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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reliable sources</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Project page</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Reliable_sources" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3AReliable+sources" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>View source</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Content guideline for determining the reliability of a source</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:RS", "WP:IRS", and "WP:RELIABILITY" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:RS (disambiguation)">WP:RS (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">Wikipedia:Independent sources</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For community input on the reliability of a source, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard</a>. For a list of frequently discussed sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Wikipedia <i>policy</i> on reliable sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Reliable sources</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">content guideline</a>.</b><br><div style="font-size: 90%;">Editors should generally follow it, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">exceptions</a> may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:Reliable sources">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RS"></span><span id="WP:RELY"></span><span id="WP:RELIABLE"></span><span id="WP:RELIABILITY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RS&redirect=no">WP:RS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RELY&redirect=no">WP:RELY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RELIABLE&redirect=no">WP:RELIABLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RELIABILITY&redirect=no">WP:RELIABILITY</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Wikipedia requires <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE#Inline_citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">inline citations</a> for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. If you are new to editing and just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">referencing for beginners help page</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232484023">.mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#f5faff;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title{background:#cee0f2;font-size:130%;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;margin-bottom:6px}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#cee0f2;padding:0.1em 0.7em 0.15em}.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content,.mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding-top:0.15em}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .help-box{width:auto;max-width:22em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box{background:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint hlist" style="clear:right;width:21.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia guidelines">Wikipedia guidelines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies list</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_behavioral_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines">Behavioral</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f5faff; background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Don't bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point"><span class="wrap">Don't disrupt to make a point</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Other_behavioral_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other behavioral guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Friendly space policy">WMF friendly space policy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5eef8;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_discussion" title="Category:Wikipedia discussion">Discussions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">Content</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content"><span class="wrap">Non-free content</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offensive_material" title="Wikipedia:Offensive material">Offensive material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Don't copy long texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Content_guide" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other content guidelines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_editing_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia editing guidelines">Editing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#f5faff; background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Editing" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other editing guidelines</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5eef8;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categorization" title="Category:Wikipedia categorization">Categorization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_style_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia style guidelines">Style</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tables</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_deletion_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia deletion guidelines">Deletion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_process" title="Wikipedia:Deletion process">Deletion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Speedy_keep" title="Wikipedia:Speedy keep">Speedy keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_guidelines_for_administrators" title="Wikipedia:Deletion guidelines for administrators">Deletion guidelines for administrators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_project_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia project content guidelines">Project content</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Other_guideline_categories" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Notability" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Notability</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Searching#Administrative_namespaces" title="Help:Searching">Search</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="20" dir="ltr"></div><input type="hidden" value='deepcat:"Wikipedia guidelines"' name="searchfilter"><br><input type="hidden" name="ns4" value="1" id="mw-inputbox-ns4-style-searchbox0.135383496383" checked><br><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search for a guideline" class="cdx-button"><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"></form></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guideline_list" title="Template:Guideline list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guideline_list" title="Template talk:Guideline list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guideline_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guideline list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>reliable source</b> is a published document that experienced Wikipedia editors will accept for supporting a given bit of material in a Wikipedia article. </p><p>Wikipedia articles should be based on <b>reliable, published sources</b>, making sure that <strong>all majority and significant minority views</strong> that have appeared in those sources are covered (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a></span>). If no independent reliable sources can be found on a topic, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Wikipedia should not have an article on it</a>. </p><p>This guideline discusses the reliability of various types of sources. The policy on sourcing is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a>, which requires <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a> for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. The verifiability policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, and sections of articles—without exception, and in particular to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biographies of living persons</a>, which states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Contentious material about living persons (or, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Recently_dead_or_probably_dead" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">in some cases, recently deceased</a>) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—must be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion.</p></blockquote> <p>In the event of a contradiction between this guideline and our policies regarding sourcing and attribution, the policies take priority and editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy. Other policies relevant to sourcing are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons</a>. For questions about the reliability of particular sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition_of_a_source"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition of a source</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Definition_of_published"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Definition of <i>published</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Context_matters"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Context matters</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Age_matters"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Age matters</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Usage_by_other_sources"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Usage by other sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Some_types_of_sources"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Some types of sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Scholarship"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scholarship</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#News_organizations"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">News organizations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Editorial_and_opinion_commentary"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Editorial and opinion commentary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#News_aggregators"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">News aggregators</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Vendor_and_e-commerce_sources"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vendor and e-commerce sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Biased_or_opinionated_sources"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Biased or opinionated sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Questionable_and_self-published_sources"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Questionable and self-published sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Questionable_sources"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Questionable sources</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sponsored_content"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sponsored content</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Self-published sources (online and paper)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#User-generated_content"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">User-generated content</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Spurious_sources_produced_by_machine_learning"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Spurious sources produced by machine learning</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reliability in specific contexts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Biographies_of_living_persons"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biographies of living persons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Medical_claims"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Medical claims</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Fringe_theories"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Fringe theories</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Quotations"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Quotations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Academic_consensus"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Academic consensus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Statements_of_opinion"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Statements of opinion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Breaking_news"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Breaking news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Headlines"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Headlines</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Deprecated_sources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Deprecated sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Templates"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Templates</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Policies_and_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Policies and guidelines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Information_pages"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Information pages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Locating_reliable_sources"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Locating reliable sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Essays"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Essays</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview" data-mw-thread-id="h-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Overview"></span>Overview<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Overview"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Good_research" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Good research</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:REPUTABLE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:REPUTABLE&redirect=no">WP:REPUTABLE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png/220px-ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="80"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png/220px-ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png" data-width="220" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png/330px-ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png/440px-ZoneSystem-Gradient-lines.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Source reliability falls on a spectrum: No source is 'always reliable' or 'always unreliable' for everything. However, some sources provide stronger or weaker support for a given statement. Editors must use their judgment to draw the line between usable and inappropriate sources for each statement.</figcaption></figure> <p>Articles should be based on reliable, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent</a>, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means that we publish only the analysis, views, and opinions of reliable authors, and not those of Wikipedians, who have read and interpreted primary source material for themselves. The following examples cover only some of the possible types of reliable sources and source reliability issues, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Proper sourcing <i>always</i> depends on context; common sense and editorial judgment are an indispensable part of the process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_a_source" data-mw-thread-id="h-Definition_of_a_source-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Definition_of_a_source-Overview"></span>Definition of a source<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Definition_of_a_source-Overview"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SOURCEDEF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOURCEDEF&redirect=no">WP:SOURCEDEF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A <i>source</i> is where the material comes from. For example, a source could be a book or a webpage. A source can be reliable or unreliable for the material it is meant to support. Some sources, such as unpublished texts and an editor's own personal experience, are prohibited. </p><p>When editors talk about sources that are being cited on Wikipedia, they might be referring to any one of these three concepts: </p> <ul><li>The piece of work itself (the article, book)</li> <li>The creator of the work (the writer, journalist)</li> <li>The publisher of the work (for example, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>)</li></ul> <p><strong>Any of the three can affect reliability.</strong> Reliable sources may be published materials with a reliable publication process, authors who are regarded as authoritative in relation to the subject, or both. These qualifications should be demonstrable to other people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_published" data-mw-thread-id="h-Definition_of_published-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Definition_of_published-Overview"></span>Definition of <i>published</i><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Definition_of_published-Overview"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:PUBLISHED" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Published" title="Wikipedia:Published">Wikipedia:Published</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PUBLISH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PUBLISH">WP:PUBLISH</a>).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PUBLISHED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PUBLISHED&redirect=no">WP:PUBLISHED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Published" title="Wikipedia:Published">Published</a></i> means, for Wikipedia's purposes, any source that was <i>made available to the public in some form</i>. The term is most commonly associated with text materials, either in traditional printed format or online; however, audio, video, and multimedia materials that have been recorded then broadcast, distributed, or archived by a reputable party may also meet the necessary criteria to be considered reliable sources. Like text, media must be produced by a reliable source and be properly cited. Additionally, an archived copy of the media must exist. It is convenient, but by no means necessary, for the archived copy to be accessible via the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context_matters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Context_matters-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Context_matters-Overview"></span>Context matters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Context_matters-Overview"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CONTEXTMATTERS"></span><span id="WP:RSCONTEXT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CONTEXTMATTERS&redirect=no">WP:CONTEXTMATTERS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSCONTEXT&redirect=no">WP:RSCONTEXT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The reliability of a source depends on context. Each source must be carefully weighed to judge whether it is reliable for the statement being made in the Wikipedia article and is an appropriate source for that content. </p><p>In general, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Sources should <em>directly support</em> the information as it is presented in the Wikipedia article (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Inline citations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a></span>). </p><p>Information provided in passing by an otherwise reliable source or information that is not related to the principal topics of the publication may not be reliable; editors should cite sources focused on the topic at hand where possible. For example, a publisher's web site is likely to be reliable for an author's identity, date of publication, etc., but not necessarily for a critical, artistic, or commercial evaluation of the work (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Reliability_in_specific_contexts">§ Reliability in specific contexts</a>, below</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_matters" data-mw-thread-id="h-Age_matters-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Age_matters-Overview"></span>Age matters<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Age_matters-Overview"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:AGE_MATTERS"></span><span id="WP:RSAGE"></span><span id="WP:OLDSOURCES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS&redirect=no">WP:AGE MATTERS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSAGE&redirect=no">WP:RSAGE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OLDSOURCES&redirect=no">WP:OLDSOURCES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Especially in scientific and academic fields, older sources may be inaccurate because new information has been brought to light, new theories proposed, or vocabulary changed. In areas like politics or fashion, laws or trends may make older claims incorrect. Be sure to check that older sources have not been superseded, especially if it is likely that new discoveries or developments have occurred in the last few years. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)#Use_up-to-date_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">newer sources are generally preferred in medicine</a>. </p><p>Sometimes sources are too <i>new</i> to use, such as with <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Breaking_news">breaking news</a> (where later reports might be more accurate), and primary sources which purport to debunk a long-standing consensus or introduce a new discovery (in which case awaiting studies that attempt to replicate the discovery might be a good idea, or reviews that validate the methods used to make the discovery). </p><p>Similarly for breaking news, a contemporary secondary news source can quickly become a historical primary source. Articles of recent current events <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating">must be periodically updated</a> with new secondary sources. </p><p>Sources of any age may be prone to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">recentism</a>, and this needs to be balanced out by careful editing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_by_other_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Usage_by_other_sources-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Usage_by_other_sources-Overview"></span>Usage by other sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Usage_by_other_sources-Overview"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:UBO"></span><span id="WP:USEBYOTHERS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UBO&redirect=no">WP:UBO</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:USEBYOTHERS&redirect=no">WP:USEBYOTHERS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>How accepted and high-quality reliable sources use a given source provides evidence, positive or negative, for its reliability and reputation. The more widespread and consistent this use is, the stronger the evidence. For example, widespread citation without comment for facts is evidence of a source's reputation and reliability for similar facts, whereas widespread doubts about reliability weigh against it. If outside citation is the main indicator of reliability, particular care should be taken to adhere to other guidelines and policies, and to not unduly represent contentious or minority claims. The goal is to reflect established views of a topic as far as we can determine them. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Some_types_of_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Some_types_of_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Some_types_of_sources"></span>Some types of sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Some_types_of_sources"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SOURCETYPES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SOURCETYPES&redirect=no">WP:SOURCETYPES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Reliable sources</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Verifiability_does_not_guarantee_inclusion" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Verifiability does not guarantee inclusion</a></div> <p>Many Wikipedia articles rely on scholarly material. When available, academic and peer-reviewed publications, scholarly monographs, and textbooks are usually the most reliable sources. However, some scholarly material may be outdated, in competition with alternative theories, controversial within the relevant field, or largely ignored by the mainstream academic discourse because of lack of citations. Try to cite current scholarly consensus when available, recognizing that this is often absent. Reliable non-academic sources may also be used in articles about scholarly issues, particularly material from high-quality mainstream publications. Deciding which sources are appropriate depends on context. Material should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">attributed in-text</a> where <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASF">sources disagree</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarship" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scholarship-Some_types_of_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scholarship-Some_types_of_sources"></span>Scholarship<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scholarship-Some_types_of_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SCHOLARSHIP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP&redirect=no">WP:SCHOLARSHIP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><b>Prefer secondary sources</b> – Articles should rely on secondary sources whenever possible. For example, a paper reviewing existing research, a review article, monograph, or textbook is often better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised. Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a></span>).</li> <li><b>Reliable scholarship</b> – Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources or by well-regarded academic presses.</li> <li><b>Dissertations</b> – Completed dissertations or theses written as part of the requirements for a doctorate, and which are publicly available (most via interlibrary loan or from <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>), can be used but care should be exercised, as they are often, in part, primary sources. Some of them will have gone through a process of academic peer reviewing, of varying levels of rigor, but some will not. If possible, use theses that have been cited in the literature; supervised by recognized specialists in the field; or reviewed by independent parties. Dissertations in progress have not been vetted and are not regarded as published and are thus not reliable sources as a rule. Some theses are later published in the form of scholarly monographs or peer reviewed articles, and, if available, these are usually preferable to the original thesis as sources. Masters dissertations and theses are considered reliable only if they can be shown to have had significant scholarly influence.</li> <li><b>Citation counts</b> – One may be able to confirm that discussion of the source has entered mainstream academic discourse by checking what scholarly citations it has received in <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexes</a> or lists such as <a href="/wiki/DOAJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DOAJ">DOAJ</a>. Works published in journals not included in appropriate databases, especially in fields well covered by them, might be isolated from mainstream academic discourse, though whether it is appropriate to use will depend on the context. The number of citations may be misleading if an author cites <a href="/wiki/Self-citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-citation">themselves</a> often.</li> <li><b>Isolated studies</b> – Isolated studies are usually considered tentative and may change in the light of further academic research. If the isolated study is a primary source, it should generally not be used if there are secondary sources that cover the same content. The reliability of a single study depends on the field. Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> when using single studies in such fields. Studies relating to complex and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstruse" class="extiw" title="wikt:abstruse">abstruse</a> fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, are less definitive and should be avoided. Secondary sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a>, textbooks, and scholarly <a href="/wiki/Review_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Review articles">review articles</a> are preferred when available, so as to provide proper context.</li> <li><span id="QUESTIONABLEJOURNAL"></span><b>POV and peer review in journals</b> – Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular point of view. A claim of peer review is not an indication that the journal is respected, or that any meaningful peer review occurs. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Predatory_journals"></span><b>Predatory journals</b> – <a href="/wiki/Predatory_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory journal">Predatory journals</a> are of very low quality and have only token peer-review, if any. These journals publish whatever is submitted if the author is willing to pay a fee. Some go so far as to mimic the names of established journals (<a href="/wiki/Journal_hijacking" title="Journal hijacking">Journal hijacking</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT4713_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4713-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature032713_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature032713-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of reliable peer review implies that articles in such journals should <i>at best</i> be treated similarly to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published sources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If you are unsure about the quality of a journal, check that the editorial board is based in a respected <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">accredited university</a>, and that it is included in the relevant high-quality <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation index</a>—be wary of indexes that merely list almost all publications, and do not vet the journals they list. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)#Predatory_journals" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Predatory journals</a>.</span>)</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Preprints"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PREPRINT"></span><span id="WP:PREPRINTS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PREPRINT&redirect=no">WP:PREPRINT</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PREPRINTS&redirect=no">WP:PREPRINTS</a></span></li></ul></div></div><b>Preprints</b> – <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprints</a>, such as those available on repositories like <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/MedRxiv" title="MedRxiv">medRxiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRxiv</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Zenodo" title="Zenodo">Zenodo</a> are not reliable sources. Research that has not been peer-reviewed is akin to a blog, as anybody can post it online. Their use is generally discouraged, unless they meet the criteria for acceptable use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published sources</a>, and will always fail higher sourcing requirements like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MEDRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MEDRS">WP:MEDRS</a>. However, links to such repositories can be used as open-access links for papers which have been subsequently published in acceptable literature.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_organizations" data-mw-thread-id="h-News_organizations-Some_types_of_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-News_organizations-Some_types_of_sources"></span>News organizations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-News_organizations-Some_types_of_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NEWSORG"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NEWSORG&redirect=no">WP:NEWSORG</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact (though even the most reputable reporting sometimes contains errors). News reporting from less-established outlets is generally considered less reliable for statements of fact. Most newspapers also reprint items from <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agencies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, which are responsible for accuracy. The agency should be cited in addition to the newspaper that reprinted it. </p> <ul><li>Scholarly sources and high-quality non-scholarly sources are generally better than news reports for academic topics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Scholarship">§ Scholarship</a>, above)</span>. Press releases from organizations or journals are often used by newspapers with minimal change; such sources are <a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">churnalism</a> and should not be treated differently than the underlying press release. Occasionally, some newspapers still have specialist reporters who are citable by name. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">For topics relating to health or medicine, see <a href="#Medical_claims">§ Medical claims</a>, below</span>.)</li> <li>Otherwise reliable news sources—for example, the website of a major news organization—that publish in a blog-style format for some or all of their content may be as reliable as if published in standard news article format (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Newspaper_and_magazine_blogs" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Newspaper and magazine blogs</a></span>).</li> <li>Signals that a news organization engages in fact-checking and has a reputation for accuracy are the publication of <a href="/wiki/Correction_(newspaper)" title="Correction (newspaper)">corrections</a> and disclosures of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflicts of interest</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_interest_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Human interest story">Human interest reporting</a> is generally not as reliable as news reporting, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of fact-checking and accuracy (see <a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The reporting of rumors has a limited encyclopedic value, although in some instances verifiable information <i>about</i> rumors may be appropriate (i.e. if the rumors themselves are noteworthy, regardless of whether or not they are true). <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTGOSSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTGOSSIP">Wikipedia is not the place</a> for passing along <a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">gossip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rumor" title="Rumor">rumors</a>.</li> <li>Some news organizations have used Wikipedia articles as a source for their work. Editors should therefore beware of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CIRCULAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CIRCULAR">circular sourcing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Whether a <em>specific</em> news story is reliable for a fact or statement should be examined on a case-by-case basis.</li> <li>Multiple sources should not be asserted for any <a href="/wiki/List_of_wire_services" title="List of wire services">wire service</a> article. Such sources are essentially a single source.</li> <li>Unless reported by a reliable source, leaks should not normally be used or cited directly in articles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editorial_and_opinion_commentary" data-mw-thread-id="h-Editorial_and_opinion_commentary-News_organizations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Editorial_and_opinion_commentary-News_organizations"></span>Editorial and opinion commentary<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Editorial_and_opinion_commentary-News_organizations"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NEWSOPED"></span><span id="WP:RSEDITORIAL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NEWSOPED&redirect=no">WP:NEWSOPED</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSEDITORIAL&redirect=no">WP:RSEDITORIAL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Editorial commentary, analysis and <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">opinion pieces</a>, whether written by the editors of the publication (<a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">editorials</a>) or outside authors (invited <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-eds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the editor">letters to the editor</a> from notable figures) are reliable primary sources for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">statements attributed to that editor or author</a>, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see also <a href="#Statements_of_opinion">§ Statements of opinion</a>, below</span>). </p> <ul><li>When taking information from opinion content, the identity of the author may help determine reliability. The opinions of specialists and recognized experts are more likely to be reliable and to reflect a significant viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the statement is not authoritative, attribute the opinion to the author in the text of the article and do not represent it as fact. Reviews for books, movies, art, etc. can be opinion, summary, or scholarly pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VirginiaTech_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VirginiaTech-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some news organizations may not publish their editorial policies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_aggregators" data-mw-thread-id="h-News_aggregators-News_organizations"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-News_aggregators-News_organizations"></span>News aggregators<span data-mw-comment-end="h-News_aggregators-News_organizations"></span></h4></div> <p>Some websites function partly or entirely as aggregators, reprinting items from websites of news agencies, blogs, websites, or even Wikipedia itself. These may constitute a curated feed or an AI-generated feed. Examples include the main pages of <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a>. As with newspaper reprints, the original content creator is responsible for accuracy and <b>reliability should be judged based on the original source</b>. Direct links to the original source should be preferred over the aggregator's link. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendor_and_e-commerce_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Vendor_and_e-commerce_sources-Some_types_of_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Vendor_and_e-commerce_sources-Some_types_of_sources"></span><span id="E-commerce_sources"></span>Vendor and e-commerce sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Vendor_and_e-commerce_sources-Some_types_of_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:VENDOR"></span><span id="WP:AFFILIATE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:VENDOR&redirect=no">WP:VENDOR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AFFILIATE&redirect=no">WP:AFFILIATE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Although the content guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EL">external links</a> prohibit linking to "Individual web pages that primarily exist to sell products or services", inline citations may be allowed to e-commerce pages such as that of a book on a bookseller's page or an album on its streaming-music page, in order to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VERIFY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VERIFY">verify</a> such things as titles and running times. Journalistic and academic sources are preferable, however, and e-commerce links should be replaced with reliable non-commercial sources if available. </p><p>Rankings proposed by vendors (such as bestseller lists at Amazon) usually have at least one of the following problems: </p> <ol><li>It may be impossible to provide a stable source for the alleged ranking.</li> <li>When only self-published by the vendor, i.e. no reliable independent source confirming the ranking as being relevant, the ranking would usually carry insufficient weight to be mentioned in any article.</li></ol> <p>For such reasons, such rankings are usually avoided as Wikipedia content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biased_or_opinionated_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Biased_or_opinionated_sources-Some_types_of_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Biased_or_opinionated_sources-Some_types_of_sources"></span>Biased or opinionated sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Biased_or_opinionated_sources-Some_types_of_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:BIASED"></span><span id="WP:PARTISAN"></span><span id="WP:BIASEDSOURCES"></span><span id="WP:ACCORDINGTO"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BIASED&redirect=no">WP:BIASED</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PARTISAN&redirect=no">WP:PARTISAN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:BIASEDSOURCES&redirect=no">WP:BIASEDSOURCES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ACCORDINGTO&redirect=no">WP:ACCORDINGTO</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Bias_in_sources" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Bias in sources</a></div> <p>Wikipedia articles are required to present a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>. However, reliable sources are not required to be neutral, unbiased, or objective. Sometimes non-neutral sources are the best possible sources for supporting information about the different viewpoints held on a subject. </p><p>Common sources of bias include political, financial, religious, philosophical, or other beliefs. Although a source may be biased, it may be reliable in the specific <a href="#Context_matters">context</a>. When dealing with a potentially biased source, editors should consider whether the source meets the normal requirements for reliable sources, such as editorial control, a reputation for fact-checking, and the level of independence from the topic the source is covering. Bias may make <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT">in-text attribution</a> appropriate, as in "The feminist <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> wrote that..."; "According to the Marxist economist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Magdoff" title="Harry Magdoff">Harry Magdoff</a>..."; or "The conservative Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> believed that...". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Questionable_and_self-published_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span><span class="anchor" id="Self-published_and_questionable_sources"></span>Questionable and self-published sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Reliable sources</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questionable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Questionable_sources-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Questionable_sources-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span>Questionable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Questionable_sources-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:QUESTIONABLE"></span><span id="WP:QUESTIONED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE&redirect=no">WP:QUESTIONABLE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:QUESTIONED&redirect=no">WP:QUESTIONED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts or with no editorial oversight. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, that are promotional in nature, or that rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questionable sources are generally unsuitable for citing contentious claims about third parties, which includes claims against institutions, persons living or dead, as well as more ill-defined entities. The proper uses of a questionable source are very limited. </p><p>Beware of sources that sound reliable but do not have the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOURCE">reputation for fact-checking and accuracy</a> that this guideline requires.<sup id="cite_ref-DM_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DM-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Journal of 100% Reliable Factual Information</i> might have a reputation for "<a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">predatory</a>" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Beall1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beall1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beall2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beall2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sponsored_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sponsored_content-Questionable_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sponsored_content-Questionable_sources"></span>Sponsored content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sponsored_content-Questionable_sources"></span></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SPONSORED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SPONSORED&redirect=no">WP:SPONSORED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest#Covert_advertising" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Wikipedia:Conflict of interest § Covert advertising</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sponsored_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsored content">Sponsored content</a> is a paid advertisement that is formatted to look like an article or other piece of typical content for that outlet. The content may be directly controlled by the sponsor, or the advertiser may pay an author to create the content (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">influencer marketing</a>). Advertisements can be cited, but they are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">non-independent</a> and should be treated as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY">primary</a> sources in articles. Reliable publications clearly indicate sponsored articles in the <a href="/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">byline</a> or with a <a href="/wiki/Disclaimer" title="Disclaimer">disclaimer</a> at the top of the article. Sources that do not clearly distinguish staff-written articles from sponsored content are also questionable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest_in_academic_publishing#Sponsored_supplements" title="Conflicts of interest in academic publishing">Symposia and supplements to academic journals</a> are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>, with no supervision of content by the parent journal.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMJE_recommendations_2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMJE_recommendations_2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal,<sup id="cite_ref-supp_quality_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supp_quality-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being essentially paid <a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">ads disguised</a> as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited. </p><p>Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Suppl." in a reference.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, note that merely being published in <i><u>a</u></i> supplement is not <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> evidence of being published in a <i><u>sponsored</u></i> supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics_Supplement_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series">Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_B:_Proceedings_Supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements">Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Supplement_to_the_London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplement to the London Gazette">Supplement to the London Gazette</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Higher Education Supplement">The Times Higher Education Supplement</a></i>. A sponsored supplement also does not necessarily involve a COI; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"><span id="Self-published_sources_.28online_and_paper.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span>Self-published sources (online and paper)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Self-published_sources"></span><span class="anchor" id="Self-published"></span><span class="anchor" id="SELF"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RSSELF"></span><span id="WP:RS/SPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSSELF&redirect=no">WP:RSSELF</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RS/SPS&redirect=no">WP:RS/SPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Self-published sources</a></div> <p>Anyone can create a <a href="/wiki/Personal_web_page" title="Personal web page">personal web page</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">publish their own book</a> and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable. Self-published books and newsletters, personal pages on social networking sites, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a>, and posts on <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a> are all examples of self-published media. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications. <b>Never</b> use self-published sources as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IS">third-party sources</a> about living people, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="User-generated_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-User-generated_content-Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-User-generated_content-Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)"></span>User-generated content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-User-generated_content-Self-published_sources_(online_and_paper)"></span></h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="User-generated"></span><span class="anchor" id="USERG"></span><span class="anchor" id="UGC"></span><span class="anchor" id="WP:ABLUELINKISNOTASOURCE"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:UGC"></span><span id="WP:USERG"></span><span id="WP:USERGENERATED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UGC&redirect=no">WP:UGC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:USERG&redirect=no">WP:USERG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:USERGENERATED&redirect=no">WP:USERGENERATED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Content from websites whose content is largely <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated</a> is generally unacceptable. Sites with user-generated content include personal websites, personal and <a href="/wiki/Group_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Group blog">group</a> blogs (excluding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Newspaper_and_magazine_blogs" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">newspaper and magazine blogs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Content_farm" title="Content farm">content farms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social media sites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">fansites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_hosting_service" title="Image hosting service">image</a> hosting services, most <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> and other collaboratively created websites. </p><p>Examples of unacceptable user-generated sources are <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famous_Birthdays" title="Famous Birthdays">Famous Birthdays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fandom_(website)" title="Fandom (website)">Fandom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodreads" title="Goodreads">Goodreads</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Know_Your_Meme" title="Know Your Meme">Know Your Meme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_Tropes" title="TV Tropes">TV Tropes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhoSampled" title="WhoSampled">WhoSampled</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CIRCULAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CIRCULAR">self referencing</a>). For official accounts from celebrities and organizations on social media, see the section about self-published sources below. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">review aggregators</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>) may be reliable when summarizing experts, the ratings and opinions of their users (including the reported rating averages) are not. </p><p>In particular, a <a href="/wiki/Help:Link#Wikilinks" title="Help:Link">wikilink</a> is not a reliable source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" data-mw-thread-id="h-Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span>Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Self-published_and_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SELFSOURCE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SELFSOURCE&redirect=no">WP:SELFSOURCE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Merge_to plainlinks ombox ombox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/50px-Merge-arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/50px-Merge-arrow.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/75px-Merge-arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Merge-arrow.svg/100px-Merge-arrow.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Verifiability#Merge_WP:SELFSOURCE_to_WP:ABOUTSELF" title="Wikipedia talk:Verifiability">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since December 2023.</i></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Self-published or questionable sources may be used as sources of information <strong>about themselves</strong>, especially in articles about themselves, without the requirement that they be published experts in the field, so long as the following criteria are met: </p> <ol><li>The material is neither unduly self-serving nor an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">exceptional claim</a>.</li> <li>It does not involve claims about third parties (such as people, organizations, or other entities).</li> <li>It does not involve claims about events not directly related to the subject.</li> <li>There is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity.</li> <li>The Wikipedia article is not based primarily on such sources.</li></ol> <p>These requirements also apply to pages from social networking websites such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. Use of self-sourced material should be <i><a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis</a></i>; the great majority of any article must be drawn from independent sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spurious_sources_produced_by_machine_learning" data-mw-thread-id="h-Spurious_sources_produced_by_machine_learning-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Spurious_sources_produced_by_machine_learning-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span>Spurious sources produced by machine learning<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Spurious_sources_produced_by_machine_learning-Questionable_and_self-published_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RSML"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSML&redirect=no">WP:RSML</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> (ML, AI) has become a common way to generate and publish material. It may not be known or detectable that ML was used. While ML generation in itself does not necessarily disqualify a source that is properly checked by the person using it, ML has a tendency to create or "hallucinate" imaginary information, "supported" by citations that look as if they are from respectable sources but do not exist. In one case, a lawyer used <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> to generate and file a legal brief that he did not check; the judge upon reviewing the case stated, "six of the submitted cases appear to be bogus judicial decisions with bogus quotes and bogus internal citations", although ChatGPT had assured the author that they were real and could "be found in reputable legal databases such as <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westlaw" title="Westlaw">Westlaw</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citations have been published to newspaper articles that do not exist, attributed to named reporters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such spurious material may be generated unintentionally by writers—reporters, scientists, medical researchers, lawyers, ...—using <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbots</a> to help them to produce reports, or maliciously to generate "<a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reliability_in_specific_contexts" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Reliability in specific contexts<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_living_persons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Biographies_of_living_persons-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Biographies_of_living_persons-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Biographies of living persons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Biographies_of_living_persons-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources</a></div> <p>Editors must take particular care when writing biographical material about living persons. Contentious material about a living person that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately; do not move it to the talk page. This applies to any material related to living persons on <em>any</em> page in <em>any</em> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">namespace</a>, not just article space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span id="Primary.2C_secondary.2C_and_tertiary_sources"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RSPRIMARY"></span><span id="WP:WPNOTRS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSPRIMARY&redirect=no">WP:RSPRIMARY</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WPNOTRS&redirect=no">WP:WPNOTRS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources</a></div> <p>Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SECONDARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SECONDARY">secondary sources</a>, i.e., a document or recording that relates to or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. </p><p>Reputable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TERTIARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERTIARY">tertiary sources</a>, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited. <span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia_is_not_a_reliable_source"></span>However, although Wikipedia articles are tertiary sources, Wikipedia employs no systematic mechanism for fact-checking or accuracy. Thus, <strong>Wikipedia articles (and Wikipedia mirrors) in themselves are not reliable sources for any purpose</strong> (except as sources on themselves per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SELFSOURCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SELFSOURCE">WP:SELFSOURCE</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARY">Primary sources</a> are often difficult to use appropriately. Although they can be both reliable and useful in certain situations, they must be used with caution in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Although specific facts may be taken from primary sources, secondary sources that present the same material are preferred. Large blocks of material based purely on primary sources should be avoided. All interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary source, rather than original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors. </p><p>When editing articles in which the use of primary sources is a concern, in-line templates, such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Primary_source-inline" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Primary source-inline">primary source-inline</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Better_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Better source">better source</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, or article templates, such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Primary_sources" title="Template:Primary sources">primary sources</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refimprove_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Refimprove science">refimprove science</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, may be used to mark areas of concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_claims" data-mw-thread-id="h-Medical_claims-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Medical_claims-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Medical claims<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Medical_claims-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RS/MC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RS/MC&redirect=no">WP:RS/MC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)</a></div> <p>Ideal sources for <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> information include <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic reviews</a> in reliable, independent, published sources, such as reputable <a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">medical journals</a>, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or <a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">medical guidelines</a> and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies. It is <em>vital</em> that the biomedical information in all types of articles be based on reliable, independent, published sources and accurately reflect current medical knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fringe_theories" data-mw-thread-id="h-Fringe_theories-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Fringe_theories-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Fringe theories<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Fringe_theories-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories#Parity_of_sources" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Wikipedia:Fringe theories § Parity of sources</a></div> <p>Inclusion and exclusion of content related to fringe theories and criticism of fringe theories may be done by means of a rough parity of sources. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. Parity of sources may mean that certain fringe theories are only reliably and verifiably reported on, or criticized, in alternative venues from those that are typically considered reliable sources for scientific topics on Wikipedia. </p><p>In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer-reviewed journal. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a> article may include material from reliable websites, movies, television specials, and books that are not peer-reviewed. By <i>parity of sources</i>, critiques of that material can likewise be gleaned from reliable websites and books that are not peer-reviewed. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Wikipedia's verifiability and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLP">biographies of living persons</a> policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Quotations-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Quotations-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Quotations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Quotations-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RS/QUOTE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RS/QUOTE&redirect=no">WP:RS/QUOTE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Quotations</a></div> <p>The accuracy of quoted material is paramount and the accuracy of quotations from living persons is especially sensitive. To ensure accuracy, the text of quoted material is best taken from (and cited to) the original source being quoted. If this is not possible, then the text may be taken from a reliable secondary source (ideally one that includes a citation to the original). No matter where you take the quoted text from, it is important to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT">make clear the actual source of the text, as it appears in the article</a>. </p><p>Partisan secondary sources should be viewed with suspicion as they may misquote or quote out of context. In such cases, look for neutral corroboration from another source. </p><p>Any analysis or interpretation of the quoted material, however, should rely on a secondary source (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_consensus" data-mw-thread-id="h-Academic_consensus-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Academic_consensus-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Academic consensus<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Academic_consensus-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RS/AC"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RS/AC&redirect=no">WP:RS/AC</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A statement that all or most scientists or scholars hold a certain view requires reliable sourcing that directly says that all or most scientists or scholars hold that view. Otherwise, individual opinions should be identified as those of particular, named sources. Editors should avoid original research especially with regard to making blanket statements based on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">novel syntheses of disparate material</a>. Stated simply, any statement in Wikipedia that academic consensus exists on a topic must be sourced rather than being based on the opinion or assessment of editors. <a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review articles</a>, especially those printed in academic review journals that survey the literature, can help clarify academic consensus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_of_opinion" data-mw-thread-id="h-Statements_of_opinion-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Statements_of_opinion-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Statements of opinion<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Statements_of_opinion-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RSOPINION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSOPINION&redirect=no">WP:RSOPINION</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Some sources may be considered reliable for statements as to their author's opinion, but not for statements asserted as fact. For example, an inline qualifier might say "[Author XYZ] says....". A prime example of this is <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">opinion pieces</a> in mainstream newspapers. When using them, it is best to clearly attribute the opinions in the text to the author and make it clear to the readers that they are reading an opinion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see also <a href="#Editorial_and_opinion_commentary">§ Editorial and opinion commentary</a>, above)</span>. </p><p>There is an important exception to sourcing statements of fact <em>or</em> opinion: <strong>Never use <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-published</a> books, <a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>, websites, webforums, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a> as a source for material about a living person</strong>, unless written or published by the subject of the biographical material. "Self-published blogs" in this context refers to personal and group blogs; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Using_the_subject_as_a_self-published_source" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Using the subject as a self-published source</a>. </p><p>The exception for statements ABOUTSELF is covered at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_or_questionable_sources_as_sources_on_themselves" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Self-published or questionable sources as sources on themselves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breaking_news" data-mw-thread-id="h-Breaking_news-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Breaking_news-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Breaking news<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Breaking_news-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RSBREAKING"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSBREAKING&redirect=no">WP:RSBREAKING</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Avoid_gossip_and_feedback_loops" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Avoid gossip and feedback loops</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)#Breaking_news" title="Wikipedia:Notability (events)">Wikipedia:Notability (events) § Breaking news</a></div> <p>Breaking-news reports often contain serious inaccuracies. As an electronic publication, Wikipedia can and should be up to date, but <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTNEWS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTNEWS">Wikipedia is not a newspaper</a> and it does not need to go into all details of a current event in real time. It is better to wait a day or two after an event before adding details to the encyclopedia, than to help spread potentially false rumors. This gives journalists time to collect more information and verify claims, and for investigative authorities to make official announcements. The <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Media" title="On the Media">On the Media</a></i> <i>Breaking News Consumer's Handbook</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains several suggestions to avoid spreading unreliable and false information. These include: distrust anonymous sources, unconfirmed reports, and reports attributed to other news media; seek multiple independent sources which independently verify; seek verified eyewitness reports; and be wary of potential hoaxes. With mass shootings, remain skeptical of early reports of additional attackers, coordinated plans, and bomb threats. </p><p>When editing a current-event article, keep in mind the tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">recentism bias</a>. Claims sourced to initial news reports should be immediately replaced with better-researched and verified sources as soon as such articles are published, especially if original reports contained inaccuracies. All breaking news stories, without exception, are primary sources, and must be treated with caution: see <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_sources#Examples_of_news_reports_as_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources § Examples of news reports as primary sources</a></i>. </p><p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Current" title="Template:Current">current</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Recent_death" title="Template:Recent death">recent death</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, or another <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Current_event_templates" title="Wikipedia:Current event templates">current-event-related template</a> may be added to the top of articles related to a breaking-news event to alert readers that some information in the article may be inaccurate and to draw attention to the need to add improved sources as they become available. These templates should not be used, however, to mark articles on subjects or persons in the news. If they were, hundreds of thousands of articles would have such a template, without any significant advantage (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">see also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_disclaimers_in_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:No disclaimers in articles">Wikipedia:No disclaimers in articles</a></span>). </p><p>For health- and science-related breaking-news, Wikipedia has specific sourcing standards to prevent inaccuracies: see <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)#Respect_secondary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) § Respect secondary sources</a></i> and <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Scholarship">Wikipedia:Reliable sources § Scholarship</a></i>. <i>On the Media</i> cautions consumers to be wary of news reports describing early science and medical breakthroughs,<sup id="cite_ref-OTMHealthBNCH_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OTMHealthBNCH-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially those which do not interview independent experts (often solely based on unreliable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRSOURCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRSOURCE">press releases</a>), to prefer reports which avoid hyperbolic language and describe both benefits and costs of a new treatment (all treatments have trade-offs), to be wary of <a href="/wiki/Disease_mongering" title="Disease mongering">disease mongering</a> (exaggerating risks, symptoms, or anecdotes of a disease which leads to unnecessary worry, panic, or spending), and to be skeptical of treatments which are "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248585704">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""}</style><q class="inline-quote-talk">awaiting FDA approval</q>" or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">in pre-clinical testing</span>" as more than 90% of all treatments fail during these stages and,<sup id="cite_ref-Sun202290percent_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun202290percent-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if efficacious, may be 10 to 15 years or more from reaching the consumer market.<sup id="cite_ref-CancerResearchUK_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CancerResearchUK-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headlines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Headlines-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Headlines-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span>Headlines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Headlines-Reliability_in_specific_contexts"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:HEADLINES"></span><span id="WP:RSHEADLINES"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:HEADLINES&redirect=no">WP:HEADLINES</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSHEADLINES&redirect=no">WP:RSHEADLINES</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>News <a href="/wiki/Headlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlines">headlines</a>—including <a href="/wiki/Subheading" class="mw-redirect" title="Subheading">subheadlines</a>—are not a reliable source. If the information is supported by the body of the source, then cite it from the body. Headlines are written to grab readers' attention quickly and briefly; they may be overstated or lack context, and sometimes contain exaggerations or sensationalized claims with the intention of attracting readers to an otherwise reliable article. They are often written by copy editors instead of the researchers and journalists who wrote the articles. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Deprecated_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Deprecated_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Deprecated_sources"></span>Deprecated sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Deprecated_sources"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RSDEPRECATED"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RSDEPRECATED&redirect=no">WP:RSDEPRECATED</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deprecated_sources" title="Wikipedia:Deprecated sources">Wikipedia:Deprecated sources</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam_blacklist" title="Wikipedia:Spam blacklist">Wikipedia:Spam blacklist</a></div> <p>A number of sources are deprecated on Wikipedia. That means they should not be used, unless there is a specific consensus to do so. Deprecation happens through a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RFC">request for comment</a>, usually at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RSN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RSN">reliable sources noticeboard</a>. It is reserved for sources that have a substantial history of fabrication or other serious factual accuracy issues (e.g. promoting unfounded <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>), usually when there are large numbers of references to the source giving rise to concerns about the integrity of information in the encyclopedia. </p><p>A deprecated source should not be used to support factual claims. While there are exceptions for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ABOUTSELF">discussion of the source's own view on something</a>, these are rarely appropriate outside articles on the source itself. In general articles, commentary on a deprecated source's opinion should be drawn from independent secondary sources. Including a claim or statement by a deprecated source that is not covered by reliable sources risks giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRINGE">fringe view</a>. </p><p>Some sources are blacklisted, and can not be used at all. Blacklisting is generally reserved for sources which are added abusively, such as state-sponsored fake news sites with a history of addition by <a href="/wiki/Troll_farm" title="Troll farm">troll farms</a>. Specific blacklisted sources can be locally whitelisted; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Blacklist">Wikipedia:Blacklist</a> for other details about blacklisting. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Templates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Templates-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Templates-See_also"></span>Templates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Templates-See_also"></span></h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup/Verifiability_and_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources">Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources</a> lists many templates, including </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Notability" title="Template:Notability">notability</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">citation needed</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreliable_source%3F" title="Template:Unreliable source?">unreliable source?</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_and_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Policies_and_guidelines-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Policies_and_guidelines-See_also"></span>Policies and guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Policies_and_guidelines-See_also"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Identifying reliable sources (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Non-English sources</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Information_pages-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Information_pages-See_also"></span>Information pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Information_pages-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_knowledge" title="Wikipedia:Common knowledge">Common knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links/Perennial_websites" title="Wikipedia:External links/Perennial websites">External links/Perennial websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_mine_a_source" title="Help:How to mine a source">How to mine a source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inaccuracy#Appendix:_Reliability_in_the_context" title="Wikipedia:Inaccuracy">Inaccuracy § Appendix: Reliability in the context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">Identifying and using independent sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources">Identifying and using primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Cost" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Cost">Reliable sources/Cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Video_links" title="Wikipedia:Video links">Video links</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locating_reliable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Locating_reliable_sources-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Locating_reliable_sources-See_also"></span>Locating reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Locating_reliable_sources-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Help:Find sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advanced_source_searching" title="Wikipedia:Advanced source searching">Wikipedia:Advanced source searching</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free English newspaper sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources">Reliable sources/Perennial sources</a>, a list of frequently discussed sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects" title="List of digital library projects">List of digital library projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_online_newspaper_archives" title="Wikipedia:List of online newspaper archives">List of online newspaper archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">The Wikipedia Library</a>, a program for accessing paywalled resources free of charge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Shared_Resources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources">WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays" data-mw-thread-id="h-Essays-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Essays-See_also"></span>Essays<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Essays-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory#Verifiability_and_sources" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Wikipedia:Essay directory § Verifiability and sources</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_on_sources" title="Wikipedia:Articles on sources">Articles on sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Applying_reliability_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Applying reliability guidelines">Applying reliability guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cherrypicking" title="Wikipedia:Cherrypicking">Cherrypicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Children%27s,_adult_new_reader,_and_large_print_sources_questionable_on_reliability" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Children's, adult new reader, and large print sources questionable on reliability">Children's, adult new reader, and large print sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dictionaries_as_sources" title="Wikipedia:Dictionaries as sources">Dictionaries as sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_%22teach_the_controversy%22" title="Wikipedia:Don't "teach the controversy"">Don't "teach the controversy"</a> (phrase doesn't mean what you think it does)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Frequently_misinterpreted_sourcing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Frequently misinterpreted sourcing policy">Frequently misinterpreted sourcing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(history)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (history)">Identifying reliable sources (history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(law)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (law)">Identifying reliable sources (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(science)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (science)">Identifying reliable sources (science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using tertiary sources">Identifying and using tertiary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_style_guides" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using style guides">Identifying and using style guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_means_neutral_editing,_not_neutral_content" title="Wikipedia:NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content">NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Otto_Middleton_(or_why_newspapers_are_dubious_sources)" title="Wikipedia:Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)">Otto Middleton (or why newspapers are dubious sources)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_source_examples" title="Wikipedia:Reliable source examples">Reliable source examples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources_checklist" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources checklist">Reliable sources checklist</a> (provides a ref-vetting method)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Potentially_unreliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Potentially unreliable sources">Potentially unreliable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary-source_fallacy" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary-source fallacy">Tertiary-source fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tiers_of_reliability" title="Wikipedia:Tiers of reliability">Tiers of reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vanity_and_predatory_publishing" title="Wikipedia:Vanity and predatory publishing">Vanity and predatory publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_clones" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia clones">Wikipedia clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_reliable_source" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source">Wikipedia is not a reliable source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ye_shall_know_them_by_their_sources" title="Wikipedia:Ye shall know them by their sources">Ye shall know them by their sources</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other-See_also"></span>Other<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_detection_and_notification" title="Change detection and notification">Change detection and notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Current_science_and_technology_sources" title="Wikipedia:Current science and technology sources">Current science and technology sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News_sources" title="Wikipedia:News sources">News sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard">Reliable sources/Noticeboard</a> – obtain community input on whether or not a source meets our reliability standards for a particular use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/reliable_sources_quiz" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/reliable sources quiz">Reliable sources quiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches">Wikipedia Signpost/2008-06-26/Dispatches</a> – <i>Signpost</i> article</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">WikiProject Reliability</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include <i>The Creation Research Society Quarterly</i> and <i>Journal of Frontier Science</i> (the latter uses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com">blog comments as peer review</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420060736/http://jfspeerreview.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> 2019-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many submissions to these predatory journals will be by scholars that a) cannot get their theories published in legitimate journals, b) were looking to quickly publish something to boost their academic resumes, or c) were honestly looking for a legitimate peer-review process to validate new ideas, but were denied the feedback by fraudulent publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A variety of these incidents have been documented by <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i> and others and discussed on Wikipedia, where incorrect details from articles added as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> or otherwise have appeared in newspapers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Please keep in mind that any exceptional claim would require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">exceptional sources</a>, and this is policy.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeall2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Beall" title="Jeffrey Beall">Beall, Jeffrey</a> (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105195017/https://scholarlyoa.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/criteria-2015.pdf">"Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (3rd ed.). Scholarly Open Access. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition/">the original</a> on 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criteria+for+Determining+Predatory+Open-Access+Publishers&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Scholarly+Open+Access&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlyoa.com%2F2012%2F11%2F30%2Fcriteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT4713-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT4713_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gina_Kolata" title="Gina Kolata">Kolata, Gina</a> (April 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html">"Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411001403/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientific+Articles+Accepted+%28Personal+Checks%2C+Too%29&rft.date=2013-04-07&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F08%2Fhealth%2Ffor-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature032713-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature032713_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Declan (March 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/sham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681">"Sham journals scam authors: Con artists are stealing the identities of real journals to cheat scientists out of publishing fees"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>495</b> (7442): 421–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F495421a">10.1038/495421a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23538804">23538804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242583">242583</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413064730/http://www.nature.com/news/sham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sham+journals+scam+authors%3A+Con+artists+are+stealing+the+identities+of+real+journals+to+cheat+scientists+out+of+publishing+fees&rft.volume=495&rft.issue=7442&rft.pages=421-422&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23538804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F495421a&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fsham-journals-scam-authors-1.12681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohannon2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bohannon" title="John Bohannon">Bohannon, John</a> (4 October 2013). "Who's afraid of peer review?". <i>Science</i>. <b>342</b> (6154): 60–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.342.6154.60">10.1126/science.342.6154.60</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24092725">24092725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Who%27s+afraid+of+peer+review%3F&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6154&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.342.6154.60&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24092725&rft.aulast=Bohannon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2017" class="citation news cs1">Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html">"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108014011/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Many+Academics+Are+Eager+to+Publish+in+Worthless+Journals&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F30%2Fscience%2Fpredatory-journals-academics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Laura (October 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sybil Exposed': Memory, lies and therapy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i>. Salon Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016222231/http://www.salon.com/2011/10/16/sybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2011</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Nathan" title="Debbie Nathan">Debbie Nathan</a> also documents a connection between Schreiber and Terry Morris, a 'pioneer' of this [human interest] genre who freely admitted to taking 'considerable license with the facts that are given to me.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=%27Sybil+Exposed%27%3A+Memory%2C+lies+and+therapy&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2011%2F10%2F16%2Fsybil_exposed_memory_lies_and_therapy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review">"Book reviews"</a>. <i>Scholarly definition document</i>. Princeton. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105055403/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scholarly+definition+document&rft.atitle=Book+reviews&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dbook%2520review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VirginiaTech-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VirginiaTech_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910082750/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">"Book reviews"</a>. <i>Scholarly definition document</i>. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">the original</a> on September 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scholarly+definition+document&rft.atitle=Book+reviews&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.vt.edu%2Ffind%2Fbyformat%2Fbookreviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone_Kircher2016" class="citation web cs1">Malone Kircher, Madison (November 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/11/fake-facebook-news-sites-to-avoid.html">"Fake Facebook news sites to avoid"</a>. <i>New York Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116153727/http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/11/fake-facebook-news-sites-to-avoid.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fake+Facebook+news+sites+to+avoid&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.aulast=Malone+Kircher&rft.aufirst=Madison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fselectall%2F2016%2F11%2Ffake-facebook-news-sites-to-avoid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DM-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DM_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, which is broadly considered a questionable and prohibited source, per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_220#Daily_Mail_RfC" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 220">this RfC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beall1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beall1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeall2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Beall" title="Jeffrey Beall">Beall, Jeffrey</a> (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.rclis.org/25046/1/Rahman%20and%20Engels_%202015_Predatory%20open%20access%20journals.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Predatory' Open-Access Scholarly Publishers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charleston_Advisor" title="The Charleston Advisor">The Charleston Advisor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201837/http://eprints.rclis.org/25046/1/Rahman%20and%20Engels_%202015_Predatory%20open%20access%20journals.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Charleston+Advisor&rft.atitle=%27Predatory%27+Open-Access+Scholarly+Publishers&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.rclis.org%2F25046%2F1%2FRahman%2520and%2520Engels_%25202015_Predatory%2520open%2520access%2520journals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beall2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beall2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeall" class="citation web cs1">Beall, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111172306/https://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/">"Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/">the original</a> on 11 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potential%2C+possible%2C+or+probable+predatory+scholarly+open-access+publishers&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlyoa.com%2Fpublishers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICMJE_recommendations_2015-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICMJE_recommendations_2015_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFees2016" class="citation cs2">Fees, F. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf"><i>Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305222129/http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+the+conduct%2C+reporting%2C+editing%2C+and+publication+of+scholarly+work+in+medical+journals&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Fees&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmje.org%2Ficmje-recommendations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/author-responsibilities--conflicts-of-interest.html">Conflicts-of-interest section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230102758/http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/author-responsibilities--conflicts-of-interest.html">Archived</a> 2018-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, [Last update on 2015 Dec].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supp_quality-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-supp_quality_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochonGurwitzCheungHayes1994" class="citation journal cs1">Rochon, PA; Gurwitz, JH; Cheung, CM; Hayes, JA; Chalmers, TC (13 July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>272</b> (2): 108–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1994.03520020034009">10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8015117">8015117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+quality+of+articles+published+in+journal+supplements+compared+with+the+quality+of+those+published+in+the+parent+journal.&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-13&rft.date=1994-07-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1994.03520020034009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8015117&rft.aulast=Rochon&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Gurwitz%2C+JH&rft.au=Cheung%2C+CM&rft.au=Hayes%2C+JA&rft.au=Chalmers%2C+TC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestle2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nestle, Marion (2 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0DC05EE7794D352882D2F089111A0449/S1368980001001069a.pdf/food_company_sponsorship_of_nutrition_research_and_professional_activities_a_conflict_of_interest.pdf">"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Public Health Nutrition</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 1015–1022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2FPHN2001253">10.1079/PHN2001253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784415">11784415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17781732">17781732</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117105015/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0DC05EE7794D352882D2F089111A0449/S1368980001001069a.pdf/food_company_sponsorship_of_nutrition_research_and_professional_activities_a_conflict_of_interest.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Food+company+sponsorship+of+nutrition+research+and+professional+activities%3A+a+conflict+of+interest%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1015-1022&rft.date=2007-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17781732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11784415&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2FPHN2001253&rft.aulast=Nestle&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F0DC05EE7794D352882D2F089111A0449%2FS1368980001001069a.pdf%2Ffood_company_sponsorship_of_nutrition_research_and_professional_activities_a_conflict_of_interest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine/Archive_109#Sponsored_supplement?" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine/Archive 109">this discussion</a> of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Wikipedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2023" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Lyle (30 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legaldive.com/news/chatgpt-fake-legal-cases-generative-ai-hallucinations/651557/">"Lawyer cites fake cases generated by ChatGPT in legal brief"</a>. <i>Legal Dive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Dive&rft.atitle=Lawyer+cites+fake+cases+generated+by+ChatGPT+in+legal+brief&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legaldive.com%2Fnews%2Fchatgpt-fake-legal-cases-generative-ai-hallucinations%2F651557%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangermann2023" class="citation web cs1">Tangermann, Victor (6 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futurism.com/newspaper-alarmed-chatgpt-references-article-never-published">"Newspaper Alarmed When ChatGPT References Article It Never Published"</a>. <i>Futurism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Futurism&rft.atitle=Newspaper+Alarmed+When+ChatGPT+References+Article+It+Never+Published&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft.aulast=Tangermann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturism.com%2Fnewspaper-alarmed-chatgpt-references-article-never-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnyc.org/story/breaking-news-consumers-handbook-pdf/">"The Breaking News Consumer's Handbook | On the Media"</a>. <i>WNYC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228030728/https://www.wnyc.org/story/breaking-news-consumers-handbook-pdf/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WNYC&rft.atitle=The+Breaking+News+Consumer%27s+Handbook+%7C+On+the+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnyc.org%2Fstory%2Fbreaking-news-consumers-handbook-pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OTMHealthBNCH-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OTMHealthBNCH_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone2015" class="citation news cs1">Gladstone, Brooke (25 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/segments/breaking-news-consumers-handbook-health-news-edition">"Breaking News Consumer's Handbook: Health News Edition | On the Media"</a>. <i>WNYC Studios</i>. WNYC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WNYC+Studios&rft.atitle=Breaking+News+Consumer%27s+Handbook%3A+Health+News+Edition+%7C+On+the+Media&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnycstudios.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fotm%2Fsegments%2Fbreaking-news-consumers-handbook-health-news-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun202290percent-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun202290percent_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunGaoHuZhou2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, Duxin; Gao, Wei; Hu, Hongxiang; Zhou, Simon (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9293739">"Why 90% of clinical drug development fails and how to improve it?"</a>. <i>Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B</i>. <b>12</b> (7): 3049–3062. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apsb.2022.02.002">10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-3835">2211-3835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9293739">9293739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35865092">35865092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Pharmaceutica+Sinica+B&rft.atitle=Why+90%25+of+clinical+drug+development+fails+and+how+to+improve+it%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3049-3062&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9293739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2211-3835&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35865092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apsb.2022.02.002&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Duxin&rft.au=Gao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Hu%2C+Hongxiang&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9293739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CancerResearchUK-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CancerResearchUK_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/find-a-clinical-trial/how-clinical-trials-are-planned-and-organised/how-long-it-takes-for-a-new-drug-to-go-through-clinical-trials">"How long a new drug takes to go through clinical trials"</a>. <i>Cancer Research UK</i>. 21 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft.atitle=How+long+a+new+drug+takes+to+go+through+clinical+trials&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-cancer%2Ffind-a-clinical-trial%2Fhow-clinical-trials-are-planned-and-organised%2Fhow-long-it-takes-for-a-new-drug-to-go-through-clinical-trials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AReliable+sources" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/writing-guides/primaries.htm">How to Read a Primary Source</a>, <i>Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students</i>, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/writing-guides/primaries.pdf">pdf version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/writing-guides/secondary.htm">How to Read a Secondary Source</a>, <i>Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students</i>, Patrick Rael, 2004. (Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/writing-guides/secondary.pdf">pdf version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xkcd.com/978/">Citogenesis (Where citations come from)</a>, xkcd comic by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Munroe" title="Randall Munroe">Randall Munroe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527135026/https://geek.com/news/how-i-used-lies-about-a-cartoon-to-prove-history-is-meaningless-on-the-internet-1656188/">"How I used lies about a cartoon to prove history is meaningless on the internet"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geek.com" title="Geek.com">Geek.com</a>. How a troll used user-generated content to spread misinformation to TV.com, the IMDb, and Wikipedia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/how-read-news-story-about-investigation-eight-tips-who-saying-what">How to Read a News Story About an Investigation: Eight Tips on Who Is Saying What</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wittes" title="Benjamin Wittes">Benjamin Wittes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lawfare_(website)" title="Lawfare (website)">Lawfare</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&oldid=1259823603">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&oldid=1259823603</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Rollinginhisgrave" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732692712"> <span>Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 07:31</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Betroubare_bronne" title="Wikipedia:Betroubare bronne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Betroubare bronne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ويكيبيديا:مصادر موثوق بها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:مصادر موثوق بها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%8E%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուիքիփետիա:Վստահելի աղբիւրներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուիքիփետիա:Վստահելի աղբիւրներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য উৎস" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Etibarl%C4%B1_m%C9%99nb%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Vikipediya:Etibarlı mənbələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya:Etibarlı mənbələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%DA%A9%D8%A6%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ویکی‌پدیا:کئچرلی قایناقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:کئچرلی قایناقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:নির্ভরযোগ্য উৎস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:নির্ভরযোগ্য উৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kh%C3%B3-kh%C3%B2_l%C3%A2i-go%C3%A2n" title="Wikipedia:Khó-khò lâi-goân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wikipedia:Khó-khò lâi-goân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедия:Абруйлы сығанаҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Абруйлы сығанаҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Вікіпедыя:Аўтарытэтныя крыніцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя:Аўтарытэтныя крыніцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B,_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Вікіпэдыя:Крыніцы, вартыя даверу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіпэдыя:Крыніцы, вартыя даверу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уикипедия:Благонадеждни източници – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:Благонадеждни източници" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pouzdani_izvori" title="Wikipedia:Pouzdani izvori – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wikipedia:Pouzdani izvori" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Fonts_fiables" title="Viquipèdia:Fonts fiables – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:Fonts fiables" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83_%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Википеди:Сумлă çăлкуçсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Википеди:Сумлă çăлкуçсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasaligang_tinubdan" title="Wikipedia:Kasaligang tinubdan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wikipedia:Kasaligang tinubdan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:V%C4%9Brohodn%C3%A9_zdroje" title="Wikipedie:Věrohodné zdroje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Věrohodné zdroje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Kilder/P%C3%A5lidelige_kilder" title="Hjælp:Kilder/Pålidelige kilder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjælp:Kilder/Pålidelige kilder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9" title="ويكيپيديا:عيون موتوقة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويكيپيديا:عيون موتوقة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Αξιόπιστες πηγές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Αξιόπιστες πηγές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fuentes_fiables" title="Wikipedia:Fuentes fiables – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Fuentes fiables" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Fidindaj_fontoj" title="Vikipedio:Fidindaj fontoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Fidindaj fontoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ویکی‌پدیا:منابع معتبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:منابع معتبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Sources_fiables" title="Wikipédia:Sources fiables – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Sources fiables" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fontes_fiables" title="Wikipedia:Fontes fiables – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia:Fontes fiables" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="વિકિપીડિયા:વિશ્વસનીય સ્રોતો ઓળખવા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયા:વિશ્વસનીય સ્રોતો ઓળખવા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%8B%A0%EB%A2%B0%ED%95%A0_%EC%88%98_%EC%9E%88%EB%8A%94_%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98" title="위키백과:신뢰할 수 있는 출처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:신뢰할 수 있는 출처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%8E%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Վստահելի աղբյուրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա:Վստահելի աղբյուրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Vjerodostojni_izvori" title="Wikipedija:Vjerodostojni izvori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Vjerodostojni izvori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lp:%C3%81rei%C3%B0anlegar_heimildir" title="Hjálp:Áreiðanlegar heimildir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjálp:Áreiðanlegar heimildir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Sumber_pinercaya" title="Wikipédia:Sumber pinercaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:Sumber pinercaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვიკიპედია:სანდო წყაროები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია:სანდო წყაროები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уикипедия:Сенімді дереккөздер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия:Сенімді дереккөздер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Patikimi_%C5%A1altiniai" title="Vikipedija:Patikimi šaltiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Patikimi šaltiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Mi_sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt_megb%C3%ADzhat%C3%B3_forr%C3%A1snak%3F" title="Wikipédia:Mi számít megbízható forrásnak? – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Mi számít megbízható forrásnak?" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:വിശ്വസനീയമായ സ്രോതസ്സുകൾ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുന്നത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:വിശ്വസനീയമായ സ്രോതസ്സുകൾ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുന്നത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4" title="विकिपीडिया:विश्वसनीय स्रोत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकिपीडिया:विश्वसनीय स्रोत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ويكيبيديا:مصادر موثوق فيها – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:مصادر موثوق فيها" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="ویکی‌پدیا:منابع – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:منابع" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_yang_boleh_dipercayai" title="Wikipedia:Sumber yang boleh dipercayai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Sumber yang boleh dipercayai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_nan_tapicayo" title="Wikipedia:Sumber nan tapicayo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia:Sumber nan tapicayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Betrouwbaarheid_van_bronnen" title="Wikipedia:Betrouwbaarheid van bronnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wikipedia:Betrouwbaarheid van bronnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="विकिपिडिया:विश्वसनीय स्रोतहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विकिपिडिया:विश्वसनीय स्रोतहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%A1%E9%A0%BC%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:信頼できる情報源 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:信頼できる情報源" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gode_kilder" title="Wikipedia:Gode kilder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Gode kilder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Identifying reliable sources – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Identifying reliable sources" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Nufuzli_manbalar" title="Vikipediya:Nufuzli manbalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Nufuzli manbalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wiarygodne_%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82a" title="Wikipedia:Wiarygodne źródła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Wiarygodne źródła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fontes_confi%C3%A1veis" title="Wikipédia:Fontes confiáveis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Fontes confiáveis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Surse_de_%C3%AEncredere" title="Wikipedia:Surse de încredere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Surse de încredere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Авторитетные источники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Авторитетные источники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D:%D0%AB%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Бикипиэдьийэ:Ыйааһыннаах олоҕуруу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бикипиэдьийэ:Ыйааһыннаах олоҕуруу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Burime_t%C3%AB_besueshme" title="Wikipedia:Burime të besueshme – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wikipedia:Burime të besueshme" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Surgenti_affidabbili" title="Wikipedia:Surgenti affidabbili – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wikipedia:Surgenti affidabbili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB" title="විකිපීඩියා:විශ්වාසනීය මූලාශ්‍ර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:විශ්වාසනීය මූලාශ්‍ර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="وڪيپيڊيا:قابل تصديق حوالا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا:قابل تصديق حوالا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Spo%C4%BEahliv%C3%A9_zdroje" title="Wikipédia:Spoľahlivé zdroje – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia:Spoľahlivé zdroje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%95%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ویکیپیدیا:دیاریکردنی سەرچاوە باوەڕپێکراوەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:دیاریکردنی سەرچاوە باوەڕپێکراوەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Идентификовање поузданих извора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Идентификовање поузданих извора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Pouzdani_izvori" title="Wikipedija:Pouzdani izvori – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Pouzdani izvori" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trov%C3%A4rdiga_k%C3%A4llor" title="Wikipedia:Trovärdiga källor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Trovärdiga källor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:நம்பகமான மூலங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:நம்பகமான மூலங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедия:Абруйлы чыганаклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Википедия:Абруйлы чыганаклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వికీపీడియా:నమ్మదగ్గ మూలాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:నమ్మదగ్గ మూలాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="วิกิพีเดีย:แหล่งข้อมูลที่น่าเชื่อถือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:แหล่งข้อมูลที่น่าเชื่อถือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Википедиа:Сарчашмаҳои муътабар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Википедиа:Сарчашмаҳои муътабар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:G%C3%BCvenilir_kaynaklar" title="Vikipedi:Güvenilir kaynaklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Güvenilir kaynaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вікіпедія:Авторитетні джерела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Авторитетні джерела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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