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id="toc-"Piracy"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Piracy""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>"Piracy"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Piracy"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Theft"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Theft""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>"Theft"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Theft"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Freebooting"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Freebooting""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>"Freebooting"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Freebooting"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Motivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developing_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Developing world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations_due_to_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations_due_to_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Motivations due to censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations_due_to_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existing_and_proposed_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_and_proposed_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Existing and proposed laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_and_proposed_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Civil law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criminal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Criminal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-commercial_file_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-commercial_file_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-commercial file sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-commercial_file_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legality_of_downloading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_of_downloading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Legality of downloading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_of_downloading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_of_uploading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_of_uploading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Legality of uploading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_of_uploading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relaxed_penalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaxed_penalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Relaxed penalties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaxed_penalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DMCA_and_anti-circumvention_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DMCA_and_anti-circumvention_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>DMCA and anti-circumvention laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DMCA_and_anti-circumvention_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_intermediary_liability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_intermediary_liability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Online intermediary liability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_intermediary_liability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_intermediary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_intermediary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Definition of intermediary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_intermediary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation_and_legislation_concerning_intermediaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation_and_legislation_concerning_intermediaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Litigation and legislation concerning intermediaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation_and_legislation_concerning_intermediaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer-to-peer_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-to-peer_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Peer-to-peer issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-to-peer_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-infringing_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-infringing_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Non-infringing uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-infringing_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-infringing_types_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-infringing_types_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-infringing types of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-infringing_types_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventive_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventive_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Preventive measures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preventive_measures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preventive measures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preventive_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Protected distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watermarking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watermarking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Watermarking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watermarking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact_of_copyright_infringement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact_of_copyright_infringement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economic impact of copyright infringement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_impact_of_copyright_infringement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic impact of copyright infringement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact_of_copyright_infringement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motion_picture_industry_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_picture_industry_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Motion picture industry estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_picture_industry_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_industry_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_industry_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Software industry estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_industry_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_industry_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_industry_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Music industry estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_industry_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_industry_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_industry_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Media industry estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_industry_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_industry_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_industry_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Criticism of industry estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_industry_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact_of_infringement_in_emerging_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact_of_infringement_in_emerging_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Economic impact of infringement in emerging markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact_of_infringement_in_emerging_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-free-culture_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-free-culture_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pro-free-culture organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-free-culture_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-copyright-infringement_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-copyright-infringement_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anti-copyright-infringement organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-copyright-infringement_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copyright infringement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="انتهاك حقوق التأليف والنشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتهاك حقوق التأليف والنشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracci%C3%B3n_de_derechos_d%27autor" title="Infracción de derechos d'autor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Infracción de derechos d'autor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C9%99lliflik_h%C3%BCququ_pozuntusu" title="Müəlliflik hüququ pozuntusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müəlliflik hüququ pozuntusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A8" title="মেধাস্বত্ব লঙ্ঘন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেধাস্বত্ব লঙ্ঘন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%A1%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Авторлыҡ хоҡуғын боҙоу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авторлыҡ хоҡуғын боҙоу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracci%C3%B3_de_copyright" title="Infracció de copyright – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infracció de copyright" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_hawlfraint" title="Torri hawlfraint – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Torri hawlfraint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratkopiering" title="Piratkopiering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Piratkopiering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrechtsverletzung" title="Urheberrechtsverletzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urheberrechtsverletzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Παραβίαση πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραβίαση πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infracci%C3%B3n_de_derechos_de_autor" title="Infracción de derechos de autor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infracción de derechos de autor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_(derechus_d%27autol)" title="Pirateria (derechus d'autol) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pirateria (derechus d'autol)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egile_eskubideen_arau_hauste" title="Egile eskubideen arau hauste – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egile eskubideen arau hauste" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B6_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نقض حق تکثیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقض حق تکثیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atteinte_au_droit_d%27auteur" title="Atteinte au droit d'auteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atteinte au droit d'auteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratar%C3%ADa_intelectual" title="Pirataría intelectual – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pirataría intelectual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%91%EA%B6%8C_%EC%B9%A8%ED%95%B4" title="저작권 침해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저작권 침해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keta_Ha%C6%99%C6%99in_Mallaka" title="Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Copyright infringement" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelanggaran_hak_cipta" title="Pelanggaran hak cipta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelanggaran hak cipta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwaphulwa_kwelungelo_lokushicilela" title="Ukwaphulwa kwelungelo lokushicilela – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ukwaphulwa kwelungelo lokushicilela" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Авторлық құқықты бұзу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авторлық құқықты бұзу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нарушување на авторски права – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нарушување на авторски права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പകർപ്പവകാശലംഘനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പകർപ്പവകാശലംഘനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="इंटरनेट चाचेगिरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंटरनेट चाचेगिरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetak_rompak" title="Cetak rompak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cetak rompak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterij_(intellectuele_eigendomsrechten)" title="Piraterij (intellectuele eigendomsrechten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piraterij (intellectuele eigendomsrechten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%A8%A9%E4%BE%B5%E5%AE%B3" title="著作権侵害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="著作権侵害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratkopiering" title="Piratkopiering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Piratkopiering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratkopi" title="Piratkopi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Piratkopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਪੀਰਾਈਟ ਉਲੰਘਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਪੀਰਾਈਟ ਉਲੰਘਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piractwo_medialne" title="Piractwo medialne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piractwo medialne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_direito_autoral" title="Violação de direito autoral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Violação de direito autoral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enc%C4%83lcare_a_dreptului_de_autor" title="Încălcare a dreptului de autor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Încălcare a dreptului de autor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нарушение авторского права – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нарушение авторского права" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyricht_infreengement" title="Copyricht infreengement – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Copyricht infreengement" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copyright infringement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%80%DA%83%DA%AA%DA%99%D9%8A" title="ڇپائي حق جي ڀڃڪڙي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇپائي حق جي ڀڃڪڙي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1itev_avtorskih_pravic" title="Kršitev avtorskih pravic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kršitev avtorskih pravic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="پێشێلکردنی مافی لەبەرگرتنەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێشێلکردنی مافی لەبەرگرتنەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1enje_autorskih_prava" title="Kršenje autorskih prava – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kršenje autorskih prava" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekij%C3%A4noikeuden_loukkaus" title="Tekijänoikeuden loukkaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekijänoikeuden loukkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratkopiering" title="Piratkopiering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Piratkopiering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பதிப்புரிமை மீறல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதிப்புரிமை மீறல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="การละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telif_hakk%C4%B1_ihlali" title="Telif hakkı ihlali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telif hakkı ihlali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Порушення авторського права – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порушення авторського права" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_ph%E1%BA%A1m_b%E1%BA%A3n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Vi phạm bản quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi phạm bản quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%AC%8A%E4%BE%B5%E5%AE%B3" title="版權侵害 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="版權侵害" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%97%E7%89%88" title="盗版 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盗版" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q647578#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For information on handling copyright concerns in Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Wikipedia:Copyright violations</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyrightpirates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Copyrightpirates.jpg/220px-Copyrightpirates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Copyrightpirates.jpg/330px-Copyrightpirates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Copyrightpirates.jpg/440px-Copyrightpirates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for copyright and patent <a href="/wiki/Legal_document_assistant" title="Legal document assistant">preparation services</a> from 1906, when <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">copyright registration</a> <a href="/wiki/Copyright_formalities" title="Copyright formalities">formalities</a> were still required in the US</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher categories:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property" title="Template talk:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Copyright infringement</b> (at times referred to as <b>piracy</b>) is the use of <a href="/wiki/Copyright#Scope" title="Copyright">works</a> protected by <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> without permission for a usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive rights</a> granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to produce <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>. The copyright holder is usually the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement. </p><p>Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a <a href="/wiki/Notice_and_take_down" title="Notice and take down">notice and take down</a> process, or litigation in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil court</a>. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>, is sometimes prosecuted via the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a> system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize, as indirect infringers, the service providers and software distributors who are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others. </p><p>Estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on other factors. Nevertheless, copyright holders, industry representatives, and legislators have long characterized copyright infringement as piracy or theft – language which some U.S. courts now regard as <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> or otherwise contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hotfile_TF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotfile_TF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hotfile_TD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotfile_TD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>piracy</i> and <i>theft</i> are often associated with copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-Cara_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nick_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nick-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original meaning of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:piracy">piracy</a></i> is "robbery or illegal violence at sea",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-Panethiere_p2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panethiere_p2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></i>, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was taken further in the case <i>MPAA v. Hotfile</i>, where Judge <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_M._Williams" title="Kathleen M. Williams">Kathleen M. Williams</a> granted a motion to deny the MPAA the usage of words whose appearance was primarily "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, serves no court purpose but to misguide and inflame the jury.<sup id="cite_ref-Hotfile_TF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hotfile_TF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Piracy""><span id=".22Piracy.22"></span>"Piracy"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Piracy""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Schmidt_pirated_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alfred_Schmidt_pirated_edition.jpg/220px-Alfred_Schmidt_pirated_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Alfred_Schmidt_pirated_edition.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Pirated edition of German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Alfred Schmidt</a> (Amsterdam, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-Panethiere_p2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panethiere_p2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1668 publisher John Hancock wrote of "some dishonest Booksellers, called Land-Pirats, who make it their practise to steal Impressions of other mens Copies" in the work <i>A String of Pearls: or, The Best Things Reserved till Last</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brooks_(Puritan)" title="Thomas Brooks (Puritan)">Thomas Brooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blayney_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blayney-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time the metaphor mostly used in the book-trade became more common, such that the use of the word 'pirate' itself to describe unauthorized publishing of books was attested to in <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bailey" title="Nathan Bailey">Nathan Bailey</a>'s 1736 dictionary <i><a href="/wiki/An_Universal_Etymological_English_Dictionary" title="An Universal Etymological English Dictionary">An Universal Etymological English Dictionary</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>'One who lives by pillage and robbing on the sea. Also a plagiary'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The practice of labeling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne" title="Statute of Anne">Statute of Anne</a> in 1710, the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationers' Company">Stationers' Company</a> of London in 1557, received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> giving the company a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Article 61 of the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPs) requires <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale."<sup id="cite_ref-Xuan_p208_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuan_p208-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> networks, as "piracy".<sup id="cite_ref-Panethiere_p2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panethiere_p2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> have criticized the use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use the word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they [publishers] imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Theft""><span id=".22Theft.22"></span>"Theft"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Theft""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg/220px-Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg/330px-Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg/440px-Copyright_infringement_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>A common explanation for why copyright infringement is not theft is that the original copyright holder still possesses the work they made, unlike the theft of an object.</figcaption></figure> <p>Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, "although such misuse has been rejected by legislatures and courts".<sup id="cite_ref-Patry92_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patry92-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slogan "<a href="/wiki/Piracy_is_theft" title="Piracy is theft">Piracy is theft</a>" was used beginning in the 1980s, and is still being used.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft.<sup id="cite_ref-Patry92_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patry92-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> held in <i><a href="/wiki/Dowling_v._United_States_(1985)" title="Dowling v. United States (1985)">Dowling v. United States</a></i> (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, </p> <blockquote><p>interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(law)" title="Conversion (law)">conversion</a>, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'</p></blockquote> <p>The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive rights</a> – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Freebooting""><span id=".22Freebooting.22"></span>"Freebooting"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Freebooting""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "freebooting" has been used to describe the unauthorized copying of online media, particularly videos, onto websites such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. The word itself had already been in use since the 16th century, referring to pirates, and meant "looting" or "plundering". This form of the word – a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Freeloading" title="Freeloading">freeloading</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootlegging</a>" – was suggested by <a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTubers" title="List of YouTubers">YouTuber</a> and podcaster <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hello_Internet" title="Hello Internet">Hello Internet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slatefreeboot_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slatefreeboot-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haran advocated the term in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than "copyright infringement", yet more appropriate than "theft".<sup id="cite_ref-slatefreeboot_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slatefreeboot-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the motives for engaging in copyright infringement are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pricing –  unwillingness or inability to pay the price requested by the legitimate sellers</li> <li>Testing and evaluation –  try before paying for what may be bad value</li> <li>Unavailability –  no legitimate sellers providing the product in the language or country of the end-user: not yet launched there, already withdrawn from sales, never to be sold there, geographical restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Online_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Online distribution">online distribution</a> and international shipping</li> <li>Usefulness –  the legitimate product comes with various means (<a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_lockout" title="Regional lockout">region lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">DVD region code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Region_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Region Code">Blu-ray region code</a>) of restricting legitimate use (backups, usage on devices of different vendors, offline usage) or comes with <a href="/wiki/User_operation_prohibition" title="User operation prohibition">non-skippable advertisements and anti-piracy disclaimers</a>, which are removed in the unauthorized product, making it more desirable for the end-user</li> <li>Shopping experience –  no legitimate sellers providing the product with the required quality through <a href="/wiki/Online_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Online distribution">online distribution</a> and through a shopping system with the required level of user-friendliness</li> <li>Anonymity –  <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">downloading</a> works does not require identification whereas downloads directly from the website of the copyright owner often require a valid email address and/or other credentials</li> <li>Freedom of information –  opposition to copyright law in general</li></ul> <p>Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> settled a lawsuit with <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>-based company Apptricity which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid the company a total of $4.5 million for a license of 500 users while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major anti-piracy organizations, like the <a href="/wiki/BSA_(The_Software_Alliance)" class="mw-redirect" title="BSA (The Software Alliance)">BSA</a>, conduct <a href="/wiki/Software_licensing_audit" title="Software licensing audit">software licensing audits</a> regularly to ensure full compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Inc1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inc1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cara Cusumano, director of the <a href="/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribeca Film Festival">Tribeca Film Festival</a>, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free: </p> <blockquote><p> I think that if companies were willing to put that material out there, moving forward, consumers will follow. It's just that [consumers] want to consume films online and they're ready to consume films that way and we're not necessarily offering them in that way. So it's the distribution models that need to catch up. People will pay for the content.<sup id="cite_ref-Cara_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In response to Cusumano's perspective, <a href="/wiki/Screen_Producers_Australia" title="Screen Producers Australia">Screen Producers Australia</a> executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [of monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema." Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: "there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release."<sup id="cite_ref-Cara_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study published in the <i>Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics</i>, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.<sup id="cite_ref-Sam_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a public talk between <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>, and Brent Schlender at the University of Washington in 1998, Bill Gates commented on piracy as a <a href="/wiki/Means_to_an_end" class="mw-redirect" title="Means to an end">means to an end</a>, whereby people who use <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> software illegally will eventually pay for it, out of familiarity, as a country's economy develops and legitimate products become more affordable to businesses and consumers: </p> <blockquote> <p>Although about three million computers get sold every year in China, people don't pay for the software. Someday they will, though. And as long as they're going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They'll get sort of addicted, and then we'll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_world">Developing world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Developing world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Media_Piracy_in_Emerging_Economies" title="Media Piracy in Emerging Economies">Media Piracy in Emerging Economies</a>, the first independent comparative study of media piracy focused on <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, "high prices for media goods, low incomes, and cheap digital technologies" are the chief factors that lead to the global spread of media piracy, especially in emerging markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcement's toward digital piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as of 2013, the issue of digital infringement has not merely been legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivations_due_to_censorship">Motivations due to censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Motivations due to censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a>-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article telling the story of <a href="/wiki/Irina_Margareta_Nistor" title="Irina Margareta Nistor">Irina Margareta Nistor</a>, a narrator for state TV under <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a>'s regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American movies</a>, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after <a href="/wiki/Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceauşescu">Ceauşescu</a>, even though no one knew her name until many years later.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existing_and_proposed_laws">Existing and proposed laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Existing and proposed laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="History of copyright law">History of copyright law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protect_IP_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protect IP Act">Protect IP Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg/220px-Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg/330px-Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg/440px-Pro_piracy_demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg/220px-The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg/330px-The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg/440px-The_Pirate_Bay_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a> logo, a retaliation to the stereotypical image of piracy</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright length">Most countries</a> extend copyright protections to authors of works. In countries with copyright legislation, enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuan_p211_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuan_p211-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in several jurisdictions there are also criminal penalties for copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">U.S. Chamber of Commerce</a>'s 2021 IP Index, the nations with the lowest scores for copyright protection were <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_law">Civil law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copyright infringement in civil law is any violation of the exclusive rights of the owner. In U.S. law, these rights include reproduction, preparation of derivative works, distribution of copies by sale or rental, and public performances or displays.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> in civil court, against alleged infringers directly or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The <i><a href="/wiki/MGM_v._Grokster" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM v. Grokster">MGM v. Grokster</a></i> case did not overturn the earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Sony_v._Universal_City_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony v. Universal City Studios">Sony v. Universal City Studios</a></i> decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, copyright term has been extended many times over<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the original term of 14 years with a single renewal allowance of 14 years, to the current term of the life of the author plus 70 years. If the work was produced under <a href="/wiki/Corporate_authorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate authorship">corporate authorship</a> it may last 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is sooner. </p><p>Article 50 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries enable <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a> to remedy copyright infringement with injunctions and the destruction of infringing products, and award damages.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuan_p208_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuan_p208-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some jurisdictions only allow actual, provable damages, and some, like the United States, allow for large <a href="/wiki/Statutory_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory damage">statutory damage</a> awards intended to deter would-be infringers and allow for compensation in situations where actual damages are difficult to prove. </p><p>In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a "<a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">copyright troll</a>". Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criminal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Criminal copyright law in the United States">Criminal copyright law in the United States</a></div> <p>Punishment of copyright infringement varies case-by-case across countries. Convictions may include jail time and/or severe fines for each instance of copyright infringement. In the United States, willful copyright infringement carries a maximum fine of $150,000 per instance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 61 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries establish <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale".<sup id="cite_ref-Xuan_p208_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuan_p208-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyright holders have demanded that states provide criminal sanctions for all types of copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuan_p211_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuan_p211-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first criminal provision in <a href="/wiki/U.S._copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. copyright law">U.S. copyright law</a> was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain" (<a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/506">§ 506</a>). To establish criminal liability, the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a> must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement" title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">ACTA trade agreement</a>, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, and the EU, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuan_p211_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuan_p211-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bitton_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._LaMacchia" title="United States v. LaMacchia">United States v. LaMacchia</a></i> 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts</a> which ruled that, under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">cybercrime</a> laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole", wherein criminal charges of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.<sup id="cite_ref-courtdecision_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courtdecision-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/NET_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="NET Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $250,000 in <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>. The NET Act also raised <a href="/wiki/Statutory_damages_for_copyright_infringement" title="Statutory damages for copyright infringement">statutory damages</a> by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act</a>. </p><p>Proposed laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> broaden the definition of "willful infringement", and introduce felony charges for unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Media_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Media streaming">media streaming</a>. These bills are aimed towards defeating websites that carry or contain links to infringing content, but have raised concerns about domestic abuse and internet censorship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-commercial_file_sharing">Non-commercial file sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-commercial file sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legality_of_downloading">Legality of downloading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legality of downloading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To an extent, copyright law in some countries permits downloading copyright-protected content for personal, noncommercial use. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) member states like <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommercial use. The Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of <a href="/wiki/Space_shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Space shifting">space shifting</a> copyright-protected content from a legally purchased <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a> (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law. </p><p>In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied be obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. In April 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> ruled that "national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legality_of_uploading">Legality of uploading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legality of uploading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although downloading or other private copying is sometimes permitted, public distribution – by uploading or otherwise offering to share copyright-protected content – remains illegal in most, if not all, countries. For example, in Canada, even though it was once legal to download any copyrighted file as long as it was for noncommercial use, it was still illegal to distribute the copyrighted files (e.g. by uploading them to a <a href="/wiki/P2P_network" class="mw-redirect" title="P2P network">P2P network</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relaxed_penalties">Relaxed penalties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relaxed penalties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries, like Canada and Germany, have limited the penalties for non-commercial copyright infringement. For example, Germany has passed a bill to limit the fine for individuals accused of sharing movies and series to €800–900. Canada's <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Modernization_Act" title="Copyright Modernization Act">Copyright Modernization Act</a> claims that statutory damages for non-commercial copyright infringement are capped at C$5,000 but this only applies to copies that have been made without the breaking of any "digital lock." However, this only applies to "bootleg distribution" and not non-commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DMCA_and_anti-circumvention_laws">DMCA and anti-circumvention laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: DMCA and anti-circumvention laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title I of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA">DMCA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a> has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, <a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongle</a> or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a> scheme may be <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">actionable</a> – though the US Copyright Office is currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (November 2020)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA – anti-circumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Abby House Media Inc. v. Apple Inc.</i>, it is legal to point users to DRM-stripping software and inform them how to use it because of lack of evidence that DRM stripping leads to copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_intermediary_liability">Online intermediary liability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Online intermediary liability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether Internet intermediaries are liable for copyright infringement by their users is a subject of debate and court cases in a number of countries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_of_intermediary">Definition of intermediary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Definition of intermediary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internet intermediaries were formerly understood to be <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">internet service providers</a> (ISPs). However, questions of liability have also emerged in relation to other Internet infrastructure intermediaries, including Internet backbone providers, cable companies and mobile communications providers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include <a href="/wiki/Internet_portals" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet portals">Internet portals</a>, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a <a href="/wiki/Moderation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderation system">moderation system</a>, aggregators of various kinds, such as <a href="/wiki/News_aggregators" class="mw-redirect" title="News aggregators">news aggregators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engines">web search engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Web blogs">web blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mailing_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailing lists">mailing lists</a>, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperlinks">hyperlinks</a>, a crucial element of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Litigation_and_legislation_concerning_intermediaries">Litigation and legislation concerning intermediaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Litigation and legislation concerning intermediaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early court cases focused on the liability of <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs", "bulletin boards" or "online publishers", early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The debate has shifted away from questions about liability for specific content, including that which may infringe copyright, towards whether online intermediaries should be generally responsible for content accessible through their services or infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) and the European <a href="/wiki/E-Commerce_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Commerce Directive">E-Commerce Directive</a> (2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as "<a href="/wiki/Safe_harbor_(law)" title="Safe harbor (law)">safe harbor</a>" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are "mere conduit", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European <a href="/wiki/Telecoms_Package" title="Telecoms Package">Telecoms Package</a> in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peer-to-peer_issues">Peer-to-peer issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Peer-to-peer issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer-to-peer file sharing</a> intermediaries have been denied access to safe harbor provisions in relation to copyright infringement. Legal action against such intermediaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, are generally brought in relation to principles of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_liability" title="Secondary liability">secondary liability</a> for copyright infringement, such as <a href="/wiki/Contributory_liability" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributory liability">contributory liability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability" title="Vicarious liability">vicarious liability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torrentcomp_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Animation showing seven remote computers exchanging data with an 8th (local) computer over a network" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif/300px-Torrentcomp_small.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent protocol</a>: In this animation, the colored bars beneath all of the seven clients in the upper region above represent the file, with each color representing an individual piece of the file. After the initial pieces transfer from the seed (large system at the bottom), the pieces are individually transferred from client to client. The original seeder only needs to send out one copy of the file for all the clients to receive a copy.</figcaption></figure> <p>These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers, and marketers of <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the <a href="/wiki/Torrent_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrent tracker">torrent tracker</a> and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent files</a>. Torrent files do not contain copyrighted content, but they may refer to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of <a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">magnet links</a>, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website. </p><p>Since the late 1990s, copyright holders have taken legal actions against a number of peer-to-peer intermediaries, such as pir, <a href="/wiki/Grokster" title="Grokster">Grokster</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMule" title="EMule">eMule</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoulSeek" class="mw-redirect" title="SoulSeek">SoulSeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (company)">BitTorrent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limewire" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewire">Limewire</a>, and case law on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) in relation to copyright infringement has emerged primarily in relation to these cases.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer networks">peer-to-peer networks</a>, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copyright law does not grant authors and publishers absolute control over the use of their work. Only certain types of works and kinds of uses are protected;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only unauthorized uses of protected works can be said to be infringing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-infringing_uses">Non-infringing uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-infringing uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice", including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education.<sup id="cite_ref-Berne10_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berne10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laws implementing these <a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">limitations and exceptions</a> for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory licensing</a>, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a>, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative <a href="/wiki/Copyright_collective" title="Copyright collective">copyright collective</a>. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, the copyright infringement case <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_Consultants_Association_Ltd_v_Newspaper_Licensing_Agency_Ltd" title="Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd">Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd</a></i> had two prongs; one concerned whether a <a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">news aggregator</a> service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">web cache</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators.<sup id="cite_ref-gigaomEU_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gigaomEU-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.<sup id="cite_ref-gigaomEU_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gigaomEU-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-infringing_types_of_works">Non-infringing types of works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-infringing types of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17USC102b_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17USC102b-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes. </p><p>In the United States, for example, copyright case law contains a <a href="/wiki/Substantial_similarity" title="Substantial similarity">substantial similarity</a> requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an <a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison_test" title="Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test">Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test</a> (AFC Test)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation does not affect copyright protection.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evaluation of alleged copyright infringement in a court of law may be substantial; the time and costs required to apply these tests vary based on the size and complexity of the copyrighted material. Furthermore, there is no standard or universally accepted test; some courts have rejected the AFC Test, for example, in favor of narrower criteria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preventive_measures">Preventive measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Preventive measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BSA outlined four strategies that governments can adopt to reduce software piracy rates in its 2011 piracy study results: </p> <ul><li>"Increase public education and raise awareness about software piracy and IP rights in cooperation with industry and law enforcement."</li> <li>"Modernize protections for software and other copyrighted materials to keep pace with new innovations such as cloud computing and the proliferation of networked mobile devices."</li> <li>"Strengthen enforcement of IP laws with dedicated resources, including specialized enforcement units, training for law enforcement and judiciary officials, improved cross-border cooperation among law enforcement agencies, and fulfillment of obligations under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)."</li> <li>"Lead by example by using only fully licensed software, implementing software asset management (SAM) programs, and promoting the use of legal software in state-owned enterprises, and among all contractors and suppliers."<sup id="cite_ref-Study_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventive measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil and criminal legislation, and international agreements,<sup id="cite_ref-Gopal_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopal-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> technology and <a href="/wiki/Anti-circumvention" title="Anti-circumvention">anti-circumvention</a> laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased. </p><p>Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions,<sup id="cite_ref-Berne10_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berne10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a>, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software licenses</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL), and the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a>, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_distribution">Protected distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Protected distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To maximize revenue, pre-COVID-19 <a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">film distribution</a> typically began with <a href="/wiki/Movie_theaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theaters">movie theaters</a> (theatrical window), on average approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the release to <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a> (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">data storage devices</a> by couriers rather than by <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisp_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisp-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data can be <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a>, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisp_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisp-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watermarking">Watermarking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Watermarking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coded_anti-piracy" title="Coded anti-piracy">Coded anti-piracy</a> marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. In 2006, a notable example of using <a href="/wiki/Coded_anti-piracy" title="Coded anti-piracy">Coded Anti-Piracy</a> marks resulted in a man being arrested<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for uploading a <a href="/wiki/Screener_(promotional)" title="Screener (promotional)">screener</a>'s copy of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Flushed_Away" title="Flushed Away">Flushed Away</a></i>. Some <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a> use <a href="/wiki/Printer_tracking_dots" title="Printer tracking dots">Machine Identification Code</a> dots for similar purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/EURion_constellation" title="EURion constellation">EURion constellation</a> on banknotes is used to prevent copying to make <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">counterfeit currency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impact_of_copyright_infringement">Economic impact of copyright infringement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economic impact of copyright infringement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organizations disagree on the scope and magnitude of copyright infringement's <a href="/wiki/Free_rider_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Free rider problem">free rider</a> economic effects and public support for the copyright regime. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> funded a study<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to analyze "the extent to which unauthorised online consumption of copyrighted materials (music, audiovisual, books and video games) displaces sales of online and offline legal content", across <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>; the public funding behind the study provided a necessary basis for its neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30,000 users, including minors between 14 and 17 years, were surveyed among September and October 2014. While a negative impact was found for the film industry, videogame sales were positively affected by illegal consumption, possibly due to "the industry being successful in converting illegal users to paying users" and employing player-oriented strategies (for example, by providing additional bonus levels or items in the gameplay for a fee); finally, no evidence was found for any claims of sales displacement in the other market sectors. According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a> association, the study may have been censored: specifically, as of 2018, the European Commission has not published the results, except in the part where the film industry was found to be adversely affected by illegal content consumption. Access to the study was requested and obtained by <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Reda" title="Felix Reda">Felix Reda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In relation to computer software, the <a href="/wiki/Business_Software_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Software Alliance">Business Software Alliance</a> (BSA) claimed in its 2011 piracy study: "Public opinion continues to support intellectual property (IP) rights: Seven PC users in 10 support paying innovators to promote more technological advances."<sup id="cite_ref-Study_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following consultation with experts on copyright infringement, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) clarified in 2010 that "estimating the economic impact of IP [intellectual property] infringements is extremely difficult, and assumptions must be used due to the absence of data", while "it is difficult, if not impossible, to quantify the net effect of counterfeiting and piracy on the economy as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deaner explained the importance of rewarding the "investment risk" taken by motion picture studios in 2014: </p> <blockquote><p> Usually, movies are hot because a distributor has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars promoting the product in print and TV and other forms of advertising. The major Hollywood studios spend millions on this process with marketing costs rivaling the costs of production. They are attempting then to monetise through returns that can justify the investment in both the costs of promotion and production.<sup id="cite_ref-Cara_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_picture_industry_estimates">Motion picture industry estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Motion picture industry estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) reported that its six major member companies lost US$6.1 billion to piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 <i>Los Angeles Daily News</i> article then cited a loss figure of "roughly $20 billion a year" for Hollywood studios.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2013 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, industry estimates in the United States range between $6.1B to $18.5B per year.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an early May 2014 article in <i>The Guardian</i>, an annual loss figure of US$20.5 billion was cited for the movie industry. The article's basis is the results of a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a> study that only involved Finnish participants, aged between seven and 84. The researchers, who worked with 6,000 participants, stated: "Movie pirates are also more likely to cut down their piracy if they feel they are harming the industry compared with people who illegally download music".<sup id="cite_ref-Sam_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a study conducted on data from sixteen countries between 2005 and 2013, many of which had enacted anti-piracy measures to increase box office revenues of movies, found no significant increases in any markets attributable to policy interventions, which calls into doubt the claimed negative economic effects of digital piracy on the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_industry_estimates">Software industry estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Software industry estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion Software</a> claimed in 1983 that software piracy cost it £2.9 million a year, 30% of its revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-gosnell19830512_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gosnell19830512-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Will_Wright_(game_designer)" title="Will Wright (game designer)">Will Wright</a> said that <i><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bungeling_Bay" title="Raid on Bungeling Bay">Raid on Bungeling Bay</a></i> sold 20,000 copies for the Commodore 64 in the US, but 800,000 cartridges for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Famicom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Famicom">Nintendo Famicom</a> with a comparable installed base in Japan, "because it's a cartridge system [so] there's virtually no piracy".<sup id="cite_ref-wright2011_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright2011-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2007 <a href="/wiki/BSA_(The_Software_Alliance)" class="mw-redirect" title="BSA (The Software Alliance)">BSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">International Data Corporation</a> (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (93%); 2. <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (92%); 3. <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (92%); 4. <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (92%); and 5. <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. the U.S. (20%); 2. <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifth_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifth-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos Public Affairs</a>, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.<sup id="cite_ref-Study_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GAO noted in 2010 that the BSA's research up until that year defined "piracy as the difference between total installed software and legitimate software sold, and its scope involved only packaged physical software."<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_industry_estimates">Music industry estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Music industry estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that <a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">music piracy</a> took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422  million in tax revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i> found that the effect of music downloads on legal music sales was "statistically indistinguishable from zero".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report from 2013, released by the European Commission <a href="/wiki/Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">Joint Research Centre</a> suggests that illegal music downloads have almost no effect on the number of legal music downloads. The study analyzed the behavior of 16,000 European music consumers and found that although music piracy negatively affects offline music sales, illegal music downloads had a positive effect on legal music purchases. Without illegal downloading, legal purchases were about two percent lower.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study has received criticism, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">International Federation of the Phonographic Industry</a>, which believes the study is flawed and misleading. One argument against the research is that many music consumers only download music illegally. The IFPI also points out that music piracy affects not only online music sales but also multiple facets of the music industry, which is not addressed in the study.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_industry_estimates">Media industry estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Media industry estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a March 2019 article, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>-based <a href="/wiki/BeIN_Media_Group" title="BeIN Media Group">beIN Media Group</a> suffered "billions of dollars" of losses, following the unilateral cancellation of an exclusive contract it shared with the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> (AFC) for the past 10 years. The decision by the AFC to invalidate its license for broadcasting rights to air games in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> came after the kingdom was accused of leading a piracy operation through its television broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/BeoutQ" title="BeoutQ">beoutQ</a>, misappropriating sports content owned by <a href="/wiki/BeIN_Sports" title="BeIN Sports">beIN Sports</a> since 2017, worth billions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> released a report on protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries. The report named as many as 13 countries, including Argentina, Brazil, China, Ecuador, India, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and Saudi Arabia, the last being included for the first time. The report said piracy is "causing considerable harm to EU businesses" and high economic losses have occurred in Argentina, China, Ecuador and India. It also informed Saudi Arabia has not "taken sufficient steps to stop the infringement" caused via <a href="/wiki/BeoutQ" title="BeoutQ">BeoutQ</a>, like other countries have, to minimize the extent of financial and economic loss.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_industry_estimates">Criticism of industry estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Criticism of industry estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some claims made by industry representatives have been criticized as overestimating the monetary loss caused by copyright infringement. In one example, the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">RIAA</a> claimed damages against <a href="/wiki/LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a> totaling $75 trillion – more than the global GDP – with the judge overseeing the case ruling that such claims were "absurd".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The $75 trillion figure had been obtained by counting each song downloaded as an infringement of copyright. After the conclusion of the case, LimeWire agreed to pay $105 million to RIAA.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another decision, US District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/James_Parker_Jones" title="James Parker Jones">James P. Jones</a> found that the "RIAA's request problematically assumes that every illegal download resulted in a lost sale",<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating profit/loss estimates were likely extremely off. </p><p>Critics of industry estimates argue that those who use peer-to-peer sharing services, or practice "piracy" are actually more likely to pay for music. A <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Research">Jupiter Research</a> study in 2000 found that "Napster users were 45 percent more likely to have increased their music purchasing habits than online music fans who don't use the software were."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicated that users of peer-to-peer sharing did not hurt the profits of the music industry, but in fact may have increased it. </p><p>Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book <i>The Piracy Crusade</i>, states that the connection between declining music sales and the creation of peer-to-peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century". </p><p>Sinnreich cites multiple causes for the <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubble</a>, including the CD format replacement cycle; the shift from music specialty stores to wholesale suppliers of music and 'minimum advertised pricing'; and the economic expansion of 1991–2001. He believes that with the introduction of new digital technologies, the bubble burst, and the industry suffered as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact_of_infringement_in_emerging_markets">Economic impact of infringement in emerging markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Economic impact of infringement in emerging markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard estimated the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received fewer PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possessed the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continued to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa had been pirated (excluding South Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some countries distinguish corporate piracy from private use, which is tolerated as a welfare service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the leading reason developing countries refuse to accept or respect copyright laws. <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a>, the president of Romania from 2004 to 2014, stated that "piracy helped the young generation discover computers. It set off the development of the IT industry in Romania."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pro-free-culture_organizations">Pro-free-culture organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pro-free-culture organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-copyright">Anti-copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_culture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free culture movement">Free culture movement</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> (OSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> (CC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_Progress" title="Demand Progress">Demand Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_for_the_Future" title="Fight for the Future">Fight for the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a>, by major funders of scientific research</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-copyright-infringement_organizations">Anti-copyright-infringement organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Anti-copyright-infringement organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_Software_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Software Alliance">Business Software Alliance</a> (BSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance_Against_Software_Theft" title="Canadian Alliance Against Software Theft">Canadian Alliance Against Software Theft</a> (CAAST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Entertainment Software Association</a> (ESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a> (FACT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Software_Theft" title="Federation Against Software Theft">Federation Against Software Theft</a> (FAST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Intellectual_Property_Alliance" title="International Intellectual Property Alliance">International Intellectual Property Alliance</a> (IIPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection#Anti-piracy" title="Copy protection">Copy protection § Anti-piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Australia" title="Copyright law of Australia">Copyright law of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_piracy" title="Cable television piracy">Cable television piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Copyright_Information" title="Center for Copyright Information">Center for Copyright Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_anti-plagiarism_software" title="Comparison of anti-plagiarism software">Comparison of anti-plagiarism software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_Int._Inc._v._Altai_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Associates Int. Inc. v. Altai Inc.">Computer Associates Int. Inc. v. Altai Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyfraud" title="Copyfraud">Copyfraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_downloading_and_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming">Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyrighted_content_on_file_sharing_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyrighted content on file sharing networks">Copyrighted content on file sharing networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_remedies_for_copyright_infringement" title="Criminal remedies for copyright infringement">Criminal remedies for copyright infringement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Use">Fair Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a> (FACT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Privacy_Act" title="Internet Privacy Act">Internet Privacy Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobsen_v._Katzer" title="Jacobsen v. Katzer">Jacobsen v. Katzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_copyright_infringement" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal aspects of copyright infringement">Legal aspects of copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_laundering" title="Licence laundering">Licence laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Missionary Church of Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_piracy" title="Online piracy">Online piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirated_movie_release_types" title="Pirated movie release types">Pirated movie release types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_music_ripping" title="Radio music ripping">Radio music ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_group_efforts_against_file_sharing" title="Trade group efforts against file sharing">Trade group efforts against file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_copy_detection" title="Video copy detection">Video copy detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_piracy" title="Video game piracy">Video game piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez" title="Warez">Warez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Genuine_Advantage" title="Windows Genuine Advantage">Windows Genuine Advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Piracy_Observatory" title="World Anti-Piracy Observatory">World Anti-Piracy Observatory</a> (WAPO)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dowling-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Dowling_v._United_States_(1985)" title="Dowling v. United States (1985)">Dowling v. United States</a></i> (1985), 473 U.S. 207, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hotfile_TF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hotfile_TF_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hotfile_TF_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">"MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial"</a>. 29 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131130144431/http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPAA+Banned+From+Using+Piracy+and+Theft+Terms+in+Hotfile+Trial&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fmpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hotfile_TD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hotfile_TD_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131130/15263725410/surprise-mpaa-told-it-cant-use-terms-piracy-theft-stealing-during-hotfile-trial.shtml">"MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203072723/http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131130/15263725410/surprise-mpaa-told-it-cant-use-terms-piracy-theft-stealing-during-hotfile-trial.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPAA+Banned+From+Using+Piracy+and+Theft+Terms+in+Hotfile+Trial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techdirt.com%2Farticles%2F20131130%2F15263725410%2Fsurprise-mpaa-told-it-cant-use-terms-piracy-theft-stealing-during-hotfile-trial.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cara-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cara_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cara_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cara_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cara_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Eaton2014" class="citation news cs1">Matt Eaton (17 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-17/film-industry-urged-to-forget-piracy-embrace-internet/5388156#comments">"Tribeca Film Festival programmer urges film industry to forget piracy and embrace internet"</a>. Australia: ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tribeca+Film+Festival+programmer+urges+film+industry+to+forget+piracy+and+embrace+internet&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft.au=Matt+Eaton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-04-17%2Ffilm-industry-urged-to-forget-piracy-embrace-internet%2F5388156%23comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nick-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nick_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Ross2014" class="citation web cs1">Nick Ross (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/technology/articles/2014/04/08/3980980.htm">"Game of Thrones: Another case for piracy"</a>. <i>ABC technology+games</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/yourinterview/2008/04/michael_geist.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2008. <q>Downloading music for personal, non-commercial purposes is arguably legal in Canada due to the private copying levy which places a levy on blank media such as blank CDs. The private copying levy does not extend to video, as it only covers sound recordings. Making a personal copy of a music CDs is also covered by the private copying levy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Your+Interview%3A+Michael+Geist&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fyourinterview%2F2008%2F04%2Fmichael_geist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prawokultury.pl/publikacje/podrecznik-dozwolony-uzytek-prywatny">"Dozwolony użytek prywatny"</a>. Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dozwolony+u%C5%BCytek+prywatny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprawokultury.pl%2Fpublikacje%2Fpodrecznik-dozwolony-uzytek-prywatny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-04/cp140058en.pdf">"The amount of the levy payable for making private copies of a protected work may not take unlawful reproductions into account"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Court of Justice of the European Union. 10 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+amount+of+the+levy+payable+for+making+private+copies+of+a+protected+work+may+not+take+unlawful+reproductions+into+account&rft.pub=Court+of+Justice+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuria.europa.eu%2Fjcms%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2Fapplication%2Fpdf%2F2014-04%2Fcp140058en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/Canada+deems+P2P+downloading+legal/2100-1025_3-5121479.html?tag=st.rc.targ_mb">"Canada deems P2P downloading legal"</a>. CNET News. 12 December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+deems+P2P+downloading+legal&rft.date=2003-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FCanada%2Bdeems%2BP2P%2Bdownloading%2Blegal%2F2100-1025_3-5121479.html%3Ftag%3Dst.rc.targ_mb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copyright.infringementadvisor.com/2012/11/5000-cap-on-non-commercial-copyright.html">Copyright Infringement Advisor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150715/http://copyright.infringementadvisor.com/2012/11/5000-cap-on-non-commercial-copyright.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> : <i>Cap on Non-Commercial Copyright Damages</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/title17/92chap12.html">"U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Law: Chapter 12"</a>. <i>copyright.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copyright.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Copyright+Office+%E2%80%93+Copyright+Law%3A+Chapter+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Ftitle17%2F92chap12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/document/abbey-house-media-v-apple-inc">"Abbey House Media v. Apple Inc"</a>. <i>Electronic Frontier Foundation</i>. 10 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=It%27s+Perfectly+Legal+to+Tell+People+How+to+Remove+DRM&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fits-perfectly-legal-to-tell-people-how-to-remove-drm-1670223538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2014/12/11/drm-stripping-software-not-illegal/">"Telling people how to remove DRM isn't illegal"</a>. <i>Engadget</i>. 12 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 104–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32171-7"><bdi>978-0-230-32171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyright+Enforcement+Enigma+%E2%80%93+Internet+Politics+and+the+Telecoms+Package&rft.pages=104-106&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-32171-7&rft.aulast=Horten&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fproducts%2Ftitle.aspx%3FPID%3D526246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsWaelde2005" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/2305/1/wipo-onlineintermediaries.pdf">"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva</i>. 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European Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU+Science+Hub&rft.atitle=The+JRC+in+Seville+%28Spain%29&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Delehaye&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fjrc%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fjrc-site%2Fseville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Rothman, Lily (21 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2013/03/21/illegal-music-downloads-not-hurting-industry-study-claims/">"Illegal Music Downloads Not Hurting Industry, Study Claims"</a>. <i>Time</i> – via entertainment.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Illegal+Music+Downloads+Not+Hurting+Industry%2C+Study+Claims&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.time.com%2F2013%2F03%2F21%2Fillegal-music-downloads-not-hurting-industry-study-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanja2019" class="citation news cs1">Panja, Tariq (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/sports/bein-media-qatar-saudi-arabia.html">"Feud Over Soccer Piracy Deepens as A.F.C. Ends BeIN Sports Contract"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Feud+Over+Soccer+Piracy+Deepens+as+A.F.C.+Ends+BeIN+Sports+Contract&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Panja&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F12%2Fsports%2Fbein-media-qatar-saudi-arabia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2020/01/28/european-commission-calls-out-saudi-arabia-for-sports-piracy/">"European Commission calls out Saudi Arabia for sports piracy"</a>. <i>Broadband TV News</i>. 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadband+TV+News&rft.atitle=European+Commission+calls+out+Saudi+Arabia+for+sports+piracy&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandtvnews.com%2F2020%2F01%2F28%2Feuropean-commission-calls-out-saudi-arabia-for-sports-piracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayan2011" class="citation web cs1">Vijayan, Jaikumar (28 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209035935/http://news.techworld.com/sme/3267255/judge-rules-punitive-damages-against-limewire-absurd/">"Judge rules punitive damages against LimeWire 'absurd'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.techworld.com/sme/3267255/judge-rules-punitive-damages-against-limewire-absurd/">the original</a> on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+rules+punitive+damages+against+LimeWire+%27absurd%27&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft.aulast=Vijayan&rft.aufirst=Jaikumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.techworld.com%2Fsme%2F3267255%2Fjudge-rules-punitive-damages-against-limewire-absurd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorte2011" class="citation news cs1">Korte, Travis (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/17/riaa-and-record-labels-wi_n_862725.html">"LimeWire Settlement: RIAA, Record Labels Win $105M, But Artists May Not Benefit"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=LimeWire+Settlement%3A+RIAA%2C+Record+Labels+Win+%24105M%2C+But+Artists+May+Not+Benefit&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Korte&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F05%2F17%2Friaa-and-record-labels-wi_n_862725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vawd.uscourts.gov/OPINIONS/JONES/207CR15REST.PDF">United States of America v. Daniel Dove</a></i>, 7 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aram Sinnreich, "Digital Music Subscriptions: Post-Napster Product Formats", Jupiter Research (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnreich2013" class="citation book cs1">Sinnreich, Aram (2013). <i>The Piracy Crusade: How the Music Industry's War on Sharing Destroys Markets and Erodes Civil Liberties</i>. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 94–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62534-052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62534-052-8"><bdi>978-1-62534-052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piracy+Crusade%3A+How+the+Music+Industry%27s+War+on+Sharing+Destroys+Markets+and+Erodes+Civil+Liberties&rft.pages=94-118&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62534-052-8&rft.aulast=Sinnreich&rft.aufirst=Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101095612/http://globalstudy.bsa.org/2011/downloads/study_pdf/2011_BSA_Piracy_Study-Standard.pdf">"Shadow Market: 2011 BSA Global Software Piracy Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/BSA_(The_Software_Alliance)" class="mw-redirect" title="BSA (The Software Alliance)">BSA (The Software Alliance)</a></i>. 2012. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalstudy.bsa.org/2011/downloads/study_pdf/2011_BSA_Piracy_Study-Standard.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSA+%28The+Software+Alliance%29&rft.atitle=Shadow+Market%3A+2011+BSA+Global+Software+Piracy+Study&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalstudy.bsa.org%2F2011%2Fdownloads%2Fstudy_pdf%2F2011_BSA_Piracy_Study-Standard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_sof_pir_rat-crime-software-piracy-rate">"Software piracy rate statistics – countries compared"</a>. Nation Master<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+piracy+rate+statistics+%E2%80%93+countries+compared&rft.pub=Nation+Master&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fcri_sof_pir_rat-crime-software-piracy-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/software-piracy-110822/">"Software Piracy (Infographic)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TorrentFreak" title="TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a></i>. 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Software+Piracy+%28Infographic%29&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fsoftware-piracy-110822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan Davis (5 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apcmag.com/thanks_for_letting_us_pirate.htm">"Thanks for letting us pirate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/APC_(magazine)" title="APC (magazine)">APC Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817234137/http://apcmag.com/thanks_for_letting_us_pirate.htm">Archived</a> 2011-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamerman,_Sarah2015" class="citation news cs1">Hamerman, Sarah (11 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fvckthemedia.com/issue61/pirate-libraries">"PIRATE LIBRARIES and the fight for open information"</a>. <i>The Media</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Media&rft.atitle=PIRATE+LIBRARIES+and+the+fight+for+open+information&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft.au=Hamerman%2C+Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fvckthemedia.com%2Fissue61%2Fpirate-libraries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeka2017" class="citation journal cs1">Deka, Maitrayee (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23285/1/Calculation_in_the_pirate_bazaars.pdf">"Calculation in the pirate bazaars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Cultural Economy</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 450–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17530350.2017.1352009">10.1080/17530350.2017.1352009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56318191">56318191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Economy&rft.atitle=Calculation+in+the+pirate+bazaars&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=450-461&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17530350.2017.1352009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56318191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Maitrayee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.essex.ac.uk%2F23285%2F1%2FCalculation_in_the_pirate_bazaars.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorten,_Monica2012" class="citation book cs1">Horten, Monica (2012). <i>The Copyright Enforcement Enigma – Internet Politics and the Telecoms Package</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-32171-7"><bdi>978-0-230-32171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyright+Enforcement+Enigma+%E2%80%93+Internet+Politics+and+the+Telecoms+Package&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-32171-7&rft.au=Horten%2C+Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns,_Adrian2009" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Adrian (2009). <i>Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40118-8"><bdi>978-0-226-40118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy.+The+Intellectual+Property+Wars+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40118-8&rft.au=Johns%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraganis,_Joe2011" class="citation book cs1">Karaganis, Joe, ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/Media_Piracy_in_Emerging_Economies" title="Media Piracy in Emerging Economies"><i>Media Piracy in Emerging Economies</i></a>. Social Science Research Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9841257-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9841257-4-6"><bdi>978-0-9841257-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Piracy+in+Emerging+Economies&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Council&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9841257-4-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2008" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Ronald (2008). <i>Music and Copyright</i>. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533836-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Copyright&rft.place=Oxford+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533836-2&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottMadiganMossoffOsenga" class="citation web cs1">Abbott; Madigan; Mossoff; Osenga; Rosen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regproject.org/wp-content/uploads/Paper-Holding-States-Accountable-for-Copyright-Piracy.pdf">"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Regulatory Transparency Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regulatory+Transparency+Project&rft.atitle=Holding+States+Accountable+for+Copyright+Piracy&rft.au=Abbott&rft.au=Madigan&rft.au=Mossoff&rft.au=Osenga&rft.au=Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregproject.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPaper-Holding-States-Accountable-for-Copyright-Piracy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopyright+infringement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copyright_infringement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Template talk:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Copyright law by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_acts" title="List of copyright acts">Copyright acts by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_case_law" title="List of copyright case law">Copyright case law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">Copyright lengths by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_treaties_protecting_rights_related_to_copyright" title="List of parties to international treaties protecting rights related to copyright">related rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Australia" title="Copyright law of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Category:Copyright law by country">Category:Copyright law by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&oldid=1258075295">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copyright_infringement&oldid=1258075295</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_infringement" title="Category:Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_law" title="Category:Copyright law">Copyright law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime" title="Category:Organized crime">Organized crime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime_activity" title="Category:Organized crime activity">Organized crime activity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tort_law" title="Category:Tort law">Tort law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Category:Copyright infringement of software">Copyright infringement of software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing" title="Category:File sharing">File sharing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a 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