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<li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../thorium/electronegativity.html">Thorium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../thulium/electronegativity.html">Thulium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../tin/electronegativity.html">Tin</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../titanium/electronegativity.html">Titanium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../tungsten/electronegativity.html">Tungsten</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../uranium/electronegativity.html">Uranium ☢</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../vanadium/electronegativity.html">Vanadium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link p" href="../xenon/electronegativity.html">Xenon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../ytterbium/electronegativity.html">Ytterbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../yttrium/electronegativity.html">Yttrium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zinc/electronegativity.html">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/electronegativity.html">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/Ga.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Gallium - <sub>31</sub>Ga</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Ga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Gallium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Галій</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 鎵</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Gallium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Gallium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Gallium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 גליום</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Gallio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 ガリウム</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Gálio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Galio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Gallium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Галлий</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="p">Gallium - <sub><small>31</small></sub>Ga: electronegativity</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a href="../gallium/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Ga Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../gallium/contents.html">List all Ga properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p class="p_first">The most used definition of electronegativity is that an element's electronegativity is the power of an atom <em>when in a molecule</em> to attract electron density to itself. The electronegativity depends upon a number of factors and in particuler as the other atoms in the molecule. The first scale of electronegativity was developed by Linus Pauling and on his scale <strong>gallium</strong> has a value of <strong>1.81</strong> on a scale running from from about 0.7 (an estimate for francium) to 2.20 (for hydrogen) to 3.98 (fluorine). Electronegativity has no units but "Pauling units" are often used when indicating values mapped on to the Pauling scale.</p> <p>Use the links in the "Electronegativity" column of the table below for definitions, literature sources, and visual representations in several different styles (examples of which are shown below).</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table"> <caption><strong>Types of electronegativity for gallium.</strong> All values are quoted on the <a href="../periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Pauling</a> scale.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Electronegativity</th> <th>Value in Pauling units</th> <th>Periodicity link</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="pure-table-odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_pauling/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity">Pauling electronegativity</a></td> <td>1.81</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_pauling/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/eneg_pauling.png" alt="" /></a></td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_sanderson/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Sanderson electronegativity">Sanderson electronegativity</a></td> <td>2.42</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_sanderson/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Sanderson electronegativity"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/eneg_sanderson.png" alt="" /></a></td></tr> <tr class="pure-table-odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allred_rochow/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allred Rochow electronegativity">Allred Rochow electronegativity</a></td> <td>1.82</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allred_rochow/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allred Rochow electronegativity"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/eneg_allred_rochow.png" alt="" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_mulliken_j/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity</a></td> <td>2.01 (sp<sup>2</sup> orbital)</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_mulliken_j/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/eneg_mulliken_j.png" alt="" /></a></td> </tr> <tr class="pure-table-odd"> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allen/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allen electronegativity">Allen electronegativity</a></td> <td>1.756</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allen/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allen electronegativity"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/eneg_allen.png" alt="" /></a></td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <p class="p_first">There are a number of ways to produce a set of numbers representing electronegativity and five are given in the table above. The Pauling scale is perhaps the most famous and suffices for many purposes.</p> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_columns_white/eneg_pauling_col_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity for the chemical elements as size-coded columns on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity for the chemical elements as size-coded columns on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_columns_black/eneg_allred_rochow_col_b.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of Allred-Rochow electronegativity for the chemical elements as size-coded columns on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of Allred-Rochow electronegativity for the chemical elements as size-coded columns on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2024 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. 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