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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_and_other_extra-biblical_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeological and other extra-biblical evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_and_other_extra-biblical_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological and other extra-biblical evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_and_other_extra-biblical_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_campaign_(597_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_campaign_(597_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First campaign (597 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_campaign_(597_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_campaign_(589–587_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_campaign_(589–587_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second campaign (589–587 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_campaign_(589–587_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_in_Judah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_in_Judah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aftermath in Judah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_in_Judah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Conditions in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Persian restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exilic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exilic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exilic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exilic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_for_Jewish_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_for_Jewish_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance for Jewish culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_for_Jewish_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Babylonian captivity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonisches_Exil" title="Babylonisches Exil – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Babylonisches Exil" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A" title="السبي البابلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السبي البابلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_s%C3%BCrg%C3%BCn%C3%BC" title="Babil sürgünü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Babil sürgünü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাবিলনীয় বন্দিদশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাবিলনীয় বন্দিদশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вавілонскі палон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вавілонскі палон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вавилонски плен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вавилонски плен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlu_Babilon" title="Harlu Babilon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harlu Babilon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captiveri_babiloni" title="Captiveri babiloni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Captiveri babiloni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonsk%C3%A9_zajet%C3%AD" title="Babylonské zajetí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Babylonské zajetí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_babyloniske_fangenskab" title="Det babyloniske fangenskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det babyloniske fangenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonisches_Exil" title="Babylonisches Exil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Babylonisches Exil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paabeli_vangip%C3%B5lv" title="Paabeli vangipõlv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paabeli vangipõlv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%B2%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βαβυλώνια αιχμαλωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαβυλώνια αιχμαλωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cautiverio_de_Babilonia" title="Cautiverio de Babilonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cautiverio de Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilona_ekzilo" title="Babilona ekzilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Babilona ekzilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babiloniako_gatibualdia" title="Babiloniako gatibualdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Babiloniako gatibualdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اسارت بابلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسارت بابلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil_%C3%A0_Babylone" title="Exil à Babylone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exil à Babylone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloanyske_Ballingskip" title="Babyloanyske Ballingskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Babyloanyske Ballingskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B9%8C%EB%A1%A0_%EC%9C%A0%EC%88%98" title="바빌론 유수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바빌론 유수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonsko_ropstvo" title="Babilonsko ropstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Babilonsko ropstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuangan_ke_Babilonia" title="Pembuangan ke Babilonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembuangan ke Babilonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattivit%C3%A0_babilonese" title="Cattività babilonese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattività babilonese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C" title="גלות בבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלות בבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბაბილონის ტყვეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაბილონის ტყვეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Вавилондық тұтқын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вавилондық тұтқын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhamisho_wa_Babeli" title="Uhamisho wa Babeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhamisho wa Babeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вавилон туткуну – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вавилон туткуну" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivitas_Babylonica" title="Captivitas Babylonica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Captivitas Babylonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonijas_trimda" title="Babilonijas trimda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Babilonijas trimda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babiloni_fogs%C3%A1g" title="Babiloni fogság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Babiloni fogság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahababoana_tany_Babil%C3%B4na" title="Fahababoana tany Babilôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahababoana tany Babilôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%89" title="السبى البابلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السبى البابلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penawanan_Babylonia" title="Penawanan Babylonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penawanan Babylonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonische_ballingschap" title="Babylonische ballingschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Babylonische ballingschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%93%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E6%8D%95%E5%9B%9A" title="バビロン捕囚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バビロン捕囚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_babylonske_fangenskap" title="Det babylonske fangenskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det babylonske fangenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobil_asirligi" title="Bobil asirligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bobil asirligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بابل دی اسیری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بابل دی اسیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewola_babilo%C5%84ska" title="Niewola babilońska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewola babilońska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cativeiro_Babil%C3%B3nico" title="Cativeiro Babilónico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cativeiro Babilónico" 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href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%ABria_Babilonase" title="Robëria Babilonase – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robëria Babilonase" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonsk%C3%A9_zajatie" title="Babylonské zajatie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Babylonské zajatie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вавилонско ропство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вавилонско ропство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilonsko_ropstvo" title="Babilonsko ropstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Babilonsko ropstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonin_vankeus" title="Babylonin vankeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Babylonin vankeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyloniska_f%C3%A5ngenskapen" title="Babyloniska fångenskapen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Babyloniska fångenskapen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatapon_sa_Babilonya" title="Pagpapatapon sa Babilonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapatapon sa Babilonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babil_S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCn%C3%BC" title="Babil Sürgünü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Babil Sürgünü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the period in Jewish history. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Babylonian captivity (disambiguation)">Babylonian captivity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg/220px-Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg/330px-Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg/440px-Tissot_The_Flight_of_the_Prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i>The Flight of the Prisoners</i> (1896) by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>; the exile of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zerubbabel_and_Cyrus_from_Jacob_van_Loo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zerubbabel_and_Cyrus_from_Jacob_van_Loo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zerubbabel_and_Cyrus_from_Jacob_van_Loo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zerubbabel_and_Cyrus_from_Jacob_van_Loo_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zerubbabel_and_Cyrus_from_Jacob_van_Loo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Zerubbabel_and_Cyrus_from_Jacob_van_Loo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><i>Zerubbabel and Cyrus</i> (1650s) by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Loo" title="Jacob van Loo">Jacob van Loo</a>; the Jewish governor <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> shows the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> the plan for a rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Babylonian captivity</b> or <b>Babylonian exile</b> was the period in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> during which a large number of <a href="/wiki/Judeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeans">Judeans</a> from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> were forcibly relocated to <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deportations occurred in multiple waves: After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in 597 BCE, around 7,000 individuals were deported to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Further deportations followed the destruction of Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> in 587 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the biblical account, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carchemish" title="Battle of Carchemish">Battle of Carchemish</a> in 605 BCE, the Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> besieged Jerusalem, which resulted in tribute being paid by the Judean king <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fourth year of Nebuchadnezzar II's reign, Jehoiakim refused to pay further tribute, which led to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">another siege of the city</a> in Nebuchadnezzar II's seventh year (598/597 BCE) that culminated in the death of Jehoiakim and the exile to <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> of his successor <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>, his court, and many others; Jeconiah's successor <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a> and others were exiled when Nebuchadnezzar II <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destroyed Jerusalem in his 18th year</a> (587 BCE), and a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar II's 23rd year (582 BCE). However, the dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees vary in the several biblical accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> recounts how after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a> in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">permitted by the Persians</a> to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>, construction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in Jerusalem began <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 537 BCE</span> in the new Persian province of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a>. All of these events are considered significant to the developed history and culture of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>, and ultimately had a far-reaching impact on the development of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological studies have revealed that, although the city of Jerusalem was utterly destroyed, other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile. Historical records from Mesopotamia and Jewish sources indicate that a significant portion of the Jewish population chose to remain in Mesopotamia. This decision led to the establishment of a sizable Jewish community in Mesopotamia known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Golah" title="Golah">golah</a></i> (dispersal), which persisted until modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian Jewish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Jewish">Mountain Jewish</a> communities are believed to derive their ancestry in large part from these exiles; these communities have now largely <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">emigrated to Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_accounts_of_the_exile">Biblical accounts of the exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical accounts of the exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_tablet._The_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription_lists_certain_rations_and_mentions_the_name_of_Jeconiah_(Jehoiachin),_King_of_Judah_and_the_Babylonian_captivity._From_Babylon,_Iraq._C._580_BCE._Vorderasiatisches_Museum,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Clay_tablet._The_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription_lists_certain_rations_and_mentions_the_name_of_Jeconiah_%28Jehoiachin%29%2C_King_of_Judah_and_the_Babylonian_captivity._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._C._580_BCE._Vorderasiatisches_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Clay_tablet._The_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription_lists_certain_rations_and_mentions_the_name_of_Jeconiah_%28Jehoiachin%29%2C_King_of_Judah_and_the_Babylonian_captivity._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._C._580_BCE._Vorderasiatisches_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Clay_tablet._The_Akkadian_cuneiform_inscription_lists_certain_rations_and_mentions_the_name_of_Jeconiah_%28Jehoiachin%29%2C_King_of_Judah_and_the_Babylonian_captivity._From_Babylon%2C_Iraq._C._580_BCE._Vorderasiatisches_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3379" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption>Clay tablet. The Akkadian cuneiform inscription lists certain rations and mentions the name of Jeconiah (Jehoiachin), King of Judah, and the Babylonian captivity. From Babylon, Iraq. Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580 BCE</span>. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 7th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> empire. In the last decades of the century, Assyria was overthrown by Babylon, an Assyrian province. <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, fearing the sudden rise of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian empire">Neo-Babylonian empire</a>, seized control of Assyrian territory up to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates river">Euphrates river</a> in Syria, but Babylon counter-attacked. In the process <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>, the king of Judah, was killed in a battle with the Egyptians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(609_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)">Battle of Megiddo (609 BCE)</a>. </p><p>After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho's</a> army by the Babylonians at <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim began paying tribute to <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> of Babylon. Some of the young nobility of Judah were taken to Babylon. </p><p>In the following years, the court of Jerusalem was divided into two parties, one supporting Egypt, the other Babylon. After Nebuchadnezzar was defeated in battle in 601 BCE by Egypt, Judah revolted against Babylon, culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">three-month siege of Jerusalem</a> beginning in late 598 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehoiakim, the king of Judah, died during the siege<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin (also called <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>) at the age of eighteen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city fell on 2 <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> (March 16) 597 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and its <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple</a> and took Jeconiah, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>) back to Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-Biblical_World_1999._pg_350_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biblical_World_1999._pg_350-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehoiakim's uncle Zedekiah was appointed king in his place, but the exiles in Babylon continued to consider Jeconiah as their <a href="/wiki/Exilarch" title="Exilarch">Exilarch</a>, or rightful ruler. </p><p>Despite warnings by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and others of the pro-Babylonian party, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Hophra</a>. Nebuchadnezzar returned, defeated the Egyptians, and again <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">besieged Jerusalem</a>, resulting in the city's destruction in 587 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the city wall and the Temple, together with the houses of the most important citizens. Zedekiah and his sons were captured and the sons were executed in front of Zedekiah, who was then blinded and taken to Babylon with many others (Jer 52:10–11). Judah became a Babylonian province, called <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud</a>, putting an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah (Because of the <a href="/wiki/Missing_years_(Jewish_calendar)" title="Missing years (Jewish calendar)">missing years in the Jewish calendar</a>, rabbinic sources place the date of the destruction of the First Temple at 3338 <a href="/wiki/Anno_mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno mundi">AM</a> (423 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 3358 AM (403 BCE)).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_63v_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i> of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule</figcaption></figure> <p>The first governor appointed by Babylon was <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a>, a native Judahite; he encouraged the many Jews who had fled to surrounding countries such as <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> to return, and he took steps to return the country to prosperity. Some time later, a surviving member of the royal family assassinated Gedaliah and his Babylonian advisors, prompting many refugees to seek safety in Egypt. By the end of the second decade of the 6th century BCE, in addition to those who remained in Judah, there were significant Jewish communities in Babylon and in Egypt; this was the beginning of the later numerous Jewish communities living permanently outside Judah in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Diaspora">Jewish Diaspora</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">book of Ezra</a>, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> ended the exile in 538 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-rennert_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rennert-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the year after he captured Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exile ended with the return under <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> the Prince (so-called because he was a descendant of the royal line of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple) and their construction of the Second Temple in the period from 521 to 516 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-rennert_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rennert-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_and_other_extra-biblical_evidence">Archaeological and other extra-biblical evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeological and other extra-biblical evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Non-Biblical_evidence"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_campaign_(597_BCE)"><span id="First_campaign_.28597_BCE.29"></span>First campaign (597 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First campaign (597 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, his capture of its king, his appointment of another in his place, and the plundering of the city in 597 BCE are corroborated by a passage in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup></p><blockquote><p>In the seventh year, in the month of Kislev, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land, and encamped against the City of Judah and on the ninth day of the month of Adar he seized the city and captured the king. He appointed there a king of his own choice and taking heavy tribute brought it back to Babylon.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehoiachin%27s_Rations_Tablets" title="Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets">Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets</a>, describing ration orders for a captive King of Judah, identified with King Jeconiah, have been discovered during excavations in Babylon, in the royal archives of Nebuchadnezzar.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the tablets refers to food rations for "Ya’u-kīnu, king of the land of Yahudu" and five royal princes, his sons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_campaign_(589–587_BCE)"><span id="Second_campaign_.28589.E2.80.93587_BCE.29"></span>Second campaign (589–587 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second campaign (589–587 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian forces returned in 589 BCE and rampaged through Judah, leaving clear archaeological evidence of destruction in many towns and settlements there.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 294">: 294 </span></sup> Clay <a href="/wiki/Ostraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostraca">ostraca</a> from this period, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_letters" title="Lachish letters">Lachish letters</a>, were discovered during excavations; one, which was probably written to the commander at <a href="/wiki/Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a> from an outlying base, describes how the signal fires from nearby towns were disappearing: "And may (my lord) be apprised that we are watching for the fire signals of Lachish according to all the signs which my lord has given, because we cannot see Azeqah."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological finds from Jerusalem testify that virtually the whole city within the walls was burnt to rubble in 587 BCE and utterly destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_in_Judah">Aftermath in Judah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath in Judah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological excavations and surveys have enabled the population of Judah before the Babylonian destruction to be estimated to have been approximately 75,000. Taking the different biblical numbers of exiles at their highest, 20,000, this would mean that perhaps 25% of the population had been deported to Babylon, with the remaining majority staying in Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 306">: 306 </span></sup> Although Jerusalem was destroyed, with large parts of the city remaining in ruins for 150 years, numerous other settlements in Judah continued to be inhabited, with no signs of disruption visible in archaeological studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 307">: 307 </span></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Faust" title="Avraham Faust">Avraham Faust</a> suggests that between the deportations and executions caused by the Babylonians, plus the famines and epidemics that occurred during the war, the population of Judah may have been reduced to as little as 10% of what it had been in the time before deportations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_in_exile">Conditions in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conditions in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mesopotamia, the exiled Judeans were relocated to agricultural settlements, with one notable settlement being <a href="/wiki/Tel_Abib" title="Tel Abib">Tel-Abib</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>. Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Niels_Peter_Lemche" title="Niels Peter Lemche">Niels Peter Lemche</a> suggests that the exiled Judeans experienced a lifestyle scarcely less prosperous than what they were accustomed to in their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there is evidence for hardship. For example, exiled Jewish leaders were suspected of national disloyalty and were reduced to peasantry, where they worked in agriculture and building projects and performed simple tasks such as farming, shepherding and fishing. This ended when the Persians conquered Babylon. Exiled Jewish commoners were nostalgic about Judah and, due to circumstance, were forced to abandon temple-based worship. They mostly worshipped in private homes and kept some religious traditions such as circumcision, Sabbath observance, reading of the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_restoration">Persian restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Persian restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples, has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus,<sup id="cite_ref-Becking_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becking-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other scholars point out that the cylinder's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Becking_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becking-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Professor Lester L. Grabbe</a> asserted that the "alleged decree of Cyrus" regarding Judah, "cannot be considered authentic", but that there was a "general policy of allowing deportees to return and to re-establish cult sites". He also stated that archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle" taking place over decades, rather than a single event.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe355_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe355-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>, the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (<i><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with different borders, covering a smaller territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe355_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe355-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the province was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom; archaeological surveys suggesting a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup> </p><p>A 2017 exhibition in Jerusalem displayed over 100 cuneiform tablets detailing trade in fruits and other commodities, taxes, debts, and credits accumulated between Jews forced or persuaded to move from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BCE. The tablets included details on one exiled Judean family over four generations, all with Hebrew names.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Jews who returned were poor Jews and either saw the exile as "spiritual regeneration" or "divine punishment for sins". One reason why wealthy Jews stayed in Mesopotamia includes economic opportunities, which were relatively uncommon in Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exilic_literature">Exilic literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exilic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exilic period was a rich source for Hebrew literature. Biblical depictions of the exile include <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> 39–43 (which saw the exile as a lost opportunity); the final section of <a href="/wiki/2_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Kings">2 Kings</a> (which portrays it as the temporary end of history); <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a> (in which the exile is the "Sabbath of the land"); and the opening chapters of Ezra, which records its end. Other works from or about the exile include the stories in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> 1–6, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>, the "Story of the Three Youths" (<a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a> 3:1–5:6), and the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a> arose from the Babylonian captivity. The final redaction of the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> took place in the Persian period following the exile,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310">: 310 </span></sup>and the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a>, one of its main sources, is primarily a product of the <a href="/wiki/Post-exilic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-exilic period">post-exilic period</a> when the former Kingdom of Judah had become the Persian province of Yehud.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_for_Jewish_culture">Significance for Jewish culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Significance for Jewish culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg/220px-Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg/330px-Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg/440px-Gebhard_Fugel_An_den_Wassern_Babylons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Waters of Babylon</i> (1920) by <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Fugel" title="Gebhard Fugel">Gebhard Fugel</a>; Jews sit on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, which flows through Babylon, and remembering <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">Psalm 137</a> tells us about this event:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a>.<sup>137:1</sup> If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning."<sup>137:5</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Hebrew Bible, the captivity in Babylon is presented as a punishment for idolatry and disobedience to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Babylonian captivity had a number of serious effects on Judaism and Jewish culture. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic alphabet</a>, which eventually evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, was adopted during this period. Eventually the Aramaic-based Hebrew alphabet replaced the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period saw the last high point of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> in the person of <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, followed by the emergence of the central role of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in Jewish life. According to many <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">historical-critical</a> scholars, the Torah was redacted during this time, and began to be <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">regarded as the authoritative text</a> for Jews. This period saw their transformation into an ethno-religious group who could survive without a central Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli philosopher and Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Yehezkel_Kaufmann" title="Yehezkel Kaufmann">Yehezkel Kaufmann</a> said "The exile is the watershed. With the exile, the religion of Israel comes to an end and Judaism begins."<sup id="cite_ref-Nova_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nova-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, the period also saw the theological transition of the ancient Israelite religion among the captives from a <a href="/wiki/Monolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrous">monolatrous</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> faith system.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process coincided with the emergence of scribes and sages as Jewish leaders (see <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>). Prior to exile, the people of Israel had been organized according to tribe. Afterwards, they were organized by smaller family groups. Only the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a> continued in its temple role after the return. After this time, there were always sizable numbers of Jews living outside the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>; thus, it also marks the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>", unless this is considered to have begun with the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>, Babylon was one of a number of metaphors for the Jewish diaspora. Most frequently the term "Babylon" meant the diaspora prior to the destruction of the Second Temple. The post-destruction term for the Jewish Diaspora was "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Edom#Identification_with_Rome" title="Edom">Edom</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table is based on Rainer Albertz's work on <i>Israel in exile</i>, itself based mainly on biblical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Alternative dates are possible.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Year </th> <th style="width:90%;">Event </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">609 BCE </td> <td align="left">Death of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a> reigns three months. <br />Jehoahaz is deposed and taken captive to Egypt by the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>. <br /><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a> is made king of Judah by Necho and reigns 11 years. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">605 BCE </td> <td align="left">Babylonians defeat the Egyptians and besiege Jerusalem. Jehoiakim surrenders and begins giving tribute to <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadrezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> of Babylon in 605 BCE. <br />First deportation, purportedly including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hananiah,_Mishael,_and_Azariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah">Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">601 BCE </td> <td align="left">Babylonians fail to invade Egypt. Jehoiakim switches his allegiance back to the Egyptians. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">598/7 BCE </td> <td align="left">Nebuchadnezzar invades Judea and again lays siege to Jerusalem. <br />End of Jehoiakim's reign. <a href="/wiki/Jehoiachin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehoiachin">Jehoiachin</a> reigns three months. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">597 BCE </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">First fall of Jerusalem</a>. Second deportation, 16 March 597 including Jehoiachin and <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>. <br /><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a> is made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar and reigns 11 years. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">594 BCE </td> <td align="left">Anti-Babylonian conspiracy. Zedekiah arranges a meeting of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> in Jerusalem to deal with the possibility of throwing off Babylonian control. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">587 BCE </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Second fall of Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> destroyed. <br />Third deportation July/August 587. Zedekiah is taken captive to Babylon and his sons are killed. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">583 BCE </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a>, the Babylonian-appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Yehud Province</a>, is assassinated. <br />Many Jews flee to Egypt and a possible fourth deportation to Babylon. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">562 BCE </td> <td align="left">Release of Jehoiachin after 37 years in a Babylonian prison following the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a>. Jehoiachin remains in Babylon. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">539 BCE </td> <td align="left">Persians conquer Babylon (October). </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">538 BCE </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus%27s_edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus's edict">Decree of Cyrus</a> allows Jews to return to Jerusalem. Sheshbazzar leads a wave of Jews back to Yehud. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">520–515 BCE </td> <td align="left">Return by many Jews to Yehud under <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> and Joshua the High Priest.<br /> Foundations of Second Temple laid. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">457 BCE </td> <td align="left">Third return migration under Ezra who reintroduces the Torah in Jerusalem. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left; background:#ffffec; vertical-align:top;"> <td style="text-align:center;">444 BCE </td> <td align="left">Fourth return migration under Nehemiah who rebuilds Jerusalem and its walls. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>, sometimes called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yahudu_Tablets" title="Al-Yahudu Tablets">Al-Yahudu Tablets</a>, 200 cuneiform tablets from the sixth and fifth centuries BCE on the exiled Judean community near <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Biblical Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a>, biblical account of the return to Judah by some of the exiled Judahites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">Psalm 137</a>, expressing lamentation of the exiles in Babylon for the loss of Jerusalem</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLemche2004" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). <i>Historical dictionary of ancient Israel</i>. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4848-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-4848-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+ancient+Israel&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+ancient+civilizations+and+historical+eras&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4848-1&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA357"><i>Biblical History and Israel S Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">357–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802862600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802862600"><bdi>978-0802862600</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>Overall, the difficulty in calculation arises because the biblical texts provide varying numbers for the different deportations. The HB/OT's conflicting figures for the dates, number and victims of the Babylonian deportations become even more of a problem for historical reconstruction because, other than the brief reference to the first capture of Jerusalem (597) in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Chronicle">Babylonian Chronicle</a>, historians have only the biblical sources with which to work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel+S+Past%3A+The+Changing+Study+of+the+Bible+and+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0802862600&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerston2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James G.; Rogerston, John William (2003). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Rogerston%2C+John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Stökl,_Caroline_Waerzegger2015" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). <i>Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>11, 30, 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+and+Return%3A+The+Babylonian+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E11%2C+30%2C+226&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Jonathan+St%C3%B6kl%2C+Caroline+Waerzegger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Wellspring of Georgian Historiography: The Early Medieval Historical Chronicle The Conversion of Katli and The Life of St. Nino, Constantine B. Lerner, England: Bennett and Bloom, London, 2004, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDekel2019" class="citation web cs1">Dekel, Mikhal (19 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/19/when-iran-welcomed-jewish-refugees/">"When Iran Welcomed Jewish Refugees"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Iran+Welcomed+Jewish+Refugees&rft.date=2019-10-19&rft.aulast=Dekel&rft.aufirst=Mikhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F10%2F19%2Fwhen-iran-welcomed-jewish-refugees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Wigoder, <i>The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible</i> Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Cohn-Sherbok, <i>The Hebrew Bible</i>, Continuum International, 1996, p. x. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33703-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33703-X">0-304-33703-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#24:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2Kings 24:6–8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip J. King, <i>Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion</i> (Westminster John Knox Press, 1993), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblical_World_1999._pg_350-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biblical_World_1999._pg_350_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Pub. by Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Bavli" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmud Bavli">Talmud Bavli</a>, avodah zara p. 9a. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seder_hadoroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder hadoroth">seder hadoroth</a> year 3338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malbim" title="Malbim">malbim</a> to Ezekiel 24:1, <a href="/wiki/Abarbanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Abarbanel">abarbanel</a> et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rennert-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rennert_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rennert_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html">"Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule"</a>. Biu.ac.il<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Temple+Period+%28538+BCE.+to+70+CE%29+Persian+Rule&rft.pub=Biu.ac.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2Fjs%2Frennert%2Fhistory_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harper's Bible Dictionary</i>, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2001). <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Winton_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="David Winton Thomas">Thomas, David Winton</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cRBAQAAIAAJ&q=tablets&pg=PA84"><i>Documents from Old Testament Times</i></a> (1961 ed.). Edinburgh and London: Thomas Nelson. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061300851" title="Special:BookSources/9780061300851"><bdi>9780061300851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+from+Old+Testament+Times&rft.place=Edinburgh+and+London&rft.pages=84&rft.edition=1961&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9780061300851&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+Winton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cRBAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtablets%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#24:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2Kings 24:12</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#24:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">24:15–24:16</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#25:27" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">25:27–25:30</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Chronicles#36:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Chronicles">2Chronicles 36:9–36:10</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#22:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">Jeremiah 22:24–22:6</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#29:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">29:2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jeremiah#52:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah">52:31–52:34</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#17:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 17:12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCOJS_staff" class="citation web cs1">COJS staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616092557/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Babylonian_Ration_List%3A_King_Jehoiakhin_in_Exile%2C_592/1_BCE">"Babylonian Ration List: King Jehoiakhin in Exile, 592/1 BCE"</a>. <i>COJS.org</i>. The Center for Online Judaic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Babylonian_Ration_List:_King_Jehoiakhin_in_Exile,_592/1_BCE">the original</a> on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Ya'u-kīnu, king of the land of Yahudu</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COJS.org&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Ration+List%3A+King+Jehoiakhin+in+Exile%2C+592%2F1+BCE&rft.au=COJS+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fcojswiki%2FBabylonian_Ration_List%3A_King_Jehoiakhin_in_Exile%2C_592%2F1_BCE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation from Aḥituv, Shmuel. <i>Echoes from the Past.</i> Jerusalem: CARTA Jerusalem, 2008, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaust2012" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcnPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119"><i>Judah in the Neo-Babylonian Period: The Archaeology of Desolation</i></a>. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-641-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-641-9"><bdi>978-1-58983-641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judah+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Desolation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-641-9&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcnPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarisani2004" class="citation journal cs1">Farisani, Elelwani (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC85644">"A sociological analysis of Israelites in Babylonian exile"</a>. <i>Old Testament Essays</i>: <span class="nowrap">380–</span>388 – via Sabinet African Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Old+Testament+Essays&rft.atitle=A+sociological+analysis+of+Israelites+in+Babylonian+exile&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Farisani&rft.aufirst=Elelwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FEJC85644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becking-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becking_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becking_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecking2006" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zi2i_C1aNkC&pg=PA8">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return"</a>. In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). <i>Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period</i>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22We+All+Returned+as+One%21%22%3A+Critical+Notes+on+the+Myth+of+the+Mass+Return&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Persian+Period&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-104-7&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zi2i_C1aNkC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe355-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe355_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe355_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PA355"><i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1</i></a>. T & T Clark. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567089984" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567089984"><bdi>978-0567089984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah+v.+1&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0567089984&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MnE5T_0RbMC%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4622505,00.html">"Ancient tablets on display in Jerusalem reveal Jewish life during Babylon exile"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i>. 3 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Ancient+tablets+on+display+in+Jerusalem+reveal+Jewish+life+during+Babylon+exile&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4622505%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2017" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Luke (3 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203">"Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ancient+tablets+reveal+life+of+Jews+in+Nebuchadnezzar%27s+Babylon&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Albertz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&pg=PA15"><i>Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century BCE</i> (page 15 link)</a> Society for Biblical Literature, 2003, pp. 4–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlum1998" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Erhard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10E4LpK732sC&pg=PA31">"Issues and Problems in the Contemporary Debate Regarding the Priestly Writings"</a>. In Sarah Shectman, Joel S. Baden (ed.). <i>The strata of the priestly writings: contemporary debate and future directions</i>. Theologischer Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783290175368" title="Special:BookSources/9783290175368"><bdi>9783290175368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Issues+and+Problems+in+the+Contemporary+Debate+Regarding+the+Priestly+Writings&rft.btitle=The+strata+of+the+priestly+writings%3A+contemporary+debate+and+future+directions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Theologischer+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9783290175368&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Erhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10E4LpK732sC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26d7.htm#1">Psalms 137:1, 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b24.htm#">"2 Kings 24 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"</a>. <i>mechon-mamre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mechon-mamre.org&rft.atitle=2+Kings+24+%2F+Hebrew+-+English+Bible+%2F+Mechon-Mamre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt09b24.htm%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (July 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/19353799-introduction-to-the-hebrew-bible"><i>Introduction To The Hebrew Bible And Deutero Canonical Books</i></a>. p. 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+To+The+Hebrew+Bible+And+Deutero+Canonical+Books&rft.pages=303&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F19353799-introduction-to-the-hebrew-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaénz-Badillos1993" class="citation journal cs1">Saénz-Badillos, Angel (1993). "A History of the Hebrew Language". <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sa%C3%A9nz-Badillos&rft.aufirst=Angel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Concise History of the Jewish People</i>. Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littma. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nova-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nova_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/secrets-of-noahs-ark">"Secrets of Noah's Ark – Transcript"</a>. <i>Nova</i>. PBS. 7 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nova&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+Noah%27s+Ark+%E2%80%93+Transcript&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fvideo%2Fsecrets-of-noahs-ark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVollmar,_Justin_D_and_Vo,_Eileen" class="citation web cs1">Vollmar, Justin D and Vo, Eileen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44892186/Mesopotamian_and_Achaemenid_Influence_on_Jewish_Monotheism_Political_and_Social_Contexts_in_Evolutionary_History">"Mesopotamian and Achaemenid Influence on Jewish Monotheism: Political and Social Contexts in Evolutionary History"</a>. World Civilization 101. <q>we can still conclude that the Israelites went into Babylonian captivity as monolatrous and emerged from the Persian era as strict monotheists</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+and+Achaemenid+Influence+on+Jewish+Monotheism%3A+Political+and+Social+Contexts+in+Evolutionary+History&rft.series=World+Civilization+101&rft.au=Vollmar%2C+Justin+D+and+Vo%2C+Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44892186%2FMesopotamian_and_Achaemenid_Influence_on_Jewish_Monotheism_Political_and_Social_Contexts_in_Evolutionary_History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikiprowetzky,_V.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Nikiprowetzky, V. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20024331">"Ethical Monotheism"</a>. <i>Daedalus</i>. <b>104</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Ethical+Monotheism&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Nikiprowetzky%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20024331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoler,_Jean,_and_Janet_Lloyd2007" class="citation journal cs1">Soler, Jean, and Janet Lloyd (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29737314">"Why Monotheism"</a>. <i>Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arion%3A+A+Journal+of+Humanities+and+the+Classics&rft.atitle=Why+Monotheism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Soler%2C+Jean%2C+and+Janet+Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29737314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainer Albertz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&pg=PR21"><i>Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century BCE</i></a>, p.xxi. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&pg=PA77">page 77 with another list of dates</a></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=17449&str1=%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94&str3=&find=1&ex=0&docs=1&pic=1&sites=1&title=&all=1&x=0&y=0">Yehud Medinata</a> map, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.cet.ac.il/aboutEng.aspx">CET – Center For Educational technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=9677&str1=%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94&str3=&find=1&ex=0&docs=1&pic=1&sites=1&title=&all=1&x=0&y=0">Yehud Medinata</a> Border map, CET – Center For Educational technology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/35981?language=en">Alstola, Tero, "Judeans in Babylonia: A Study of Deportees in the Sixth and Fifth Centuries BCE" (Brill, 2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Ackroyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter R. Ackroyd">Peter R. Ackroyd</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNiTMhIJDb0C&q=Exile+and+Restoration:+A+Study+of+Hebrew+Thought+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.">"Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C." (SCM Press, 1968)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/345080/2022_Alstola_ANE_Today_published.pdf?sequence=1">Alstola, "Everyday Life in Exile: Judean Deportees in Babylonian Texts", The Ancient Near East Today : Current News about the Ancient Past, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwExATCqwvwC&q=Yahwism+after+the+exile">Rainer Albertz, Bob Becking, "Yahwism after the Exile" (Van Gorcum, 2003)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C&q=Judaism,+the+first+phase:+the+place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah">Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase: the place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the origins of Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2009)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE49wYHz5YUC&q=A+search+for+the+origins+of+Judaism:+from+Joshua+to+the+Mishnah">Nodet, Étienne, "A search for the origins of Judaism: from Joshua to the Mishnah" (Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, original edition Editions du Cerf, 1997)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC&q=The+crisis+of+Israelite+religion:+transformation+of+religious+tradition">Becking, Bob, and Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds), "The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic & Post-Exilic Times" (Brill, 1999)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOd320e710IC">Bedford, Peter Ross, "Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah" (Brill, 2001)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C&pg=PA85">Grabbe, Lester L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period", vol.1 (T&T Clark International, 2004)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&q=Lipschitz,+Oded+fall+and+rise">Lipschitz, Oded, "The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem" (Eisenbrauns, 2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zi2i_C1aNkC&q=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Persian+period">Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period" (Eisenbrauns, 2006)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC">Middlemas, Jill Anne, "The troubles of templeless Judah" (Oxford University Press, 2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y4DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Pearce, Laurie, "New Perspectives on the Exile in Light of Cuneiform Texts". In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible</i>. (Oxford University Press, 2020)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAsgfNCjWWwC&q=Rewriting+the+Torah+Jeffrey+Stackert">Stackert, Jeffrey, "Rewriting the Torah: literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code" (Mohr Siebeck, 2007)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cuAEAAAQBAJ">Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism (2nd edition)" (Eerdmans, 2022)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_captivity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Babylonian_captivity" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Babylonian_Captivity" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Babylonian Captivity">Babylonian Captivity</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Captivity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Babylonish_Captivity" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Babylonish Captivity">Babylonish Captivity</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonish+Captivity&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Justus_Knecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LXXV. Fall of the Kingdom of Juda. — The Babylonian Captivity"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/LXXV._Fall_of_the_Kingdom_of_Juda._%E2%80%94_The_Babylonian_Captivity">"LXXV. Fall of the Kingdom of Juda. — The Babylonian Captivity" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LXXV.+Fall+of+the+Kingdom+of+Juda.+%E2%80%94+The+Babylonian+Captivity&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Friedrich+Justus+Knecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabylonian+captivity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a 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