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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_mechanical_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_mechanical_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of mechanical bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_mechanical_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sub-disciplines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sub-disciplines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sub-disciplines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sub-disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Quantum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relativistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relativistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relativistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relativistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Professional organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mechanics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganika" title="Meganika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meganika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ميكانيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكانيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեքենագիտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեքենագիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mexanika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکانیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکانیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বলবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Le̍k-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Механіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэханіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэханіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बरबिद्या – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बरबिद्या" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="ཤུགས་རིག་པ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤུགས་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica" title="Mecànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mecànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecaneg" title="Mecaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mecaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mekanik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanik" title="Mechanik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehaanika" title="Mehaanika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μηχανική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%A5aniko" title="Meĥaniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meĥaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکانیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکانیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9canique_(science)" title="Mécanique (science) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mécanique (science)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicnic" title="Meicnic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meicnic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica" title="Mecánica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mecánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="역학 (물리학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역학 (물리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մեխանիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեխանիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="यांत्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekaniko" title="Mekaniko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mekaniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mechanica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccanica_(fisica)" title="Meccanica (fisica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meccanica (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מכניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9kanika" title="Mékanika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mékanika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მექანიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umakanika" title="Umakanika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umakanika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekan%C3%AEk" title="Mekanîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mekanîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mechanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meh%C4%81nika" title="Mehānika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mehānika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanik" title="Mechanik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanega" title="Mecanega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mecanega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ബലതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബലതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="यामिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यामिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მექანიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექანიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکنیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مکنیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Механик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Механик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မက္ကင်းနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက္ကင်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanica" title="Mechanica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mechanica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechaanik" title="Mechaanik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mechaanik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikk" title="Mekanikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanikk" title="Mekanikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanica_(fisica)" title="Mecanica (fisica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mecanica (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mexanika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਕੈਨਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="ميخانيک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ميخانيک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="មេកានិច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មេកានិច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica" title="Mecànica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mecànica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica" title="Mecânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mecânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexanika" title="Mexanika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mexanika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83" title="Mecanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mecanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanik" title="Mechanik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mechanik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mechanics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ميڪانيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميڪانيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanika" title="Mechanika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mechanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="میکانیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میکانیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mehanika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekaniikka" title="Mekaniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mekaniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விசையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விசையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamikanikt" title="Tamikanikt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamikanikt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యాంత్రిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กลศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Механика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mekanik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Механіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="میکانیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cơ học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mekanika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolerandu" title="Doolerandu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Doolerandu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-left:0.9em;padding-right:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2ad0a6d6780c3abc5247abd82bd8a2249d56ff3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.318ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second law of motion">Second law of motion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: bold; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics" title="List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mechanics" title="Applied mechanics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">Angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)" title="Couple (mechanics)">Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principle" title="D'Alembert's principle">D'Alembert's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">Impulse</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">Moment of inertia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power (physics)">Mechanical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Mechanical work</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_work" title="Virtual work">Virtual work</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></b></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a></b> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routhian_mechanics" title="Routhian mechanics">Routhian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appell%27s_equation_of_motion" title="Appell's equation of motion">Appell's equation of motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_classical_mechanics" title="Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics">Koopman–von Neumann mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)" title="Displacement (geometry)">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">Equations of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Euler's laws of motion"><span class="wrap">Euler's laws of motion</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">Fictitious force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">Friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">Harmonic oscillator</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame" title="Non-inertial reference frame">Non-inertial reference frame</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_motion" title="Linear motion">linear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation"><span class="wrap">Newton's law of universal gravitation</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">Relative velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body" title="Rigid body">Rigid body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body_dynamics" title="Rigid body dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics)" title="Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)">Euler's equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion" title="Simple harmonic motion">Simple harmonic motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">Rotation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_motion" title="Circular motion">Circular motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_reference_frame" title="Rotating reference frame">Rotating reference frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">Centripetal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">Centrifugal force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_centrifugal_force" title="Reactive centrifugal force">reactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_(mechanics)" title="Pendulum (mechanics)">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_speed" title="Tangential speed">Tangential speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_frequency" title="Rotational frequency">Rotational frequency</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_acceleration" title="Angular acceleration">Angular acceleration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_displacement" title="Angular displacement">displacement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">frequency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">velocity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1799e4a910c7d26396922a20ef5ceec25ca1871c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.882ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">Bra–ket notation</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">Interference</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">Complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Decoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">Nonlocality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">Quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">Superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">Tunnelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Wave function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">Collapse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Experiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_test" title="Bell test">Bell's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHSH_inequality" title="CHSH inequality">CHSH inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">Double-slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester" title="Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment" title="Franck–Hertz experiment">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggett_inequality" title="Leggett inequality">Leggett inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" title="Leggett–Garg inequality">Leggett–Garg inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder_interferometer" title="Mach–Zehnder interferometer">Mach–Zehnder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment" title="Quantum eraser experiment">Quantum eraser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment" title="Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment">Wheeler's delayed-choice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Overview</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_picture" title="Interaction picture">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-space_formulation" title="Phase-space formulation">Phase-space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_picture" title="Schrödinger picture">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Sum-over-histories (path integral)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_equation" title="Pauli equation">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_formula" title="Rydberg formula">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Bayesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden-variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective-collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Advanced topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Aharonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Ehrenfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III" title="Hugh Everett III">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fock" title="Vladimir Fock">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gutzwiller" title="Martin Gutzwiller">Gutzwiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">Kramers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Simmons" title="Michelle Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mechanics</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μηχανική">μηχανική</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>mēkhanikḗ</i></span>)</i> 'of <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>')<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the area of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> concerned with the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">motion</a> among <a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">physical objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forces applied to objects may result in <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(vector)" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement (vector)">displacements</a>, which are changes of an object's position relative to its environment. </p><p>Theoretical expositions of this branch of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, for instance, in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History of classical mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">Timeline of classical mechanics</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> laid the foundation for what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>. </p><p>As a branch of <a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">classical physics</a>, mechanics deals with bodies that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light. It can also be defined as the physical science that deals with the motion of and forces on bodies not in the quantum realm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History of classical mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History of quantum mechanics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian mechanics">Aristotelian mechanics</a></div> <p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophers</a> were among the first to propose that abstract principles govern nature. The main theory of mechanics in antiquity was <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotelian mechanics">Aristotelian mechanics</a>, though an alternative theory is exposed in the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">pseudo-Aristotelian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanical Problems</a></i>, often attributed to one of his successors. </p><p>There is another tradition that goes back to the ancient Greeks where mathematics is used more extensively to analyze bodies <a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">statically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (mechanics)">dynamically</a>, an approach that may have been stimulated by prior work of the Pythagorean <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this tradition include pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> (<i>On the Balance</i>), <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> (<i>On the Equilibrium of Planes</i>, <i>On Floating Bodies</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero</a> (<i>Mechanica</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a> (<i>Collection</i>, Book VIII).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mechanics_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_age">Medieval age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">Theory of impetus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg/200px-Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg/300px-Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg/400px-Arabic_machine_manuscript_-_Anonym_-_Ms._or._fol._3306_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>Arabic machine in a manuscript of unknown date</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle Ages, Aristotle's theories were criticized and modified by a number of figures, beginning with <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a> in the 6th century. A central problem was that of <a href="/wiki/Projectile_motion" title="Projectile motion">projectile motion</a>, which was discussed by <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> and Philoponus. </p><p>Persian Islamic polymath <a href="/wiki/Ibn_S%C4%ABn%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sīnā">Ibn Sīnā</a> published his theory of motion in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i> (1020). He said that an impetus is imparted to a projectile by the thrower, and viewed it as persistent, requiring external forces such as <a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">air resistance</a> to dissipate it.<sup id="cite_ref-Espinoza_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinoza-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sayili_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayili-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Sina made distinction between 'force' and 'inclination' (called "mayl"), and argued that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. So he concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object, and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. He also claimed that a projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon, consistent with Newton's first law of motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Espinoza_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinoza-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the question of a body subject to a constant (uniform) force, the 12th-century Jewish-Arab scholar <a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi</a> (born Nathanel, Iraqi, of Baghdad) stated that constant force imparts constant acceleration. According to <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Pines" title="Shlomo Pines">Shlomo Pines</a>, al-Baghdaadi's theory of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a> was "the oldest negation of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion], [and is thus an] anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenced by earlier writers such as Ibn Sina<sup id="cite_ref-Sayili_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayili-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and al-Baghdaadi,<sup id="cite_ref-Gutman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 14th-century French priest <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_impetus" title="Theory of impetus">theory of impetus</a>, which later developed into the modern theories of <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>. This work and others was developed in 14th-century England by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a>, who studied and formulated various laws regarding falling bodies. The concept that the main properties of a body are uniformly accelerated motion (as of falling bodies) was worked out by the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" title="Oxford Calculators">Oxford Calculators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_age">Early modern age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taccola_first_piston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Taccola_first_piston.jpg/220px-Taccola_first_piston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Taccola_first_piston.jpg/330px-Taccola_first_piston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Taccola_first_piston.jpg/440px-Taccola_first_piston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>First European depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> pump, by <a href="/wiki/Taccola" title="Taccola">Taccola</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Two central figures in the early modern age are <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. Galileo's final statement of his mechanics, particularly of falling bodies, is his <i><a href="/wiki/Two_New_Sciences" title="Two New Sciences">Two New Sciences</a></i> (1638). Newton's 1687 <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> provided a detailed mathematical account of mechanics, using the newly developed mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> and providing the basis of <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mechanics_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechanics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some dispute over priority of various ideas: Newton's <i>Principia</i> is certainly the seminal work and has been tremendously influential, and many of the mathematics results therein could not have been stated earlier without the development of the calculus. However, many of the ideas, particularly as pertain to inertia and falling bodies, had been developed by prior scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> and the less-known medieval predecessors. Precise credit is at times difficult or contentious because scientific language and standards of proof changed, so whether medieval statements are <i>equivalent</i> to modern statements or <i>sufficient</i> proof, or instead <i>similar</i> to modern statements and <i>hypotheses</i> is often debatable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_age">Modern age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two main modern developments in mechanics are <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, both developed in the 20th century based in part on earlier 19th-century ideas. The development in the modern continuum mechanics, particularly in the areas of elasticity, plasticity, fluid dynamics, electrodynamics, and thermodynamics of deformable media, started in the second half of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mechanical_bodies">Types of mechanical bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of mechanical bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The often-used term <b><a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">body</a></b> needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Projectiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectiles">projectiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">machinery</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solids">solids</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluids">fluids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Gases">gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a>), etc. </p><p>Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)" title="Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)">degrees of freedom</a>, such as orientation in space. </p><p>Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a>, or non-rigid, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study. </p><p>For instance, the motion of a spacecraft, regarding its <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> and attitude (<a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</a>), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics, while the analogous movements of an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> are described by quantum mechanics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-disciplines">Sub-disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sub-disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are the three main designations consisting of various subjects that are studied in mechanics. </p><p>Note that there is also the "<a href="/wiki/Field_theory_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field theory (physics)">theory of fields</a>" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether it be <a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">classical fields</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum fields</a>. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gravitational" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational">gravitational</a>), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave function</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv/220px--Newtonslawofgravity.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="342" data-mwtitle="Newtonslawofgravity.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Newtonslawofgravity.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv/Newtonslawofgravity.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Prof. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lewin" title="Walter Lewin">Walter Lewin</a> explains <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of gravitation</a> in <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> course 8.01<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The following are described as forming classical mechanics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</a>, the original theory of motion (<a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a>) and forces (<a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">dynamics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a> is a reformulation of Newtonian mechanics with an emphasis on system energy, rather than on forces. There are two main branches of analytical mechanics: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a>, a theoretical <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalism (mathematics)">formalism</a>, based on the principle of conservation of energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a>, another theoretical formalism, based on the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Least_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Least action">least action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_statistical_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical statistical mechanics">Classical statistical mechanics</a> generalizes ordinary classical mechanics to consider systems in an unknown state; often used to derive <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> properties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial mechanics</a>, the motion of bodies in space: planets, comets, stars, <a href="/wiki/Galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxies">galaxies</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrodynamics">Astrodynamics</a>, spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">Solid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscoelasticity</a> exhibited by deformable solids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">Fracture mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> (density, variation, propagation) in solids, fluids and gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a>, semi-rigid bodies in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equilibrium" title="Mechanical equilibrium">mechanical equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a>, the motion of fluids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Soil mechanics</a>, mechanical behavior of soils</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum mechanics</a>, mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a>, mechanical properties of liquids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_statics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid statics">Fluid statics</a>, liquids in equilibrium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mechanics" title="Applied mechanics">Applied mechanics</a> (also known as engineering mechanics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a>, solids, fluids, etc. in biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a>, physical processes in living organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistic physics">Relativistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteinian</a> mechanics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum">Quantum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quantum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></div> <p>The following are categorized as being part of quantum mechanics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger wave mechanics</a>, used to describe the movements of the wavefunction of a single particle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix mechanics</a> is an alternative formulation that allows considering systems with a finite-dimensional state space.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a> generalizes ordinary quantum mechanics to consider systems in an unknown state; often used to derive <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> properties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a>, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a>, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a>, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.</li></ul> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> had been around for nearly a quarter millennium before quantum mechanics developed. Classical mechanics originated with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">laws of motion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a>, developed over the seventeenth century. Quantum mechanics developed later, over the nineteenth century, precipitated by <a href="/wiki/Planck_postulate" title="Planck postulate">Planck's postulate</a> and Albert Einstein's explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>. Both fields are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. </p><p>Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called <a href="/wiki/Exact_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Exact science">exact sciences</a>. Essential in this respect is the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in theories, as well as the decisive role played by <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiment</a> in generating and testing them. </p><p>Quantum mechanics is of a bigger scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_principle" title="Correspondence principle">correspondence principle</a>, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. The correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by quantum theories reproduces classical physics in the limit of large <a href="/wiki/Quantum_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum numbers">quantum numbers</a>, i.e. if quantum mechanics is applied to large systems (for e.g. a baseball), the result would almost be the same if classical mechanics had been applied. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the foundation level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at the molecular, atomic, and sub-atomic level. However, for macroscopic processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult (mainly due to computational limits) in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used. Modern descriptions of such behavior begin with a careful definition of such quantities as displacement (distance moved), time, velocity, acceleration, mass, and force. Until about 400 years ago, however, motion was explained from a very different point of view. For example, following the ideas of Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle, scientists reasoned that a cannonball falls down because its natural position is in the Earth; the Sun, the Moon, and the stars travel in circles around the Earth because it is the nature of heavenly objects to travel in perfect circles. </p><p>Often cited as father to modern science, <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> brought together the ideas of other great thinkers of his time and began to calculate motion in terms of distance travelled from some starting position and the time that it took. He showed that the speed of falling objects increases steadily during the time of their fall. This acceleration is the same for heavy objects as for light ones, provided air friction (air resistance) is discounted. The English mathematician and physicist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> improved this analysis by defining force and mass and relating these to acceleration. For objects traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, Newton's laws were superseded by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">theory of relativity</a>. [A sentence illustrating the computational complication of Einstein's theory of relativity.] For atomic and subatomic particles, Newton's laws were superseded by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>. For everyday phenomena, however, Newton's three laws of motion remain the cornerstone of dynamics, which is the study of what causes motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relativistic">Relativistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relativistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_mechanics" title="Relativistic mechanics">Relativistic mechanics</a></div> <p>Akin to the distinction between quantum and classical mechanics, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special</a> theories of <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativity</a> have expanded the scope of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>'s formulation of mechanics. The differences between relativistic and Newtonian mechanics become significant and even dominant as the velocity of a body approaches the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Free_particle" title="Free particle">free particle</a> is <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span><i>mv</i><sup>2</sup></span>, whereas in relativistic mechanics, it is <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = (<i>γ</i> − 1)<i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></span> (where <span class="texhtml"><i>γ</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_factor" title="Lorentz factor">Lorentz factor</a>; this formula reduces to the Newtonian expression in the low energy limit).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For high-energy processes, quantum mechanics must be adjusted to account for special relativity; this has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_organizations">Professional organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professional organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Mechanics_Division" title="Applied Mechanics Division">Applied Mechanics Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></li> <li>Fluid Dynamics Division, <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Experimental_Mechanics" title="Society for Experimental Mechanics">Society for Experimental Mechanics</a></li> <li>Institution of Mechanical Engineers is the United Kingdom's qualifying body for mechanical engineers and has been the home of Mechanical Engineers for over 150 years.</li> <li>International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_principles" title="Action principles">Action principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mechanics" title="Applied mechanics">Applied mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_engineering_science_and_mechanics_articles" title="Index of engineering science and mechanics articles">Index of engineering science and mechanics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-autonomous_mechanics" title="Non-autonomous mechanics">Non-autonomous mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesen_Test_of_Mechanical_Aptitude_(WTMA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesen Test of Mechanical Aptitude (WTMA)">Wiesen Test of Mechanical Aptitude (WTMA)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.271836/page/n817">"mechanics"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mechanics&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.271836%2Fpage%2Fn817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_George_LiddellRobert_Scott1940" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmhxaniko%2Fs">"mechanics"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mechanics&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Henry+George+Liddell&rft.au=Robert+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dmhxaniko%252Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Hugh_D.Roger_A._FreedmanA._Lewis_FordKatarzyna_Zulteta_Estrugo2020" class="citation book cs1">Young, Hugh D.; Roger A. Freedman; A. Lewis Ford; Katarzyna Zulteta Estrugo (2020). <i>Sears and Zemansky's university physics: with modern physics</i> (15th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-31473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-292-31473-0"><bdi>978-1-292-31473-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104689918">1104689918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sears+and+Zemansky%27s+university+physics%3A+with+modern+physics&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104689918&rft.isbn=978-1-292-31473-0&rft.au=Young%2C+Hugh+D.&rft.au=Roger+A.+Freedman&rft.au=A.+Lewis+Ford&rft.au=Katarzyna+Zulteta+Estrugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dugas, Rene. A History of Classical Mechanics. New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc, 1988, pg 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rana, N.C., and Joag, P.S. Classical Mechanics. West Petal Nagar, New Delhi. Tata McGraw-Hill, 1991, pg 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renn, J., Damerow, P., and McLaughlin, P. Aristotle, Archimedes, Euclid, and the Origin of Mechanics: The Perspective of Historical Epistemology. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2010, pg 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhmud2012" class="citation book cs1">Zhmud, L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of-ghBD9q1QC"><i>Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras+and+the+Early+Pythagoreans&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928931-8&rft.aulast=Zhmud&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof-ghBD9q1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPT-JubW-7QC&pg=PA19">A history of mechanics</a></i>". René Dugas (1988). p.19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-65632-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-65632-2">0-486-65632-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechanics-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mechanics_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mechanics_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2008/01/a_tiny_taste_of_the_history_of.html">A Tiny Taste of the History of Mechanics</a>". The University of Texas at Austin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espinoza-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espinoza_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espinoza_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinoza2005" class="citation journal cs1">Espinoza, Fernando (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching". <i>Physics Education</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 141. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhyEd..40..139E">2005PhyEd..40..139E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F40%2F2%2F002">10.1088/0031-9120/40/2/002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250809354">250809354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+the+historical+development+of+ideas+about+motion+and+its+implications+for+teaching&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250809354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F40%2F2%2F002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhyEd..40..139E&rft.aulast=Espinoza&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyyed_Hossein_Nasr_&_Mehdi_Amin_Razavi1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> & Mehdi Amin Razavi (1996). <i>The Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0314-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0314-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-0314-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+intellectual+tradition+in+Persia&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0314-2&rft.au=Seyyed+Hossein+Nasr+%26+Mehdi+Amin+Razavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayili-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sayili_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sayili_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydin_Sayili1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Sayili" class="mw-redirect" title="Aydin Sayili">Aydin Sayili</a> (1987). "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>500</b> (1): 477–482. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.500..477S">1987NYASA.500..477S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84784804">84784804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81+and+Buridan+on+the+Motion+of+the+Projectile&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=477-482&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84784804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.500..477S&rft.au=Aydin+Sayili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"><bdi>0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t+al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB+%2C+Hibat+Allah&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> <b>64</b> (4), p. 521-546 [528].)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gutman_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2003" class="citation cs2">Gutman, Oliver (2003), <i>Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 193, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13228-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13228-7"><bdi>90-04-13228-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudo-Avicenna%2C+Liber+Celi+Et+Mundi%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13228-7&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1996" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&q=Taccola+first+piston&pg=PA143"><i>A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15291-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15291-7"><bdi>0-415-15291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Engineering+in+Classical+and+Medieval+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-15291-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqSXc5sGZJUC%26q%3DTaccola%2Bfirst%2Bpiston%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lewin" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lewin" title="Walter Lewin">Walter Lewin</a> (October 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-01-physics-i-classical-mechanics-fall-1999/video-lectures/lecture-11/"><i>Work, Energy, and Universal Gravitation. MIT Course 8.01: Classical Mechanics, Lecture 11</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ogg)</span> (videotape). Cambridge, MA US: <a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OCW</a>. Event occurs at 1:21-10:10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work%2C+Energy%2C+and+Universal+Gravitation.+MIT+Course+8.01%3A+Classical+Mechanics%2C+Lecture+11.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+US&rft.pub=MIT+OCW&rft.date=1999-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focw.mit.edu%2Fcourses%2Fphysics%2F8-01-physics-i-classical-mechanics-fall-1999%2Fvideo-lectures%2Flecture-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauLifshitz1980" class="citation book cs1">Landau, L.; Lifshitz, E. (January 15, 1980). <i>The Classical Theory of Fields</i> (4th Revised English ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Theory+of+Fields&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=4th+Revised+English&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1980-01-15&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, S. (May 1, 2005). <i>The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume 1: Foundations</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-67053-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-67053-5"><bdi>0-521-67053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quantum+Theory+of+Fields%2C+Volume+1%3A+Foundations&rft.pages=xxi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=0-521-67053-5&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stawell_Ball" title="Robert Stawell Ball">Robert Stawell Ball</a> (1871) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPo4AAAAMAAJ">Experimental Mechanics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Google_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Google books">Google books</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau,_L._D.Lifshitz,_E._M.1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau, L. D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Lifshitz, E. M.</a> (1972). <i>Mechanics and Electrodynamics, Vol. 1</i>. Franklin Book Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-016739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-016739-8"><bdi>978-0-08-016739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanics+and+Electrodynamics%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Franklin+Book+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-08-016739-8&rft.au=Landau%2C+L.+D.&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22298">Practical Mechanics for Boys</a> (1914) by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/635">James Slough Zerbe</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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