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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="4+LhcVuo1eVEJqKuy7fXNNWWn1d7vZ+VnnVk1a6D6PWD+Mt7ucEMZNhgoewUrR1FpqQ06w0wEtZOxoSbJe+Usw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Palgrave Macmillan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Burhanuddin Muhtadi" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/39767598/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This book investigates the impact of vote buying on the accountability of democratic institutions and policy representation in newly democratic countries, with a focus on Indonesia. 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In doing so, the book presents a wide-ranging study of the dynamics" /> <title>(PDF) Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery | Burhanuddin Muhtadi - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/39767598/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'c7ac46e400875c3b13c788ad246730fe5f6b36cc'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732755554000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732755554000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This book investigates the impact of vote buying on the accountability of democratic institutions and policy representation in newly democratic countries, with a focus on Indonesia. In doing so, the book presents a wide-ranging study of the dynamics of vote buying in Indonesia’s young democracy, exploring the nature, extent, determinants, targeting and effectiveness of this practice. It addresses these central issues in the context of comparative studies of vote buying, arguing that although party loyalists are disproportionately targeted in vote buying efforts, in total numbers —given the relatively small number of party loyalists in Indonesia— vote buying hits more uncommitted voters. It also demonstrates that the effectiveness of vote buying on vote choice is in the 10 percent range, which is sufficient for many candidates to secure a seat and thus explains why they still engage in vote buying despite high levels of leakage.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Burhanuddin Muhtadi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-07-07","dateModified":"2019-07-07","datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Southeast Asian Studies","Voting Behavior","Political Science","Indonesian Studies","Indonesia","Elections and Voting Behavior","Indonesian Politics","Political Clientelism"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Palgrave Macmillan","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/39767598/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uinjkt"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":39767598,"created_at":"2019-07-07T03:59:43.724-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-12T23:34:47.041-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1007/978-981-13-6779-3","abstract":"This book investigates the impact of vote buying on the accountability of democratic institutions and policy representation in newly democratic countries, with a focus on Indonesia. In doing so, the book presents a wide-ranging study of the dynamics of vote buying in Indonesia’s young democracy, exploring the nature, extent, determinants, targeting and effectiveness of this practice. It addresses these central issues in the context of comparative studies of vote buying, arguing that although party loyalists are disproportionately targeted in vote buying efforts, in total numbers —given the relatively small number of party loyalists in Indonesia— vote buying hits more uncommitted voters. It also demonstrates that the effectiveness of vote buying on vote choice is in the 10 percent range, which is sufficient for many candidates to secure a seat and thus explains why they still engage in vote buying despite high levels of leakage.","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"Palgrave Macmillan"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4270345]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":59950056,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/59950056/mini_magick20220707-16333-ypboyu.png?1657226669" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4270345" href="https://uinjkt.academia.edu/BurhanuddinMuhtadi"><img alt="Profile image of Burhanuddin Muhtadi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4270345/1697019/41478632/s65_burhanuddin.muhtadi.jpg" />Burhanuddin Muhtadi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, Palgrave Macmillan</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This book investigates the impact of vote buying on the accountability of democratic institutions and policy representation in newly democratic countries, with a focus on Indonesia. In doing so, the book presents a wide-ranging study of the dynamics of vote buying in Indonesia’s young democracy, exploring the nature, extent, determinants, targeting and effectiveness of this practice. It addresses these central issues in the context of comparative studies of vote buying, arguing that although party loyalists are disproportionately targeted in vote buying efforts, in total numbers —given the relatively small number of party loyalists in Indonesia— vote buying hits more uncommitted voters. It also demonstrates that the effectiveness of vote buying on vote choice is in the 10 percent range, which is sufficient for many candidates to secure a seat and thus explains why they still engage in vote buying despite high levels of leakage.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":59950056,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/39767598/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":59950056,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/39767598/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="59950056" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/39767598/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="43209326" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43209326/Book_Review_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery">Book Review: Vote Buying in Indonesia: The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4270345" href="https://uinjkt.academia.edu/BurhanuddinMuhtadi">Burhanuddin Muhtadi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="776678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WasistoRaharjoJati">Wasisto Raharjo Jati</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Politics & Policy, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The book unpacks the intriguing practice of Vote Buying in Indonesia. Since the end of the Suharto period, Vote Buying in Indonesia has been an effective way to produce higher turnout and vote share in tight competition among the peer candidates in the same political party. As of 2004, Indonesia has successfully organized an election four times using an open-list proportional voting system. This system encourages a candidate-centered rather than party-centered campaign since personal closeness is the main method to gain votes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: Vote Buying in Indonesia: The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery","attachmentId":63478139,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43209326/Book_Review_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43209326/Book_Review_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="88613654" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88613654/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery_Singapore_Palgrave_Macmillan_318_pages_Hardcover_28_00_ISBN_978_981_13_6778_6_BurhanuddinMuhtadi_2019">Vote Buying in Indonesia: The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. 318 pages. Hardcover, £28.00. ISBN 978‐981‐13‐6778‐6. BurhanuddinMuhtadi.2019</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4270345" href="https://uinjkt.academia.edu/BurhanuddinMuhtadi">Burhanuddin Muhtadi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Politics & Policy, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vote Buying in Indonesia: The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. 318 pages. Hardcover, £28.00. ISBN 978‐981‐13‐6778‐6. BurhanuddinMuhtadi.2019","attachmentId":92554235,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88613654/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery_Singapore_Palgrave_Macmillan_318_pages_Hardcover_28_00_ISBN_978_981_13_6778_6_BurhanuddinMuhtadi_2019","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88613654/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_The_Mechanics_of_Electoral_Bribery_Singapore_Palgrave_Macmillan_318_pages_Hardcover_28_00_ISBN_978_981_13_6778_6_BurhanuddinMuhtadi_2019"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="39767755" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39767755/The_Prevalence_of_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_Building_an_Index">The Prevalence of Vote Buying in Indonesia: Building an Index</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4270345" href="https://uinjkt.academia.edu/BurhanuddinMuhtadi">Burhanuddin Muhtadi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Palgrave Macmillan, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter offers a systematic answer to fundamental questions about the intensity of money politics in Indonesia. Drawing from a wide range of survey methods, I estimate that the proportion of voters participating in vote buying in the 2014 election was between 25% and 33%. This range is comparatively high by international standards, with Indonesia’s level of vote buying being the third largest in the world. The list-experiment and the straight questions result in consistent estimates of the aggregate levels of vote buying. Finally, I identify inter-regional variation in levels of vote buying in executive elections at the local level. This chapter concludes that vote buying is not only widespread during national elections, but that it has also become a central feature of local executive elections.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Prevalence of Vote Buying in Indonesia: Building an Index","attachmentId":59950296,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39767755/The_Prevalence_of_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_Building_an_Index","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39767755/The_Prevalence_of_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia_Building_an_Index"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="40144340" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40144340/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia">Vote Buying in Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="776678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WasistoRaharjoJati">Wasisto Raharjo Jati</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vote Buying in Indonesia","attachmentId":60361419,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40144340/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40144340/Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="111082068" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111082068/Electoral_Dynamics_in_Indonesia_Money_Politics_Patronage_and_Clientelism_at_the_Grassroots">Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3447571" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/EdwardAspinall">Edward Aspinall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots","attachmentId":108697943,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111082068/Electoral_Dynamics_in_Indonesia_Money_Politics_Patronage_and_Clientelism_at_the_Grassroots","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111082068/Electoral_Dynamics_in_Indonesia_Money_Politics_Patronage_and_Clientelism_at_the_Grassroots"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="34424230" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34424230/VOTE_BUYING_IN_INDONESIA_CANDIDATE_STRATEGIES_MARKET_LOGIC_AND_EFFECTIVENESS">VOTE BUYING IN INDONESIA: CANDIDATE STRATEGIES, MARKET LOGIC AND EFFECTIVENESS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3447571" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/EdwardAspinall">Edward Aspinall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What underlying logic explains candidate participation in vote buying, given that clientelist exchange is so difficult to enforce? We address this question through close analysis of campaigns by several dozen candidates in two electoral districts in Java, Indonesia. Analyzing candidates’ targeting and pricing strategies, we show that candidates used personal brokerage structures that drew on social networks to identify voters and deliver payments to them. But these candidates achieved vote totals averaging about one quarter of the number of payments they distributed. Many candidates claimed to be targeting loyalists, suggestive of “turnout buying,” but judged loyalty in personal rather than partisan terms, and extended their vote-buying reach through personal connections mediated by brokers. Candidates were market sensitive, paying prices per vote determined not only by personal resources, but also by constituency size and prices offered by competitors. Accordingly, we argue that a market logic structures Indonesia's system of vote buying.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"VOTE BUYING IN INDONESIA: CANDIDATE STRATEGIES, MARKET LOGIC AND EFFECTIVENESS","attachmentId":54301306,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34424230/VOTE_BUYING_IN_INDONESIA_CANDIDATE_STRATEGIES_MARKET_LOGIC_AND_EFFECTIVENESS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34424230/VOTE_BUYING_IN_INDONESIA_CANDIDATE_STRATEGIES_MARKET_LOGIC_AND_EFFECTIVENESS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="43208417" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43208417/Buying_Votes_in_Indonesia_Partisans_Personal_Networks_and_Winning_Margins">Buying Votes in Indonesia: Partisans, Personal Networks, and Winning Margins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4270345" href="https://uinjkt.academia.edu/BurhanuddinMuhtadi">Burhanuddin Muhtadi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Australian National University (ANU), 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">How many voters sell their votes in Indonesia? My PhD research starts with this question that has haunted scholars for the last 15 years. Using data from a nationally representative survey, which included an experimental survey, my study demonstrates that vote buying has become central to electoral mobilisation in Indonesia. If we use the highest estimate, one out of three Indonesians was personally exposed to vote buying in Indonesia’s most recent national election, making the country the site of the third-largest reported sum of exchange of money for votes in the world, as indicated by voter surveys taken over the last decade. My nationwide survey and massive dataset of local election surveys also show that, among other things, partisanship is a significant predictor of vote buying. The closer the ties of a voter to a political party, the more likely that voter is to receive offers of vote buying (or to be accepting of the practice). Puzzlingly, however, the number of partisan voters in Indonesia is comparatively small. Only 15 percent of my national survey respondents admitted being close to any political party and this limited number of party loyalist are highly contested among candidates from the same party in the context of Indonesia’s open-list proportional systems. When we connect partisanship and distributive politics, we arrive at the centre of a lively scholarly debate that involves two competing camps: the so-called core versus swing-voter models. The former says vote buying when parties or candidates try to mobilise their core supporters, viewing the practice as being above all about increasing turnout. The latter interprets vote buying as an electoral strategy to sway uncommitted voters. What types of voters do Indonesian politicians target? At first glance, the data I collected from low-level candidates and brokers provide more proof in support of the core-voter strategy than in support of the swing-voter strategy. My in-depth interviews with high-level politicians also reinforce the notion that they prefer to target partisan voters in their vote buying operations. Yet my voter surveys clearly showed that although in relative terms such voters are more likely to be targeted, in absolute numbers vote buying mostly happens among non-partisans. How do we explain this combination of features —actors’ insistence that they are targeting partisan voters with the reality that they are mostly providing cash and gifts to non-partisans? This study proposes an addition to the scholarly debate between the core- versus swing voter models by combining an emphasis on the core-voter strategy and reliance on personal networks. It argues that in Indonesia, candidates and brokers actually intend to target partisan voters, but in reality they mostly distribute benefits to voters who are politically rather indifferent, but who are embedded in personal networks through which they are connected to the candidate and their brokers. This study offers the concept of ‘personal loyalist’ strategy, which targets people identified through personal networks. While the personal loyalist model still recognises the importance of partisan voters, it highlights that candidates seek voters who are not only loyal to the party, but who are also, or instead, loyal to the individual candidate within that party. However, given that partisan voters are not only limited in number but also highly contested among competing co-partisan candidates in the context of the open list system, politicians seek to expand their electoral base by making use of personal connections mediated by non-party brokers. Given their reliance on personal networks, most candidates and brokers typically misidentify non-partisans as loyalists because they misinterpret personal connections as partisan leanings. In addition, many of the people who are identified through personal networks mediated by brokers are in fact not even loyal to the candidate. Indeed, some of the brokers are themselves not particularly loyal. These two factors–confusion of personal connections with loyalty, and agency loss– in combination contribute to another element of vote buying in Indonesia which I identify in this study: the provision of payments to large numbers of uncommitted voters who receive benefits yet do not reciprocate with their votes. If vote buying is tremendously inefficient, how can vote buying have an effect on electoral behaviour? Why do candidates still do it? Utilising multiple data sources and various methods, I provide strong empirical evidence that gifts of money ‘only’ influenced the vote choice of roughly 10 percent to 11 percent of the total electorate. In these seemingly low numbers, however, lie the key to understanding vote buying’s attractiveness. Across Indonesia, the average margin of victory for successful candidates in legislative elections when defeating their party peers (i.e. candidates who were on the same party list) was only 1.65 percent. In this context of such highly competitive elections, candidates therefore enthusiastically pursued vote buying because they see that it can be critical for determining electoral outcomes. By showing that vote buying helps generate narrow but sufficient victory margins, my study explains how and why vote buying is so prevalent in Indonesia.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Buying Votes in Indonesia: Partisans, Personal Networks, and Winning Margins","attachmentId":63477085,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43208417/Buying_Votes_in_Indonesia_Partisans_Personal_Networks_and_Winning_Margins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43208417/Buying_Votes_in_Indonesia_Partisans_Personal_Networks_and_Winning_Margins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="125720252" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125720252/The_Practice_of_Patronage_in_Elections_And_Its_Implications_for_Democratic_Credibility_in_Indonesia">The Practice of Patronage in Elections And Its Implications for Democratic Credibility in Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16688248" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnisFarida">Anis Farida</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Al-Daulah, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Practice of Patronage in Elections And Its Implications for Democratic Credibility in Indonesia","attachmentId":119711905,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125720252/The_Practice_of_Patronage_in_Elections_And_Its_Implications_for_Democratic_Credibility_in_Indonesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125720252/The_Practice_of_Patronage_in_Elections_And_Its_Implications_for_Democratic_Credibility_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="60098989" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60098989/Consistency_and_Vote_Buying_Income_Education_and_Attitudes_About_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia">Consistency and Vote Buying: Income, Education, and Attitudes About Vote Buying in Indonesia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63203288" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TSeitz">Thomas Seitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of East Asian Studies</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines ambivalence—the simultaneous holding of two or more conflicting values or beliefs about a political issue—among Indonesian citizens’ attitudes about vote buying. Using an original survey taken during the 2014 Indonesian elections, we analyse the factors related both to citizens’ normative views about vote buying and their willingness to accept gifts from candidates. A large number of citizens demonstrate ambivalence by viewing the practice as unjustified or corrupt and yet expressing willingness to accept money from candidates. We also examine the differential effects of education and income on these attitudes. Consistent with “demand side” theories of vote buying, low income creates economic pressure to accept money but does not influence normative attitudes about vote buying. Education, however, has a broader effect by influencing both normative attitudes and willingness to accept money. We consider implications of these results for Indonesian officials focus...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Consistency and Vote Buying: Income, Education, and Attitudes About Vote Buying in Indonesia","attachmentId":73689835,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60098989/Consistency_and_Vote_Buying_Income_Education_and_Attitudes_About_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60098989/Consistency_and_Vote_Buying_Income_Education_and_Attitudes_About_Vote_Buying_in_Indonesia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="113756311" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113756311/Electoral_dynamics_in_Indonesia_money_politics_patronage_and_clientelism_at_the_grassroots_Edited_by_Edward_Aspinall_and_Mada_Sukmajati_Singapore_NUS_Press_2016_pp_472_ISBN_978_981_4722_04_9">Electoral dynamics in Indonesia: money politics, patronage and clientelism at the grassroots. Edited by Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati. Singapore: NUS Press, 2016, pp. 472. ISBN 978-981-4722-04-9</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="436719" href="https://iium.academia.edu/AMoten">Abdul Moten</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electoral dynamics in Indonesia: money politics, patronage and clientelism at the grassroots. Edited by Edward Aspinall and Mada Sukmajati. Singapore: NUS Press, 2016, pp. 472. ISBN 978-981-4722-04-9","attachmentId":110636950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113756311/Electoral_dynamics_in_Indonesia_money_politics_patronage_and_clientelism_at_the_grassroots_Edited_by_Edward_Aspinall_and_Mada_Sukmajati_Singapore_NUS_Press_2016_pp_472_ISBN_978_981_4722_04_9","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113756311/Electoral_dynamics_in_Indonesia_money_politics_patronage_and_clientelism_at_the_grassroots_Edited_by_Edward_Aspinall_and_Mada_Sukmajati_Singapore_NUS_Press_2016_pp_472_ISBN_978_981_4722_04_9"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":59950056,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":59950056,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_59950056" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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