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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Samnite_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Samnite_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Samnite period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Samnite_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AD_62–79" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AD_62–79"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>AD 62–79</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AD_62–79-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eruption_of_Vesuvius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eruption_of_Vesuvius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Eruption of Vesuvius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eruption_of_Vesuvius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_and_excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rediscovery and excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Modern archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_city_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_city_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roman city development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman_city_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roman city development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roman_city_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Public buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shops_and_workshops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shops_and_workshops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shops and workshops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shops_and_workshops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lists of buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Agriculture and horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erotic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erotic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Erotic art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erotic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquarium_of_Pompeii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquarium_of_Pompeii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Antiquarium of Pompeii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquarium_of_Pompeii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pompeii</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="بومبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بومبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A7%D5%B5" title="Բոմբէյ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բոմբէյ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A8i" title="Pompèi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pompèi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeya" title="Pompeya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pompeya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pompey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A9ii" title="Pompéii – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pompéii" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87" title="পম্পেই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পম্পেই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Помпеи – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Помпеи" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Пампеі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пампеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Пампэі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пампэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Помпей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Помпей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="པོམ་པེ་ཡི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པོམ་པེ་ཡི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei_(Henamzer)" title="Pompei (Henamzer) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pompei (Henamzer)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeia" title="Pompeia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pompeia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeje" title="Pompeje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pompeje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pompei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πομπηία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πομπηία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeya" title="Pompeya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pompeya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompejo" title="Pompejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pompejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponpeia" title="Ponpeia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ponpeia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پمپئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پمپئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A9i" title="Pompéi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pompéi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompe%C3%AF" title="Pompeï – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pompeï" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeia" title="Pompeia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pompeia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%BC%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4" title="폼페이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폼페이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Պոմպեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոմպեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87" title="पोम्पेइ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोम्पेइ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeyi" title="Pompeyi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pompeyi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Pompei (città antica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pompei (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99" title="פומפיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פומפיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="პომპეი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პომპეი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Помпеи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Помпеи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pompei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Помпей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Помпей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B_(Pompeii)" title="ປອມເປ (Pompeii) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປອມເປ (Pompeii)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii_(urbs_antiqua)" title="Pompeii (urbs antiqua) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pompeii (urbs antiqua)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C4%97jai" title="Pompėjai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pompėjai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompe%C3%AF" title="Pompeï – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pompeï" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pompei" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Помпеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Помпеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88" title="പോംപൈ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോംപൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="पॉम्पेई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॉम्पेई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="პომპეი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პომპეი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%89" title="بومبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بومبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="ပွန်ပေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပွန်ပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompe%C3%AF" title="Pompeï – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pompeï" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="पोम्पेई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोम्पेई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4" title="ポンペイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポンペイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scave_archeologgece_%27e_Pumpeje" title="Scave archeologgece 'e Pumpeje – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Scave archeologgece 'e Pumpeje" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Помпеи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Помпеи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A9i" title="Pompéi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pompéi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pompey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%88" title="ਪੋਂਪੇਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਂਪੇਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp%C3%A9i" title="Pompéi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pompéi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeje_(stanowisko_archeologiczne)" title="Pompeje (stanowisko archeologiczne) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pompeje (stanowisko archeologiczne)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeia" title="Pompeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pompeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pompei" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Помпеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Помпеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeje" title="Pompeje – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pompeje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Помпеја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помпеја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeji" title="Pompeji – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pompeji" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeya" title="Pompeya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pompeya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF" title="பொம்பெயி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொம்பெயி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Помпеи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Помпеи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87" title="పాంపే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాంపే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="ปอมเปอี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอมเปอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Помпеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Помпеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پومپئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پومپئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pompeii" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E8%B4%9D" title="庞贝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="庞贝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%B2%9D" title="龐貝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="龐貝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E8%B4%9D" title="庞贝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庞贝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pompeii&params=40_45_0_N_14_29_10_E_region:IT_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°29′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.75000°N 14.48611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.75000; 14.48611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city near modern Naples, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient city. For the modern Italian city, see <a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a>. For the Classical Roman leader, see <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. For the Roman family, see <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_gens" title="Pompeia gens">Pompeia gens</a>. For the Pacific island, see <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pompeii_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pompeii (disambiguation)">Pompeii (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pompeii</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg/250px-Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg/375px-Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg/500px-Theathres_of_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="2872" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of Pompeii and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pompeii is located in Italy"><img alt="Pompeii is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.959%;left:64.735%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pompeii"><img alt="Pompeii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Italy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Metropolitan City of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pompeii&params=40_45_0_N_14_29_10_E_region:IT_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°29′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.75000°N 14.48611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.75000; 14.48611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">64 to 67 ha (170 acres)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">7th–6th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 79</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org/">www<wbr />.pompeiisites<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1997 (21st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829">829</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites#Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pompeii</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>)/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/En-us-Pompeii.oga\/En-us-Pompeii.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Pompeii.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/En-us-Pompeii.oga/En-us-Pompeii.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Pompeii.oga" title="File:En-us-Pompeii.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pom-<span style="font-size:90%">PAY(</span>-ee)</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[pɔmˈpei̯.iː]</a></span>) was a city in what is now the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">many surrounding villas</a>, the city was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a>. </p><p>Largely preserved under the ash, Pompeii offers a unique snapshot of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Roman life</a>, frozen at the moment it was buried,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as insight into ancient <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a wealthy town of 10,000 to 20,000 residents at the time it was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It hosted many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and artworks, which were the main attractions for early excavators; subsequent excavations have found hundreds of private homes and businesses reflecting various architectural styles and social classes, as well as numerous public buildings. Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were interred in the ash; their eventual decay allowed archaeologists to create <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">moulds</a> of figures in their final moments of life. The numerous <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> carved on outside walls and inside rooms provide a wealth of examples of the largely lost <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> spoken colloquially at the time, contrasting with the formal language of classical writers. </p><p>Following its destruction, Pompeii remained largely undisturbed until its rediscovery in the late 16th century. Major excavations did not begin until the mid-18th century, which marked the emergence of modern <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeology</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initial efforts to unearth the city were haphazard or marred by looting, resulting in many items or sites being damaged or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1960, most of Pompeii had been uncovered but left in decay;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further major excavations were banned or limited to targeted, prioritised areas. Since 2018, these efforts have led to new discoveries in some previously unexplored areas of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a banquet hall adorned with rare well-preserved frescoes depicting various mythological scenes and figures. </p><p>Pompeii is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, owing to its status as "the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is among the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p><i>Pompeii</i> in Latin is a second <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">declension</a> masculine nominative plural noun (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pompeiī, -ōrum</i></span>). According to Theodor Kraus, "The root of the word Pompeii would appear to be the <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> word for the number five, <i>pompe</i>, which suggests that either the community consisted of five <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a> or perhaps it was settled by a family group (<i><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_gens" title="Pompeia gens">gens Pompeia</a></i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_Forum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Forum of Pompeii with the entrances to the Basilica (left) and Macellum (right), the Temple of Jupiter (front) and Mount Vesuvius in the distance"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompeii_Forum.JPG/800px-Pompeii_Forum.JPG" decoding="async" width="800" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompeii_Forum.JPG/1200px-Pompeii_Forum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompeii_Forum.JPG/1600px-Pompeii_Forum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6799" data-file-height="1862" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_Forum.JPG" title="File:Pompeii Forum.JPG"> </a></div>The Forum of Pompeii with the entrances to the Basilica (left) and <a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum</a> (right), the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a> (front) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in the distance</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>Pompeii was built approximately 40 m (130 ft) above sea level on a coastal lava plateau created by earlier eruptions of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> (8 km or 5 mi distant). The plateau fell steeply to the south and partly to the west into the sea. Three layers of sediment from large <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> lie on top of the lava, perhaps triggered by extended rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city, once by the shoreline, is today circa 700 m (2,300 ft) inland. The mouth of the navigable <a href="/wiki/Sarno_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarno River">Sarno River</a>, adjacent to the city, was protected by lagoons and served early Greek and Phoenician sailors as a haven port, later developed by the Romans. </p><p>Pompeii covered a total of 64 to 67 hectares (160 to 170 acres) and was home to 11,000 to 11,500 people, based on household counts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png/260px-Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png/390px-Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png/520px-Map_of_setteling_phases_of_Pompeii.png 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Settlement phases of Pompeii <br />red: 1st (Samnite) town<br />blue: 1st expansion, 4th century BC<br />green: 2nd expansion<br />yellow: Roman expansion, from 89 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Although best known for its Roman remains visible today, dating from AD 79, it was built upon a substantial city dating from much earlier times. Expansion of the city from an early nucleus (the <a href="/wiki/Old_town" title="Old town">old town</a>) accelerated after 450 BC under the Greeks following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangular_Forum_(7238763042).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triangular_Forum_%287238763042%29.jpg/220px-Triangular_Forum_%287238763042%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triangular_Forum_%287238763042%29.jpg/330px-Triangular_Forum_%287238763042%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triangular_Forum_%287238763042%29.jpg/440px-Triangular_Forum_%287238763042%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Greek Doric Temple (6th century BC) in Triangular Forum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg/220px-Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg/330px-Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg/440px-Pompeii_Tempel_van_Apollo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first stable settlements on the site date to the 8th century BC when the <a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Oscans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a population of central Italy, founded five villages in the area. </p><p>With the arrival of the Greeks in Campania from around 740 BC, Pompeii entered the orbit of the Hellenic people. The most important building of this period is the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> Temple,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built away from the centre in what would later become the Triangular Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etienne-1992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> At the same time the cult of Apollo was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> sailors used the location as a safe port. </p><p>In the early 6th century BC, the settlement merged into a single community centred on the important crossroad between <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a> and was surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> city wall (the <i>pappamonte</i> wall).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wall (which was also used as a base for the later wall) unusually enclosed a much greater area than the early town together with much agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That such an impressive wall was built at this time indicates that the settlement was already important and wealthy. The city began to flourish and maritime trade started with the construction of a small port near the mouth of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etienne-1992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest settlement was focused in regions VII and VIII of the town (the old town) as identified from <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> below the Samnite and Roman buildings, as well as from the different and irregular street plan. </p><p>By 524 BC<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Etruscans had settled in the area, including Pompeii, finding in the river Sarno a communication route between the sea and the interior. Like the Greeks, the Etruscans did not conquer the city militarily, but simply controlled it, and Pompeii enjoyed a sort of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etienne-1992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> Nevertheless, Pompeii became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_cities" title="Etruscan cities">Etruscan League of cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations in 1980–1981 have shown the presence of Etruscan inscriptions and a 6th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Etruscans, a primitive <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> or simple market square was built, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a>, in both of which objects including fragments of <i><a href="/wiki/Bucchero" title="Bucchero">bucchero</a></i> were found by <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Maiuri" title="Amedeo Maiuri">Maiuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several houses were built with the so-called Tuscan <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>, typical of this people.<sup id="cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etienne-1992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg/220px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg/330px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg/440px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5836" data-file-height="3895" /></a><figcaption>City walls</figcaption></figure> <p>The city wall was strengthened in the early 5th century BC with two façades of relatively thin, vertically set slabs of Sarno limestone some four metres (13 ft) apart filled with earth (the <i>orthostate</i> wall).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 474 BC, the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, allied with <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>, defeated the Etruscans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cumae" title="Battle of Cumae">Battle of Cumae</a> and gained control of the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Samnite_period">The Samnite period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg/220px-I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg/330px-I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg/440px-I08_141_gro%C3%9Fes_Theater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4494" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>Large Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_2021_-_04_(Odeon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pompeii_2021_-_04_%28Odeon%29.jpg/220px-Pompeii_2021_-_04_%28Odeon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pompeii_2021_-_04_%28Odeon%29.jpg/330px-Pompeii_2021_-_04_%28Odeon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pompeii_2021_-_04_%28Odeon%29.jpg/440px-Pompeii_2021_-_04_%28Odeon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3826" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Odeon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg/220px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg/330px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg/440px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5526" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a> (2nd century BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>The period between about 450–375 BC witnessed large areas of the city being abandoned while important sanctuaries such as the Temple of Apollo show a sudden lack of votive material remains.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, people from the areas of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, and allies of the Romans, conquered Greek Cumae between 423 and 420 BC. It is likely that all of the surrounding territory, including Pompeii, was already conquered around 424 BC. The new rulers gradually imposed their architecture and enlarged the town. </p><p>From 343 to 341 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a>, the first Roman army entered the Campanian plain bringing with it the customs and traditions of Rome, and in the Roman <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a> from 340 BC, the Samnites were faithful to Rome. Although governed by the Samnites, Pompeii entered the Roman orbit, to which it remained faithful even during the third Samnite war and in the war against <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>. In the late 4th century BC, the city began expanding from its nucleus into the open-walled area. The street plan of the new areas was more regular and more conformal to <a href="/wiki/Hippodamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodamus">Hippodamus</a>'s street plan. The city walls were reinforced in <a href="/wiki/Sarno" title="Sarno">Sarno</a> stone in the early 3rd century BC (the limestone <i>enceinte</i>, or the "first Samnite wall"). It formed the basis for the currently visible walls with an outer wall of rectangular limestone blocks as a terrace wall supporting a large <i><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">agger</a></i>, or earth embankment, behind it. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> from 290 BC, Pompeii was forced to accept the status of <i><a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">socii</a></i> of Rome, maintaining, however, linguistic and administrative autonomy. </p><p>From the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> (218–201 BC) in which <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s invasion threatened many cities, Pompeii remained faithful to Rome unlike many of the southern cities. As a result, an additional internal wall was built of <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> and the internal <i>agger</i> and outer façade raised, resulting in a double parapet with a wider wall-walk.<sup id="cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etienne-1992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the political uncertainty of these events and the progressive migration of wealthy men to quieter cities in the eastern Mediterranean, Pompeii continued to flourish due to the production and trade of wine and oil with places like <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to intensive agriculture on farms around the city. </p><p>In the 2nd century BC, Pompeii enriched itself by taking part in Rome's conquest of the east, as shown by a statue of Apollo in the Forum erected by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mummius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Mummius">Lucius Mummius</a> in gratitude for their support in the sack of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and the eastern campaigns. These riches enabled Pompeii to bloom and expand to its ultimate limits. The Forum and many public and private buildings of high architectural quality were built, including <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Area_of_Pompeii#The_Large_Theatre" title="Theatre Area of Pompeii">The Large Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a>, the Basilica, the Comitium, the Stabian Baths, and a new two-story portico.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Roman_period">The Roman period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg/220px-Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg/330px-Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg/440px-Veduta_dall%27alto_della_Casa_dei_Gladiatori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5376" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Gladiator barracks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg/220px-Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg/330px-Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg/440px-Pittura_di_pompei_con_zuffa_tra_pompeiani_e_nocerini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Fresco depicting the fight in the amphitheatre between Pompeians and Nucerians</figcaption></figure> <p>Pompeii was one of the towns of Campania that rebelled against Rome in the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(90%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (90–88 BC)">Social Wars</a> and in 89 BC it was besieged by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a>, who targeted the strategically vulnerable Porta Ercolano with his artillery as can still be seen by the impact craters of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a> shots in the walls. Many nearby buildings inside the walls were also destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the battle-hardened troops of the Social League, headed by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cluentius" title="Lucius Cluentius">Lucius Cluentius</a>, helped in resisting the Romans, Pompeii was forced to surrender after the conquest of Nola. The result was that Pompeii became a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> named Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. Many of Sulla's veterans were given land and property in and around the city, while many who opposed Rome were dispossessed of their property. Despite this, the Pompeians were granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> and quickly assimilated into the Roman world. The main language in the city became Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-Pompeii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pompeii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of Pompeii's old aristocratic families Latinized their names as a sign of assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pompeii-The_Living_City_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pompeii-The_Living_City-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area around Pompeii became very prosperous due to the desirability of living on the Bay of Naples for wealthy Romans and due to the rich agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many farms and villas were built nearby, outside the city and many have been excavated. These include the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Diomedes" title="Villa of Diomedes">Villa of Diomedes</a>, several at <a href="/wiki/Boscoreale" title="Boscoreale">Boscoreale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boscotrecase" title="Boscotrecase">Boscotrecase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terzigno" title="Terzigno">Terzigno</a>, and Civita Guiliana.<sup id="cite_ref-EoCG_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoCG-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> along the nearby <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>. Many public buildings were constructed or refurbished and improved under the new order; new buildings included the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre of Pompeii</a> in 70 BC, the Forum Baths, and the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Area_of_Pompeii#Odeon" title="Theatre Area of Pompeii">Odeon</a>. In comparison, the Forum was embellished with the colonnade of Popidius before 80 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These buildings raised the status of Pompeii as a cultural centre in the region as it outshone its neighbours in the number of places for entertainment which significantly enhanced the social and economic development of the city. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, from about 30 BC, a major expansion in new public buildings, as in the rest of the empire, included the <a href="/wiki/Eumachia#Building_of_Eumachia" title="Eumachia">Eumachia Building</a>, the Sanctuary of Augustus and the <a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum</a>. From about 20 BC, Pompeii was fed with running water by a spur from the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Serino Aqueduct</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>. </p><p>In AD 59, there was a serious riot and bloodshed in the amphitheatre between Pompeians and <a href="/wiki/Nuceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuceria">Nucerians</a> (which is recorded in a fresco) and which led the Roman Senate to send the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> to restore order and to ban further events for ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AD_62–79"><span id="AD_62.E2.80.9379"></span>AD 62–79</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeian_bas-relief,_depicting_the_tilting_buildings_in_the_Forum_of_Pompeii_during_the_AD_62_earthquake,_AD_62-79,_Exhibition_%E2%80%9CPompeii_And_Santorini._Eternity_In_A_Day%E2%80%9D_at_the_Scuderie_Del_Quirinale,_Rome_(49904946677).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pompeian_bas-relief%2C_depicting_the_tilting_buildings_in_the_Forum_of_Pompeii_during_the_AD_62_earthquake%2C_AD_62-79%2C_Exhibition_%E2%80%9CPompeii_And_Santorini._Eternity_In_A_Day%E2%80%9D_at_the_Scuderie_Del_Quirinale%2C_Rome_%2849904946677%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pompeian_bas-relief%2C_depicting_the_tilting_buildings_in_the_Forum_of_Pompeii_during_the_AD_62_earthquake%2C_AD_62-79%2C_Exhibition_%E2%80%9CPompeii_And_Santorini._Eternity_In_A_Day%E2%80%9D_at_the_Scuderie_Del_Quirinale%2C_Rome_%2849904946677%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pompeian_bas-relief%2C_depicting_the_tilting_buildings_in_the_Forum_of_Pompeii_during_the_AD_62_earthquake%2C_AD_62-79%2C_Exhibition_%E2%80%9CPompeii_And_Santorini._Eternity_In_A_Day%E2%80%9D_at_the_Scuderie_Del_Quirinale%2C_Rome_%2849904946677%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Tilting buildings in the Forum of Pompeii during the AD 62 earthquake showing damage to Pompeii's Temple of Jupiter (relief from the House of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Iucundus" title="Lucius Caecilius Iucundus">Lucius Caecilius Iucundus</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The inhabitants of Pompeii had long been used to minor earthquakes (indeed, the writer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> wrote that earth tremors "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania"), but on 5 February 62<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/62_Pompeii_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="62 Pompeii earthquake">severe earthquake</a> did considerable damage around the bay, and particularly to Pompeii. It is believed that the earthquake would have registered between 5 and 6 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeology1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On that day in Pompeii, there were to be two sacrifices, as it was the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> being named <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i> ("Father of the Country") and also a feast day to honour the guardian spirits of the city. Chaos followed the earthquake; fires caused by oil lamps that had fallen during the quake added to the panic. The nearby cities of <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuceria">Nuceria</a> were also affected.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeology1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 62 AD and the eruption in 79 AD, most rebuilding was done in the private sector and older, damaged frescoes were often covered with newer ones, for example. In the public sector, the opportunity was taken to improve buildings and the city plan, e.g. in the Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important field of current research concerns structures that were restored between the earthquake of 62 and the eruption. It was thought until recently that some of the damage had still not been repaired at the time of the eruption, but this is doubtful as the evidence of missing forum statues and marble wall veneers are most likely due to robbers after the city's burial.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public buildings on the east side of the Forum were largely restored and were enhanced by beautiful marble veneers and other modifications to the architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some buildings like the Central Baths were only started after the earthquake and were built to enhance the city with modern developments in their architecture, as had been done in Rome, in terms of wall-heating and window glass, and with well-lit spacious rooms. The new baths took over a whole <i><a href="/wiki/Insula_(Roman_city)" title="Insula (Roman city)">insula</a></i> by demolishing houses, which may have been made easier by the earthquake that had damaged these houses. This shows that the city was still flourishing rather than struggling to recover from the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about 64, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Poppaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppaea">Poppaea</a> visited Pompeii and made gifts to the temple of Venus (the city's patron deity),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably when he performed in the theatre of Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 79, Pompeii had a population of 20,000,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had prospered from the region's renowned agricultural fertility and favourable location, although more recent estimates are up to 11,500 based on household counts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eruption_of_Vesuvius">Eruption of Vesuvius</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_AD_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/250px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/375px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg/500px-Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Pompeii and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>The eruption lasted for two days.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase was of pumice rain <i>(<a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a>)</i> lasting about 18 hours, allowing most inhabitants to escape. Only approximately 1,150 bodies<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have so far been found on site, which seems to confirm this theory, and most escapees probably managed to salvage some of their most valuable belongings; many skeletons were found with jewellery, coins, and silverware. </p><p>At some time in the night or early the next day, <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> began near the volcano, consisting of high speed, dense, and scorching ash clouds, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population and altering the landscape, including the coastline. By the evening of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly. </p><p>A multidisciplinary <a href="/wiki/Vulcanology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanology">volcanological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">bio-anthropological</a> study<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the eruption products and victims, merged with numerical simulations and experiments, indicates that at Pompeii and surrounding towns heat was the main cause of death of people, previously believed to have died by ash <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>. The results of the study, published in 2010, show that exposure to at least 250 °C (480 °F) hot pyroclastic flows at a distance of 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the vent was sufficient to cause instant death, even if people were sheltered within buildings. The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to twelve different layers of <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a>, in total, up to 6 metres (19.7 ft) deep. Archaeology in 2023 showed that some buildings collapsed due to one or more earthquakes during the eruption, killing the occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> provided a first-hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Naples">Bay of Naples</a> at <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was written approximately 27 or 28 years after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, with whom he had a close relationship, died while attempting to rescue stranded victims. As admiral of the fleet, Pliny the Elder had ordered the ships of the Imperial Navy stationed at Misenum to cross the bay to assist evacuation attempts. Volcanologists have recognised the importance of Pliny the Younger's account of the eruption by calling similar events "<a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a>". It had long been thought that the eruption was an August event based on one version of the letter, but another version<sup id="cite_ref-Stefani_2006_10–14_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefani_2006_10–14-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives a date of the eruption as late as 23 November. A later date is consistent with a charcoal inscription at the site, discovered in 2018, which includes the date of 17 October and which must have been recently written.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collaborative study in 2022 determined a date of 24–25 October.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An October/November eruption is clearly supported by many pieces of evidence: the fact that people buried in the ash appear to have been wearing heavier clothing than the light summer clothes typical of August; the fresh fruit and vegetables in the shops are typical of October – and conversely the summer fruit typical of August was already being sold in dried, or conserved form; nuts from chestnut trees were found at <a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a>, which would not have been mature before mid-September;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wine fermenting jars had been sealed, which would have happened around the end of October; coins found in the purse of a woman buried in the ash include one with a 15th <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperatorial</a> acclamation among the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a>'s titles. These coins could not have been minted before the second week of September.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefani_2006_10–14_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefani_2006_10–14-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rediscovery_and_excavations">Rediscovery and excavations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg/310px-Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg/465px-Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg/620px-Historical_map_of_excavations_in_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Periods/areas of excavations</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> appointed two ex-consuls to organise a relief effort while donating large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no work was done on recovery. </p><p>Soon after the city's burial, survivors and possibly thieves came to salvage valuables, including the marble statues from the Forum and other precious materials from buildings. There is wide evidence of post-eruption <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">disturbance</a>, including holes made through walls. The city was not completely buried, and the tops of larger buildings would have been visible above the ash, making it obvious where to dig or salvage <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The robbers left traces of their passage, as in a house where modern archaeologists found a wall graffito saying "house dug".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the following centuries, its name and location were forgotten, though it still appeared on the <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></i> of the 4th century. Further eruptions, particularly in 471–473 and 512, covered the remains more deeply. The area became known as the <i>La Civita</i> (the city) due to the features in the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fosso_del_Conte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fosso_del_Conte.png/310px-Fosso_del_Conte.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fosso_del_Conte.png/465px-Fosso_del_Conte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fosso_del_Conte.png/620px-Fosso_del_Conte.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Fontana's aqueduct through Pompeii</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg/170px-Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg/255px-Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg/340px-Pompeii_Garden_of_the_Fugitives_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Fugitives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garden of the Fugitives">The Garden of the Fugitives</a>: plaster casts of victims still <i>in situ</i>; many casts are in the Archaeological Museum of Naples.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next known date that any part was unearthed was in 1592, when architect <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a>, while digging an underground aqueduct to the mills of <a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a>, ran into ancient walls covered with paintings and inscriptions. His aqueduct passed through and underneath a large part of the city<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would have had to pass through many buildings and foundations, as they still can be seen in many places today. However, he kept the finding secret. </p><p>In 1689, Francesco Picchetti saw a wall inscription mentioning <i>decurio Pompeiis</i> ("town councillor of Pompeii"), but he associated it with a villa of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. Francesco Bianchini pointed out the true meaning, and he was supported by Giuseppe Macrini, who in 1693 excavated some walls and wrote that Pompeii lay beneath La Civita.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herculaneum was rediscovered in 1738 by workers digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the King of Naples, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles of Bourbon</a>. Due to the spectacular quality of the finds, the Spanish military engineer <a href="/wiki/Roque_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Alcubierre" title="Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre">Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre</a> made excavations to find further remains at the site of Pompeii in 1748, even if the city was not identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozgenel_2008_13_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozgenel_2008_13-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles of Bourbon took great interest in the finds, even after leaving to become king of Spain because the display of antiquities reinforced Naples' political and cultural prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 August 1763, an inscription <i>[...] Rei Publicae Pompeianorum [...]</i> was found and the city was identified as Pompeii.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jakob_Weber" title="Karl Jakob Weber">Karl Weber</a> directed the first scientific excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was followed in 1764 by military engineer Franscisco la Vega, who was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_la_Vega" title="Pietro la Vega">Pietro</a>, in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was much progress in exploration when the French occupied Naples in 1799 and ruled over Italy from 1806 to 1815. The land on which Pompeii lies was confiscated, and up to 700 workers were employed in the excavations. The excavated areas in the north and south were connected. Parts of the Via dell'Abbondanza were also exposed in the west–east direction, and for the first time, an impression of the size and appearance of the ancient town could be appreciated. In the following years, the excavators struggled with a lack of money. Excavations progressed slowly, but with significant finds such as the houses of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">Faun</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Menandro" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa del Menandro">Menandro</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">Tragic Poet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of the surgeon">Surgeon</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg/220px-Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg/330px-Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg/440px-Pompei_plan_with_regio_info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Fiorelli's plan of <i>regiones</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Fiorelli" title="Giuseppe Fiorelli">Giuseppe Fiorelli</a> took charge of the excavations in 1863 and made greater progress.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains. Fiorelli realised these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies, and so devised the technique of injecting <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> into them to recreate the forms of Vesuvius's victims. This technique is still in use today, with a clear <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> now used instead of plaster because it is more durable and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiorelli also introduced scientific documentation. He divided the city into today's nine areas (<i>regiones</i>) and blocks (<i><a href="/wiki/Insula_(building)" title="Insula (building)">insulae</a></i>) and numbered the entrances of the individual houses (<i>domus</i>). Fiorelli also published the first periodical with excavation reports. Under his successors, the entire west section of the city was exposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_archaeology">Modern archaeology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pompeii_map-en.svg/310px-Pompeii_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pompeii_map-en.svg/465px-Pompeii_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pompeii_map-en.svg/620px-Pompeii_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Map of Pompeii</figcaption></figure> <p>After those of Fiorelli, excavations continued in an increasingly more systematic and considered manner under several directors of archaeology though still with the main interest in making spectacular discoveries and uncovering more houses rather than answering the main questions about the city and its long term preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Maiuri" title="Amedeo Maiuri">Amedeo Maiuri</a> excavated older layers beneath those of 79 AD for the first time to learn about the settlement history.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maiuri made the last excavations on a grand scale in the 1950s, and the area south of the Via dell'Abbondanza and the city wall was almost completely uncovered, but they were poorly documented scientifically. Preservation was haphazard, and his reconstructions were difficult to distinguish from the original ruins, which is a great handicap for studying genuine antique remains. Questionable reconstruction was also done after the severe earthquake of 1980, which caused great destruction. Since then, work has been confined to the excavated areas except for targeted soundings and excavations. Further excavations on a large scale are not planned, and today archaeologists are more engaged in reconstructing, documenting and slowing the decay of the ruins. </p><p>In December 2018, archaeologists discovered the remains of harnessed horses in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompei_-_panoramio_(26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pompei_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg/220px-Pompei_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pompei_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg/330px-Pompei_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pompei_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg/440px-Pompei_-_panoramio_%2826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Via dell'Abbondanza, the main street in Pompeii</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the 'Great Pompeii Project' over 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of ancient walls within the city were relieved of danger of collapse by treating the unexcavated areas behind the street fronts in order to increase drainage and reduce the pressure of groundwater and earth on the walls, a problem especially in the rainy season. These excavations resumed on unexcavated areas of <i>Regio V</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2020 the remains of two men, thought to be a rich man and his slave, were found in a 2 m-thick (6.6 ft) layer of ash. They appeared to have escaped the first eruption but were killed by a second blast the next day. A study of the bones showed that the younger one appeared to have done manual labour and hence was likely a slave.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Thermopolium" title="Thermopolium">thermopolium</a>, an inn or snack-bar, was excavated in Regio V. In addition to brightly coloured <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> depicting some of the food on offer, archaeologists found eight <a href="/wiki/Dolia_(vessels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolia (vessels)">dolia</a> (terracotta pots) still containing remnants of meals, including duck, goat, pig, fish, and snails.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also found a decorated bronze drinking bowl known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a></i>, wine flasks, <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a>, and ceramic jars used for cooking stews and soups. One fresco depicts a dog with a collar on a leash, possibly reminding customers to leash their pets. The complete skeleton of a tiny adult dog was also discovered, measuring only about 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) at the shoulder, which provides evidence of the highly selective breeding of dogs in Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021 a well-preserved "large, four-wheel ceremonial chariot" was uncovered in the portico of the luxurious villa in Civita Giuliana,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> north of Pompeii, where a stable had previously been discovered in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-EoCG_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoCG-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carriage is made of bronze and black and red wooden panels, with engraved silver and bronze medallions at the back. It is now thought to be an elaborate and unique bridal carriage called a <i>pilentum</i> and in 2023 has been restored for display at the Baths of Diocletian.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby the bodies of two fugitives had been found using plaster casts, and in a stable the remains of horses, one still in harness. </p><p>In 2021, an exceptional 1st century AD painted tomb of a freed slave, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Venerius_Secundio" title="Marcus Venerius Secundio">Marcus Venerius Secundio</a>, containing mummified human remains, was discovered outside the Porta Sarno gate.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its inscription records he achieved custodianship of the Temple of Venus and membership of the Augustales, priests of the Imperial Cult. Also, he organised Greek and Latin performances lasting four days, the first evidence of Greek cultural events in Pompeii. </p><p>In April 2024, a dining hall lined with rare frescoes was excavated as part of a broader project aimed at shoring up the front of the perimeter between the excavated and unexcavated area of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One fresco presents Helen of Troy and Paris, and another depicts Apollo and Princess Cassandra, with Apollo trying to attract the princess's attention. The hall, measuring 15 by 6 meters, was located in a house on Via di Nola—one of the main city streets in the famous <a href="/wiki/Regio_IX_Circus_Flaminius" title="Regio IX Circus Flaminius">Regio IX</a> area. The room walls were painted black, perhaps to hide the traces of soot from the lighting fixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2024, a shrine with rare blue-painted walls covered with paintings of females thought to represent the four seasons (<a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a>) was discovered. 15 amphorae, two bronze jugs and two bronze lamps were among the findings. The 8 m<sup>2</sup> (86 sq ft) room is thought to be a sacrarium (the sanctuary of a church).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg/220px-Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg/330px-Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg/440px-Pompeii_-_Via_dell%27Abbondanza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The buildings on the left show signs of decay due to the infestation of various plants, while the debris accumulating on the footpath indicates erosion of the infrastructure. The footpaths and road have also been worn down by pedestrian activity since excavation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Objects buried beneath Pompeii were well-preserved for almost 2,000 years as the lack of air and moisture allowed little to no deterioration. However, Pompeii has been exposed to natural and anthropic deterioration following excavation. </p><p>Weathering, erosion, light exposure, water damage, poor methods of excavation and reconstruction, introduced plants and animals, tourism, vandalism and theft have all damaged the site in some way. The lack of adequate weather protection for all but the most interesting and important buildings has allowed original interior decoration to fade or be lost. Two-thirds of the city has been excavated, but the remnants of the city are rapidly deteriorating.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> many buildings were badly damaged or destroyed by bombs dropped in several raids by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservation concern has constantly worried archaeologists. The ancient city was included in the <a href="/wiki/1996_World_Monuments_Watch" title="1996 World Monuments Watch">1996 World Monuments Watch</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a>, and again in <a href="/wiki/1998_World_Monuments_Watch" title="1998 World Monuments Watch">1998</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2000_World_Monuments_Watch" title="2000 World Monuments Watch">2000</a>. In 1996 the organisation claimed that Pompeii "desperately need[ed] repair" and called for the drafting of a general plan of <a href="/wiki/Building_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Building restoration">restoration</a> and interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation supported conservation at Pompeii with funding from <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Henry_Kress#The_Kress_Foundation" title="Samuel Henry Kress">Samuel H. Kress Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Schola Armatorum</i> ('House of the Gladiators')<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collapsed in 2010 caused by heavy rainfall and lack of proper drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-PUNHS_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUNHS-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure was not open to visitors, but the outside was visible to tourists. There was fierce controversy after the collapse, with accusations of neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, funding is mostly directed into conservation of the site; however, due to the expanse of Pompeii and the scale of the problems, this is inadequate in halting the slow decay of the materials. A 2012 study recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost-effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2013, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> warned that if restoration and preservation works "fail to deliver substantial progress in the next two years," Pompeii could be placed on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Grande Progetto Pompei" project of about five years had begun in 2012 with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and included stabilization and conservation of buildings in the highest risk areas. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Centre">UNESCO headquarters</a> received a new management plan to help integrate the property's management, conservation, and maintenance programs.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 many <i><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i> gardens, orchards and vineyards were carefully recreated using depictions in frescoes and archaeological finds to give better insights into what they were like before the catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Julia_Felix" title="House of Julia Felix">House of Julia Felix</a>, the House of the Golden Cupids,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Loreius_Tiburtinus" title="House of Loreius Tiburtinus">House of Loreius Tiburtinus</a>, the House of Cornelius Rufus<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Fugitives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garden of the Fugitives">the Garden of the Fugitives</a>. </p><p>In 2021 several long-closed <i>domus</i> were re-opened after restoration including the House of the Ship Europa,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> House of the Orchard<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and House of the Lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the newly excavated House of Leda and the Swan<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has opened.<sup id="cite_ref-PUNHS_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUNHS-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_city_development">Roman city development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg/330px-Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg/440px-Columns_forum_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4381" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Portico in front of the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Owing to its wealth and its Greek, Etruscan and Roman history, Pompeii is of great interest for the study of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a> in terms of building methods and urban planning. However, it was a relatively small provincial city and, except for the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre</a>, it did not have large monuments on the scale of other Roman cities. It also missed the large building schemes of the early Empire and kept much of its urban architecture dating from as early as the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of Pompeii's private and public buildings is often unclear because of the lack of excavations beneath the levels of 79. It is, however, clear that by the time of the conquest by Sulla in 89 BC, the development of the street layout was largely complete, and most of the <i><a href="/wiki/Insula_(Roman_city)" title="Insula (Roman city)">insulae</a></i> were built.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_buildings">Public buildings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg/220px-Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg/330px-Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg/440px-Bains_et_les_%C3%A9difices_sportifs_de_Pomp%C3%A9i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Location of public baths and sports buildings</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg/220px-Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg/330px-Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg/440px-Pompeya.Anfiteatro_y_palestra_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre of Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Romans, Pompeii underwent a process of urban development which accelerated in the Augustan period from about 30 BC. New public buildings included the Amphitheatre with <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a> or gymnasium with a central <a href="/wiki/Natatorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Natatorium">natatorium</a> (<i>cella natatoria</i>) or swimming pool, two theatres, the <a href="/wiki/Eumachia#Building_of_Eumachia" title="Eumachia">Eumachia Building</a> and at least four public baths. The amphitheatre has been cited by scholars as a model of sophisticated design, particularly in the area of crowd control.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other service buildings were the <a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum</a> ("meat market"); the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pistrinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pistrinum (page does not exist)">Pistrinum</a> (baker); the <a href="/wiki/Thermopolium" title="Thermopolium">thermopolia</a> (inns or snack-bars that served hot and cold dishes and drinks), and <a href="/wiki/Caupona" class="mw-redirect" title="Caupona">cauponae</a> ("pubs" or "dives" with a seedy reputation as hangouts for thieves and prostitutes). At least one building, the <a href="/wiki/Lupanar" title="Lupanar">Lupanar</a>, was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large hotel or <i><a href="/wiki/Hospitium" title="Hospitium">hospitium</a></i> (of 1,000 m<sup>2</sup>) was found nearby at Murecine/Moregine,<sup id="cite_ref-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A3_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A3 (Italy)">Naples-Salerno motorway</a> was being built, and the Murecine Silver Treasure and the Tablets (providing a unique record of business transactions), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Moregine_bracelet" title="Moregine bracelet">Moregine bracelet</a>, were discovered there.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a> provided water to the public baths, to more than 25 street fountains, and to many private houses and businesses. The aqueduct was a branch of the great <a href="/wiki/Serino_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Serino Aqueduct">Serino Aqueduct</a> built to serve the other large towns in the Bay of Naples region and the important naval base at <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">castellum aquae</a></i> is well preserved and includes many details of the distribution network and its controls.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shops_and_workshops">Shops and workshops</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_(51813493084).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_%2851813493084%29.jpg/220px-Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_%2851813493084%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_%2851813493084%29.jpg/330px-Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_%2851813493084%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_%2851813493084%29.jpg/440px-Another_view_of_a_bakery_in_Region_VIII_Pompeii_Walk_%2851813493084%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Bakery in Region VIII</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza,_Pompeii_(15042641332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza%2C_Pompeii_%2815042641332%29.jpg/220px-Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza%2C_Pompeii_%2815042641332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza%2C_Pompeii_%2815042641332%29.jpg/330px-Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza%2C_Pompeii_%2815042641332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza%2C_Pompeii_%2815042641332%29.jpg/440px-Thermopolium_of_Vetutius_Placidus_opening_directly_onto_the_south_side_of_the_Via_dell%27Abbondanza%2C_Pompeii_%2815042641332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="3250" /></a><figcaption>Thermopolium of Vetutius Placidus opening directly onto the Via dell'Abbondanza</figcaption></figure> <p>There were at least 31 bakeries in the town, each with wood-burning ovens, millstones and a sales counter. The Modestus bakery,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or House of the Oven, was the largest in the city and Sotericus's bakery, also among the largest, preserves the room for kneading bread.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thermopolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermopolia">Thermopolia</a> were inns or snack-bars in which hot food and drinks were sold and in Pompeii there were nearly 100. The thermopolium of Vetutius Placidus<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlooked the street directly, had a counter and several <a href="/wiki/Dolium" title="Dolium">dolia</a>, as well as a room behind the shop where customers could eat their meals: the <a href="/wiki/Lararium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lararium">lararium</a> with frescoes of the <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a> decorated in the <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles#Third_Style:_Ornamental" title="Pompeian Styles">Third style</a>. In the thermopolium of Asellina,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with three sales counters and a lararium with depictions of Mercury and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, numerous furnishings have been found, both in bronze and terracotta, as well as 683 <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a>; the external façade bears a representation of jugs and funnels and an electoral inscription referring to Asellina, probably the owner of the inn. </p><p>Wool processing was well developed with 13 workshops that worked the raw material, seven that did the spinning, nine the dyeing, and 18 the washing: the Building of Eumachia, from the name of the priestess who built it, was the wool market, or the seat of the fullers guild; construction took place after 62 and was entirely in brickwork. Inside it has numerous niches in which statues were housed, mostly concerning the imperial family, a colonnade, and near the entrance, there was a jar in which urine was collected for use as a detergent for clothes. The <a href="/wiki/Fullo" title="Fullo">fullonica</a> of Stephanus,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after the owner or manager, was originally a house that was transformed into a workshop for the processing of fabrics: on the lower floor the working and washing activities took place, carried out in large tanks with water, soda and urine while on the upper floor the clothes were dried. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a> workshop<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made the sauce obtained from the fermentation of the entrails of fish; in the building some containers were found, closed by lids, with the sauce inside while in the nearby garden was a large deposit of <i><a href="/wiki/Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphorae">amphorae</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_of_buildings">Lists of buildings</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"><b>Public buildings</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre of Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumachia#Building_of_Eumachia" title="Eumachia">Eumachia building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum of Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Baths_(Pompeii)" title="Suburban Baths (Pompeii)">Suburban Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabian_Baths" title="Stabian Baths">Stabian Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isis_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Isis (Pompeii)">Temple of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Area_of_Pompeii" title="Theatre Area of Pompeii">Theatre Area of Pompeii</a></li></ul> <p><b>Town houses (<i>Domus</i>)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Centenary" title="House of the Centenary">House of the Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">House of the Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Julia_Felix" title="House of Julia Felix">House of Julia Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Greek_Epigrams" title="House of the Greek Epigrams">House of the Greek Epigrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lucius_Caecilius_Iucundus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lucius Caecilius Iucundus">House of Lucius Caecilius Iucundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Loreius_Tiburtinus" title="House of Loreius Tiburtinus">House of Loreius Tiburtinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Menander" title="House of Menander">House of Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Prince_of_Naples" title="House of the Prince of Naples">House of the Prince of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sallust" title="House of Sallust">House of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Silver_Wedding" title="House of the Silver Wedding">House of the Silver Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Small_Fountain_(Pompeii)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of the Small Fountain (Pompeii)">House of the Small Fountain (Pompeii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Surgeon" title="House of the Surgeon">House of the Surgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">House of the Tragic Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a></li></ul> <p><b>Exterior villas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Diomedes" title="Villa of Diomedes">Villa of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Fugitives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garden of the Fugitives">The Garden of the Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupanar_(Pompeii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupanar (Pompeii)">Lupanar</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_horticulture">Agriculture and horticulture</h3></div> <p>Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples of Pompeii's economy. Pompeii had fertile soil for crop cultivation. The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius preceding its eruption had good water-retention capabilities, implying productive agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>'s airflow provided hydration to the soil despite the hot, dry climate.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> were produced along with wine and olive oil, for export to other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Pompeii_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Pompeii-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg/220px-Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg/330px-Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg/440px-Vigneto_Foro_Boario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The 'Foro Boario' vineyard at Pompeii, replanted as it was at the time of the eruption</figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence of wine imported nationally from Pompeii in its most prosperous years can be found from recovered artefacts such as wine bottles in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Pompeii_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Pompeii-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, vineyards were of utmost importance to Pompeii's economy. Agricultural policymaker <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> suggested that each vineyard in Rome produce a quota of three <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">cullei</a> of wine per <a href="/wiki/Jugerum" title="Jugerum">jugerum</a>; otherwise, the vineyard would be uprooted. The nutrient-rich lands near Pompeii were extremely efficient and often capable of largely exceeding these requirements, providing the incentive for local wineries to establish themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Pompeii_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Pompeii-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While wine was exported for Pompeii's economy, most other agricultural goods were likely produced in quantities sufficient for the city's consumption. </p><p>Remains of large formations of constructed wineries were found in the Forum Boarium, covered by cemented casts from the eruption of Vesuvius.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Pompeii_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Pompeii-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy. </p><p>Carbonised food plant remains, roots, seeds and pollens have been found in gardens in Pompeii, Herculaneum, and a Roman villa at <a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a>. They revealed that <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a> wheat, <a href="/wiki/Setaria_italica" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaria italica">Italian millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panicum_miliaceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panicum miliaceum">common millet</a>, walnuts, pine nuts, chestnuts, hazel nuts, chickpeas, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_ervilia" title="Vicia ervilia">bitter vetch</a>, broad beans, olives, figs, pears, onions, garlic, peaches, carob, grapes, and dates were consumed. All but the dates could have been produced locally.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erotic_art">Erotic art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg/220px-Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg/330px-Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg/440px-Pompeii_-_Casa_di_Marte_e_Venere_-_MAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption>From the house of Mars and Venus</figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Erotic_art_in_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum">erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum</a> left the archaeologists with a dilemma stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">clash of cultures</a> between the mores of <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">sexuality in ancient Rome</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> Europe. An unknown number of discoveries were hidden away again. A wall fresco depicting <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a>, the ancient god of sex and fertility, with his grotesquely enlarged penis, was covered with plaster. An older reproduction was locked away "out of prudishness" and opened only on request – and only rediscovered in 1998 due to rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, an ancient fresco depicting an erotic scene of "<a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan" title="Leda and the Swan">Leda and the Swan</a>" was discovered at Pompeii.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> from the buried cities are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a>. In 1819, when <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Naples">King Francis</a> visited the Pompeii exhibition there with his wife and daughter, he was so embarrassed by the erotic artwork that he had it locked away in a "secret cabinet" (<i>gabinetto segreto</i>), a gallery within the museum accessible only to "people of mature age and respected morals". Re-opened, closed, re-opened again and then closed again for nearly 100 years, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Museum,_Naples" title="Secret Museum, Naples">Naples "Secret Museum"</a> was briefly made accessible again at the end of the 1960s (the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>) and was finally re-opened for viewing in 2000. Minors are still allowed entry only in the presence of a guardian or with written permission.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <p>Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years;<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>. By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of Italy's most popular tourist sites.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius National Park</a> and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. To combat problems associated with tourism, the governing body for Pompeii, the 'Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei', has begun issuing new tickets that allow tourists to visit cities such as <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a>, to encourage visitors to see these sites and reduce pressure on Pompeii. In 2024, the site's management announced that it would limit daily sales to a maximum of 20,000 personalised tickets per day and introduce timed entry schemes in the peak summer season.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompeii is a driving force behind the economy of the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a>. Many residents are employed in the tourism and hospitality industry, serving as taxi or bus drivers, waiters, or hotel staff. </p><p>Excavations at the site have generally ceased due to a moratorium imposed by the superintendent of the site, Professor Pietro Giovanni Guzzo. The site is generally less accessible to tourists than in the past, with less than a third of all buildings open in the 1960s available for public viewing today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquarium_of_Pompeii">Antiquarium of Pompeii</h3></div> <p>Originally built by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Fiorelli" title="Giuseppe Fiorelli">Giuseppe Fiorelli</a> between 1873 and 1874, the Antiquarium of Pompeii began as an exhibition venue displaying archaeological finds that represented the daily life of the ancient city. The building suffered extensive damage in 1943 during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> bombings and again in 1980 due to an earthquake. The museum was closed to the public for 36 years before reopening in 2016 as a space for temporary exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum was re-opened on 25 January 2021 as a permanent exhibition venue. Visitors can see archaeological discoveries from the excavations, casts of the victims of the Mount Vesuvius eruption as well as displays documenting Pompeii's settlement history before becoming a thriving Roman city.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pompeii_in_popular_culture" title="Pompeii in popular culture">Pompeii in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Brullov">Karl Brullov</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii" title="The Last Day of Pompeii">The Last Day of Pompeii</a></i> (1830–1833)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Italy" title="Journey to Italy">Journey to Italy</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/George_Sanders" title="George Sanders">George Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>, includes a scene at Pompeii in which they witness the excavation of a cast of a couple who perished in the eruption. </p><p>Pompeii was the setting for the British comedy <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Up_Pompeii!" title="Up Pompeii!">Up Pompeii!</a></i> and the movie of the series. Pompeii also featured in the second episode of the fourth season of revived BBC science fiction series <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>, named "<a href="/wiki/The_Fires_of_Pompeii" title="The Fires of Pompeii">The Fires of Pompeii</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which featured Caecilius as a character. </p><p>The rock band <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> filmed a 1971 live concert, <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd:_Live_at_Pompeii" title="Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii">Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii</a></i>, in which they performed six songs in the city's ancient Roman amphitheatre. The audience consisted only of the film's production crew and some local children. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a> wrote and recorded the punk-inflected dance song "<a href="/wiki/Cities_in_Dust" title="Cities in Dust">Cities in Dust</a>", which describes the disaster that befell Pompeii and Herculaneum in AD 79. The song appears on their album 1985 <i><a href="/wiki/Tinderbox_(Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_album)" title="Tinderbox (Siouxsie and the Banshees album)">Tinderbox</a></i>. The jacket of the single remix of the song features the plaster cast of a chained dog killed in Pompeii. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_(novel)" title="Pompeii (novel)">Pompeii</a></i> is a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a> novel featuring an account of the aquarius's race to fix the broken aqueduct in the days before the eruption of Vesuvius. Actual events and people inspired the novel. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Pompeii_(Bastille_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeii (Bastille song)">Pompeii</a>" is a 2013 song by the British band <a href="/wiki/Bastille_(band)" title="Bastille (band)">Bastille</a>. The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_(film)" title="Pompeii (film)">Pompeii</a></i> is a 2014 German-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Historical_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical film">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">disaster film</a> produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_W._S._Anderson" title="Paul W. S. Anderson">Paul W. S. Anderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>45 years after the Pink Floyd recordings, guitarist <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a> returned to the Pompeii amphitheatre in 2016 to perform a live concert for his <a href="/wiki/Rattle_That_Lock_Tour" title="Rattle That Lock Tour">Rattle That Lock Tour</a>. This event was considered the first in the amphitheatre to feature an audience since the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of..._(TV_series)" title="In Search of... (TV series)">In Search of...</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s episode No. 82 focuses entirely on Pompeii; it premiered on 29 November 1979.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic</a></i> special <i>In the Shadow of Vesuvius</i> (1987) explores the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, interviews (then) leading archaeologists, and examines the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mysteries" title="Ancient Mysteries">Ancient Mysteries</a>: Pompeii: Buried Alive</i> (1996), an <a href="/wiki/A%26E_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E (TV channel)">A&E</a> television documentary narrated by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pompeii:_The_Last_Day" title="Pompeii: The Last Day">Pompeii: The Last Day</a></i> (2003), an hour-long drama produced for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> that portrays several characters (with historically attested names, but fictional life-stories) living in Pompeii, Herculaneum and around the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Naples">Bay of Naples</a>, and their last hours, including a <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fuller</a> and his wife, two <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. It also portrays the facts of the eruption.</li> <li><i>Pompeii and the AD 79 eruption</i> (2004), a two-hour <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">Tokyo Broadcasting System</a> documentary.</li> <li><i>Pompeii Live</i> (28 June 2006), a <a href="/wiki/Five_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five (channel)">Channel 5</a> production featuring a live archaeological dig at Pompeii and Herculaneum.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pompeii: The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time</i> (2013), a <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> drama documentary presented by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mountford" title="Margaret Mountford">Margaret Mountford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Riddle of Pompeii</i> (23 May 2014), Discovery Channel.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pompeii: The Dead Speak</i> (8 August 2016), <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pompeii's People</i> (3 September 2017), a <a href="/wiki/CBC_Gem" class="mw-redirect" title="CBC Gem">CBC Gem</a> documentary presented by <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">David Suzuki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Theatre"><img alt="The Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG/240px-Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG/360px-Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG/480px-Theatre_at_Pompeii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Theatre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the Basilica in the Forum"><img alt="Entrance to the Basilica in the Forum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg/270px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg/405px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg/540px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6007" data-file-height="4009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to the Basilica in the Forum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_(Pompei)_WLM_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Basilica"><img alt="The Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Basilica_%28Pompei%29_WLM_002.JPG/270px-Basilica_%28Pompei%29_WLM_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Basilica_%28Pompei%29_WLM_002.JPG/404px-Basilica_%28Pompei%29_WLM_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Basilica_%28Pompei%29_WLM_002.JPG/539px-Basilica_%28Pompei%29_WLM_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Basilica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare,_Pompeii_(5093).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Triangular Forum"><img alt="The Triangular Forum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare%2C_Pompeii_%285093%29.jpg/288px-Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare%2C_Pompeii_%285093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare%2C_Pompeii_%285093%29.jpg/432px-Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare%2C_Pompeii_%285093%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare%2C_Pompeii_%285093%29.jpg/576px-Triangular_Forum_-_Foro_Triangolare%2C_Pompeii_%285093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Triangular Forum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:80045_Pompeii,_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples,_Italy_-_panoramio_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Forum"><img alt="The Forum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/80045_Pompeii%2C_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/270px-80045_Pompeii%2C_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/80045_Pompeii%2C_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/405px-80045_Pompeii%2C_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/80045_Pompeii%2C_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg/540px-80045_Pompeii%2C_Metropolitan_City_of_Naples%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Forum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompei_5058.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple of Apollo"><img alt="The Temple of Apollo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompei_5058.jpg/270px-Pompei_5058.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompei_5058.jpg/405px-Pompei_5058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pompei_5058.jpg/540px-Pompei_5058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Faun_(Pompeii).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The House of the Faun"><img alt="The House of the Faun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_the_Faun_%28Pompeii%29.jpg/266px-House_of_the_Faun_%28Pompeii%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_the_Faun_%28Pompeii%29.jpg/399px-House_of_the_Faun_%28Pompeii%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/House_of_the_Faun_%28Pompeii%29.jpg/532px-House_of_the_Faun_%28Pompeii%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8589" data-file-height="5811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">House of the Faun</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco from the Villa dei Misteri"><img alt="Fresco from the Villa dei Misteri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg/270px-Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg/405px-Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg/540px-Roman_fresco_Villa_dei_Misteri_Pompeii_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Misteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa dei Misteri">Villa dei Misteri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street in Pompeii"><img alt="Street in Pompeii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg/240px-Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg/360px-Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg/480px-Old_house_pompei_site.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="2609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street in Pompeii</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_influences_on_Pompeii" title="Foreign influences on Pompeii">Foreign influences on Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastroberardino" title="Mastroberardino">Mastroberardino</a>, a project with the Italian winery Mastroberardino to replant the vineyards of Pompeii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rive" title="Robert Rive">Robert Rive</a>, 1850s photographer of Pompeii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Bazzani" title="Luigi Bazzani">Luigi Bazzani</a>: Watercolours of Pompeii when first excavated</li></ul> <dl><dt>Volcanic destruction</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armero_tragedy" title="Armero tragedy">Armero tragedy</a>, a city in Colombia that suffered a similar fate in 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, Greece, excavated ruins of a city that suffered a similar fate to Pompeii more than 3000 years ago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joya_de_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Joya de Cerén">Joya de Cerén</a>, a pre-Columbian farming village in El Salvador known as the "Pompeii of the Americas"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Montserrat" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth, Montserrat</a>, former capital city buried by volcanic ash from the Soufrière Hills volcano in the 1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre, Martinique</a>, town similarly destroyed by the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelee, in 1902</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_CarolisPatricelli2003">De Carolis & Patricelli 2003</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pompeii/Influence-on-European-culture">"Pompeii – Archaeology, Roman, Ruins | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pompeii+%E2%80%93+Archaeology%2C+Roman%2C+Ruins+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPompeii%2FInfluence-on-European-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pompeii-building-site-ancient-roman-construction-methods-rcna144930">Pompeii building site reveals ancient Roman construction methods</a>. <i>NBC.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5b50KuibQC&pg=PA171">"City Sizes and Urbanization in the Roman Empire"</a>. In Bowman, Alan; Wilson, Andrew (eds.). <i>Settlement, Urbanization, and Population</i>. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Vol. 2. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 171–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960235-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960235-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960235-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+Sizes+and+Urbanization+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.btitle=Settlement%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+Population&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+on+the+Roman+Economy&rft.pages=171-172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960235-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyf5b50KuibQC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pompeii">"Pompeii | History, Volcano, Map, Population, Ruins, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 12 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pompeii+%7C+History%2C+Volcano%2C+Map%2C+Population%2C+Ruins%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPompeii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano De Caro, Excavation and conservation at Pompeii: a conflicted history, The Journal of Fasti Online: Archaeological Conservation Series (ISSN 2412-5229), www.fastionline.org/docs/FOLDER-con-2015-3.pdf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Longobardi, <i>Sustainable Pompeii</i>, Rome, Italy, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8265-189-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-8265-189-4">88-8265-189-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/">"Homepage – Pompeii Sites Portale Ufficiale Parco Archeologico di Pompei"</a>. <i>Pompeii Sites</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii+Sites&rft.atitle=Homepage+%E2%80%93+Pompeii+Sites+Portale+Ufficiale+Parco+Archeologico+di+Pompei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44303247">"Pompeii victim crushed by boulder while fleeing eruption"</a>. BBC. 30 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pompeii+victim+crushed+by+boulder+while+fleeing+eruption&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44303247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2018" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (25 April 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/25/skeleton-child-trying-shelter-vesuvius-eruption-uncovered-pompeii/">"Skeleton of child trying to shelter from Vesuvius eruption uncovered in Pompeii"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/25/skeleton-child-trying-shelter-vesuvius-eruption-uncovered-pompeii/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Skeleton+of+child+trying+to+shelter+from+Vesuvius+eruption+uncovered+in+Pompeii&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F25%2Fskeleton-child-trying-shelter-vesuvius-eruption-uncovered-pompeii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2018" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (11 May 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/11/remains-ancient-roman-horse-found-pompeii-dig-started-tomb-raiders/">"Remains of ancient Roman horse found at Pompeii in dig started by tomb raiders"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/11/remains-ancient-roman-horse-found-pompeii-dig-started-tomb-raiders/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Remains+of+ancient+Roman+horse+found+at+Pompeii+in+dig+started+by+tomb+raiders&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2F11%2Fremains-ancient-roman-horse-found-pompeii-dig-started-tomb-raiders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/12/new-pompeii-frescoes-paintings/">New frescoes discovered at Pompeii, buried by volcano</a>. <i>The Washington Post.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318010723/http://www.touringclub.it/Pdf/dossier/Musei2008.pdf">"Dossier Musei 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Touring Club Italiano</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touringclub.it/Pdf/dossier/Musei2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Touring+Club+Italiano&rft.atitle=Dossier+Musei+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touringclub.it%2FPdf%2Fdossier%2FMusei2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1034399/number-of-visitors-to-pompeii-herculaneum-and-torre-annunziata-italy/">"Visitors to Pompeii archaeological park Italy"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Visitors+to+Pompeii+archaeological+park+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1034399%2Fnumber-of-visitors-to-pompeii-herculaneum-and-torre-annunziata-italy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1975">Kraus 1975</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenatoreStanleyPescatore2004">Senatore, Stanley & Pescatore 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World of Pompeii, Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3">0-203-86619-3</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos; Mariette De Vos (1982). <i>Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia</i>, Rome: Giuseppe Laterza & figli Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-2001-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-2001-X">88-420-2001-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doric Temple, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/public-buildings/doric-temple">https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/public-buildings/doric-temple</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322103548/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/public-buildings/doric-temple">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etienne-1992-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etienne-1992_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtienne1992" class="citation book cs1">Etienne, Robert (1992). <i>Daily Life in Pompeii</i>. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-35466-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-35466-6"><bdi>88-04-35466-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Pompeii&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=88-04-35466-6&rft.aulast=Etienne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Zanker (1993). <i>Pompeii: society, urban images and forms of living</i>, Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-13282-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-13282-2">88-06-13282-2</a> p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World of Pompeii, Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3">0-203-86619-3</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Touring Club Italiano, Guida d'Italia – Naples and surroundings, Milan, Touring Club Editore, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-365-3893-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-365-3893-5">978-88-365-3893-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. G. Guzzo, "Alla ricerca della Pompei sannitica", in <i>Studi sull'Italia dei Sanniti</i>, Milan, 2000, pp. 107–117. See also the discussion in Guzzo (ed.), Pompei. Scienza e Società, p. 159 (F. Coarelli) and p. 161 (H. Geertman)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Halicarnassus: Roman Antiquities Book VII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Keller: The Etruscans <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224010719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0224010719">978-0224010719</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur, P. (1986) "Problems of the urbanization of Pompeii: excavations 1980–1981". <i>Antiquaries Journal</i> 66: 29–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold De Vos ; Mariette De Vos, <i>Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia, Rome</i>, Giuseppe Laterza & Figli Publishing House, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-2001-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-2001-X">88-420-2001-X</a> p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiaramonte Treré: "The Walls and Gates", in Dobbins & Foss, eds., <i>The World of Pompeii</i> (Routledge 2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3">0-203-86619-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The City Walls of Pompeii: Perceptions and Expressions of a Monumental Boundary</i> by Ivo van der Graaff, M.A. Dissertation. Graduate School of The University of Texas, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Zanker, <i>Pompeii: society, urban images and forms of living</i>, Turin, Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-13282-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-13282-2">88-06-13282-2</a> p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ecolo a.C." In Sicilia ellenistica, consuetudo italica. Alle origini dell'architettura ellenistica d'occidente. Spoleto, complesso monumentale di S. Nicolò, 5–7 Novembre 2004, edited by M. Osanna and M. Torelli (Pisa, 2006), 227–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World of Pompeii, Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3">0-203-86619-3</a>, p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pompeii-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pompeii_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2008" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2008). <i>Pompeii</i>. Profile Books LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-596-6"><bdi>978-1-86197-596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii&rft.pub=Profile+Books+LTD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-596-6&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pompeii-The_Living_City-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pompeii-The_Living_City_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterworth2005" class="citation book cs1">Butterworth, Alex (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pompeiilivingcit00alex"><i>Pompeii – The Living City</i></a>. St Martin's Press; 1st edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35585-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35585-2"><bdi>978-0-312-35585-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii+%E2%80%93+The+Living+City&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press%3B+1st+edition&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-312-35585-2&rft.aulast=Butterworth&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpompeiilivingcit00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Economy of Pompeii, Miko Flohr and Andrew Wilson, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198786573" title="Special:BookSources/9780198786573">9780198786573</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198786573.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786573.001.0001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoCG-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoCG_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoCG_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/press-kit-en/the-excavations-of-civita-giuliana/">"The Excavations of Civita Giuliana"</a>. Press Kit. <i>pompeiisites.org</i>. 21 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pompeiisites.org&rft.atitle=The+Excavations+of+Civita+Giuliana&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2Fen%2Fpress-kit-en%2Fthe-excavations-of-civita-giuliana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World of Pompeii, Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3">0-203-86619-3</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus: Ann. 14.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See W. O. Moeller, "The Riot of AD 59 at Pompeii", Historia, 1970, vol. 19, pp. 84–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/struct/pompeii/patterns/sec-02.html">"Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii"</a>. University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Reconstruction+at+Pompeii&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.iath.virginia.edu%2Fstruct%2Fpompeii%2Fpatterns%2Fsec-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archaeology1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archaeology1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archaeology1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820155345/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm">"Visiting Pompeii"</a>. Current Archaeology. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/cwa/issues/cwa4/pompeii/eruption.htm">the original</a> on 20 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visiting+Pompeii&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Current+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Fcwa%2Fissues%2Fcwa4%2Fpompeii%2Feruption.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The World of Pompeii</i>, Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-86619-3">0-203-86619-3</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobbins, J. J., "Problems of chronology, decoration, and urban design in the forum at Pompeii", AJA, 1994, vol. 98, pp. 629–694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallat, K., Die Ostseite des Forums von Pompeji, Frankfurt am Main, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Der Zustand des Forums von Pompeji am Vorabend des Vesuvausbruchs 79 n.Chr", in T. Fröhlich and L. Jacobelli (eds), Archäologie und Seismologie. La regione vesuviana dal 62 at 79 d.C. Problemi archeologici e sismologici (Colloquium Boscoreale, 26–27 November 1993), Munich, 1995, pp. 75–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Dobbins, Pedar W. Foss, <i>The World of Pompeii</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17324-8">0-415-17324-8</a> (hbk), p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Carroll" title="Maureen Carroll">Carroll, Maureen</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200000817">"Exploring the sanctuary of Venus and its sacred grove: politics, cult and identity in Roman Pompeii"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Papers_of_the_British_School_at_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Papers of the British School at Rome">Papers of the British School at Rome</a></i>. <b>78</b>: 63–106, 347–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200000817">10.1017/S0068246200000817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41725289">41725289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+sanctuary+of+Venus+and+its+sacred+grove%3A+politics%2C+cult+and+identity+in+Roman+Pompeii&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=63-106%2C+347-351&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068246200000817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41725289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0068246200000817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M._Mastroroberto_2004,_pp._479_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mastroroberto, "Una visita di Nerone a Pompei: le deversoriae tabernae di Moregine", in A. D’Ambrosio, P. G. Guzzo and M. Mastroroberto (eds), Storie da un’eruzione. Exhib. Catalogue Naples–Bruxelles 2003–2004, 2003, pp. 479–523, who convincingly argues that the splendidly decorated hospitium south of Pompeii was built for this occasion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Maiuri, "Pompeii", Scientific American 198.4 (1958) 70; A. Maiuri, Herculaneum (Rome 1977) p 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and VolcanologicalEvidenceAuthor(s): Haraldur Sigurdsson, Stanford Cashdollar and Stephen R. J. SparksSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jan. 1982), pp. 39–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. De Carolis, G. Patricelli and A. Ciarallo, 'Rinvenimenti di corpi umani nell'area urbana di Pompei', RStPomp, 1998, vol. 9, pp. 75–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMastrolorenzoPetronePappalardoGuarino2010">Mastrolorenzo et al. 2010</a>, p. e11127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/comunicati/new-victims-from-pompeii-emerge-from-the-excavation-of-the-house-of-the-chaste-lovers/">"New victims from Pompeii emerge from the excavation of the House of the Chaste Lovers"</a>. <i>Pompeii</i>. 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii&rft.atitle=New+victims+from+Pompeii+emerge+from+the+excavation+of+the+House+of+the+Chaste+Lovers&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2Fen%2Fcomunicati%2Fnew-victims-from-pompeii-emerge-from-the-excavation-of-the-house-of-the-chaste-lovers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabi_Laske" class="citation web cs1">Gabi Laske. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019092916/http://quakeinfo.ucsd.edu/~gabi/erth15-06/lecture08/pliny.html">"The A.D. 79 Eruption at Mt. Vesuvius"</a>. <i>Lecture notes for UCSD-ERTH15: "Natural Disasters"</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quakeinfo.ucsd.edu/~gabi/erth15-06/lecture08/pliny.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lecture+notes+for+UCSD-ERTH15%3A+%22Natural+Disasters%22&rft.atitle=The+A.D.+79+Eruption+at+Mt.+Vesuvius&rft.au=Gabi+Laske&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquakeinfo.ucsd.edu%2F~gabi%2Ferth15-06%2Flecture08%2Fpliny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Nicholas F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4352621">"Pliny the Younger's Vesuvius "Letters" (6.16 and 6.20)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_World_(journal)" title="Classical World (journal)">The Classical World</a></i>. <b>95</b> (1): 31–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4352621">10.2307/4352621</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4352621">4352621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Pliny+the+Younger%27s+Vesuvius+%22Letters%22+%286.16+and+6.20%29&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-48&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4352621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4352621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4352621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefani_2006_10–14-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stefani_2006_10–14_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stefani_2006_10–14_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStefani2006">Stefani 2006</a>, pp. 10–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-45874858">"Pompeii's destruction date could be wrong"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pompeii%27s+destruction+date+could+be+wrong&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-45874858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoronzoDi_VitoArienzoBini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Doronzo, Domenico M.; Di Vito, Mauro A.; Arienzo, Ilenia; Bini, Monica; Calusi, Benedetta; Cerminara, Matteo; Corradini, Stefano; de Vita, Sandro; Giaccio, Biagio; Gurioli, Lucia; Mannella, Giorgio; Ricciardi, Giovanni P.; Rucco, Ilaria; Sparice, Domenico; Todesco, Micol (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104072">"The 79 CE Eruption of Vesuvius: A Lesson from the Past and the Need of a Multidisciplinary Approach for Developments in Volcanology"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>231</b>. Article 104072. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESRv..23104072D">2022ESRv..23104072D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104072">10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2158%2F1347436">2158/1347436</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+79+CE+Eruption+of+Vesuvius%3A+A+Lesson+from+the+Past+and+the+Need+of+a+Multidisciplinary+Approach+for+Developments+in+Volcanology&rft.volume=231&rft.pages=Article+104072&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F1347436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104072&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESRv..23104072D&rft.aulast=Doronzo&rft.aufirst=Domenico+M.&rft.au=Di+Vito%2C+Mauro+A.&rft.au=Arienzo%2C+Ilenia&rft.au=Bini%2C+Monica&rft.au=Calusi%2C+Benedetta&rft.au=Cerminara%2C+Matteo&rft.au=Corradini%2C+Stefano&rft.au=de+Vita%2C+Sandro&rft.au=Giaccio%2C+Biagio&rft.au=Gurioli%2C+Lucia&rft.au=Mannella%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Ricciardi%2C+Giovanni+P.&rft.au=Rucco%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Sparice%2C+Domenico&rft.au=Todesco%2C+Micol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.earscirev.2022.104072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2022/06/23/pompeii-eruption-wasnt-in-summer-but-october-study_214d0b68-0dd9-4bc4-ae41-efcc3f481955.html">"Pompeii eruption wasn't in summer but October – study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata" title="Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata">ANSA</a></i>. 23 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANSA&rft.atitle=Pompeii+eruption+wasn%27t+in+summer+but+October+%E2%80%93+study&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fgeneral_news%2F2022%2F06%2F23%2Fpompeii-eruption-wasnt-in-summer-but-october-study_214d0b68-0dd9-4bc4-ae41-efcc3f481955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeMuntasser2014" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, John R.; Muntasser, Nayla K., eds. (2014). <i>Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. Volume I: The Ancient Setting and Modern Rediscovery</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Made+in+Pompeii&rft.atitle=Torna+a+splendere+il+verde+di+Pompei%3A+viaggio+tra+giardini%2C+orti%2C+frutteti+e+vigneti+ritrovati&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft.aulast=Randazzo&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madeinpompei.it%2F2020%2F07%2F13%2Ftorna-a-splendere-il-verde-di-pompei-viaggio-tra-giardini-orti-frutteti-e-vigneti-ritrovati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093946/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-vi/reg-vi-ins-16/house-of-the-golden-cupids">"House of the Golden Cupids"</a>. <i>AD79: Destruction and Re-discovery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-vi/reg-vi-ins-16/house-of-the-golden-cupids">the original</a> on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AD79%3A+Destruction+and+Re-discovery&rft.atitle=House+of+the+Golden+Cupids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fpompeii%2Fregio-vi%2Freg-vi-ins-16%2Fhouse-of-the-golden-cupids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093951/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-viii/reg-viii-ins-4/house-of-cornelius-rufus">"House of Cornelis Rufus"</a>. <i>AD79: Destruction and Re-discovery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-viii/reg-viii-ins-4/house-of-cornelius-rufus">the original</a> on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AD79%3A+Destruction+and+Re-discovery&rft.atitle=House+of+Cornelis+Rufus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fpompeii%2Fregio-viii%2Freg-viii-ins-4%2Fhouse-of-cornelius-rufus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829095037/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-i/reg-i-ins-15/house-of-the-ship-europa">"House of the Ship Europa"</a>. <i>AD79: Destruction and Re-discovery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-i/reg-i-ins-15/house-of-the-ship-europa">the original</a> on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AD79%3A+Destruction+and+Re-discovery&rft.atitle=House+of+the+Ship+Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fpompeii%2Fregio-i%2Freg-i-ins-15%2Fhouse-of-the-ship-europa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093945/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-i/reg-i-ins-9/house-of-the-orchard">"House of the Orchard"</a>. <i>AD79: Destruction and Re-discovery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-i/reg-i-ins-9/house-of-the-orchard">the original</a> on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AD79%3A+Destruction+and+Re-discovery&rft.atitle=House+of+the+Orchard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fpompeii%2Fregio-i%2Freg-i-ins-9%2Fhouse-of-the-orchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829093946/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-i/reg-i-ins-10/house-of-the-lovers">"House of the Lovers"</a>. <i>AD79: Destruction and Re-discovery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/pompeii/regio-i/reg-i-ins-10/house-of-the-lovers">the original</a> on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AD79%3A+Destruction+and+Re-discovery&rft.atitle=House+of+the+Lovers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fad79eruption%2Fpompeii%2Fregio-i%2Freg-i-ins-10%2Fhouse-of-the-lovers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pompeiisites.org/en/archaeological-site/casa-di-leda-e-il-cigno/">"House of Leda and the Swan"</a>. <i>Pompeii Sites</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thermopolium of Asellina"</a>. <i>PompeiiinPictures</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenrant&rft.atitle=Paul+W.S.+Anderson+To+Helm+%27Pompeii%27&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.au=Sandy+Schaefer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fpaul-ws-anderson-pompeii-resident-evil-5-sandy-113516%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2016" class="citation news cs1">Kreps, Daniel (16 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/david-gilmour-sets-first-pompeii-shows-since-pink-floyds-concert-film-20160316">"David Gilmour Sets First Pompeii Shows Since Pink Floyd's Concert Film"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=David+Gilmour+Sets+First+Pompeii+Shows+Since+Pink+Floyd%27s+Concert+Film&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fdavid-gilmour-sets-first-pompeii-shows-since-pink-floyds-concert-film-20160316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/ng-interactive/2016/jul/14/david-gilmour-live-at-pompeii-a-photo-essay">"David Gilmour live at Pompeii – a photo essay"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 14 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Gilmour+live+at+Pompeii+%E2%80%93+a+photo+essay&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fng-interactive%2F2016%2Fjul%2F14%2Fdavid-gilmour-live-at-pompeii-a-photo-essay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1710980/">"In the Shadow of Vesuvius"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Vesuvius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1710980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0817551/">"Ancient Mysteries: Season 3, Episode 22"</a>. A&E. 2 February 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mysteries%3A+Season+3%2C+Episode+22&rft.pub=A%26E&rft.date=1996-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0817551%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley_HalesJoanna_Paul2011" class="citation book cs1">Shelley Hales; Joanna Paul (2011). Hales, Shelley; Paul, Joanna (eds.). <i>Pompeii in the Public Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199569366.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199569366.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199569366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199569366"><bdi>978-0199569366</bdi></a>. <q>The recent UK Channel 5 programme, transmitted live from Herculaneum on 29 June 2006...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii+in+the+Public+Imagination+from+its+Rediscovery+to+Today&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199569366.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0199569366&rft.au=Shelley+Hales&rft.au=Joanna+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603115005/http://www.five.tv/programmes/revealed/pompeii/">"Shows"</a>. <i>Five</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.five.tv/programmes/revealed/pompeii/">the original</a> on 3 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Five&rft.atitle=Shows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.five.tv%2Fprogrammes%2Frevealed%2Fpompeii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rn6c2">"Pompeii: The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompeii%3A+The+Mystery+of+the+People+Frozen+in+Time&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01rn6c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/epZ1KT5cBrE"><i>The Riddle of Pompeii</i></a>. 23 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epZ1KT5cBrE">the original</a> on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+Pompeii&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DepZ1KT5cBrE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/shows/pompeii-the-dead-speak/0/3436504">"Pompeii: The Dead Speak"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Channel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Channel&rft.atitle=Pompeii%3A+The+Dead+Speak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianchannel.com%2Fshows%2Fpompeii-the-dead-speak%2F0%2F3436504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gem.cbc.ca/media/the-nature-of-things/season-56/episode-1/38e815a-00ae209e4db"><i>Pompeii's People</i></a>. cbc.ca. 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pompeii%27s+People&rft.pub=cbc.ca&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgem.cbc.ca%2Fmedia%2Fthe-nature-of-things%2Fseason-56%2Fepisode-1%2F38e815a-00ae209e4db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2008" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2008). <i>Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town</i>. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-596-6"><bdi>978-1-86197-596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii%3A+The+Life+of+a+Roman+Town&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-596-6&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2023" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Ria (2023). <i>Il mundus muliebris a Pompei: specchi e oggetti da toletta in contesti domestici</i>. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788891327406" title="Special:BookSources/9788891327406"><bdi>9788891327406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+mundus+muliebris+a+Pompei%3A+specchi+e+oggetti+da+toletta+in+contesti+domestici&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9788891327406&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Ria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielfeldtEberBoscheKnauß2022" class="citation book cs1">Bielfeldt, Ruth; Eber, Johannes; Bosche, Susanne; Knauß, Florian; Lutz, Amelie (2022). <i>Neues Licht aus Pompeji: eine Ausstellung des Instituts für Klassische Archäologie der LMU München und der Staatlichen Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek München: unter der Schirmherrschaft des Bayerischen Staatsministers für Wissenschaft und Kunst Markus Blume</i>. München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität und Antike am Königsplatz, Staatliche Antikensammlungen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783961762071" title="Special:BookSources/9783961762071"><bdi>9783961762071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neues+Licht+aus+Pompeji%3A+eine+Ausstellung+des+Instituts+f%C3%BCr+Klassische+Arch%C3%A4ologie+der+LMU+M%C3%BCnchen+und+der+Staatlichen+Antikensammlungen+und+Glyptothek+M%C3%BCnchen%3A+unter+der+Schirmherrschaft+des+Bayerischen+Staatsministers+f%C3%BCr+Wissenschaft+und+Kunst+Markus+Blume&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t+und+Antike+am+K%C3%B6nigsplatz%2C+Staatliche+Antikensammlungen&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783961762071&rft.aulast=Bielfeldt&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Eber%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Bosche%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Knau%C3%9F%2C+Florian&rft.au=Lutz%2C+Amelie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterworthLaurence2005" class="citation book cs1">Butterworth, Alex; Laurence, Ray (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pompeiilivingcit00alex"><i>Pompeii: The Living City</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35585-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-35585-2"><bdi>978-0-312-35585-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii%3A+The+Living+City&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-312-35585-2&rft.aulast=Butterworth&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Laurence%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpompeiilivingcit00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCioniGurioliLanzaZanella2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cioni, Rafaello; Gurioli, L; Lanza, R; Zanella, E (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JB002251">"Temperatures of the A.D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy)"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>109</b> (B2): 2207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRB..109.2207C">2004JGRB..109.2207C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JB002251">10.1029/2002JB002251</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Temperatures+of+the+A.D.+79+pyroclastic+density+current+deposits+%28Vesuvius%2C+Italy%29&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=B2&rft.pages=2207&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JB002251&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JGRB..109.2207C&rft.aulast=Cioni&rft.aufirst=Rafaello&rft.au=Gurioli%2C+L&rft.au=Lanza%2C+R&rft.au=Zanella%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2002JB002251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, John (2006). <i>Visual Representation and Non-Elite Viewers in Italy, 100 BC – AD 315</i>. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24815-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Representation+and+Non-Elite+Viewers+in+Italy%2C+100+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+315&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24815-1&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_CarolisPatricelli2003" class="citation book cs1">De Carolis, Ernesto; Patricelli, Giovanni (2003). <i>Vesuvius, A.D. 79: the destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum</i>. L'erma Di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-199-2"><bdi>978-88-8265-199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vesuvius%2C+A.D.+79%3A+the+destruction+of+Pompeii+and+Herculaneum&rft.pub=L%27erma+Di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-88-8265-199-2&rft.aulast=De+Carolis&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Patricelli%2C+Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1835" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, John (1835). <i>The whole works of...John Flecter</i>. Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+whole+works+of...John+Flecter&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2001" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofvesuvius00gran_0"><i>Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum</i></a>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842122198" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842122198"><bdi>978-1842122198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Vesuvius%3A+Pompeii+and+Herculaneum&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1842122198&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesofvesuvius00gran_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2001" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Trevor (2001). <i>Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply</i>. Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715631713" title="Special:BookSources/978-0715631713"><bdi>978-0715631713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Aqueducts+%26+Water+Supply&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0715631713&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1975" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Theodor (1975). <i>Pompeii and Herculaneum: The Living Cities of the Dead</i>. H.N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810904187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810904187"><bdi>978-0810904187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii+and+Herculaneum%3A+The+Living+Cities+of+the+Dead&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0810904187&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiuri1994" class="citation journal cs1">Maiuri, Amedeo (1994). "Pompeii". <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Pompeii&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Maiuri&rft.aufirst=Amedeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastrolorenzoPetronePappalardoGuarino2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe; Petrone, Pierpaolo; Pappalardo, Lucia; Guarino, Fabio (2010). Langowski, Jörg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886100">"Lethal Thermal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges: Evidences at Pompeii"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>. <b>5</b> (6): e11127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511127M">2010PLoSO...511127M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011127">10.1371/journal.pone.0011127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886100">2886100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20559555">20559555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Lethal+Thermal+Impact+at+Periphery+of+Pyroclastic+Surges%3A+Evidences+at+Pompeii&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e11127&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2886100%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20559555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011127&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...511127M&rft.aulast=Mastrolorenzo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Petrone%2C+Pierpaolo&rft.au=Pappalardo%2C+Lucia&rft.au=Guarino%2C+Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2886100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzgenel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ozgenel, Lalo (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930032022/http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/2008/cilt25/sayi_1/1-25.pdf">"A Tale of Two Cities: In Search of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology</i>. <b>25</b> (1). Ankara: Middle East Technical University: 1–25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/2008/cilt25/sayi_1/1-25.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Cities%3A+In+Search+of+Ancient+Pompeii+and+Herculaneum&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.aulast=Ozgenel&rft.aufirst=Lalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfa.arch.metu.edu.tr%2Farchive%2F0258-5316%2F2008%2Fcilt25%2Fsayi_1%2F1-25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagano1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pagano, Mario (1997). <i>I Diari di Scavo di Pompeii, Ercolano e Stabiae di Francesco e Pietro la Vega (1764–1810)</i> (in Italian). L'Erma di Bretschneidein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7062-967-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-7062-967-8"><bdi>88-7062-967-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Diari+di+Scavo+di+Pompeii%2C+Ercolano+e+Stabiae+di+Francesco+e+Pietro+la+Vega+%281764%E2%80%931810%29&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneidein&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=88-7062-967-8&rft.aulast=Pagano&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParslow1995" class="citation book cs1">Parslow, Christopher (1995). <i>Rediscovering antiquity: Karl Weber and the excavation of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiae</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47150-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47150-8"><bdi>0-521-47150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+antiquity%3A+Karl+Weber+and+the+excavation+of+Herculaneum%2C+Pompeii%2C+and+Stabiae&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47150-8&rft.aulast=Parslow&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerring1991" class="citation book cs1">Perring, Stefania (1991). <i>Pompeii: The Wonders of the Ancient World Brought to Life in Vivid See-Through Reconstructions: Then and Now</i>. Macmillan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-599461-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-599461-1"><bdi>0-02-599461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pompeii%3A+The+Wonders+of+the+Ancient+World+Brought+to+Life+in+Vivid+See-Through+Reconstructions%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.pub=Macmillan+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-02-599461-1&rft.aulast=Perring&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(journalist)" title="Cristina Rodríguez (journalist)">Rodríguez, Cristina</a> (2008). <i>Les mystères de Pompéi</i> (in French). <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ditions_du_Masque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éditions du Masque (page does not exist)">Éditions du Masque</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-702-43404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-702-43404-8"><bdi>978-2-702-43404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+myst%C3%A8res+de+Pomp%C3%A9i&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Masque&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-702-43404-8&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_D._Rowland" title="Ingrid D. Rowland">Rowland, Ingrid D.</a> (2014). <i>From Pompeii: The Afterlife of a Roman Town</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674047938" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674047938"><bdi>978-0674047938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pompeii%3A+The+Afterlife+of+a+Roman+Town&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0674047938&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Ingrid+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenatoreStanleyPescatore2004" class="citation web cs1">Senatore, Maria; Stanley, Jean-Daniel; Pescatore, Tullio (7–10 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208034753/http://www.pompeiana.org/News/2004/AVALANCHE-ASSOCIATED%20MASS%20FLOWS%20DAMAGED%20POMPEII%20SEVERAL%20TIMES%20BEFORE%20THE%20VESUVIUS%20CATASTROPHIC%20ERUPTION%20IN%20THE%2079%20C.E.htm">"Avalanche-associated mass flows damaged Pompeii several times before the Vesuvius catastrophic eruption in the 79 CE"</a>. 2004 Denver Annual Meeting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiana.org/News/2004/AVALANCHE-ASSOCIATED%20MASS%20FLOWS%20DAMAGED%20POMPEII%20SEVERAL%20TIMES%20BEFORE%20THE%20VESUVIUS%20CATASTROPHIC%20ERUPTION%20IN%20THE%2079%20C.E.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avalanche-associated+mass+flows+damaged+Pompeii+several+times+before+the+Vesuvius+catastrophic+eruption+in+the+79+CE&rft.pub=2004+Denver+Annual+Meeting&rft.date=2004-11-07%2F2004-11-10&rft.aulast=Senatore&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Jean-Daniel&rft.au=Pescatore%2C+Tullio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeiana.org%2FNews%2F2004%2FAVALANCHE-ASSOCIATED%2520MASS%2520FLOWS%2520DAMAGED%2520POMPEII%2520SEVERAL%2520TIMES%2520BEFORE%2520THE%2520VESUVIUS%2520CATASTROPHIC%2520ERUPTION%2520IN%2520THE%252079%2520C.E.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefani2006" class="citation book cs1">Stefani, Grete (October 2006). <i>La vera data dell'eruzione</i>. Archeo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vera+data+dell%27eruzione&rft.pub=Archeo&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Stefani&rft.aufirst=Grete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven2004" class="citation journal cs1">Steven, Ellis (2004). "The distribution of bars at Pompeii: Archaeological, spatial and viewshed analyses". <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i>. <b>17</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+bars+at+Pompeii%3A+Archaeological%2C+spatial+and+viewshed+analyses&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft.aulast=Steven&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarmati2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Zarmati" title="Louise Zarmati">Zarmati, Louise</a> (2005). <i>Heinemann ancient and medieval history: Pompeii and Herculaneum</i>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74081-195-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-74081-195-X"><bdi>1-74081-195-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinemann+ancient+and+medieval+history%3A+Pompeii+and+Herculaneum&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-74081-195-X&rft.aulast=Zarmati&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pompeii</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pompeii">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Scavi_archeologici_di_Pompei" class="extiw" title="c:Scavi archeologici di Pompei">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Pompeii">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pompeii">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Pompeii">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pompeii">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Pompeii">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pompeii" class="extiw" title="voy:Pompeii">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Pompeii</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pompeii&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pompeii">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pompeii&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiisites.org">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43332#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastionline.org/">Data on new excavations</a> from the International Association for Classical Archaeology (AIAC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.org/pompeii/">World History Encyclopedia – Pompeii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/AwURI1Q9k963oA">Archaeological Park of Pompeii on Google Arts and Culture platform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyark.org/projects/pompeii/overview">Pompeii project</a> by <a href="/wiki/CyArk" title="CyArk">CyArk</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._PurcellR._TalbertT._ElliottS._Gillies" class="citation web cs1">N. Purcell; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433032">"Places: 433032 (Pompeii)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+433032+%28Pompeii%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.au=N.+Purcell&rft.au=R.+Talbert&rft.au=T.+Elliott&rft.au=S.+Gillies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F433032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APompeii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f50oAQAAMAAJ">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> historical article, 26 May 1877, pp. 326–27</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_sites_in_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Province of Avellino</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsa" title="Compsa">Compsa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/80px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/120px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg/160px-Benevento-Arch_of_Trajan_from_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2303" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/80px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/120px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg/160px-Capua_Antica_Amphitheatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/80px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/120px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg/160px-Piscina_Mirabilis_2010-by-RaBoe-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/80px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/120px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg/160px-Paestum_BW_2013-05-17_15-01-57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Benevento)" title="Arch of Trajan (Benevento)">Arch of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre,_Benevento" title="Roman Theatre, Benevento">Roman Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudium" title="Caudium">Caudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures_Baebiani" title="Ligures Baebiani">Ligures Baebiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saticula" title="Saticula">Saticula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Province of Caserta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allifae" title="Allifae">Allifae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausona_(ancient_city)" title="Ausona (ancient city)">Ausona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calatia" title="Calatia">Calatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cales" title="Cales">Cales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Capua)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Capua)">Arch of Hadrian (Capua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Capua" title="Amphitheatre of Capua">Amphitheatre of Capua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casilinum" title="Casilinum">Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_in_Formis" title="Sant'Angelo in Formis">Sant'Angelo in Formis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuessa" title="Sinuessa">Sinuessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebula_Balliensis" title="Trebula Balliensis">Trebula Balliensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescia" title="Vescia">Vescia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Province of Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atella" title="Atella">Atella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiae" title="Baiae">Baiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_di_Cocceio" title="Grotta di Cocceio">Grotta di Cocceio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liternum" title="Liternum">Liternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piscina_Mirabilis" title="Piscina Mirabilis">Piscina Mirabilis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Tunnel" title="Bourbon Tunnel">Bourbon Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gaudioso" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombs of San Gaudioso">Catacombs of San Gaudioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Gennaro" title="Catacombs of San Gennaro">Catacombs of San Gennaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypta_Neapolitana" title="Crypta Neapolitana">Crypta Neapolitana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil%27s_tomb" title="Virgil's tomb">Virgil's tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Naples" title="Macellum of Naples">Macellum of Naples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Amphitheater_(Pozzuoli)" title="Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)">Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrinus_Lacus" title="Lucrinus Lacus">Lucrinus Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Avernus" title="Lake Avernus">Lake Avernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pozzuoli" title="Macellum of Pozzuoli">Macellum of Pozzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Julius" title="Portus Julius">Portus Julius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Barbarossa" title="Castello Barbarossa">Castello Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pruno" title="Monte Pruno">Monte Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraion_at_the_mouth_of_the_Sele" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraion at the mouth of the Sele">Heraion at the mouth of the Sele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Paestum)" title="Temple of Athena (Paestum)">Temple of Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Second Temple of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertosa_Caves" title="Pertosa Caves">Pertosa Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana,_Minori" title="Villa Romana, Minori">Villa Romana of Minori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pompeii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Template:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Template talk:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Pompeii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological site of Pompeii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pompeii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompeii</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_62_Pompeii_earthquake" title="AD 62 Pompeii earthquake">AD 62 Pompeii earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_influences_on_Pompeii" title="Foreign influences on Pompeii">Foreign influences on Pompeii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Diomedes" title="Villa of Diomedes">Villa of Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">Domus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Centenary" title="House of the Centenary">House of the Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Faun" title="House of the Faun">House of the Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Julia_Felix" title="House of Julia Felix">House of Julia Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_the_Fugitives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garden of the Fugitives">The Garden of the Fugitives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Greek_Epigrams" title="House of the Greek Epigrams">House of the Greek Epigrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Loreius_Tiburtinus" title="House of Loreius Tiburtinus">House of Loreius Tiburtinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Marcus_Lucretius_Fronto" title="House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto">House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Menandro" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa del Menandro">House of Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Octavius_Quartio" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Octavius Quartio">House of Octavius Quartio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Prince_of_Naples" title="House of the Prince of Naples">House of the Prince of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sallust" title="House of Sallust">House of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Silver_Wedding" title="House of the Silver Wedding">House of the Silver Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Small_Fountain" title="House of the Small Fountain">House of the Small Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Surgeon" title="House of the Surgeon">House of the Surgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">House of the Tragic Poet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Augusta_(Naples)" title="Aqua Augusta (Naples)">Aqua Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_of_Pompeii" title="Macellum of Pompeii">Macellum of Pompeii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii" title="Amphitheatre of Pompeii">Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupanar" title="Lupanar">Lupanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Baths_(Pompeii)" title="Suburban Baths (Pompeii)">Suburban Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabian_Baths" title="Stabian Baths">Stabian Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Area_of_Pompeii" title="Theatre Area of Pompeii">Theatre Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)">Temple of Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isis_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Isis (Pompeii)">Temple of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Pompeii)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Briseis" title="Achilles and Briseis">Achilles and Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Academy_mosaic" title="Plato's Academy mosaic">Plato's Academy mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Terentius_Neo" title="Portrait of Terentius Neo">Portrait of Terentius Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_art_in_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum">Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_in_popular_culture" title="Pompeii in popular culture">Pompeii in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sites destroyed<br /> in the 79 eruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Museum,_Naples" title="Secret Museum, Naples">Secret Museum, Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIL_4.5296" title="CIL 4.5296">CIL 4.5296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii_Lakshmi" title="Pompeii Lakshmi">Pompeii Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a> (CIL IV 8123, 8623)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy"><i>Sacri Monti</i> of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li>Le Colline del <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="/wiki/Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena#Main_sights" title="Modena">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua%27s_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna#Main_sights" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a><sup>5</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> with 17 other countries</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Campania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Campania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Campania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Campania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Cathedral" title="Amalfi Cathedral">Amalfi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Ancient remains of Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caserta_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserta Palace">Caserta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraglioni" title="Faraglioni">Faraglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia, Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solfatara_(volcano)" title="Solfatara (volcano)">Solfatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrento Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava" title="La Trinità della Cava">Trinità della Cava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43332#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43332#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43332#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429330">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046755-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104771">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119328334">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119328334">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629258">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pompeje (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134186&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451555">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000631800&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563251905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433032">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027243303">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044937">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompeii&oldid=1256377527">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompeii&oldid=1256377527</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pompeii_(ancient_city)" title="Category:Pompeii (ancient city)">Pompeii (ancient city)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_museums_in_Italy" title="Category:Archaeological museums in Italy">Archaeological museums in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_parks" title="Category:Archaeological parks">Archaeological parks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mount_Vesuvius" title="Category:Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Campania" title="Category:Museums in Campania">Museums in Campania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_of_ancient_Rome_in_Italy" title="Category:Museums of ancient Rome in Italy">Museums of ancient Rome in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_museums_of_Italy" title="Category:National museums of Italy">National museums of Italy</a></li><li><a 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