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(PDF) Factorial Structure and Invariance Analysis of the Sense of Belonging Scales
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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":109027457,"created_at":"2023-11-10T00:12:10.550-08:00","from_world_paper_id":243063837,"updated_at":"2024-11-24T05:17:33.455-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"SAGE Publishing","grobid_abstract":"Using a diverse sample of university students, this article describes outcomes of a confirmatory factor analysis and a group invariance analysis conducted to validate the factorial structure of the Sense of Belonging Scales. Accordingly, a modified factor structure departing significantly from that of the original authors is proposed.","publication_date":"2010,10,1","publication_name":"Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"107267885"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Factorial Structure and Invariance Analysis of the Sense of Belonging Scales","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [26605314]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":107267885,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Factorial Structure and Invariance Analysis of the Sense of Belonging Scales”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/107267885/mini_magick20231110-1-rxbhqy.png?1699604038" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Factorial Structure and Invariance Analysis of the Sense of Belonging Scales</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26605314" href="https://csun.academia.edu/MerrilSimon"><img alt="Profile image of Merril Simon" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/26605314/13999271/15036323/s65_merril.simon.jpg" />Merril Simon</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">20 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 109027457; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=109027457"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Using a diverse sample of university students, this article describes outcomes of a confirmatory factor analysis and a group invariance analysis conducted to validate the factorial structure of the Sense of Belonging Scales. Accordingly, a modified factor structure departing significantly from that of the original authors is proposed.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":107267885,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/109027457/Factorial_Structure_and_Invariance_Analysis_of_the_Sense_of_Belonging_Scales"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":107267885,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/109027457/Factorial_Structure_and_Invariance_Analysis_of_the_Sense_of_Belonging_Scales"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="109027457" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This exploratory study addresses the questions: To what extent does sense of belonging/satisfaction of recent immigrant college students differ from non-immigrant college students? Do perceived self-ratings of belonging vary by immigrant generations? This research draws on a new extensive data source, the Student Experience in the Research University (SERU) survey. Survey data from the 2009 SERU is based on the responses from 55,433 undergraduate students from six-large research institutions from across the United States. Findings suggest that immigrant students ’ perception of their sense of belonging and satisfaction is significantly lower than their non-immigrant peers ’ perceptions. Immigrant college students-- whether they were a recent immigrant that arrived in the country as a child, or arrived later as a teenager or young adult, or are the children of parents born outside the U.S. ( 2nd generation)-- ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SERU Survey Sense of Belonging/Satisfaction Factor","attachmentId":82077631,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73630933/SERU_Survey_Sense_of_Belonging_Satisfaction_Factor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73630933/SERU_Survey_Sense_of_Belonging_Satisfaction_Factor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="74698705" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74698705/Psychometric_properties_of_Persian_Version_of_Belongingness_Orientation_Scale">Psychometric properties of Persian Version of Belongingness Orientation Scale</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="218886429" href="https://mashhad.academia.edu/FarhadTanhayeReshvanloo">Farhad Tanhaye Reshvanloo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Education and Applied Sciences, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It seems that human-being has an intrinsic need for belongingness. Belongingness has multiple strong effects on emotional patterns, cognitive processes, and optimal psychological functioning. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Belongingness Orientation scale in Iranian students. In a descriptive-correlational study, 300 students (60.3% female; age mean=20.54±1.70) from Birjand University were selected by multistage random sampling method. Participants completed Belongingness Orientation Scale (Lavigne et al., 2011) and Interpersonal Orientation Scale (Hill, 1987). Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson`s correlation coefficient, and MANOVA using SPSS.25 and Amos.24 software. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure. Factor loading varied from 0.65 to 0.87. The results showed that there are significant relationships between the dimensions of belongingness orientation and interpersonal orientation. Correlation coefficients varied from 0.37 to 0.51. Cronbach's alpha coefficients are 0.79 for two subscales. Split-half coefficients are 0.70 for growth orientation and 0.74 for deficit reduction orientation. It seems that the Belongingness Orientation scale has good construct validity and reliability in students. This scale can be used as a precise instrument in this regard.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Psychometric properties of Persian Version of Belongingness Orientation Scale","attachmentId":82755808,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74698705/Psychometric_properties_of_Persian_Version_of_Belongingness_Orientation_Scale","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74698705/Psychometric_properties_of_Persian_Version_of_Belongingness_Orientation_Scale"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="112729739" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112729739/Sense_of_belonging_and_its_relationship_with_quality_of_life_and_symptom_distress_among_undergraduate_college_students">Sense of belonging and its relationship with quality of life and symptom distress among undergraduate college students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96180785" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RyanJones134">Ryan Jones</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sense of belonging and its relationship with quality of life and symptom distress among undergraduate college students","attachmentId":109869759,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112729739/Sense_of_belonging_and_its_relationship_with_quality_of_life_and_symptom_distress_among_undergraduate_college_students","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112729739/Sense_of_belonging_and_its_relationship_with_quality_of_life_and_symptom_distress_among_undergraduate_college_students"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="19514401" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19514401/A_Correlational_Study_between_Sense_of_Belonging_and_Life_Satisfaction">A Correlational Study between Sense of Belonging and Life Satisfaction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10509499" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RubendranArumugam">Rubendran Arumugam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sense of belonging and life satisfaction. Thirty first year undergraduate students from HELP University were recruited for this study. The participants were asked to fill in two instruments, namely Sense of Belonging Instrument-Psychological and Satisfaction With Life Scale. The statistical correlation between sense of belonging and life satisfaction was analysed. The findings of the study showed a positive correlation between sense of belonging and life satisfaction. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that there is a relationship between sense of belonging and life satisfaction and indicated that the higher the sense of belonging of a person, the higher the life satisfaction would be.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Correlational Study between Sense of Belonging and Life Satisfaction","attachmentId":40663768,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19514401/A_Correlational_Study_between_Sense_of_Belonging_and_Life_Satisfaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19514401/A_Correlational_Study_between_Sense_of_Belonging_and_Life_Satisfaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="48921605" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48921605/Belonging_A_Review_of_Conceptual_Issues_an_Integrative_Framework_and_Directions_for_Future_Research">Belonging A Review of Conceptual Issues, an Integrative Framework, and Directions for Future Research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1485621" href="https://monash.academia.edu/drkellyallen">Kelly-Ann Allen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Australian Journal of Psychology, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: A sense of belonging – the subjective feeling of deep connection with social groups, physical places, and individual and collective experiences – is a fundamental human need that predicts numerous mental, physical, social, economic, and behavioural outcomes. However, varying perspectives on how belonging should be conceptualised, assessed, and cultivated has hampered much-needed progress on this timely and important topic. To address these critical issues, we conducted a narrative review that summarizes existing perspectives on belonging, describes a new integrative framework for understanding and studying belonging, and identifies several key avenues for future research and practice. Method: We searched relevant databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrials.gov, for articles describing belonging, instruments for assessing belonging, and interventions for increasing belonging. Results: By identifying the core components of belonging, we introduce a new integrative framework for understanding, assessing, and cultivating belonging that focuses on four interrelated components: competencies, opportunities, motivations, and perceptions. Conclusion: This integrative framework enhances our understanding of the basic nature and features of belonging, provides a foundation for future interdisciplinary research on belonging and belongingness, and highlights how a robust sense of belonging may be cultivated to improve human health and resilience for individuals and communities worldwide.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Belonging A Review of Conceptual Issues, an Integrative Framework, and Directions for Future Research","attachmentId":67326033,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48921605/Belonging_A_Review_of_Conceptual_Issues_an_Integrative_Framework_and_Directions_for_Future_Research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48921605/Belonging_A_Review_of_Conceptual_Issues_an_Integrative_Framework_and_Directions_for_Future_Research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="112618840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112618840/The_Psychometric_Properties_of_School_Belonging_Scale_for_Middle_School_Students">The Psychometric Properties of School Belonging Scale for Middle School Students</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="128913207" href="https://akdeniz.academia.edu/Bilal%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek">Bilal Şimşek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study aimed at developing a valid and reliable scale to determine middle school students’ sense of school belonging. In this respect, the relevant literature on the concept of belonging was reviewed, interviews were conducted with field experts and middle school students to determine items to be included in the scale. An item pool was created based on the findings of these processes. Later, a pilot form was prepared by taking the opinions of 2 field and 2 measurement and evaluation experts so as to ensure that the scale items represent the structure measured. This form was administered to 287 middle school students studying in the 2018-2019 academic year, and the final scale obtained as a result of exploratory factor analysis was applied to 568 middle school students in a different school. For validity evidence, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and hypothesis test findings; for reliability, findings of Cronbach Alpha and composite reliabilit...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Psychometric Properties of School Belonging Scale for Middle School Students","attachmentId":109793761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112618840/The_Psychometric_Properties_of_School_Belonging_Scale_for_Middle_School_Students","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112618840/The_Psychometric_Properties_of_School_Belonging_Scale_for_Middle_School_Students"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="87268121" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87268121/The_Brief_Course_Belonging_Scale_Developing_a_Measure_of_Postsecondary_Students_Course_Level_Sense_of_Belonging_Across_Online_and_Face_To_Face_Modalities">The Brief Course Belonging Scale: Developing a Measure of Postsecondary Students' Course-Level Sense of Belonging Across Online and Face-To-Face Modalities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6194240" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelToland">Michael Toland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of School and Educational Psychology</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sense of belonging is an important topic in higher education. However, few studies have examined this important construct at the course level and in the online learning context; even fewer are quantitative by design. The aim of our study was to develop and evaluate a measure of sense of belonging that could be used across different postsecondary learning contexts. A psychometric investigation was conducted at a large, US southeastern university on data using the newly developed Brief Course Belonging Scale (BCBS). Results provide evidence for the unidimensional treatment of BCBS data across delivery context, convergent validity for BCBS scores as they relate positively to belonging at the university level, connectedness, and academic motivation, and discriminant validity for BCBS scores as they related minimally with loneliness. Differential item functioning was detected on one item, but this did not jeopardize score validity and reliability. Specific psychometric implications regar...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Brief Course Belonging Scale: Developing a Measure of Postsecondary Students' Course-Level Sense of Belonging Across Online and Face-To-Face Modalities","attachmentId":91525425,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87268121/The_Brief_Course_Belonging_Scale_Developing_a_Measure_of_Postsecondary_Students_Course_Level_Sense_of_Belonging_Across_Online_and_Face_To_Face_Modalities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87268121/The_Brief_Course_Belonging_Scale_Developing_a_Measure_of_Postsecondary_Students_Course_Level_Sense_of_Belonging_Across_Online_and_Face_To_Face_Modalities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="38393678" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38393678/Conceptualizing_and_Validating_Workplace_Belongingness_Scale">Conceptualizing and Validating Workplace Belongingness Scale.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13641350" href="https://independent.academia.edu/pradhansajeet">sajeet pradhan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Organizational Change Management, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conceptualizing and Validating Workplace Belongingness Scale.","attachmentId":58450463,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38393678/Conceptualizing_and_Validating_Workplace_Belongingness_Scale","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38393678/Conceptualizing_and_Validating_Workplace_Belongingness_Scale"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="85604763" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85604763/Du_Plessis_Schneider_S_2022_Five_questions_about_Belonging_research_project_Barbara_Budrich_Publishers">Du Plessis-Schneider, S (2022) Five questions about Belonging research project, Barbara Budrich Publishers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="776949" href="https://fhv.academia.edu/SharonDrduPlessisSchneider">Sharon Dr du Plessis-Schneider</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Budrich Blog, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">My research findings indicate that social problems are linked to students’ lack of social integration and socio-cultural membership at different school social levels.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Du Plessis-Schneider, S (2022) Five questions about Belonging research project, Barbara Budrich Publishers","attachmentId":90250637,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85604763/Du_Plessis_Schneider_S_2022_Five_questions_about_Belonging_research_project_Barbara_Budrich_Publishers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85604763/Du_Plessis_Schneider_S_2022_Five_questions_about_Belonging_research_project_Barbara_Budrich_Publishers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="34810620" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34810620/The_Development_and_Validation_of_the_University_Belonging_Questionnaire">The Development and Validation of the University Belonging Questionnaire</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43849331" href="https://purdue.academia.edu/HHughes">Hayley Hughes</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18183234" href="https://northgeorgia.academia.edu/ZacharyElison">Zachary Elison</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although belonging in K-12 school settings has been abundantly researched and clearly defined, at the university level the research and construct definition is still in its infancy . The present study sought to develop and validate an instrument measuring university belonging-the University Belonging Questionnaire (UBQ). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with a sample of university students (N D 421), finding a reliable scale with three factors: (a) university affiliation, (b) university support and acceptance, and (c) faculty and staff relations. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis on a new sample (N D 290), confirmed the final 3-factor, 24-item model. Further analyses demonstrated the convergent and incremental validity of the UBQ, as it positively correlated with measures of perceived social support, social connectedness, and general belonging. Implications and recommendations for university belonging research are discussed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Development and Validation of the University Belonging Questionnaire","attachmentId":54669653,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34810620/The_Development_and_Validation_of_the_University_Belonging_Questionnaire","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34810620/The_Development_and_Validation_of_the_University_Belonging_Questionnaire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":107267885,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":107267885,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_107267885" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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