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id="toc-Language_notes_from_1770_and_1774" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_notes_from_1770_and_1774"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Language notes from 1770 and 1774</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_notes_from_1770_and_1774-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Peruvian_enslavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Peruvian_enslavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post-Peruvian enslavement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Peruvian_enslavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_notes_from_1886" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_notes_from_1886"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Language notes from 1886</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_notes_from_1886-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_notes_from_the_twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_notes_from_the_twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Language notes from the twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_notes_from_the_twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rongorongo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rongorongo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Rongorongo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rongorongo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hispanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowed_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowed_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Borrowed words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowed_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Word Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postnominal_demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postnominal_demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>Postnominal demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postnominal_demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distal/Neutral_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distal/Neutral_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1.1</span> <span>Distal/Neutral era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distal/Neutral_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deictic_locationals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deictic_locationals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.2</span> <span>Deictic locationals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deictic_locationals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Conjunction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alienable_and_inalienable_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alienable_and_inalienable_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Alienable and inalienable possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alienable_and_inalienable_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_and_O_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_and_O_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>A and O possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_and_O_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Classifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Exclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Compound words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_in_the_verb_phrase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_in_the_verb_phrase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Position in the verb phrase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_in_the_verb_phrase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clausal_negators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clausal_negators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>Clausal negators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clausal_negators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ꞌIna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ꞌIna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2.1</span> <span><span><i>ꞌIna</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ꞌIna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2.2</span> <span><span><i>Kai</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-(E)ko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#(E)ko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2.3</span> <span><span><i>(E)ko</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-(E)ko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituent_negator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_negator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>Constituent negator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituent_negator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taꞌe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taꞌe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3.1</span> <span><span><i>Taꞌe</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taꞌe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_negator:_kore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_negator:_kore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.4</span> <span>Noun negator: <span><i>kore</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_negator:_kore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hia_/_ia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hia_/_ia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.5</span> <span><span><i>Hia / ia</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hia_/_ia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.6</span> <span>Double negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Directionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postverbal_Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postverbal_Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Postverbal Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postverbal_Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapa Nui language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_(taal)" title="Rapa Nui (taal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rapa Nui (taal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A" title="لغة رابا نوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة رابا نوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rapanui" title="Idioma rapanui – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma rapanui" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Rapanui" title="Tataramon na Rapanui – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Rapanui" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_(Sproch)" title="Rapanui (Sproch) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rapanui (Sproch)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rapanui" title="Idioma rapanui – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Idioma rapanui" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui%C5%A1tina" title="Rapanuiština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rapanuiština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_(Sprache)" title="Rapanui (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rapanui (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_keel" title="Rapanui keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rapanui keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rapanui" title="Idioma rapanui – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma rapanui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanuia_lingvo" title="Rapanuia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rapanuia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_(hizkuntza)" title="Rapa Nui (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rapa Nui (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان رپا نویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان رپا نویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_bhasa" title="Rapa Nui bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rapa Nui bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_(langue)" title="Rapanui (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rapanui (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rapanui" title="Lingua rapanui – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua rapanui" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EB%88%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="라파누이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라파누이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rapa Nui language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Lapa_Nui" title="ʻŌlelo Lapa Nui – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Lapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="रापा नुई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रापा नुई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_jezik" title="Rapanui jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rapanui jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Rapa_Nui" title="Pagsasao a Rapa Nui – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Rapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rapa_Nui" title="Bahasa Rapa Nui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Rapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rapanui" title="Lingua rapanui – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua rapanui" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="רפה נוי (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפה נוי (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="რაპანუი (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაპანუი (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavas_Rapa_Nui" title="Tavas Rapa Nui – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tavas Rapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikirapanuyi" title="Ikirapanuyi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikirapanuyi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Рапануи кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рапануи кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanujie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Rapanujiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rapanujiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_rapanui" title="Lengua rapanui – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua rapanui" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Рапанујски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рапанујски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Rapa_Nui" title="Reo Rapa Nui – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Rapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="რაპანუი (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რაპანუი (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Rapa Nui-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Rapa Nui-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_rapa_nui" title="Lhéngua rapa nui – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua rapa nui" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_(taal)" title="Rapa Nui (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rapa Nui (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%91%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="ラパ・ヌイ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラパ・ヌイ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_(Spriak)" title="Rapanui (Spriak) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rapanui (Spriak)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui" title="Rapanui – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rapanui" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Rapa_Nui" title="Lenga Rapa Nui – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Rapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_rapanui" title="Język rapanui – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język rapanui" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_rapanui" title="Língua rapanui – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua rapanui" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rapa_nui" title="Limba rapa nui – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba rapa nui" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanuy_simi" title="Rapanuy simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rapanuy simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Рапануйский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рапануйский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Rapa_Nui/campidanesu" title="Lingua Rapa Nui/campidanesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lingua Rapa Nui/campidanesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanui_(Sproake)" title="Rapanui (Sproake) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rapanui (Sproake)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Рапанујски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рапанујски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapanuin_kieli" title="Rapanuin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rapanuin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_nui_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Rapa nui (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rapa nui (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ராப்பா நூயி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராப்பா நூயி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_dili" title="Rapa Nui dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rapa Nui dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рапануйська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рапануйська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="راپا نوی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راپا نوی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Rapa_Nui" title="Tiếng Rapa Nui – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Rapa Nui" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%AA%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉帕努伊语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉帕努伊语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Polynesian language of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Rapa Nui</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><i>Vānaŋa Rapa Nui</i> / <i>Te reʻo Rapa Nui</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɾapa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnu.i]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Eastern Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Rapa Nui</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, possibly formerly <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">rongorongo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=370">rap</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rap" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rap">rap</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rapa1244">rapa1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2520">Rapa Nui</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_40-SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Rapa Nui is classified as Severely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Rapa Nui</b> or <b>Rapanui</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapa Nui: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɾapa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnu.i]</a></span>, Spanish: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈrapa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnu.i]</a></span>), also known as <b>Pascuan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <i><b>Pascuense</b></i>, is an <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Eastern Polynesian language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a> family. It is spoken on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, also known as <i>Rapa Nui</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">island</a> is home to a population of just under 6,000 and is a special territory of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. According to census data,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are 9,399 people (on both the island and the Chilean mainland) who identify as ethnically Rapa Nui. Census data does not exist on the primary known and spoken languages among these people. In 2008, the number of fluent speakers was reported as low as 800.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapa Nui is a minority language and many of its adult speakers also speak <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. Most Rapa Nui children now grow up speaking Spanish and those who do learn Rapa Nui begin learning it later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a728_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a728-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a></div> <p>The Rapa Nui language is isolated within Eastern Polynesian, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Marquesic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesic languages">Marquesic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahitic languages">Tahitic languages</a>. Within Eastern Polynesian, it is closest to Marquesan morphologically, although its phonology has more in common with <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a>, as both languages are relatively conservative in retaining consonants lost in other Eastern Polynesian languages. </p><p>One of the most important recent books written about the language of Rapa Nui is Verónica du Feu's <i>Rapanui (Descriptive Grammar)</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00011-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00011-4">0-415-00011-4</a>). </p><p>Very little is known about the Rapa Nui language prior to European contact. The majority of Rapa Nui vocabulary is inherited directly from Proto–Eastern Polynesian. Due to extensive borrowing from Tahitian there now often exist two forms for what was the same word in the early language. For example, Rapa Nui has Tahitian <i lang="ty"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CA%BBite#Tahitian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ʻite">ʻite</a></i> alongside original <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tike%EA%9E%8Ca#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tikeꞌa">tikeꞌa</a></i> for 'to see', both derived from Proto-Eastern Polynesian *kiteʻa. There are also hybridized forms of words such as <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haka%EA%9E%8Cite#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hakaꞌite">hakaꞌite</a></i> 'to teach', from native <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:haka">haka</a></i> (causative prefix) and Tahitian <i lang="ty"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CA%BBite#Tahitian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ʻite">ʻite</a></i>. </p><p>According to archaeologist José Miguel Ramírez "more than a dozen <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a> - Rapa Nui <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> have been described", chiefly by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Englert" title="Sebastian Englert">Sebastian Englert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words <i>toki</i>/<i>toki</i> (axe), <i>kuri</i>/<i>uri</i> (black) and <i>piti</i>/<i>iti</i> (little).<sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_notes_from_1770_and_1774">Language notes from 1770 and 1774</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language notes from 1770 and 1774"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish notes from a 1770 visit to the island record 94 words and terms. Many are clearly Polynesian, but several are not easily recognizable.<sup id="cite_ref-heyerdahl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heyerdahl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the numbers from one to ten seemingly have no relation to any known language. They are compared with contemporary Rapa Nui words, in parentheses: </p> <ol><li>cojána (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tahi#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tahi">tahi</a></i>)</li> <li>corena (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rua#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:rua">rua</a></i>)</li> <li>cogojú (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toru#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:toru">toru</a></i>)</li> <li>quirote (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C4%81#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hā">hā</a></i>)</li> <li>majaná (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rima#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:rima">rima</a></i>)</li> <li>teúto (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ono#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ono">ono</a></i>)</li> <li>tejéa (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hitu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hitu">hitu</a></i>)</li> <li>moroqui (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/va%EA%9E%8Cu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:vaꞌu">vaꞌu</a></i>)</li> <li>vijoviri (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iva#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:iva">iva</a></i>)</li> <li>queromata-paúpaca quacaxixiva (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9E%8Ca%C5%8Bahuru#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꞌaŋahuru">ꞌaŋahuru</a></i>)</li></ol> <p>It may be that the list is a misunderstanding, and the words not related to numbers at all. The Spanish may have shown Arabic numerals to the islanders who did not understand their meaning, and likened them to some other abstraction. For example, the "moroqui" for number eight would have actually been <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moroki#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:moroki">moroki</a></i>, a small fish that is used as a bait, since "8" can look like a simple drawing of a fish.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> visited the island four years later, and had a <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahitian</a> interpreter with him, who, while recognizing some Polynesian words (up to 17 were written down), was not able to converse with the islanders in general. The British also attempted to record the numerals and were able to record the correct Polynesian words.<sup id="cite_ref-heyerdahl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heyerdahl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Peruvian_enslavement">Post-Peruvian enslavement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Peruvian enslavement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1860s the Peruvian slave raids began, as Peruvians were experiencing labor shortages and came to regard the Pacific as a vast source of free labor. Slavers raided islands as far away as Micronesia, but Rapa Nui was much closer and became a prime target. </p><p>In December 1862 eight Peruvian ships landed their crewmen and between bribery and outright violence they captured some 1,000 Rapanui, including the king, his son, and the ritual priests (one of the reasons for so many gaps in knowledge of the ancient ways). It has been estimated that 2,000 Rapanui were captured over a period of years. Those who survived to arrive in Peru were poorly treated, overworked, and exposed to diseases. Ninety percent of the Rapa Nui died within one or two years of capture. </p><p>Eventually the Bishop of Tahiti caused a public outcry and an embarrassed Peru rounded up the few survivors to return them. A shipload headed to Rapa Nui, but smallpox broke out en route and only 15 arrived at the island. They were put ashore. The resulting smallpox epidemic nearly wiped out the remaining population. </p><p>In the aftermath of the Peruvian slave deportations in the 1860s, Rapa Nui came under extensive outside influence from neighbouring Polynesian languages such as Tahitian. While the majority of the population that was taken to work as slaves in the Peruvian mines died of diseases and bad treatment in the 1860s, hundreds of other Islanders who left for <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a> in the 1870s and 1880s to work as servants or labourers adopted the local form of Tahitian-Pidgin. Fischer argues that this pidgin became the basis for the modern Rapa Nui language when the surviving part of the Rapa Nui immigrants on Mangareva returned to their almost deserted home island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_notes_from_1886">Language notes from 1886</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language notes from 1886"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William J. Thomson, paymaster on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Mohican_(1883)" title="USS Mohican (1883)">USS <i>Mohican</i></a>, spent twelve days on Rapa Nui from 19 to 30 December 1886. Among the data Thomson collected was the <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui calendar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_notes_from_the_twentieth_century">Language notes from the twentieth century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language notes from the twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Father <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Englert" title="Sebastian Englert">Sebastian Englert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a German missionary living on Easter Island during 1935–1969, published a partial Rapa Nui–Spanish dictionary in his <i>La Tierra de Hotu Matuꞌa</i> in 1948, trying to save what was left of the old language. Despite the many typographical mistakes, the dictionary is valuable, because it provides a wealth of examples which all appear drawn from a real corpus, part oral traditions and legends, part actual conversations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Englert recorded <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>, stress, and glottal stop, but was not always consistent, or perhaps the misprints make it seem so. He indicated vowel length with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, and stress with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, but only when it does not occur where expected. The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> is written as an apostrophe, but is often omitted. The <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> is sometimes transcribed with a <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span>, but sometimes with a Greek eta, <span class="nowrap">⟨η⟩</span>, as a graphic approximation of ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span>⟩. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rongorongo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_Gr4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rongorongo_Gr4.jpg/220px-Rongorongo_Gr4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Rongorongo_Gr4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="59" /></a><figcaption>Part of a line of rongorongo script.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is assumed that <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">rongorongo</a>, a possible undeciphered script once used on Rapa Nui, transcribes the old Rapa Nui language if it is indeed a formal writing system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hispanisation">Hispanisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hispanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island has been under the jurisdiction of Chile since 1888 and is now home to a number of Chilean continentals. The influence of the Spanish language is noticeable in modern Rapa Nui speech. As fewer children learn to speak Rapa Nui at an early age, their superior knowledge of Spanish affects the 'passive knowledge' they have of Rapa Nui. A version of Rapanui interspersed with Spanish nouns, verbs and adjectives has become a popular form of casual speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most well integrated borrowings are the Spanish conjunctions <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:o">o</a></i> (or), <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pero#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:pero">pero</a></i> (but) and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">y</i></span> (and).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish words such as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">problema</i></span> (problem), which was once rendered as <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">poroporema</i></span>, are now often integrated with minimal or no change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagel2008175_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagel2008175-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish words are still often used within Rapanui grammatical rules, though some word order changes are occurring and it is argued that Rapanui may be undergoing a shift from VSO to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Subject-verb-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-verb-object">SVO</a>. This example sentence was recorded first in 1948 and again in 2001 and its expression has changed from VSO to SVO.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagel2008176_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagel2008176-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>'They both suffer and weep'</dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>1948</b>: <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">he ꞌaroha, he tatagi ararua</i></span></dd> <dd><b>2001</b>: <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ararua he ꞌaroha he tatagi</i></span></dd></dl> <p>Rapa Nui's indigenous Rapanui <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> has survived with few Spanish additions or replacements, a fact that has been attributed in part to the survival of the Rapa Nui language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatorre2001129_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatorre2001129-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with the toponymy of <a href="/wiki/Tricontinental_Chile" title="Tricontinental Chile">continental Chile</a>, which has lost many of its indigenous names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapa Nui has ten consonants and five vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all Polynesian languages, Rapa Nui has relatively few consonants. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꞌ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rapa Nui is the only Eastern Polynesian language to have preserved the original <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> *ʔ of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As present generation Rapa Nui speak Spanish as their first language in younger years and learn Rapa Nui later in life, flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> in word-initial position can be pronounced <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>All vowels can be either long or short and are always long when they are stressed in the final position of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most vowel sequences are present, with the exception of <i>*uo</i>. The only sequence of three identical vowels is <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eee#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:eee">eee</a></i>, also spelled <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9E%8C%C4%93%C4%93#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꞌēē">ꞌēē</a></i> ('yes').<sup id="cite_ref-duf_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duf-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syllables in Rapa Nui are CV (consonant-vowel) or V (vowel). There are no <a href="/wiki/Consonant_clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a> or word-final consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-duf_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duf-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written Rapanui uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. The Latin alphabet for Rapanui consists of 20 letters: </p> <dl><dd>A, Ā, E, Ē, H, I, Ī, K, M, N, Ŋ, O, Ō, P, R, T, U, Ū, V, ꞌ</dd></dl> <p>The nasal velar consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> is generally written with the Latin letter <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span>, but occasionally as <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>. In electronic texts, the glottal plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> may be written with a (always lower-case) <a href="/wiki/Saltillo_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltillo (letter)">saltillo</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ꞌ⟩</span> to avoid the problems of using the punctuation mark <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special letter, <span class="nowrap">⟨ġ⟩</span>, is sometimes used to distinguish the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, occurring in introduced terms, from the Rapa Nui <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> has been written <span class="nowrap">⟨g̈⟩</span> to distinguish it from Spanish <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span>. The IPA letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ŋ⟩</span> is now also coming into use.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> of whole nouns or syllable parts performs a variety of different functions within Rapa Nui.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To describe colours for which there is not a predefined word, the noun for an object of a like colour is duplicated to form an adjective. For example: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9E%8Cehu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꞌehu">ꞌehu</a></i> (mist) → <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9E%8Cehu_%EA%9E%8Cehu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꞌehu ꞌehu">ꞌehu ꞌehu</a></i> (dark grey)</li> <li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tea#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tea">tea</a></i> (dawn) → <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tea_tea#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tea tea">tea tea</a></i> (white)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Besides forming adjectives from nouns, the reduplication of whole words can indicate a multiple or intensified action. For example: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hatu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hatu">hatu</a></i> (weave) → <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hatuhatu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hatuhatu">hatuhatu</a></i> (fold)</li> <li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kume#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:kume">kume</a></i> (undo) → <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kumekume#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:kumekume">kumekume</a></i> (take to pieces)</li> <li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ruku#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ruku">ruku</a></i> (dive) → <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rukuruku#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:rukuruku">rukuruku</a></i> (go diving)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>There are some apparent duplicate forms for which the original form has been lost. For example: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rohirohi#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:rohirohi">rohirohi</a></i> (tired)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>The reduplication of the initial syllable in verbs can indicate plurality of subject or object. In this example the bolded section represents the reduplication of a syllable which indicates the plurality of the subject of a transitive verb: </p> <dl><dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9E%8Cori#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꞌori">ꞌori</a></i> (dance): <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">E ꞌori ro ꞌa</i></span> (he/she/they is/are dancing)</dd> <dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">E <b>ꞌoꞌori ro</b> ꞌa</i></span> (they are all dancing)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The reduplication of the final two syllables of a verb indicates plurality or intensity. In this example the bolded section represents the reduplication of two final syllables, indicating intensity or emphasis: </p> <dl><dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C4%81%EA%9E%8Caki#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hāꞌaki">hāꞌaki</a></i> (tell): <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Ka haꞌaki</i></span> (Tell the story)</dd> <dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Ka <b>haꞌakiꞌaki</b></i></span> (Tell the whole story)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowed_words">Borrowed words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Borrowed words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapa Nui incorporates a number of <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from other languages. Most of them have been <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loanword_adaptation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loanword adaptation (page does not exist)">adapted to the phonology</a> of Rapa Nui. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">vowel epenthesis</a> is used to break <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> (normally forbidden in Rapa Nui) and <a href="/wiki/Paragoge" title="Paragoge">paragoge</a> to append a word-final vowel to a final consonant: </p> <dl><dd>e.g.: <b><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Britain</span></span></b> (English loanword) → <b><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Peretane</i></span></b> (Rapa Nui rendering)</dd></dl> <p>More recently, loanwords – which come primarily from Spanish – retain their consonant clusters. For example, <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">litro</i></span> (litre).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_Classes">Word Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Word Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapa Nui is, or until recently was, a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb-initial</a> language. </p><p>Rapa Nui can be said to have a basic two-way distinction in its words, much like other Polynesian languages. That is between full words, and particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full words occur in the head of the phrase and are mostly open classes (exceptions like locationals exist). Particles occur in fixed positions before or after the head, and have a high frequency. There also exists an intermediate category, Pro-Forms, which occur in the head of a phrase, and can be preceded or followed by a particle. Unlike full words, they do not have lexical meaning, and like particles, form a closed class. Pro-forms include personal, possessive and benefactive pronouns, as well as interrogative words. Additionally, two other intermediate categories are the negator (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span>) and the numerals. While both of them form a closed class, they are able to function as phrase nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapa Nui does not have one class of demonstratives, instead it has four classes of particles with demonstrative functions. Each class is made up of three particles of different degrees of distance; proximal, medial, or distal. This is a three-way distinction, similar to <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, two closely related languages from the same language family. <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, by contrast, has a two-way contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapa Nui speakers hence distinguish between entities that are close to the speaker (proximal), something at a medium distance or close to the hearer (medial), and something far away, removed from both the speaker and hearer (distal). This is called a person-oriented system, in which one of the demonstratives denotes a referent in proximity of the hearer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Rapa Nui speakers, that is the medial distinction, <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:nei">nei</a></i>/<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ena#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ena">ena</a></i>/<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/era#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:era">era</a></i>. This system of spatial contrasts and directions is known as spatial <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a>, and Rapa Nui is full of ways to express this, be it through locationals, postverbal or postnominal demonstratives, or directionals. </p><p>These four classes that function as demonstratives are similar in form, but differ in syntactic status and have certain differences in functions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Classes of Demonstratives<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Distance/<br />Demonstrative </th> <th>Demonstrative Determiners </th> <th>Postnuclear Demonstratives </th> <th>Deictic Locationals </th> <th>Demonstrative Pronouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>Proximal </th> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nei, nī</i></span> </td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:nei">nei</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nei</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nei</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Medial </th> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nā</i></span> </td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ena#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ena">ena</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distal </th> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rā</i></span> </td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/era#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:era">era</a></i> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rā</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neutral </th> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tau/tou/tū, hū</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ira</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Postnominal_demonstratives">Postnominal demonstratives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Postnominal demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The postnominal demonstratives are used to indicate different degrees of distance. They always occur on the right periphery of the noun phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Postnominal demonstratives are obligatory when following a t-demonstrative (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tau/tou/tū</i></span>) unless the noun phrase contains the identity marker <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌā/ ꞌana</i></span>. They can also co-occur with other determiners, like articles in this example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kona</p><p style="margin: 0px;">place</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">te kona hare era</p><p style="display: none;">ART place house DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'home' [R210.021]<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Postnominal demonstratives can be used deictically or anaphorically. As deictic markers they are used to point at something visible, while as anaphoric markers they refer to entities in discourse context (entities which have been discussed before or are known by other means). In practice, the anaphoric use is much more common.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Distal/Neutral_era"><span id="Distal.2FNeutral_era"></span>Distal/Neutral era</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Distal/Neutral era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/era#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:era">era</a></i> is used deictically to point to something at a distance from both speaker and hearer. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">¿Hē</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="wh-question" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">WH</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haraoa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bread</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">poki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">¿Hē te haraoa o te poki era?</p><p style="display: none;">WH.Q ART bread of ART child DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">'Where is the bread of that child (over there)?' from [R245.041]<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>However, it's more common to see <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/era#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:era">era</a></i> used anaphorically, as a general purpose demonstrative. <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/era#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:era">era</a></i> is often found co-occurring with the neutral t-demonstrative determiner, as the general form <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tau/tou/tū (N) era</i></span>, and this combination doubles as a common strategy to refer to a participant mentioned earlier in the discourse. So common, that <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">era</i></span> is the seventh most common word overall in the text corpus.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the two main characters in this story are simply referred to as <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tau taŋata era</i></span> 'that man' and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tau vi ꞌe era</i></span> 'that woman'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lie down</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rō</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌavai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">certainly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">taŋata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koromaki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">miss</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">viꞌe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toꞌo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agentive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tōꞌona</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inalienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">matuꞌa.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">parent</p></div><p style="display: none;">He moe rō ꞌavai tau taŋata era. He koromaki ki tau viꞌe era toꞌo era e tōꞌona matuꞌa.</p><p style="display: none;">NTR {lie down} EMPH certainly DEM man DIST NTR miss to DEM woman DIST take DIST AG POSS.3SG.INAL parent</p><p style="clear: left;">"The man slept. He longed for the woman that had been taken back by her father." [Mtx-5-02.057-060]<sup id="cite_ref-:8_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">era</i></span> is also used in combination anaphorically with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">te</i></span>, a more conventional determiner instead of a demonstrative determiner. Rapa Nui uses this combination to refer to something which is known to both speaker and hearer, regardless of whether it has been mentioned in the discourse. This means the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">te N era</i></span> construction (Where N is a noun), indicates <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>, making it the closest equivalent to English (or Spanish) definite article, rather than a demonstrative.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Te N era</i></span> can also be used to refer to entities which are generally known, or presumed to be present in context. In the example, the cliffs refer to the cliffs in general, which can be presumed to be known by all Rapa Nui speakers on Rapa Nui with the coastline being a familiar feature. No specific cliff is meant. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">I</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naꞌa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hide</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proper article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌOho Takatore</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Oho Takatore</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tū</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kūpeŋa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">net</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hither</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kona</p><p style="margin: 0px;">place</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌōpata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cliff</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">I naꞌa era a {ꞌOho Takatore} i tū kūpeŋa era, he oho mai ki te kona ꞌōpata era.</p><p style="display: none;">PFV hide DIST PROP {Oho Takatore} ACC DEM net DIST NTR go hither to ART place cliff DIST</p><p style="clear: left;">"When Oho Takatore had hidden that net, he went to the cliffs (lit. the cliffplace)." [R304.110]<sup id="cite_ref-:9_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Deictic_locationals">Deictic locationals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deictic locationals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deictic locationals utilize the same form as demonstrative determiners (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">nei, nā, rā</i></span>). They can be the head of a phrase as they are locationals, and like other locationals they can be preceded by a preposition, but not by a determiner.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They indicate distance with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Origo_(pragmatics)" title="Origo (pragmatics)">origo</a>, which is either the speaker or the discourse situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">E</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vaꞌu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eight</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mahana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">day</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="postverbal particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PVP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nei.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">E vaꞌu mahana i noho ai ꞌi nei.</p><p style="display: none;">IPFV eight day PFV stay <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="postverbal particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PVP</abbr> at PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'He stayed here (=on Rapa Nui) for eight days.' [R374.005]<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronouns are usually marked for number: in Rapa Nui there are markers for first, second and third personal singular and plural; however, there is only a marker for <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> in the first person. The first person dual and plural can mark for <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">exclusive and inclusive</a>. The pronouns are always ahead of the person singular (PRS) <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">a</i></span> and relational particle (RLT) <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">i</i></span> or dative (DAT) <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ki</i></span>. However, in some examples, they do not have PRS, RLT and DAT.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is only one paradigm of pronouns for Rapa Nui. They function the same in both subject and object cases. </p><p>Here is the table for the pronoun forms in Rapa Nui:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>dual </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st-person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2"><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/au#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:au">au</a></i> </td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maua#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:maua">maua</a></i> </td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matou#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:matou">matou</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taua#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:taua">taua</a></i> </td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tatou#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tatou">tatou</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd-person </th> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koe#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:koe">koe</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/korua#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:korua">korua</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd-person </th> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ia#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ia">ia</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raua#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:raua">raua</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>au</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="state (verbal)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">STA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">noho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="towards subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOW</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ena</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="postpositive determinant" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PPD</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hokotahi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">alone</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">no</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="limitative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LIM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ko <b>au</b> e noho mai ena hokotahi no</p><p style="display: none;">PRF <b>1sg</b> STA stay TOW PPD alone LIM</p><p style="clear: left;">'I live here all alone'<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="action" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="existential ('there is')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="person singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ia</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular">3sg</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="+/- specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">±SPE</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suerkao</p><p style="margin: 0px;">governor</p></div><p style="display: none;">He haka ai i a <b>ia</b> he suerkao</p><p style="display: none;">ACT CAUS EXIST RLT PRS <b>3sg</b> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="+/- specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">±SPE</abbr> governor</p><p style="clear: left;">'They made him governor'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions">Questions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yes/no questions are distinguished from statements chiefly by a particular pattern of intonation. Where there is no expectation of a particular answer, the form remains the same as a statement. A question expecting an agreement is preceded by <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hoki#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hoki">hoki</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dufeu2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dufeu2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjunction">Conjunction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Conjunction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Original Rapa Nui has no conjunctive particles. Copulative, adversative and disjunctive notions are typically communicated by context or clause order. Modern Rapa Nui has almost completely adopted Spanish conjunctions rather than rely on this.<sup id="cite_ref-dufeu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dufeu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alienable_and_inalienable_possession">Alienable and inalienable possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Alienable and inalienable possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Rapa Nui, there are alienable and inalienable possession. Lichtenberk<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- September 2022 (September 2022)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> described alienable possession as the possessed noun being contingently associated with the possessor, and on the other hand inalienable possession as the possessed noun being necessarily associated with the possessor. The distinction is marked by a possessive suffix<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">why does it come in front if it's a suffix?</span></a></i>]</sup> inserted before the relevant pronoun. Possessive particles: </p> <ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:a">a</a></i> (alienable) expresses dominant possession</li></ul> <p>Alienable possession is used to refer to a person's spouse, children, food, books, work, all animals (except horses), all tools and gadgets (including refrigerators), and some illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">E</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="state (verbal)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">STA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tunu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cook</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">au</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RLT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="+ specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">+SPE</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="benefactive case ('for')" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">BEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌaku</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ALIEN</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="group plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GRP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">poki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maruaki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hungry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="resultative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RES</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">E tunu au i te kai mo <b>ꞌaku</b> ga poki ko maruaki ꞌa</p><p style="display: none;">STA cook 1sg RLT <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="+ specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">+SPE</abbr> food BEN <b>POS.1sg.ALIEN</b> GRP child PRF hungry RES</p><p style="clear: left;">'I must cook dinner for <b>my children</b> who are hungry'<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poki#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:poki">poki</a></i> (children) is an alienable possession therefore <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌa</i></span> is used to indicate that in this sentence, therefore the possessive pronoun <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌaꞌ</i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">the original was not possible Rapa Nui, but this doesn't match the example</span></a></i>]</sup> is used instead of <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌoꞌoku</i></span>. </p> <ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:o">o</a></i> (inalienable) expresses the subordinate possession</li></ul> <p>It is used with parents, siblings, house, furniture, transports (including carts, cars, scooters, boats, airplanes), clothes, feeling, native land, parts of the body (including mind), horses, and their bridles. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="state (verbal)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">STA</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">agi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">true</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="limitative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LIM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">boꞌi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphasis" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="- specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">-SPE</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taina</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>sibling</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌoꞌoku</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inalienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INAL</abbr>.</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">He agi na boꞌi he <b>taina</b> <b>ꞌoꞌoku</b></p><p style="display: none;">STA true LIM EMP <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="- specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">-SPE</abbr> <b>sibling</b> <b>POS.1sg.INAL.</b></p><p style="clear: left;">'It is true apparently, he is my brother.'<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Inalienable possession <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">o</i></span> is used in this example, therefore <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌoꞌoku</i></span> instead of <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌaꞌaku</i></span> is used. It is talking about the speaker's brother, which is an inalienable relation. </p><p>There are no markers to distinguish between temporary or permanent possession; the nature of objects possessed; or between past, present or future possession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_and_O_possession">A and O possession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: A and O possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A and O possession refer to alienable and inalienable possession in Rapa Nui. <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:a">a</a></i> marks for alienable possession and <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/o#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:o">o</a></i> marks for inalienable possession. <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">a</i></span> and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">o</i></span> are marked as suffixes of the possessive pronouns; however, they are only marked when the possessive pronoun is in the first, second or third person singular. In (2) above, <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taina</i></span> 'sibling' is inalienable and the possessor is first person singular <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌoꞌoku</i></span> 'my'. However, for all the other situations, a and o are not marked as a suffix of the possessor. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="action" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vanaga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">talk</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maua</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="+ specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">+SPE</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meꞌe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">thing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="postpositive determinant" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PPD</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">He vanaga maua o te meꞌe era</p><p style="display: none;">ACT talk 1DU.EX POS <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="+ specific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">+SPE</abbr> thing PPD</p><p style="clear: left;">'We'll talk about those matters.'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the above example, the possessor <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">meꞌe</i></span> 'those' is not a possessive pronoun of the first, second or third person singular. Therefore, <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">o</i></span> is marked not as a suffix of the possessor but a separate word in the sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classifiers">Classifiers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Classifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no classifiers in the Rapa Nui language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclamation">Exclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Exclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Ko</i></span> and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka</i></span> are exclamatory indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ko#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ko">ko</a></i> suggests a personal reaction: <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Ko te aroha</i></span> (Poor thing!)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ka#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ka">ka</a></i> suggests judgement on external events: <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Ka haꞌakiꞌaki</i></span> (Tell the whole story!)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_words">Compound words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Compound words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terms which did not exist in original Rapa Nui were created via compounding:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C4%81tia_ika#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:pātia ika">pātia ika</a></i> = ('spear fish') = harpoon</dd> <dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C4%81tia_kai#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:pātia kai">pātia kai</a></i> = ('spear food') = fork</dd> <dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kiri_va%EA%9E%8Ce#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:kiri vaꞌe">kiri vaꞌe</a></i> = ('skin foot') = shoe</dd> <dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manup%C4%81tia#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:manupātia">manu pātia</a></i> = ('bird spear') = wasp</dd> <dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pepe_hoi#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:pepe hoi">pepe hoi</a></i> = ('stool horse') = saddle</dd> <dd><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pepe_noho#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:pepe noho">pepe noho</a></i> = ('stool stay') = chair</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Rapa Nui, <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">negation</a> is indicated by free standing morphemes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapa Nui has four main negators: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> (neutral)</dd> <dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span> (perfective)</dd> <dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">(e)ko</i></span> (imperfective)</dd> <dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌe</i></span> (constituent negator)</dd></dl> <p>Additionally there are also two additional particles/ morphemes which also contribute to negation in Rapa Nui: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kore</i></span> (Existential/noun negator)</dd> <dd><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">hia</i></span> / <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ia</i></span> (verb phrase particle which occurs in combination with different negators to form the meaning 'not yet')</dd></dl> <p>Negation occurs as preverbal particles in the verb phrase,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the clausal negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span> and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">(e)ko</i></span> occurring in first position in the verbal phrase, while the constituent negator (}}taꞌe}}) occurs in second position in the verbal phrase. Clausal negators occur in the same position as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> markers and subordinators—this means it is impossible for these elements to co-occur.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, negative clauses tend to have fewer aspectual distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_493_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet_2017_493-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> }}Hia}} occurs in eighth position as a post-verbal marker. Verbal negators precede adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below roughly depicts the positions of negators in the Verb Phrase: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_in_the_verb_phrase">Position in the verb phrase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Position in the verb phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><b>2</b> </td> <td><b>VERB</b> </td> <td><b>8</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="Negation">NEG</abbr> (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span> / <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">eko</i></span>) </td> <td>determiner </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">hia</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aspect marker </td> <td><abbr title="Constituent Negator">CONNEG</abbr> (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌe</i></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>subordinator </td> <td>numeral </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clausal_negators">Clausal negators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Clausal negators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="ꞌIna"><span id=".EA.9E.8CIna"></span><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌIna</i></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: ꞌIna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌIna</i></span> is the neutral negator (regarding aspect).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the widest range of use in a variety of contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It usually occurs in <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> contexts, as well as habitual clauses and narrative contexts, and is used to negate actions and states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It almost always occurs clause initially and is always followed by the neutral aspectual <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">he</i></span> + noun or <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">he</i></span> + verb.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌIna</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>he</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr title="Predicate marker"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="predicate marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRED</abbr></abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>maꞌeha</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">light</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">for</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uꞌi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iga</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer/nominalization" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMLZ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>ꞌIna</b> <b>he</b> <b>maꞌeha</b> mo uꞌi iga i te kai</p><p style="display: none;">NEG <abbr title="Predicate marker">PRED</abbr> light for see NMLZ ACC ART food</p><p style="clear: left;">'There was no light to see the food.' [R352.070]<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the example above <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> is followed by the combination of <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">he + maꞌeha</i></span> (noun) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌIna</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>he</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>takeꞌa</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rahi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">many/much</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tagata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>ꞌIna</b> <b>he</b> <b>takeꞌa</b> rahi i te tagata</p><p style="display: none;">NEG NTR see many/much ACC ART man</p><p style="clear: left;">'He did not see many people.' [R459.003]<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this example, <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> is followed by <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">he + takeꞌa</i></span> (verb) </p><p>In addition to negating verbal and nominal clauses, it also functions as the term ꞌnoꞌas shown below:<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_498_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet_2017_498-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">¿<b>ꞌIna</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="predicate marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRED</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pepe?...</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chair...</p></div><p style="display: none;">¿<b>ꞌIna</b> he pepe?...</p><p style="display: none;">NEG PRED chair...</p><p style="clear: left;">'There were <b>no</b> chairs?...' [R413.635]<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Unlike the other two clausal negators (which are preverbal particles), <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> is a phrase <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_493_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet_2017_493-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus it can form a constituent of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kai"><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Kai</i></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Kai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Kai</i></span> negates clauses with <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌite</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proper article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">au</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prominence marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proper article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>kai</b> ꞌite a au ko ai a ia</p><p style="display: none;">NEG.PFV know PROP 1SG <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prominence marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROM</abbr> who PROP 3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">'I don't know who she is.' [R413.356]<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It is used to negate past events and narrative events, and is usually combined with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to negate <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative</a> verbs, and a verb phrase marked with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span> may contain various post-verbal particles such as the continuity marker <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌā</i></span> / <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌana</i></span>. This marker occurs when the clause has perfect aspect (often obligatory with the perfect marker <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ko</i></span>). When combined with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span>, it indicates that the negative state continues.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Kai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haꞌamata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">begin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proper article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">au</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">paꞌo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chop</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌā</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="numeral marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tahi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Kai</b> haꞌamata a au <b>kai</b> paꞌo <b>ꞌā</b> e tahi miro</p><p style="display: none;">NEG.PFV begin PROP 1SG NEG.PFV chop CONT <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="numeral marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUM</abbr> one tree</p><p style="clear: left;">'I haven't yet started to chop down a tree.' [R363.091]<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="(E)ko"><span id=".28E.29ko"></span><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">(E)ko</i></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: (E)ko"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">(E)ko</i></span> is the imperfective negator, which (like <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span>) replaces the aspectual marker in front of the verb, and which can occur with the negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌIna</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>e</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ko</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kahi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tuna</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tōꞌona</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inalienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vaka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boat</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>ꞌIna</b> <b>e</b> <b>ko</b> kai i te kahi o tōꞌona vaka</p><p style="display: none;">NEG IPFV NEG.IPFV eat ACC ART tuna of POSS.3SG.INAL boat</p><p style="clear: left;">'(The fisherman) would not eat the tune (caught with) his boat.' [Ley-5-27.013]<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It marks negative commands in <a href="/wiki/Imperative_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperative sentence">imperatives</a> (usually with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span>) with the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">e</i></span> often excluded in imperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌIna</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ko</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">food</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mata</p><p style="margin: 0px;">raw</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>ꞌIna</b> <b>ko</b> kai i te kai mata</p><p style="display: none;">NEG NEG.IPFV eat ACC ART food raw</p><p style="clear: left;">'Don't eat raw food.' (Weber 2003b:610)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In other contexts, especially when <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> is absent, the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">e</i></span> is obligatory.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">¿<b>E</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ko</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">want</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌō</p><p style="margin: 0px;">really</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">for</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌori</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dance</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tāua?</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">¿<b>E</b> <b>ko</b> haga ꞌō koe mo ꞌori o Tāua?</p><p style="display: none;">NEG.IPFV NEG.IPFV want really 2SG for dance of 1DU.INCL</p><p style="clear: left;">'Don't you want to dance with me (lit. us to dance)?' [R315.115]<sup id="cite_ref-:4_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constituent_negator">Constituent negator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Constituent negator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Taꞌe"><span id="Ta.EA.9E.8Ce"></span><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Taꞌe</i></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Taꞌe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Taꞌe</i></span> is a constituent negator used to negate anything other than a <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">main</a> clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_498_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet_2017_498-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be subordinate clauses, prepositional phrases, possessive predicates and other non-verbal clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also negates nominalised verbs and sub-constituents such as adjectives and quantifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_506_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet_2017_506-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not negate nouns (this is done by the noun negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kore</i></span>). It is also used to negate <a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">locative</a> phrases, actor emphasis constructions, and is also used to reinforce the preposition <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">mai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌI</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="immediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">au</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rō</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subsequent" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>mai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">from</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taꞌe</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="constituent negator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONNEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pō</p><p style="margin: 0px;">night</p></div><p style="display: none;">ꞌI au he oho rō ꞌai <b>mai</b> <b>taꞌe</b> pō</p><p style="display: none;">IMM 1SG NTR go EMPH SUBS from CONNEG night</p><p style="clear: left;">'I'm going now, before it gets dark.' [R153.042]<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Taꞌe</i></span> is an indicator for subordinate clauses, as it can also negate subordinate clauses without subordinate markers (in which case it usually occurs with an aspect marker).<sup id="cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_506_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieviet_2017_506-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌI</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taꞌe</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="constituent negator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONNEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hakarogo,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">listen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">garo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lost</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rō</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">atu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">away</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subsequent" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ꞌI te <b>taꞌe</b> hakarogo, he garo rō atu ꞌai</p><p style="display: none;">at ART CONNEG listen NTR lost EMPH away SUBS</p><p style="clear: left;">'Because (the sheep) did not listen, it got lost.' [R490.005]<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It also occurs in main clauses with main clause negators and aspect markers <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">i</i></span> and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">e</i></span>, when the clause has a feature of a subordinate clause such as <a href="/wiki/Oblique_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique argument">oblique</a> constituents<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_negator:_kore">Noun negator: <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kore</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Noun negator: kore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kore</i></span> is a verb meaning 'the absence or lack of something'.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neutral aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NTR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uꞌi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">look</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kore</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">lack</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌā</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tagi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cry</p></div><p style="display: none;">He uꞌi ku <b>kore</b> ꞌā te tagi</p><p style="display: none;">NTR look PRF lack CONT ART cry</p><p style="clear: left;">'He looked (at his wife); the crying was over.' [Ley-9-55.076]<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It immediately follows the noun in the adjective position, and is used to indicate that the entity expressed by the noun or noun modifier does not exist or is lacking in the given context.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌati</p><p style="margin: 0px;">problem</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="predicate marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRED</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">matariki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">file</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kore</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">lack</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">for</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">grate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">of</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rā</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hora</p><p style="margin: 0px;">time</p></div><p style="display: none;">Te ꞌati he matariki <b>kore</b> mo oro o rā hora</p><p style="display: none;">ART problem PRED file lack for grate of DIST time</p><p style="clear: left;">'The problem was the lack of files to sharpen (the fishhooks) at the time.' [R539-1.335]<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hia_/_ia"><span id="Hia_.2F_ia"></span><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Hia / ia</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hia / ia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Hia / ia</i></span> is a morpheme used immediately after negated verbs and co-occurs with a negator to indicate actions or events which are interrupted or are yet to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oromatuꞌa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">priest</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hia</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">yet</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rō</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMPH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hither</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">era</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nei</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>kai</b> oromatuꞌa <b>hia</b> i oho rō mai era ki nei</p><p style="display: none;">NEG.PFV priest yet PFV go EMPH hither DIST to PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'When he had not yet become a priest, he came here.' [R423.004]<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_negation">Double negation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Double negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Rapa Nui, double negation is more frequent than single negation (with the negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> often co-occurring with another clause negator most of the time).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often used as a slight reinforcement or emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌIna</i></span> can be combined with negators <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span> and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">(e)ko</i></span>, both of these are main clause negators. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">¡<i>Ka</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contiguity marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌō</p><p style="margin: 0px;">really</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mahana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">day</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌina</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tuꞌu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrive</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai!</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hither</p></div><p style="display: none;">¡<i>Ka</i> rua ꞌō mahana <b>ꞌina</b> <b>kai</b> tuꞌu mai!</p><p style="display: none;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="contiguity marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNTG</abbr> two really day NEG NEG.PFV arrive hither</p><p style="clear: left;">'She hasn't come for two days.' [R229.132]<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the example above we see the negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span> co-occurring with the perfective negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span>. </p><p>When <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌe</i></span> occurs in double negation, if the other negator is <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kai</i></span> or <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">(e)ko</i></span>, the negative polarity is cancelled out.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kai</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taꞌe</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="constituent negator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONNEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ꞌite</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prominence marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proper article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrument(al)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">meꞌe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">thing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rivariva</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>kai</b> <b>taꞌe</b> haka ꞌite ko ai a ia hai meꞌe rivariva aga</p><p style="display: none;">NEG.PFV CONNEG CAUS know <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="prominence marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROM</abbr> who PROP 3SG INS thing good:REDUP do</p><p style="clear: left;">'(God) did not fail to make known who he is, by the good things he did.' (Acts 14:17)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌIna</i></span> only negates main clauses so it never combines with the negator <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌe</i></span>, which is a subordinate clause negator. When occurring with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ꞌina</i></span>, negation may be reinforced.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">....</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌina</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>taꞌe</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="constituent negator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONNEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ravaꞌa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">obtain</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ika</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><p style="display: none;">.... <b>ꞌina</b> e ko <b>taꞌe</b> ravaꞌa te ika</p><p style="display: none;">{} NEG IPFV NEG.IPFV CONNEG obtain ART fish</p><p style="clear: left;">'(if the mother does not eat the fish caught by her firstborn son), he will not fail to catch fish.' [Ley-5-27.008]<sup id="cite_ref-:6_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Double negation occurs very frequently in imperatives in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ꞌIna</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ko</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ki</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tētahi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">some/other</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="rap" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kona</p><p style="margin: 0px;">place</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>ꞌIna</b> <b>ko</b> oho ki te tētahi kona</p><p style="display: none;">NEG NEG.IPFV go to ART some/other place</p><p style="clear: left;">'Don't go to another place.' [R161.027]<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a system for the numerals 1–10 in both Rapa Nui and Tahitian, both of which are used, though all numbers higher than ten are expressed in Tahitian. When counting, all numerals whether Tahitian or Rapanui are preceded by <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka</i></span>. This is not used however, when using a number in a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Rapa Nui Numerals 1–10: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Cardinal </th> <th>Counting </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tahi#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tahi">tahi</a></i></td> <td><i lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tahi#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tahi">tahi</a></i> <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tahi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rua#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:rua">rua</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka rua</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toru#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:toru">toru</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka toru</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C4%81#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hā">hā</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka hā</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rima#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:rima">rima</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka rima</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ono#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ono">ono</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka ono</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hitu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:hitu">hitu</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka hitu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/va%EA%9E%8Cu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:vaꞌu">vaꞌu</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka vaꞌu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iva#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:iva">iva</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka iva</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9E%8Ca%C5%8Bahuru#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꞌaŋahuru">ꞌaŋahuru</a></i></td> <td><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka ꞌaŋahuru</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapa Nui is a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a> (verb–subject–object) language.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>DF 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except where verbs of sensing are used, the object of a verb is marked by the relational particle <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/i#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:i">i</a></i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">e.g.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hakahu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>i</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>rama</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">He hakahu koe <b>i</b> te <b>rama</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} {} {} <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relational" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RL</abbr>.PTC {} <abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">"You light the torch"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Where a verb of sensing is used, the subject is marked by the agentive particle <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:e">e</a></i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">e.g.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">He</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tikea</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>e</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agentive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>au</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">poki</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">He tikea <b>e</b> <b>au</b> te poki</p><p style="display: none;">{} {} AG.PTC SBJ {} {}</p><p style="clear: left;">"I can see the child"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directionals">Directionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Directionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spatial deictics is also present in Rapa Nui, in the form of two directionals: <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">mai</i></span> and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">atu</i></span>. They indicate direction with respect to a specific deictic centre or locus. </p> <ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mai#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:mai">mai</a></i> indicates movement towards the deictic centre, hence the gloss 'hither'.</li> <li><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">atu</i></span> indicates movement away from the deictic centre, and is as such glossed as 'away'.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are both <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> of a larger system in Proto-Polynesian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark197634_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197634-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postverbal_Demonstratives">Postverbal Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Postverbal Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The postverbal demonstratives (PVDs) have the same form as the postnominal demonstratives, and they have the same meaning: </p> <ul><li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:nei">nei</a></i>: proximity, close to the speaker</li> <li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ena#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ena">ena</a></i>: medial distance, close to the hearer</li> <li><i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/era#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:era">era</a></i>: default PVD; farther distance, removed from both speaker and hearer.</li></ul> <p>How they differ from postnominal demonstratives is their function/where they can appear, as it is quite limited. They can only appear in certain syntactic contexts, listed here: </p> <ul><li>PVDs are common after imperfective e to express a progressive or habitual action.</li> <li>The contiguous marker <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ka</i></span> is often followed by a PVD, both in main and subordinate clauses.</li> <li>With the perfect <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">ko V ꞌā</i></span>, era is occasionally used to express an action which is well and truly finished.</li> <li>PVDs also appear in relative clauses</li></ul> <p>Overall, their main function is to provide nuance to the aspectual marker they are being used alongside.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>PK 41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>From Du Feu, Veronica (1996). <i>Rapanui</i>.</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, pp. 84–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duf-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duf_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duf_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, pp. 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, pp. 176–177, 192–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dufeu2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dufeu2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dufeu-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dufeu_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, pp. 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, pp. 79–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDu_Feu1996">Du Feu 1996</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>From Kieviet, Paulus (2017). <i>A Grammar of Rapa Nui</i>.</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kieviet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieviet_2017_493-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_493_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_493_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, pp. 493, 494</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieviet_2017_498-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_498_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_498_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 503</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieviet_2017_506-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_506_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieviet_2017_506_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 509</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieviet2017">Kieviet 2017</a>, pp. 362–363</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Other footnotes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/rapanui.htm">"Rapa Nui (Vananga rapa nui)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Omniglot" title="Omniglot">Omniglot</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Rapa+Nui+%28Vananga+rapa+nui%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Frapanui.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rap/">Rapa Nui</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer (2007), <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083301/https://www.censo2017.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/presentacion_de_la_segunda_entrega_de_resultados_censo2017.pdf">"2017 Chilean census data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censo2017.cl/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/presentacion_de_la_segunda_entrega_de_resultados_censo2017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+Chilean+census+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censo2017.cl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2Fpresentacion_de_la_segunda_entrega_de_resultados_censo2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2008">Fischer 2008</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a728-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a728_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakihara2005a">Makihara 2005a</a>, p. 728.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2010_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2010_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamírez-Aliaga2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ramírez-Aliaga, José-Miguel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223135636/https://islandheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/RNJ_24_1_Ramirez_Aliaga.pdf">"The Polynesian-Mapuche connection: Soft and Hard Evidence and New Ideas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rapa Nui Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islandheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/RNJ_24_1_Ramirez_Aliaga.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapa+Nui+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Polynesian-Mapuche+connection%3A+Soft+and+Hard+Evidence+and+New+Ideas&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez-Aliaga&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9-Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislandheritage.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F06%2FRNJ_24_1_Ramirez_Aliaga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heyerdahl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heyerdahl_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heyerdahl_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyerdahl1989" class="citation book cs1">Heyerdahl, Thor (1989). <i>Easter Island – The Mystery Solved</i>. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+Island+%E2%80%93+The+Mystery+Solved&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Heyerdahl&rft.aufirst=Thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellén_Blanco1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mellén Blanco, Francisco (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022200416/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01471738877136039754480/p0000001.htm">"Tres trabajos sobre Pascua"</a>. <i>Revista Española del Pacífico</i>. <b>3</b> (3). Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico (A.E.E.P.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01471738877136039754480/p0000001.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Espa%C3%B1ola+del+Pac%C3%ADfico&rft.atitle=Tres+trabajos+sobre+Pascua&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mell%C3%A9n+Blanco&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F01471738877136039754480%2Fp0000001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/englert_sebastian.html">Online biography of Sebastian Englert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628165214/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/abcde/englert_sebastian.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as hosted by Minnesota State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rongorongo.org/vanaga/index.html">Englert's online dictionary</a> with Spanish translated to English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005a_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakihara2005a">Makihara 2005a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005b-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakihara2005b_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakihara2005b">Makihara 2005b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagel2008175-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagel2008175_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagel2008">Pagel 2008</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagel2008176-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagel2008176_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPagel2008">Pagel 2008</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatorre2001129-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatorre2001129_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatorre2001">Latorre 2001</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The glottal stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> found in various other Polynesian languages <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language#Sound_correspondences" title="Proto-Polynesian language">do not reflect the original glottal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language"><abbr title="Proto-Polynesian language">PPn</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Proto-Polynesian language</span> (which they have lost), but other phonemes, through a process of <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization#Polynesian_languages" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a>: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> is the regular outcome of PPn *k and *ŋ (but not of *ʔ); <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> reflects PPn *l/r; <a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan language">Mangarevan</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> reflects PPn *f/s, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiessel2013" class="citation cs2">Diessel, Holger (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/41">"Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives"</a>, in Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.), <i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</i>, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Distance+Contrasts+in+Demonstratives&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Diessel&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonKeenan1985" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, John; Keenan, Edward (1985). <i>Deixis</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deixis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press.&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Keenan%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197634-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark197634_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1976">Clark 1976</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>ACT:action LIM:limitative PPD:postpositive determinant PRS:person singular RLT:relational particle STA:state (verbal) TOW:towards subject EMP:emphasis GRP:group plural RES:resultative PROX:proximal demonstrative PRED:predicate marker NTR:neutral aspect PROP:proper article SUBS:subsequent CONNEG:constituent negator </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1976" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ross (1976). <i>Aspects of Proto-Polynesian syntax</i>. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia_Bib_ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia Bib ID (identifier)">NLA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/921447">921447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Proto-Polynesian+syntax&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Feu1996" class="citation book cs1">Du Feu, Veronica (1996). <i>Rapanui</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415596381" title="Special:BookSources/9780415596381"><bdi>9780415596381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapanui&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780415596381&rft.aulast=Du+Feu&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2008" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven Roger (2008). "Reversing Hispanisation on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)". In Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Palomo, Rosa Salas (eds.). <i>Hispanisation: The Impact of Spanish on the Lexicon and Grammar of the Indigenous Languages of Austronesia and the Americas</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110207231.2.149">10.1515/9783110207231.2.149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019793-8"><bdi>978-3-11-019793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reversing+Hispanisation+on+Rapa+Nui+%28Easter+Island%29&rft.btitle=Hispanisation%3A+The+Impact+of+Spanish+on+the+Lexicon+and+Grammar+of+the+Indigenous+Languages+of+Austronesia+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110207231.2.149&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019793-8&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatorre2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Latorre, Guillermo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0071-17132001003600009">"Chilean toponymy: "the far-away possession"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Estudios_Filol%C3%B3gicos" title="Estudios Filológicos">Estudios Filológicos</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>36</b>. <a href="/wiki/Austral_University_of_Chile" title="Austral University of Chile">Austral University of Chile</a>: <span class="nowrap">129–</span>142<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Filol%C3%B3gicos&rft.atitle=Chilean+toponymy%3A+%22the+far-away+possession%22&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Latorre&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0071-17132001003600009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieviet2017" class="citation book cs1">Kieviet, Paulus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215190912/https://langsci-press.org/catalog/view/124/303/581-1"><i>A Grammar of Rapa Nui</i></a>. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 12. Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17169%2Flangsci.b124.303">10.17169/langsci.b124.303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-946234-75-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-946234-75-3"><bdi>978-3-946234-75-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/124">the original</a> on 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Rapa+Nui&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Diversity+Linguistics+12&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17169%2Flangsci.b124.303&rft.isbn=978-3-946234-75-3&rft.aulast=Kieviet&rft.aufirst=Paulus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakihara2005a" class="citation journal cs1">Makihara, Miki (2005a). "Rapa Nui ways of speaking Spanish: Language shift and socialization on Easter Island". <i>Language in Society</i>. <b>34</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">727–</span>762. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS004740450505027X">10.1017/S004740450505027X</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146240431">146240431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Rapa+Nui+ways+of+speaking+Spanish%3A+Language+shift+and+socialization+on+Easter+Island&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E762&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS004740450505027X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146240431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makihara&rft.aufirst=Miki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakihara2005b" class="citation journal cs1">Makihara, Miki (2005b). "Being Rapa Nui, speaking Spanish: Children's voices on Easter Island". <i>Anthropological Theory</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1463499605053995">10.1177/1463499605053995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143677241">143677241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Theory&rft.atitle=Being+Rapa+Nui%2C+speaking+Spanish%3A+Children%27s+voices+on+Easter+Island&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1463499605053995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143677241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makihara&rft.aufirst=Miki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagel2008" class="citation book cs1">Pagel, Steve (2008). "The old, the new, the in-between: Comparative aspects of Hispanisation on the Marianas and Easter Island (Rapa Nui)". In Stolz, Thomas; Bakker, Dik; Palomo, Rosa Salas (eds.). <i>Hispanisation: The Impact of Spanish on the Lexicon and Grammar of the Indigenous Languages of Austronesia and the Americas</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110207231.2.167">10.1515/9783110207231.2.167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019793-8"><bdi>978-3-11-019793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+old%2C+the+new%2C+the+in-between%3A+Comparative+aspects+of+Hispanisation+on+the+Marianas+and+Easter+Island+%28Rapa+Nui%29&rft.btitle=Hispanisation%3A+The+Impact+of+Spanish+on+the+Lexicon+and+Grammar+of+the+Indigenous+Languages+of+Austronesia+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110207231.2.167&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019793-8&rft.aulast=Pagel&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapa+Nui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/rap" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/rap">Rapa Nui language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/48px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/64px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chile" title="Portal:Chile">Chile portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" 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dictionary</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043210/http://www.rongorongo.org/vanaga/a.html">Internet Archive version from 2007-10-16</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kohaumotu.org/Rongorongo/Dictionary/dictionary_complete.html">Mirror of Englert's <i>Rapa Nui dictionary</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113145613/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Araucanian_Swadesh_lists">Rapa Nui Swadesh vocabulary list</a> (Wiktionary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=264">Rapa Nui words from the <i>Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915112902/http://qcpages.qc.cuny.edu/ANTHRO/makihara/makihara.html">Miki Makihara (Queens College), has several papers on contemporary Rapa Nui language and language revival efforts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Quechua" title="Southern Quechua">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Pacific_languages171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moor language">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambel–Biga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maya–Matbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiawat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiawat language">Fiawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biakic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biakic languages">Biakic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooi language">Wooi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerisiam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerisiam language">Yerisiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar language">Umar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty languages">Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluan-Pam_language" title="Baluan-Pam language">Baluan-Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenkau_language" title="Lenkau language">Lenkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kaniet language">Northern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kaniet language">Southern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Wuvulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Aua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">Saint Matthias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenis_language" title="Tenis language">Tenis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utupua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)" title="Amba language (Solomon Islands)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asumboa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asumboa language">Asumboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbili_language" title="Tanimbili language">Tanimbili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanikoro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teanu_language" title="Teanu language">Teanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovono_language" title="Lovono language">Lovono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanema_language" title="Tanema language">Tanema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reefs-Santa_Cruz_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefs-Santa Cruz languages">Reefs–Santa Cruz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84iwoo_language" title="Äiwoo language">Äiwoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engdewu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Engdewu language">Engdewu / Nanggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BCgu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natügu language">Natügu / Santa Cruz</a> <ul><li>Nalögo</li> <li>Noipx</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gela–Guadalcanal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugotu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugotu language">Bugotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela_language" title="Gela language">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengo_language" title="Lengo language">Lengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birao_language" title="Birao language">Birao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghari_language" title="Ghari language">Ghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malango_language" title="Malango language">Malango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talise_language" title="Talise language">Talise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaita–<br />San Cristobal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longgu_language" title="Longgu language">Longgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagani_language" title="Fagani language">Fagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauro_language" title="Bauro language">Bauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahua_language" title="Kahua language">Kahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owa_language" title="Owa language">Owa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_Wawa_language" title="Marau Wawa language">Marau Wawa</a> ? †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To%27abaita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="To'abaita language">To'abaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baelelea_language" title="Baelelea language">Baelelea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeggu_language" title="Baeggu language">Baeggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataleka_language" title="Fataleka language">Fataleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langalanga_language" title="Langalanga language">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula%27alaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula'alaa language">Gula'alaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dori%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dori'o language">Dori'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%8BAre%EA%9E%8Care_language" title="ꞋAreꞌare language">ꞋAreꞌare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroha_language" title="Oroha language">Oroha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso–Melanesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kimbe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language_(Oceanic)" title="Bulu language (Oceanic)">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meramera_language" title="Meramera language">Meramera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanai_language" title="Nakanai language">Nakanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Ireland–<br />Northwest<br />Solomonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungag–Nalik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kara language (Papua New Guinea)">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxudumau_language" title="Laxudumau language">Laxudumau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalik_language" title="Nalik language">Nalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiang_language" title="Tiang language">Tiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigak_language" title="Tigak language">Tigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungag_language" title="Tungag language">Tungag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Madara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notsi_language" title="Notsi language">Notsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavatbura-Lamusong_language" title="Lavatbura-Lamusong language">Lavatbura–Lamusong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madak_language" title="Madak language">Madak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. George</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungalunga_language" title="Lungalunga language">Lungalunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar-Lak_language" title="Siar-Lak language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Solomonic_languages" title="Northwest Solomonic languages">Northwest<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak%C3%B6_language" title="Hakö language">Hakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Piva language">Piva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-Alu_language" title="Mono-Alu language">Mono-Alu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruava_language" title="Uruava language">Uruava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babatana_language" title="Babatana language">Babatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ririo_language" title="Ririo language">Ririo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisi_language" title="Varisi language">Varisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghua_language" title="Vaghua language">Vaghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanongga_language" title="Ghanongga language">Ghanongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoava_language" title="Hoava language">Hoava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusaghe_language" title="Kusaghe language">Kusaghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungga_language" title="Lungga language">Lungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nduke language">Nduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roviana_language" title="Roviana language">Roviana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbo_language" title="Simbo language">Simbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughele_language" title="Ughele language">Ughele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangunu_language" title="Vangunu language">Vangunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blablanga_language" title="Blablanga language">Blablanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheke_Holo_language" title="Cheke Holo language">Cheke Holo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_language" title="Gao language">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokota_language" title="Kokota language">Kokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghu_language" title="Laghu language">Laghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabana_language" title="Zabana language">Zabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazao_language" title="Zazao language">Zazao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomoip_language" title="Tomoip language">Tomoip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarmi%E2%80%93Jayapura_languages" title="Sarmi–Jayapura languages">Sarmi–<br />Jayapura</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schouten_languages" title="Schouten languages">Schouten</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Sissano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Sissano language">Arop-Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_language" title="Sera language">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sissano_language" title="Sissano language">Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulau-Suain_language" title="Ulau-Suain language">Ulau-Suain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumleo_language" title="Tumleo language">Tumleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakamul_language" title="Yakamul language">Yakamul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiep_language" title="Kaiep language">Kaiep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terebu_language" title="Terebu language">Terebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biem_language" title="Biem language">Biem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kis_language" title="Kis language">Kis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medebur_language" title="Medebur language">Medebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Sepa language (Papua New Guinea)">Sepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogeo_language" title="Wogeo language">Wogeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf_languages" title="Huon Gulf languages">Huon Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela language (Papua New Guinea)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabem_language" title="Yabem language">Yabem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwatsa_language" title="Aribwatsa language">Aribwatsa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwaung_language" title="Aribwaung language">Aribwaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danggal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danggal language">Dangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwet_language" title="Duwet language">Duwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labu_language" title="Labu language">Labu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralango_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maralango language">Maralango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language_(Madang_Province)" title="Mari language (Madang Province)">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musom_language" title="Musom language">Musom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_language" title="Nafi language">Nafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silisili language">Silisili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampar_language" title="Wampar language">Wampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampur_language" title="Wampur language">Wampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hote_language" title="Hote language">Hote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwal_language" title="Iwal language">Iwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapin_language" title="Kapin language">Kapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumalu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumalu language">Kumalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangga_Buang_language" title="Mangga Buang language">Mangga Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapos_Buang_language" title="Mapos Buang language">Mapos Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumeng_language" title="Mumeng language">Mumeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piu_language" title="Piu language">Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehes_language" title="Vehes language">Vehes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamap_language" title="Yamap language">Yamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbami_language" title="Numbami language">Numbami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngero%E2%80%93Vitiaz_languages" title="Ngero–Vitiaz languages">Ngero–Vitiaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariai_language" title="Bariai language">Bariai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kove_language" title="Kove language">Kove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusi_language" title="Lusi language">Lusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalamai_language" title="Malalamai language">Malalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibil_language" title="Bilibil language">Bilibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marik_language" title="Marik language">Marik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matukar_language" title="Matukar language">Matukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindiri_language" title="Mindiri language">Mindiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wab_language" title="Wab language">Wab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamogai_language" title="Lamogai language">Lamogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouk-Aria_language" title="Mouk-Aria language">Mouk-Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigon_language" title="Aigon language">Aigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karore_language" title="Karore language">Karore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaulong_language" title="Kaulong language">Kaulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miu_language" title="Miu language">Miu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengseng_language" title="Sengseng language">Sengseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Aiklep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akolet_language" title="Akolet language">Akolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Apalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avau_language" title="Avau language">Avau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebeli_language" title="Bebeli language">Bebeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Gimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesing-Gelimi_language" title="Lesing-Gelimi language">Lesing-Gelimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lote_language" title="Lote language">Lote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamusi_language" title="Mamusi language">Mamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengen_language" title="Mengen language">Mengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Lukep_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Lukep language">Arop-Lukep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnai_language" title="Karnai language">Karnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasanga_language" title="Malasanga language">Malasanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mur_Pano_language" title="Mur Pano language">Mur Pano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_language" title="Mato language">Mato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronji_language" title="Ronji language">Ronji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_language" title="Amara language">Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleu-Kilenge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleu-Kilenge language">Maleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sio_language" title="Sio language">Sio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tami_language" title="Tami language">Tami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Auhelawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Auhelawa language">'Auhelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhutu_language" title="Buhutu language">Buhutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwanabwana_language" title="Bwanabwana language">Bwanabwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya%27oya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya'oya language">Oya'oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliba_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Saliba language (Papua New Guinea)">Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unubahe_language" title="Unubahe language">Unubahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagawaga_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Wagawaga language (New Guinea)">Wagawaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwaidoka_language" title="Bwaidoka language">Bwaidoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodio_language" title="Diodio language">Diodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamalele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamalele language">Iamalele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iduna_language" title="Iduna language">Iduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koluwawa_language" title="Koluwawa language">Koluwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiadomu_language" title="Maiadomu language">Maiadomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunama_language" title="Bunama language">Bunama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boselewa_language" title="Boselewa language">Boselewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_language" title="Duau language">Duau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeya_language" title="Galeya language">Galeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molima_language" title="Molima language">Molima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwatebu_language" title="Mwatebu language">Mwatebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language" title="Sewa Bay language">Sewa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawawa_language" title="Dawawa language">Dawawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakabai_language" title="Kakabai language">Kakabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are_language" title="Are language">Are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language" title="Arifama-Miniafia language">Arifama-Miniafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_language" title="Doga language">Doga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayavi_language" title="Ghayavi language">Ghayavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaninuwa_language" title="Kaninuwa language">Kaninuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubir_language" title="Ubir language">Ubir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweda_language" title="Gweda language">Gweda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haigwai_language" title="Haigwai language">Haigwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwala_language" title="Maiwala language">Maiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaveha_language" title="Minaveha language">Minaveha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taupota_language" title="Taupota language">Taupota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawala_language" title="Tawala language">Tawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakaikeke_language" title="Yakaikeke language">Yakaikeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuki_language" title="Anuki language">Anuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumawana_language" title="Gumawana language">Gumawana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kilivila–Misima</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budibud_language" title="Budibud language">Budibud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misima_language" title="Misima language">Misima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyuw_language" title="Muyuw language">Muyuw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nimoa–Sudest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimoa_language" title="Nimoa language">Nimoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudest_language" title="Sudest language">Sudest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_language" title="Nauruan language">Nauruan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Micronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosraean_language" title="Kosraean language">Kosraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic-Pohnpeic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuukic-Pohnpeic languages">Chuukic–<br />Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic_languages" title="Chuukic languages">Chuukic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonsorol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonsorol language">Sonsorol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobian_language" title="Tobian language">Tobian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulithian_language" title="Ulithian language">Ulithian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puluwatese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puluwatese language">Puluwatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namonuito_language" title="Namonuito language">Namonuito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanapag_language" title="Tanapag language">Tanapag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Carolinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satawalese_language" title="Satawalese language">Satawalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortlockese_language" title="Mortlockese language">Mortlockese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language" title="Pááfang language">Pááfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeic_languages" title="Pohnpeic languages">Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokilese_language" title="Mokilese language">Mokilese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingelapese_language" title="Pingelapese language">Pingelapese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngatikese_language" title="Ngatikese language">Ngatikese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marqeusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> 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