno">Dubno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Chortkiv_Prison" title="Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison">Chortkiv </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Lutsk" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres_in_Lviv" title="NKVD prisoner massacres in Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_Forest_massacre" title="Medvedev Forest massacre">Medvedev Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Sambir" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valozhyn-Tarasovo_Death_Road" title="Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road">Valozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vileyka-Barysaw_Death_Road" title="Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road">Vileyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_massacre" title="Vinnytsia massacre">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Zolochiv" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Zolochiv">Zolochiv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Lux" title="Hotel Lux">Hotel Lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Repressions in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ideological repression in science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavists_case" title="Slavists case">Slavists case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Soviet Census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">1941 Red Army purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Youth Conspiracy">Hitler Youth Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a> (<a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">German–Soviet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations">Deportations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Chechens_and_Ingush" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chechens and Ingush">Operation "Lentil"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation "North"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation "Priboi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazino_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazino affair">Nazino affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_trees" title="Tax on trees">Tax on trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">1946–1947 Soviet famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian Affair">Mingrelian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_or_Socialism%3F" title="Anarchism or Socialism?">Anarchism or Socialism?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dizzy_with_Success" title="Dizzy with Success">Dizzy with Success</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">"Ten Blows" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_alleged_speech_of_19_August_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's alleged speech of 19 August 1939">Alleged 19 August 1939 speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's poetry">Stalin's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Problems_of_Linguistics" title="Marxism and Problems of Linguistics">Marxism and Problems of Linguistics</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pospelov_Commission" title="Pospelov Commission">Pospelov Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Gomulka thaw (Polish October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvernik_Commission" title="Shvernik Commission">Shvernik Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Criticism and opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Epigram" title="Stalin Epigram">Stalin Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryutin Affair">Ryutin Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Plot" title="Kremlin Plot">Kremlin Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Communists" title="True Communists">True Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soviet_Story" title="The Soviet Story">The Soviet Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">Iosif Stalin tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_locomotive_class_IS" title="Soviet locomotive class IS">Iosif Stalin locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of statues of Joseph Stalin">Stalin statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Moscow" title="Pantheon, Moscow">Pantheon, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin">List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Joseph_Stalin,_Berlin" title="Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin">Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Budapest)" title="Stalin Monument (Budapest)">Stalin Monument in Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Prague)" title="Stalin Monument (Prague)">Stalin Monument in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_Museum,_Gori" title="Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori">Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi_Stalin_Museum" title="Batumi Stalin Museum">Batumi Stalin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of places named after Joseph Stalin">Places named after Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">State Stalin Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%93_For_the_USSR" title="Stalin Bloc – For the USSR">Stalin Bloc – For the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Stalin" title="Apocalypse: Stalin">Apocalypse: Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besarion_Jughashvili" title="Besarion Jughashvili">Besarion Jughashvili</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keke_Geladze" title="Keke Geladze">Keke Geladze</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kato_Svanidze" title="Kato Svanidze">Kato Svanidze</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Dzhugashvili" title="Yakov Dzhugashvili">Yakov Dzhugashvili</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kuzakov" title="Konstantin Kuzakov">Konstantin Kuzakov</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artyom_Sergeyev" title="Artyom Sergeyev">Artyom Sergeyev</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva">Nadezhda Alliluyeva</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Stalin" title="Vasily Stalin">Vasily Stalin</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Dzhugashvili" title="Yevgeny Dzhugashvili">Yevgeny Dzhugashvili</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Dzhugashvili" title="Galina Dzhugashvili">Galina Dzhugashvili</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alliluyev" title="Joseph Alliluyev">Joseph Alliluyev</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alliluyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alliluyev">Sergei Alliluyev</a> (second father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Svanidze" title="Alexander Svanidze">Alexander Svanidze</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Zhdanov" title="Yuri Zhdanov">Yuri Zhdanov</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Peters" title="William Wesley Peters">William Wesley Peters</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_residences" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's residences">Stalin's residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_house,_Gori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's house, Gori">Stalin's house, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Theological_Seminary" title="Tbilisi Theological Seminary">Tiflis Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureika_(village)" title="Kureika (village)">Kureika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Room at Kremlin</a></li> <li>Dachas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo_Dacha" title="Kuntsevo Dacha">Kuntsevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sochi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sochi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uspenskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uspenskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Uspenskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyonovskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyonovskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Semyonovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Athos_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Athos Dacha (page does not exist)">New Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodnaya_Rechka_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodnaya Rechka Dacha (page does not exist)">Kholodnaya Rechka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ritsa_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ritsa Dacha (page does not exist)">Lake Ritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhumi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhumi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sukhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_bunker,_Samara" title="Stalin's bunker, Samara">Stalin's bunker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_Stalin" title="Category:Joseph Stalin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165058#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1353093/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1151824690">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003010182">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16238976m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16238976m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX489779">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532763405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/135459192">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=25439">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\F\A\Famine6Genocideof1932hD73">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holodomor&oldid=1259365185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holodomor&oldid=1259365185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holodomor" title="Category:Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocides_in_Europe" title="Category:Genocides in Europe">Genocides in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_disasters_in_Europe" title="Category:1932 disasters in Europe">1932 disasters in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1932 in the Soviet Union">1932 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_in_Ukraine" title="Category:1932 in Ukraine">1932 in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_disasters_in_Europe" title="Category:1933 disasters in Europe">1933 disasters in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1933 in the Soviet Union">1933 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_in_Ukraine" title="Category:1933 in Ukraine">1933 in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Agriculture in Ukraine">Agriculture in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Anti-Ukrainian sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes_of_the_communist_regime_in_Ukraine_against_Ukrainians" title="Category:Crimes of the communist regime in Ukraine against Ukrainians">Crimes of the communist regime in Ukraine against Ukrainians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Famines_in_Europe" title="Category:Famines in Europe">Famines in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Famines_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Famines in the Soviet Union">Famines in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incidents_of_cannibalism" title="Category:Incidents of cannibalism">Incidents of cannibalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_Stalin" title="Category:Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Stalinism in Ukraine">Stalinism in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_famines" title="Category:20th-century famines">20th-century famines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Famines_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Famines in Ukraine">Famines in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_disasters_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1932 disasters in the Soviet Union">1932 disasters in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1933_disasters_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1933 disasters in the Soviet Union">1933 disasters in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ukrainian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ukrainian IPA">Pages with Ukrainian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Ukrainian-language_script_(uk)" 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Template:Cite_journal"," 6.88% 340.820 61 Template:Cite_news"," 6.59% 326.390 1 Template:Infobox_famine"," 6.52% 322.865 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.70% 183.147 22 Template:Efn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.461","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20637870,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF1988IntCommissionFinalRep\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbe1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmmende2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndriewsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngleški2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnyDay_Guide2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebaum2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalachuk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkanColeStruve2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeilharz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerezhkov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBihun2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilinsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlow1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBociurkiw1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeck2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoriak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoriak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoriakvon_Hagen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica_Holodomor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusel_2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCTV_news2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalupa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlin1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurranLuciukNewby2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahm2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesTaugerWheatcroft1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesWheatcroft2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemoscope_Weekly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche_Welle,_Dec_2022.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolot1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolot1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDushnyk1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngerman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Pravda2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawkes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFürst2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetty2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetty2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorbachev2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorbunovaKlymchuk2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Saskatchewan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraziosi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraziosi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraziosi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregorovich1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadzewyczZaryckyKolomayets1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalii1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHechter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHlushanytsia1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorbachov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHrynevych2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHryshko1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInfoUkes_Staff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_National_Remembrance2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInterfax_Ukraine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_E._Abbe1934\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalynyk1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaratnytska1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKharkiv_Oblast_secretary1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlady1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlid2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostiuk1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotkin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotkin2017b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovalenkoManiak1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKończalMoses2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKravchenko2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawchenko1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawchenkoSerbyn1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2007-_Evidential_Gaps\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytskyYefimenko2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin4\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin5\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytsky_Stalin6\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuśnierz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuśnierz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuśnierz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyiv_Post2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonavičiusOzolinčiūtė2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeshuk1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListerFylyppov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoroffVincentKuryliw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuciuk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuciukGrekul2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLypovetakyi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakohon1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaksudov1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalko2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargolis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkevichNaumenkoQian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarunchak1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniels2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesléPisonVallin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesléVallin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontefiore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusiienko1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMykhailychenko1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNalyvaykoBulanenko2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNat.BankUkraine2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNat.RadioUkraine2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Museum_of_the_Holodomor2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaumenko2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaumenko2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Voice_-_UA2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoackJanssenCornerford2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObama2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObama2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObama2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhayon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsadchenkoRudneva2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapakin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPianciola2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPianigiani2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidhainy1953\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotocki2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrystajkoŠapoval1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyrih,_1990;_No._1-132.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyrih,_1990;_No._343-403.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyrih2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRada,_Nov._2006.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadzinsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajca2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRating_Group_Ukraine2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisenauer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosefielde1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozenasZhukov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRud2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudnytskyiLevchukWolowynaShevchuk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudnytskyi_et_al._2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamchuk1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoraVinograd2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelden1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerbyn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerbyn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerbyn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerbyn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapoval\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawWellsKeynesStalin1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheeter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShevchenko_University_news2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitnikova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokur2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoldatenko2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSosnovy1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumInUa_Dictionary2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymposium:_Starvation_As_A_Political_Tool,_2020.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauger1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTehran_Times2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThevenin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_signatory_nations2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSSR_Census1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Commission_OralHist._vol.1\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Commission_Report_vol.1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUcrainica_Research2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Canadian_Congress2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Institute_of_National_Memory\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Weekly2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Weekly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainska_Pravda2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrinform2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrinform2022c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrinform2022d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrinform2022e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUytkroft2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallinMesléAdametsPyrozhkov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Herpen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaniyan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerkhovna_Rada,_2003.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerkhovna_Rada,_2007.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViola1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViola2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisnyk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerth1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest_Germany_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolowyna2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanchenko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYefimenko2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYushchenko2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYushchenko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYushchenko2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZIK_(information_agency)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZadorozhnii2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaxid2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_WaalMurdoch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdesk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Dolot1985\"] = 1,\n [\"Hryshko1983\"] = 1,\n [\"Kulch2005.2\"] = 1,\n [\"Kulch2005.3\"] = 1,\n [\"Kulch2005.4\"] = 1,\n [\"Kulchytsky2005\"] = 1,\n [\"US_Commission_OralHist\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 108,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 123,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 6,\n [\"Efn\"] = 22,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 37,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide\"] = 1,\n [\"Genocide topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 30,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"History of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"Holodomor\"] = 1,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox famine\"] = 1,\n [\"Joseph Stalin\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 10,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 285,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 29,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet Union topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 5,\n [\"Ukraine topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","600","16.6"],["?","480","13.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","340","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","260","7.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","2.8"],["[others]","880","24.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7vn4p","timestamp":"20241125142952","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Holodomor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holodomor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165058","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165058","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-22T09:18:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T20:00:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg","headline":"man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians"}</script> </body> </html>