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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Edward VIII</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Edward_VIII" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edward+VIII" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, from 20 January 1936 until <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">his abdication</a> in December of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-dates-1">[a]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Edward VIII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_(HS85-10-36416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Edward aged 25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_%28HS85-10-36416%29.jpg/220px-HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_%28HS85-10-36416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_%28HS85-10-36416%29.jpg/330px-HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_%28HS85-10-36416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_%28HS85-10-36416%29.jpg/440px-HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_%28HS85-10-36416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="2994"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Edward as Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Guards" title="Welsh Guards">Welsh Guards</a> in 1919</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">20 January – 11 December 1936<a href="#cite_note-dates-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Prince Edward of York (1894-06-23)23 June 1894 <a href="/wiki/White_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="White Lodge, Richmond Park">White Lodge, Richmond Park</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1972(1972-05-28) (aged 77) <a href="/wiki/4_route_du_Champ_d%27Entra%C3%AEnement" class="mw-redirect" title="4 route du Champ d'Entraînement">4 route du Champ d'Entraînement</a>, Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1972 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore" title="Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore">Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore</a>, Windsor, Berkshire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1937)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a> (from 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (until 1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwardsig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward VIII's signature"><img alt="Edward's signature in black ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Edwardsig.svg/125px-Edwardsig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Edwardsig.svg/188px-Edwardsig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Edwardsig.svg/250px-Edwardsig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="336"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Osborne" title="Royal Naval College, Osborne">Royal Naval College, Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style>see <a href="#Military_ranks">§ Military ranks</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_abdication_speech.ogg" title="File:Edward VIII abdication speech.ogg">Edward VIII's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="403" data-mwtitle="Edward_VIII_abdication_speech.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Edward_VIII_abdication_speech.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Edward_VIII_abdication_speech.ogg/Edward_VIII_abdication_speech.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Edward's <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication speech</a> Recorded 11 December 1936</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Edward was born during the reign of his great-grandmother <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>. He was created <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> on his 16th birthday, seven weeks after his father succeeded as king. As a young man, Edward served in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and undertook several overseas tours on behalf of his father. The Prince of Wales gained popularity due to his charm and charisma, and his fashion sense became a hallmark of the era. After the war, his conduct began to give cause for concern; he engaged in a series of sexual affairs that worried both his father and the British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. Upon <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_V" title="Death and state funeral of George V">his father's death</a> in 1936, Edward became the second monarch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a>. The new king showed impatience with court protocol, and caused consternation among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Only months into his reign, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> was caused by his proposal to marry <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, an American who had divorced her first husband and was seeking a divorce from her second. The prime ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dominions opposed the marriage, arguing a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands was politically and socially unacceptable as a prospective <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. Additionally, such a marriage would have conflicted with Edward's status as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">titular head</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, which, at the time, disapproved of remarriage after divorce if a former spouse was still alive. Edward knew the Baldwin government would resign if the marriage went ahead, which could have forced a general election and would have ruined his status as a politically neutral <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a>. When it became apparent he could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne, he <a href="/wiki/Abdicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicated">abdicated</a>. He was succeeded by his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign#United_Kingdom" title="List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign">shortest-reigning</a> British monarchs to date. After his abdication, Edward was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a>. He married Simpson in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Later that year, the couple <a href="/wiki/1937_tour_of_Germany_by_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="1937 tour of Germany by the Duke and Duchess of Windsor">toured Nazi Germany</a>, which fed rumours that he was a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_sympathiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi sympathiser">Nazi sympathiser</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Edward was at first stationed with the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Mission_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Mission to France">British Military Mission to France</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a>, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a>. After the war, Edward spent the rest of his life in France. He and Wallis remained married until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor">his death</a> in 1972; they had no children. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education">2 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prince_of_Wales">3 Prince of Wales</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Romances">4 Romances</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Reign">5 Reign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Abdication">6 Abdication</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Duke_of_Windsor">7 Duke of Windsor</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Wedding">7.1 Wedding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1937_Tour_of_Germany">7.2 1937 Tour of Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Second_World_War">7.3 Second World War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Later_life">8 Later life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Death_and_legacy">8.1 Death and legacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Honours_and_arms">9 Honours and arms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#British_Commonwealth_and_Empire_honours">9.1 British Commonwealth and Empire honours</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Foreign_honours">9.2 Foreign honours</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Military_ranks">9.3 Military ranks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Honorary_degrees_and_offices">9.4 Honorary degrees and offices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Arms">9.5 Arms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ancestry">10 Ancestry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg/170px-Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg/170px-Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg/255px-Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg/340px-Edward_VIII_Christening.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Edward with his father <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a>, grandfather <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward</a>, and great-grandmother <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at <a href="/wiki/White_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="White Lodge, Richmond Park">White Lodge, Richmond Park</a>, on the outskirts of London during the reign of his great-grandmother <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> He was the eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_York" title="Duchess of York">Duchess of York</a> (later <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>). His father was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a> (later <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Queen Alexandra</a>). His mother was the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" title="Francis, Duke of Teck">Francis, Duke of Teck</a>. At the time of his birth, he was third in the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">line of succession to the throne</a>, behind his grandfather and father. Edward was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_White_Benson" title="Edward White Benson">Edward White Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> The name "Edward" was chosen in honour of Edward's late uncle <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a>, who was known within the family as "Eddy" (Edward being among his given names); "Albert" was included at the behest of Queen Victoria for her late husband <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert, Prince Consort</a>; "Christian" was in honour of his great-grandfather King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a>; and the last four names – <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">David</a> – came from, respectively, the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a> of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> He was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> As was common practice with upper-class children of the time, Edward and his younger siblings were brought up by nannies rather than directly by their parents. One of Edward's early nannies often abused him by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents. His subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send him and the nanny away.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The nanny was discharged after her mistreatment of the children was discovered, and she was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bill" title="Charlotte Bill">Charlotte Bill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Edward's father, though a harsh <a href="/wiki/Disciplinarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciplinarian">disciplinarian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> was demonstratively affectionate,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> on toast for their French <a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">master</a> as a prank,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> and encouraged them to confide in her.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg/170px-Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1203"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg/170px-Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg/255px-Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg/340px-Prince_of_Wales_9.2_inch_gun_HMS_Hindustan_Flickr_4454627308_cd3c9739e8_o.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>As a midshipman on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hindustan_(1903)" title="HMS Hindustan (1903)">HMS Hindustan</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> Initially, Edward was tutored at home by Hélène Bricka. When his parents travelled the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> for almost nine months following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Queen_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Queen Victoria">death of Queen Victoria</a> in 1901, young Edward and his siblings stayed in Britain with their grandparents, Queen Alexandra and King Edward VII, who showered their grandchildren with affection. Upon his parents' return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who virtually brought up Edward and his siblings for their remaining nursery years.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Edward was kept under the strict tutorship of Hansell until almost thirteen years old. Private tutors taught him German and French.<a href="#cite_note-matthew-15">[13]</a> He took the examination to enter the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Osborne" title="Royal Naval College, Osborne">Royal Naval College, Osborne</a>, and began there in 1907. Hansell had wanted Edward to enter school earlier, but the prince's father had disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Following two years at Osborne College, which he did not enjoy, Edward moved on to the <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Royal Naval College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a>. A course of two years, followed by entry into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, was planned.<a href="#cite_note-P14-17">[15]</a> Edward automatically became <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> on 6 May 1910 when his father ascended the throne as George V on the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Edward VII">death of Edward VII</a>. He was created Prince of Wales and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a> a month later on 23 June 1910, his 16th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Preparations for his future as king began in earnest. He was withdrawn from his naval course before his formal graduation, served as <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> for three months aboard the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hindustan_(1903)" title="HMS Hindustan (1903)">Hindustan</a>, then immediately entered <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, for which, in the opinion of his biographers, he was underprepared intellectually.<a href="#cite_note-P14-17">[15]</a> A keen horseman, he learned how to play polo with the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Polo_Club" title="Oxford University Polo Club">university club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> He left Oxford after eight terms, without any academic qualifications.<a href="#cite_note-P14-17">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Prince_of_Wales">Prince of Wales</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prince of Wales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_(VIII)_in_Wales_coronet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg/170px-Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="524"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg/170px-Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg/255px-Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg/340px-Edward_%28VIII%29_in_Wales_coronet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>As Prince of Wales, 1911</figcaption></figure> Edward was officially <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Edward, Prince of Wales">invested as Prince of Wales</a> in a special ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> on 13 July 1911.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Edward, Prince of Wales">The investiture</a> took place in Wales, at the instigation of the Welsh politician <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, Constable of the Castle and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-duke-21">[19]</a> Lloyd George invented a rather fanciful ceremony in the style of a Welsh pageant, and coached Edward to speak a few words in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_(Photo_24-283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg/170px-The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg/170px-The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg/255px-The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg/340px-The_Prince_of_Wales_at_the_Front_%28Photo_24-283%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In August 1915, during the First World War</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out in 1914, Edward had reached the minimum age for active service and was keen to participate.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> He had joined the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a> in June 1914, and although Edward was willing to serve on the front lines, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> refused to allow it, citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir apparent to the throne were captured by the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Despite this, Edward witnessed <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> first-hand and visited the front line as often as he could, for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> in 1916. His role in the war, although limited, made him popular among veterans of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> He undertook his first military flight in 1918, and later gained a pilot's licence.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Edward's youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a>, died at the age of 13 on 18 January 1919 after a severe <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Edward, who was 11 years older than John and had hardly known him, saw his death as "little more than a regrettable nuisance".<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler,_p._80-28">[26]</a> He wrote to his mistress of the time that "[he had] told [her] all about that little brother, and how he was an epileptic. [John]'s been practically shut up for the last two years anyhow, so no one has ever seen him except the family, and then only once or twice a year. This poor boy had become more of an animal than anything else." He also wrote an insensitive letter to his mother which has since been lost.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> She did not reply, but he felt compelled to write her an apology, in which he stated: "I feel such a cold hearted and unsympathetic swine for writing all that I did ... No one can realize more than you how little poor Johnnie meant to me who hardly knew him ... I feel so much for you, darling Mama, who was his mother."<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler,_p._80-28">[26]</a> In 1919, Edward agreed to be president of the organising committee for the proposed <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Exhibition" title="British Empire Exhibition">British Empire Exhibition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Park" title="Wembley Park">Wembley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>. He wished the Exhibition to include "a great national sports ground", and so played a part in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton,_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg/220px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="1968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg/220px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg/330px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg/440px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Ashburton%2C_Royal_Tour_1920.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand" title="Ashburton, New Zealand">Ashburton, New Zealand</a>, with returned servicemen, 1920</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 1920s, Edward, as Prince of Wales, represented his father at home and abroad on many occasions. His rank, travels, good looks, and unmarried status gained him much public attention. At the height of his popularity, he was the most photographed celebrity of his time and he set men's fashion.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> During his 1924 visit to the United States, <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_Wear" title="Men's Wear">Men's Wear</a> magazine observed, "The average young man in America is more interested in the clothes of the Prince of Wales than in any other individual on earth."<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Edward visited <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">poverty-stricken areas of Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> and undertook 16 tours to various parts of the Empire between 1919 and 1935. On a <a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal visits to Canada">tour of Canada</a> in 1919, he acquired the Bedingfield ranch, near <a href="/wiki/Pekisko,_Alberta" title="Pekisko, Alberta">Pekisko, Alberta</a>, which he owned until 1962.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Named the E. P. (Edward, Prince) Ranch, Edward attempted unsuccessfully to develop the ranch for the breeding of animals, including <a href="/wiki/Shorthorn_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorthorn cattle">Shorthorn cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_ponies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor ponies">Dartmoor ponies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_horse" title="Clydesdale horse">Clydesdale horses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> He escaped unharmed when the train he was riding in during a <a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal visits to Australia">tour of Australia</a> was derailed outside <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg/220px-Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg/220px-Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg/330px-Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg/440px-Edward_VIII_with_his_staff_in_Japan_1922.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Edward and his staff wearing formal <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> in Japan, 1922</figcaption></figure> Edward's November 1921 visit to India came during the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> protests for Indian self-rule, and was marked by <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_riots" title="Prince of Wales riots">riots in Bombay</a>. In 1929 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Leith,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Leith, 1st Baronet">Sir Alexander Leith</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">north of England</a>, persuaded him to make a three-day visit to the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Coalfield" title="Durham Coalfield">County Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Northumberland coalfield">Northumberland coalfields</a>, where there was much <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">unemployment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> From January to April 1931, the Prince of Wales and his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George</a> travelled 18,000 miles (29,000 km) on a tour of South America, steaming out on the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Oropesa_(1919)" title="SS Oropesa (1919)">Oropesa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> and returning via Paris and an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> flight from <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport" title="Paris–Le Bourget Airport">Paris–Le Bourget Airport</a> that landed specially in <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Fuad_I_of_Egypt_&_Edward_VIII_of_England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg/220px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="578"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg/220px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg" data-alt="Fuad_I_of_Egypt_&_Edward_VIII_of_England" data-width="220" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg/330px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg/440px-Fuad_I_of_Egypt_%26_Edward_VIII_of_England.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>With King <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">Fuad I of Egypt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abdeen_Palace" title="Abdeen Palace">Abdeen Palace</a> garden, 1932</figcaption></figure> Though widely travelled, Edward shared a widely held racial prejudice against foreigners and many of the Empire's subjects, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">believing that whites were inherently superior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In 1920, on his visit to Australia, he wrote of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>: "they are the most revolting form of living creatures I've ever seen!! They are the lowest known form of human beings & are the nearest thing to monkeys."<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Romances">Romances</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Before the First World War, a royal match with Edward's second cousin, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Louise_of_Prussia" title="Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia">Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia</a>, was suggested.<a href="#cite_note-Viktoria_Luise,_p_188-43">[41]</a> Nothing came of it, and Victoria Louise married Edward's first cousin once removed, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a>, instead. In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, in his ambition to link the British and German royal houses, asked Victoria Louise to arrange a marriage between the 40-year-old Edward and her 17-year-old daughter, <a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Hanover" title="Frederica of Hanover">Frederica of Hanover</a>, who was at boarding school in England. Her parents refused, due to the age gap, and Frederica instead married <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Greece" title="Paul of Greece">Paul of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Viktoria_Luise,_p_188-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Edward_(1920_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Prince_Edward_%281920_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Eves" title="Reginald Eves">Reginald Eves</a>, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> By 1917, Edward liked to spend time partying in Paris while he was on leave from his regiment on the Western Front. He was introduced to Parisian courtesan <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Alibert" title="Marguerite Alibert">Marguerite Alibert</a>, with whom he became infatuated. He wrote her candid letters, which she kept. After about a year, Edward broke off the affair. In 1923, Alibert was acquitted in a spectacular murder trial after she shot her husband in the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy Hotel</a>. Desperate efforts were made by the Royal Household to ensure that Edward's name was not mentioned in connection with the trial or Alibert.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Also in 1917, Edward began a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Leveson-Gower" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosemary Leveson-Gower">Rosemary Leveson-Gower</a>, the youngest daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Cromartie_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_4th_Duke_of_Sutherland" title="Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland">4th Duke of Sutherland</a>. According to Leveson-Gower's friends, Edward proposed to her but the relationship ended when the King and Queen expressed their disapproval of relatives of hers, namely <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Greville,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick">Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick</a>, a maternal aunt, and <a href="/wiki/James_St_Clair-Erskine,_5th_Earl_of_Rosslyn" title="James St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn">James St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn</a>, a maternal uncle.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Edward's womanising and reckless behaviour during the 1920s and 1930s worried Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, King George V, and those close to the prince. The King was disappointed by his son's failure to settle down in life, disgusted by his affairs with married women, and reluctant to see him inherit the Crown. "After I am dead," George said, "the boy will ruin himself in twelve months."<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> George V favoured his second son Albert ("Bertie") and Albert's daughter Elizabeth ("Lilibet"), later <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> respectively. He told a courtier, "I pray to God that my eldest son will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine reported that Edward teased Albert's wife, also named <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/British_queen_mothers" title="British queen mothers">Queen Mother</a>), by calling her "Queen Elizabeth". The magazine asked if "she did not sometimes wonder how much truth there is in the story that he once said he would renounce his rights upon the death of George V – which would make her nickname come true".<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg/220px-Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="674"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg/220px-Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg/330px-Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg/440px-Thelma_Furness_and_the_Prince_1932.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelma Furness">Thelma Furness</a>, 1932</figcaption></figure> In 1930, the King gave Edward the lease of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belvedere,_Surrey" title="Fort Belvedere, Surrey">Fort Belvedere</a> in Windsor Great Park.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> There, he continued his relationships with a series of married women, including <a href="/wiki/Freda_Dudley_Ward" title="Freda Dudley Ward">Freda Dudley Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Furness">Lady Furness</a>, the American wife of a British peer, who introduced Edward to her friend and fellow American <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>. Simpson had divorced her first husband, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Win_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Win Spencer">Win Spencer</a>, in 1927. Her second husband, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simpson" title="Ernest Simpson">Ernest Simpson</a>, was a British-American businessman. Wallis Simpson and the Prince of Wales, it is generally accepted, became lovers, while Lady Furness travelled abroad, although Edward adamantly insisted to his father that he was not having an affair with her and that it was not appropriate to describe her as his mistress.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Edward's relationship with Simpson, however, further weakened his poor relationship with his father. Although his parents met Simpson at Buckingham Palace in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> they later refused to receive her.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Edward's affair with an American divorcée led to such grave concern that the couple were followed by members of the Metropolitan Police <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a>, who examined in secret the nature of their relationship. An undated report detailed a visit by the couple to an antique shop, where the proprietor later noted "that the lady seemed to have POW [Prince of Wales] completely under her thumb."<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The prospect of having an American divorcée with a questionable past having such sway over the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> led to anxiety among government and establishment figures.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp/220px-King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp/220px-King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp/330px-King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp/440px-King_Edward_VIII_portrait.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait as king, 1936</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_V" title="Death and state funeral of George V">George V died</a> on 20 January 1936, and Edward ascended the throne as Edward VIII. The next day, accompanied by Simpson, he broke with custom by watching the proclamation of his own accession from a window of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> He became the first monarch of the British Empire to fly in an aircraft when he flew from <a href="/wiki/Sandringham,_Norfolk" title="Sandringham, Norfolk">Sandringham</a> to London for his <a href="/wiki/Accession_Council" title="Accession Council">Accession Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-matthew-15">[13]</a> Edward caused unease in government circles with actions that were interpreted as interference in political matters. His comment during a tour of depressed villages in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> that "something must be done"<a href="#cite_note-matthew-15">[13]</a> for the unemployed coal miners was seen as an attempt to guide government policy, though he had not proposed any remedy or change in policy. Government ministers were reluctant to send confidential documents and state papers to Fort Belvedere because it was clear that Edward was paying little attention to them, and it was feared that Simpson and other house guests might read them, improperly or inadvertently revealing government secrets.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg/170px-EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="195"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg/170px-EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/EdwardVIIIcoin.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Left-facing coinage portrait of Edward VIII</figcaption></figure> Edward's unorthodox approach to his role also extended to the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_coins" title="Edward VIII coins">coinage that bore his image</a>. He broke with the tradition that the profile portrait of each successive monarch faced in the direction opposite to that of his or her predecessor. Edward insisted that he face left (as his father had done),<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> to show the parting in his hair.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Only a handful of test coins were struck before the abdication, and all are very rare.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> When George VI succeeded to the throne he also faced left to maintain the tradition by suggesting that, had any further coins been minted featuring Edward's portrait, they would have shown him facing right.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> On 16 July 1936, <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_McMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="George Andrew McMahon">George Andrew McMahon</a> produced a loaded revolver as Edward rode on horseback at <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_London" title="Constitution Hill, London">Constitution Hill</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>. Police spotted the gun and pounced on him; he was quickly arrested. McMahon alleged at his trial that "a foreign power" had approached him to kill Edward, that he had informed <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> of the plan, and that he was merely seeing the plan through to help MI5 catch the real culprits. The court rejected the claims and sent him to jail for a year for "intent to alarm".<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> It is now thought that McMahon had indeed been in contact with MI5, but the veracity of the remainder of his claims remains debatable.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> In August and September, Edward and Simpson cruised the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> on the steam yacht <a href="/wiki/Nahlin_(yacht)" title="Nahlin (yacht)">Nahlin</a>. By October it was becoming clear that the new king planned to marry Simpson, especially when <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_England_and_Wales" title="Divorce in England and Wales">divorce proceedings</a> between the Simpsons were brought at <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assizes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Although gossip about his affair was widespread in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/British_media" class="mw-redirect" title="British media">British media</a> kept silent voluntarily, and the general public knew nothing until early December.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Abdication">Abdication</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abdication" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/330px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg/440px-King_Edward_VIII_and_Mrs_Simpson_on_holiday_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>With Wallis Simpson on their Mediterranean holiday, 1936</figcaption></figure> On 16 November 1936, Edward invited Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because <a href="/wiki/Remarriage_after_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Remarriage after divorce">remarriage after divorce</a> was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> As king, Edward was the titular head of the Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">clergy</a> expected him to support the Church's teachings. The Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Gordon Lang</a>, was vocal in insisting that Edward must go.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce_and_Goodlad-67">[65]</a> Edward proposed an alternative solution of a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, in which he would remain king but Simpson would not become <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. She would enjoy some lesser title instead, and any children they might have would not inherit the throne. This was supported by senior politician <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in principle, and some historians suggest that he conceived the plan.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce_and_Goodlad-67">[65]</a> In any event, it was ultimately rejected by the <a href="/wiki/British_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cabinet">British Cabinet</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> governments.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The other governments' views were sought pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>, which provided in part that "any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>."<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers of Australia">Prime Ministers of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Joseph Lyons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Africa" title="Prime Minister of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a>) made clear their opposition to the King marrying a divorcée;<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> their <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish</a> counterpart (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>) expressed indifference and detachment, while the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a>), having never heard of Simpson before, vacillated in disbelief.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Faced with this opposition, Edward at first responded that there were "not many people in Australia" and their opinion did not matter.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_postbox,_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg/170px-Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg/170px-Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg/255px-Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg/340px-Edward_VIII_postbox%2C_Shire_Lane_-_Haddon_Road_-_royal_cipher_-_geograph.org.uk_-_923336.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Cypher</a> on a postbox erected during his short reign</figcaption></figure> Edward informed Baldwin that he would abdicate if he could not marry Simpson. Baldwin then presented Edward with three options: give up the idea of marriage; marry against his ministers' wishes; or abdicate.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> He chose to abdicate.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Edward duly signed the instruments of abdication<a href="#cite_note-78">[c]</a> at Fort Belvedere on 10 December 1936 in the presence of his younger brothers: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert, Duke of York">Prince Albert, Duke of York</a>, next in line for the throne; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w407-77">[75]</a> The document included these words: "declare my irrevocable determination to renounce the throne for myself and for my descendants and my desire that effect should be given to this instrument of abdication immediately".<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The next day, the last act of his reign was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936</a>. As required by the Statute of Westminster, all the Dominions had already consented to the abdication.<a href="#cite_note-heard-2">[1]</a> On the night of 11 December 1936, Edward, now reverted to the title and style of a prince, explained his decision to abdicate in a worldwide <a href="/wiki/BBC_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC radio">BBC radio</a> broadcast. He said, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as king as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love." He added that the "decision was mine and mine alone ... The other person most nearly concerned has tried up to the last to persuade me to take a different course".<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Edward departed Britain for <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> the following day; he was unable to join Simpson until her divorce became absolute, several months later.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The Duke of York succeeded to the throne as <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>. Accordingly, George VI's elder daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Duke_of_Windsor">Duke of Windsor</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Duke of Windsor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> On 12 December 1936, at the accession meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="British Privy Council">British Privy Council</a>, George VI announced his intention to make his brother the "Duke of Windsor" with the style of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> He wanted this to be the first act of his reign, although the formal documents were not signed until 8 March the following year. During the interim, Edward was known as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a>. George VI's decision to create Edward a <a href="/wiki/Royal_duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal duke">royal duke</a> ensured that he could neither stand for election to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> nor speak on political subjects in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters Patent">Letters Patent</a> dated 27 May 1937 re-conferred the "title, style, or attribute of Royal Highness" upon the Duke, but specifically stated that "his wife and descendants, if any, shall not hold said title or attribute". Some British ministers advised that the reconfirmation was unnecessary since Edward had retained the style automatically, and further that Simpson would automatically obtain the rank of wife of a prince with the style Her Royal Highness; others maintained that he had lost all royal rank and should no longer carry any royal title or style as an abdicated king, and be referred to simply as "Mr Edward Windsor". On 14 April 1937, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_Somervell" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Somervell">Donald Somervell</a> submitted to <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a> a memorandum summarising the views of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper,_1st_Baron_Cooper_of_Culross" title="Thomas Cooper, 1st Baron Cooper of Culross">T. M. Cooper</a>, Parliamentary Counsel Sir <a href="/wiki/Granville_Ram" title="Granville Ram">Granville Ram</a>, and himself: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>We incline to the view that on his abdication the Duke of Windsor could not have claimed the right to be described as a Royal Highness. In other words, no reasonable objection could have been taken if the King had decided that his exclusion from the lineal succession excluded him from the right to this title as conferred by the existing Letters Patent.</li> <li>The question however has to be considered on the basis of the fact that, for reasons which are readily understandable, he with the express approval of His Majesty enjoys this title and has been referred to as a Royal Highness on a formal occasion and in formal documents. In the light of precedent it seems clear that the wife of a Royal Highness enjoys the same title unless some appropriate express step can be and is taken to deprive her of it.</li> <li>We came to the conclusion that the wife could not claim this right on any legal basis. The right to use this style or title, in our view, is within the prerogative of His Majesty and he has the power to regulate it by Letters Patent generally or in particular circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a></li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedding">Wedding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wedding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Edward_and_Wallis_Simpson" title="Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson">Wedding of Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg/220px-ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="753"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg/220px-ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg/330px-ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg/440px-ChateauCand%C3%A9-B.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cand%C3%A9" title="Château de Candé">Château de Candé</a>, the Windsors' wedding venue, south of <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> in France</figcaption></figure> The Duke married Simpson, who had changed her name by <a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a> to Wallis Warfield (her <a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">birth surname</a>), in a private ceremony on 3 June 1937, at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cand%C3%A9" title="Château de Candé">Château de Candé</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, France. When the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> refused to sanction the union, a <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> clergyman, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_Jardine" title="Robert Anderson Jardine">Robert Anderson Jardine</a> (Vicar of St Paul's, <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>), offered to perform the ceremony, and Edward accepted. George VI forbade members of the royal family to attend,<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> to the lasting resentment of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Edward had particularly wanted his brothers the Dukes of Gloucester and Kent and his second cousin <a href="/wiki/Lord_Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Louis Mountbatten">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a> to attend the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The French virtuoso organist and composer <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Marcel Dupré">Marcel Dupré</a> played at the wedding.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The denial of the style Royal Highness to the Duchess of Windsor caused further conflict, as did the financial settlement. The Government declined to include the Duke or Duchess on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil List">Civil List</a>, and the Duke's allowance was paid personally by George VI. Edward compromised his position with his brother by concealing the extent of his financial worth when they informally agreed on the amount of the allowance. Edward's wealth had accumulated from the revenues of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> paid to him as Prince of Wales and ordinarily at the disposal of an incoming king. George also paid Edward for <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>, which were Edward's personal property, inherited from his father and thus did not automatically pass to George VI on his accession.<a href="#cite_note-settlement-89">[86]</a> Edward received approximately £300,000 (equivalent to between £21 million and £140 million in 2021<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a>) for both residences which was paid to him in yearly instalments. In the early days of George VI's reign Edward telephoned daily, importuning for money and urging that Wallis be granted the style of Royal Highness, until the harassed king ordered that the calls not be put through.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Relations between the Duke of Windsor and the rest of the royal family were strained for decades. Edward had assumed that he would settle in Britain after a year or two of exile in France. King George VI (with the support of Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth) threatened to cut off Edward's allowance if he returned to Britain without an invitation.<a href="#cite_note-settlement-89">[86]</a> Edward became embittered against his mother, Queen Mary, writing to her in 1939: "[your last letter]<a href="#cite_note-93">[d]</a> destroy[ed] the last vestige of feeling I had left for you ... [and has] made further normal correspondence between us impossible."<a href="#cite_note-z384-92">[89]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Duke and Duchess of Windsor in Germany, October 1937</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964,_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee,_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-17964%2C_Ordensburg_Kr%C3%B6ssinsee%2C_Herzog_von_Windsor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Edward reviewing <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> guards with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg/220px-Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="277"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg/220px-Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg/330px-Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_meet_Adolf_Hitler_1937.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Duke and Duchess meeting <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937_Tour_of_Germany">1937 Tour of Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1937 Tour of Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In October 1937, <a href="/wiki/1937_tour_of_Germany_by_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="1937 tour of Germany by the Duke and Duchess of Windsor">the Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany</a>, against the advice of the British government, and met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a> retreat in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit, Edward gave full <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> In Germany, "they were treated like royalty ... members of the aristocracy would bow and curtsy towards her, and she was treated with all the dignity and status that the duke always wanted", according to royal biographer <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(writer)" title="Andrew Morton (writer)">Andrew Morton</a> in a 2016 BBC interview.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The former Austrian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Count_Albert_von_Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein">Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein</a>, who was also a second cousin once removed and friend of George V, believed that Edward favoured German <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> as a bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and even that he initially favoured an alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> According to the Duke of Windsor, the experience of "the unending scenes of horror"<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> during the First World War led him to support <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Germany and thought that <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-German relations">Anglo-German relations</a> could have been improved through Edward if it were not for the abdication. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> quoted Hitler directly: "I am certain through him permanent friendly relations could have been achieved. If he had stayed, everything would have been different. His abdication was a severe loss for us."<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> The Duke and Duchess settled in Paris, leasing a mansion in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Suchet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Suchet (page does not exist)">Boulevard Suchet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Suchet" class="extiw" title="fr:Boulevard Suchet">fr</a>] from late 1938.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In May 1939, Edward was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> to give a radio broadcast<a href="#cite_note-commission-100">[96]</a> (his first since abdicating) during a visit to the First World War battlefields of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>. In it he appealed for peace, saying "I am deeply conscious of the presence of the great company of the dead, and I am convinced that could they make their voices heard they would be with me in what I am about to say. I speak simply as a soldier of the Last War whose most earnest prayer it is that such cruel and destructive madness shall never again overtake mankind. There is no land whose people want war." The broadcast was heard across the world by millions.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> It was widely regarded as supporting appeasement,<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> refused to broadcast it.<a href="#cite_note-commission-100">[96]</a> It was broadcast outside the United States on <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> and was reported in full by British broadsheet newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> On the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in September 1939, the Duke and Duchess were brought back to Britain by Louis Mountbatten on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kelly_(F01)" title="HMS Kelly (F01)">HMS Kelly</a>, and Edward, although he held the rank of <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshal</a>, was made a <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">major-general</a> attached to the British Military Mission in France.<a href="#cite_note-matthew-15">[13]</a> In February 1940, the German ambassador in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Julius_von_Zech-Burkersroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda">Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda</a>, claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied <a href="/wiki/Dyle_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyle Plan">war plans</a> for the defence of Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> which the Duke later denied.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> When Germany <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invaded</a> the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a>, then in June to <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>. In July they moved to <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a>, where they lived at first in the home of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Ricardo Espírito Santo">Ricardo Espírito Santo</a>, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Under the code name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Willi" title="Operation Willi">Operation Willi</a>, Nazi agents, principally <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a>, plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal and return to Spain, kidnapping him if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Lord Caldecote</a> wrote a warning to Winston Churchill, who by this point was prime minister, that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue."<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> Churchill threatened Edward with a <a href="/wiki/Military_courts_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military courts of the United Kingdom">court-martial</a> if he did not return to British soil.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> In July 1940, Edward was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Bahamas">governor of the Bahamas</a>. The Duke and Duchess left <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 1 August aboard the <a href="/wiki/American_Export_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Export Lines">American Export Lines</a> steamship <a href="/wiki/USS_Joseph_Hewes_(AP-50)" title="USS Joseph Hewes (AP-50)">Excalibur</a>, which was specially diverted from its usual direct course to New York City so that they could be dropped off at Bermuda on the 9th.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> They left Bermuda for <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Steamship_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National Steamship Company">Canadian National Steamship Company</a> vessel Lady Somers on 15 August, arriving two days later.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Edward did not enjoy being governor and privately referred to the islands as "a third-class <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a>".<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a> strenuously objected when Edward and Wallis planned to cruise aboard a yacht belonging to Swedish magnate <a href="/wiki/Axel_Wenner-Gren" title="Axel Wenner-Gren">Axel Wenner-Gren</a>, whom British and American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Edward was praised for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. He was "considerably more enlightened in his attitudes than the majority of Bahamian whites, or either of his predecessors", and had an "excellent relationship" with Black individuals such as jazz musician Bert Cambridge (who was eventually elected to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamian_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamian House of Assembly">Bahamian House of Assembly</a>, to Edward's delight) and valet <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Johnson_(valet)" title="Sydney Johnson (valet)">Sydney Johnson</a>, who Edward retained for thirty years and was said to have "loved as a son".<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Edward maintained a long-standing dispute with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dupuch" title="Étienne Dupuch">Étienne Dupuch</a>, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune, writing privately at one point that Dupuch was "more than half <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a>, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium".<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> But even Dupuch praised Edward for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, though Edward blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Central European Jewish</a> descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">draft</a>".<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> He resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.<a href="#cite_note-matthew-15">[13]</a> Many historians have suggested that Adolf Hitler was prepared to reinstate Edward as king in the hope of establishing a fascist <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a> in Britain after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> It is widely believed that the Duke and Duchess sympathised with fascism before and during the Second World War, and were moved to the Bahamas to minimise their opportunities to act on those feelings. In 1940 he said: "In the past 10 years Germany has totally reorganised the order of its society ... Countries which were unwilling to accept such a reorganisation of society and its concomitant sacrifices should direct their policies accordingly."<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of France">occupation of France</a>, the Duke asked the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> forces to place guards at his Paris and <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">Riviera</a> homes; they did so.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> In December 1940, Edward gave <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(general_interest_magazine)" title="Liberty (general interest magazine)">Liberty</a> magazine an interview at <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_The_Bahamas" title="Government House, The Bahamas">Government House</a> in Nassau. Oursler conveyed its content to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in a private meeting at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on 23 December 1940.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> The interview was published on 22 March 1941 and in it Edward was reported to have said that "Hitler was the right and logical leader of the German people" and that the time was coming for President Roosevelt to mediate a peace settlement. Edward protested that he had been misquoted and misinterpreted.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> became sufficiently disturbed by German plots revolving around Edward that President Roosevelt ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>, in April 1941. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Carl_Alexander_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg">Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg</a> (then a monk in an American monastery) had told the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> that Wallis had slept with the German ambassador in London, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, in 1936; had remained in constant contact with him; and had continued to leak secrets.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Charles Higham</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>, an MI5 agent and <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> spy, acting on orders from the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>, made a successful secret trip to <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Friedrichshof" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Friedrichshof">Schloss Friedrichshof</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> towards the end of the war to retrieve sensitive letters between the Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> What is certain is that George VI sent the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Librarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Librarian">Royal Librarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Morshead" title="Owen Morshead">Owen Morshead</a>, accompanied by Blunt, then working part-time in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library, Windsor">Royal Library</a> as well as for British intelligence, to Friedrichshof in March 1945 to secure papers relating to <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_German_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, German Empress">Victoria, German Empress</a>, the eldest child of Queen Victoria. Looters had stolen part of the castle's archive, including surviving letters between daughter and mother, as well as other valuables, some of which were recovered in Chicago after the war. The papers rescued by Morshead and Blunt, and those returned by the American authorities from Chicago, were deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Archives" title="Royal Archives">Royal Archives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In the late 1950s, documents recovered by U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, Germany, in May 1945, since titled the <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Files" title="Marburg Files">Marburg Files</a>, were published following more than a decade of suppression, enhancing theories of Edward's sympathies for <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi ideologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> After the war, Edward admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. Of Hitler he wrote: "[the] <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> struck me as a somewhat ridiculous figure, with his theatrical posturings and his bombastic pretensions."<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> In the 1950s, journalist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Giles" title="Frank Giles">Frank Giles</a> heard the Duke blame British foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> for helping to "precipitate the war through his treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a> ... that's what [Eden] did, he helped to bring on the war ... and of course Roosevelt and the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> During the 1960s, in private, Edward reportedly said to a friend, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" title="Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross</a>, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap."<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Duke_of_Windsor_(1945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg/170px-The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg/170px-The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg/255px-The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg/340px-The_Duke_of_Windsor_%281945%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Edward in 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg/170px-Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg/170px-Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg/255px-Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg/340px-Churchill_with_Duke_of_Windsor_in_1948.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Clementine_Churchill" title="Clementine Churchill">Clementine</a> (far left) and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure> At the end of the war, the couple returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement as Edward never held another official role. Letters written by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_de_Courcy" title="Kenneth de Courcy">Kenneth de Courcy</a> to the Duke, dated between 1946 and 1949, extracts of which were published in 2009, suggest a scheme where Edward would return to England and place himself in a position for a possible <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a>. The health of George VI was failing and de Courcy was concerned about the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_family" title="Mountbatten family">Mountbatten family</a> over the young Princess Elizabeth. De Courcy suggested that Edward should buy a working agricultural estate within an easy drive of London in order to gain favour with the British public and make himself available should the King become incapacitated. The Duke, however, hesitated and the King recovered from his surgery.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> De Courcy also mentioned the possibility of the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="British occupation zone in Germany">British occupation zone in Germany</a> becoming a kingdom with Edward becoming king. Nothing came of the suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> Edward's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading.<a href="#cite_note-matthew-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-p53-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The City of Paris provided the Duke with a house at <a href="/wiki/4_route_du_Champ_d%27Entra%C3%AEnement" class="mw-redirect" title="4 route du Champ d'Entraînement">4 route du Champ d'Entraînement</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a>, for a nominal rent.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> The French government also exempted him from paying <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>,<a href="#cite_note-p53-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-tax-137">[133]</a> and the couple were able to buy goods <a href="/wiki/Duty-free" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty-free">duty-free</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Paris" title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris">British embassy</a> and the military <a href="/wiki/Commissary_(store)" title="Commissary (store)">commissary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tax-137">[133]</a> In 1952, they bought and renovated a weekend country retreat, Le Moulin de la Tuilerie at <a href="/wiki/Gif-sur-Yvette" title="Gif-sur-Yvette">Gif-sur-Yvette</a>, the only property the couple ever owned themselves.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> In 1951, Edward produced a memoir, A King's Story ghost-written by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._V._Murphy" title="Charles J. V. Murphy">Charles Murphy</a>, in which he expressed disagreement with liberal politics.<a href="#cite_note-duke-21">[19]</a> The royalties from the book added to Edward and Wallis's income.<a href="#cite_note-p53-134">[130]</a> Edward and Wallis effectively took on the role of celebrities and were regarded as part of <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_society" title="Café society">café society</a> in the 1950s and 1960s. They hosted parties and shuttled between Paris and New York; <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>, who met the Windsors socially, reported on the vacuity of the Duke's conversation.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The couple doted on the <a href="/wiki/Pug" title="Pug">pug</a> dogs they kept.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> In June 1953, instead of attending the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">coronation of Queen Elizabeth II</a>, his niece, in London, Edward and Wallis watched the ceremony on television in Paris. Edward said that it was contrary to precedent for a sovereign or former sovereign to attend any coronation of another. He was paid to write articles on the ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Home_Companion" title="Woman's Home Companion">Woman's Home Companion</a>, as well as a short book, The Crown and the People, 1902–1953.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/220px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1628"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/220px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/330px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg/440px-Nixon_and_the_Windsors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>With Wallis and U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, 1970</figcaption></figure> In 1955, the couple visited President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> at the White House. The couple appeared on <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a>'s television-interview show <a href="/wiki/Person_to_Person" title="Person to Person">Person to Person</a> in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> and in a <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor_in_conversation_with_Kenneth_Harris" title="The Duke and Duchess of Windsor in conversation with Kenneth Harris">50-minute BBC television interview in 1970</a>. On 4 April of that year President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> invited them as guests of honour to a dinner at the White House with Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt Longworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer" title="Arnold Palmer">Arnold Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The royal family never fully accepted the Duchess. Queen Mary refused to receive her formally. However, Edward sometimes met his mother and his brother, George VI; he attended <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_VI" title="Death and state funeral of George VI">George's funeral</a> in 1952. Mary remained angry with Edward and indignant over his marriage to Wallis: "To give up all this for that", she said.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> In 1965, the Duke and Duchess returned to London. They were visited by his niece Elizabeth II, his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marina,_Duchess_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent">Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent</a>, and his sister <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood</a>. A week later, the Princess Royal died, and they attended her memorial service. In 1966 Edward gave the journalist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Stefan_Troller" title="Georg Stefan Troller">Georg Stefan Troller</a> a TV interview in German;<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> he answered questions about his abdication.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> In 1967, the Duke and Duchess joined the royal family for the centenary of Queen Mary's birth. The last royal ceremony Edward attended was the funeral of Princess Marina in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> He declined an invitation from Elizabeth II to attend the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales">investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, in 1969, replying that <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> would not want his "aged great-uncle" there.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> In the 1960s, Edward's health deteriorated. <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a> operated on him in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a> in December 1964, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Duke-Elder" title="Stewart Duke-Elder">Stewart Duke-Elder</a> treated a <a href="/wiki/Detached_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Detached retina">detached retina</a> in his left eye in February 1965. In late 1971, Edward, who was a smoker from an early age, was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_therapy" title="Cobalt therapy">cobalt therapy</a>. On 18 May 1972, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Duke and Duchess of Windsor while on a state visit to France; she spoke with Edward for fifteen minutes, but only Wallis appeared with the royal party for a photocall as Edward was too ill.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor">Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_King_Edward_VIII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Edward's grave at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground,_Frogmore" title="Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore">Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Home_Park,_Windsor" title="Home Park, Windsor">Home Park, Windsor</a></figcaption></figure> On 28 May 1972, ten days after Elizabeth's visit, Edward died at his home in Paris. His body was returned to Britain, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>. The funeral service took place in the chapel on 5 June in the presence of the Queen, the royal family, and the Duchess of Windsor, who stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Burial_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burial Ground">Royal Burial Ground</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert</a> at <a href="/wiki/Frogmore" title="Frogmore">Frogmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Until a 1965 agreement with the Queen, the Duke and Duchess had planned for a burial in a cemetery plot they had purchased at <a href="/wiki/Green_Mount_Cemetery" title="Green Mount Cemetery">Green Mount Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, where Wallis's father was interred.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Frail, and suffering increasingly from <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Wallis,_Duchess_of_Windsor" title="Death and funeral of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor">Wallis died</a> in 1986 and was buried alongside her husband.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> In the view of historians such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Williamson_(historian)" title="Philip Williamson (historian)">Philip Williamson</a> writing in 2007, the popular perception in the 21st century that the abdication was driven by politics rather than religious morality is false and arises because divorce has become much more common and socially acceptable. To modern sensibilities, the religious restrictions that prevented Edward from continuing as king while planning to marry Wallis Simpson "seem, wrongly, to provide insufficient explanation" for his abdication.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Honours_and_arms">Honours and arms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours and arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/330px-Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/440px-Royal_Standard_of_Prince_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Royal Standard of the Duke of Windsor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Commonwealth_and_Empire_honours">British Commonwealth and Empire honours</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British Commonwealth and Empire honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VIII,_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="398" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 398px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="398" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg/330px-King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg/440px-King_Edward_VIII%2C_when_Prince_of_Wales_-_Cope_1912.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Edward in the robes of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stockdale_Cope" title="Arthur Stockdale Cope">Arthur Stockdale Cope</a>, 1912</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>KG: Royal Knight Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Noble Order of the Garter">Most Noble Order of the Garter</a>, 23 June 1910<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></li> <li>ISO: Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order" title="Imperial Service Order">Imperial Service Order</a>, 23 June 1910<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></li> <li>MC: <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a>, 3 June 1916<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></li> <li>GBE: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a>, 4 June 1917<a href="#cite_note-kelly-158">[154]</a></li> <li>GCMG: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Distinguished_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George">Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George</a>, 24 October 1917<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></li> <li>ADC: <a href="/wiki/Personal_aide-de-camp" title="Personal aide-de-camp">Personal aide-de-camp</a>, 3 June 1919<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></li> <li>PC: <a href="/wiki/Privy_Counsellor_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Counsellor of the United Kingdom">Privy Counsellor of the United Kingdom</a>, 2 March 1920<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></li> <li>GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a>, 13 March 1920<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a></li> <li>GCSI: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Exalted_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Exalted Order of the Star of India">Most Exalted Order of the Star of India</a>, 10 October 1921<a href="#cite_note-LG324878091-163">[159]</a></li> <li>GCIE: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Eminent_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire">Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire</a>, 10 October 1921<a href="#cite_note-LG324878091-163">[159]</a> <ul><li>Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a>, 1921<a href="#cite_note-kelly-158">[154]</a></li></ul></li> <li>KT: Extra Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Ancient_and_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle">Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle</a>, 23 June 1922<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a></li> <li>GCStJ: Bailiff Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of St John">Venerable Order of St John</a>, 12 June 1926<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <ul><li>KStJ: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of St John, 2 June 1917<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></li></ul></li> <li>KP: Additional Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Illustrious_Order_of_St_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick">Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick</a>, 3 June 1927<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a></li> <li>PC: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Privy Councillor of Canada</a>, 2 August 1927<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a></li> <li>GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Honourable Order of the Bath">Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a>, 1936<a href="#cite_note-kelly-158">[154]</a></li> <li>FRS: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Royal Fellow of the Royal Society">Royal Fellow of the Royal Society</a><a href="#cite_note-kelly-158">[154]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz"><noscript><img alt="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" data-alt="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown" title="House Order of the Wendish Crown">House Order of the Wendish Crown</a>, with Crown in Ore, 1 May 1911<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse"><noscript><img alt="Grand Duchy of Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" data-alt="Grand Duchy of Hesse" data-width="19" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)">Grand Ducal Hessian Order of the Golden Lion</a>, 23 June 1911<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, 22 June 1912<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><noscript><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="French Third Republic" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of the Legion of Honour">National Order of the Legion of Honour</a>, August 1912<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><noscript><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Denmark" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, 17 March 1914<a href="#cite_note-Statskalender-173">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><noscript><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Norway" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St_Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav">Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav</a>, with Collar, 6 April 1914<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><noscript><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a>, 21 June 1915<a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1920-175">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><noscript><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="French Third Republic" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a>, 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><noscript><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russian Empire" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St George">Order of St George</a>, 3rd Class, 16 May 1916<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><noscript><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" data-alt="Thailand" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, 16 August 1917<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><noscript><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a>, 1st Class, 1918<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><noscript><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross_(Italy)" title="War Merit Cross (Italy)">War Merit Cross</a>, 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt"><noscript><img alt="Kingdom of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Egypt" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Muhammad_Ali" title="Order of Muhammad Ali">Royal Order of Muhammad Ali</a>, 1922<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><noscript><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Sweden" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a>, 12 November 1923<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><noscript><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a>, 1924<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><noscript><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" data-alt="Chile" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit</a>, 1st Class, 1925<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><noscript><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" data-alt="Bolivia" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Order of the Condor of the Andes</a>, 1931<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><noscript><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png" data-alt="Peru" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru_%281825%E2%80%931884%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Order of the Sun of Peru">Order of the Sun of Peru</a>, 1931<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders" title="Sash of the Two Orders">Sash of the Two Orders</a>, 25 April 1931 – during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><noscript><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" data-alt="Brazil" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of the Southern Cross">National Order of the Southern Cross</a>, 1933<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><noscript><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg.png" data-alt="San Marino" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino_%28pre-2011%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Agatha" title="Order of Saint Agatha">Order of St Agatha</a>, 1935<a href="#cite_note-Burke-178">[174]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_ranks">Military ranks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military ranks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>22 June 1911: <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a>, Royal Navy<a href="#cite_note-cp-181">[177]</a></li> <li>17 March 1913: Lieutenant, Royal Navy<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></li> <li>8 August 1914: Second Lieutenant, 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a></li> <li>15 November 1914: Temporary <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lieutenant</a>, Grenadier Guards,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> later antedated to 11 November 1914<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></li> <li>19 November 1914: Lieutenant, Grenadier Guards<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></li> <li>10 March 1916: Supernumerary <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Captain</a>, Grenadier Guards<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></li> <li>25 February 1918: Temporary <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a>, British Army<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a></li> <li>15 April 1919: <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a>, British Army<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a></li> <li>8 July 1919: <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a>, Royal Navy<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a></li> <li>5 December 1922: <a href="/wiki/Group_Captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Captain">Group Captain</a>, Royal Air Force<a href="#cite_note-cp-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a></li> <li>1 September 1930: <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice-Admiral</a>, Royal Navy; <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-general (British Army)">Lieutenant-General</a>, British Army;<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Marshal">Air Marshal</a>, Royal Air Force<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a></li> <li>1 January 1935: <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a>, Royal Navy; <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a>, British Army; <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a>, Royal Air Force<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a></li> <li>21 January 1936: <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a>, Royal Navy; <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a>, British Army; <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="Marshal of the Royal Air Force">Marshal of the Royal Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <ul><li>3 September 1939: <a href="/wiki/Major-General_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General (United Kingdom)">Major-General</a>, British Military Mission in France<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees_and_offices">Honorary degrees and offices</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees and offices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>1918–1936: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cape_Town" title="Chancellor of the University of Cape Town">Chancellor of the University of Cape Town</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a></li> <li>1920: Doctor of Laws, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a></li> <li>1921: Doctor of Law, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a></li> <li>1921: Honorary degree, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a></li> <li>1922: Doctor of Laws, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Edward's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales">coat of arms as the Prince of Wales</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>, differenced with a <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> of three points <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">representing Wales</a> surmounted by a coronet. As Sovereign, he bore the royal arms undifferenced. After his abdication, he used the arms again differenced by a label of three points argent, but this time with the centre point bearing an imperial crown.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales_(1910-1936).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[199]"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[199]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)[199]" data-width="200" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281910-1936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (granted 1911)<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom" data-width="200" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_(1837-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png" data-alt="Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom" data-width="200" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scottish coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward,_Duke_of_Windsor.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor" data-width="200" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward%2C_Duke_of_Windsor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms as Duke of Windsor</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ancestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark">Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Edward VIII<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom">Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Edward VIII of the United Kingdom</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Alexander_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1804%E2%80%931885)" title="Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1885)">Duke Alexander of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" title="Francis, Duke of Teck">Francis, Duke of Teck</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Claudine_Rh%C3%A9dey_von_Kis-Rh%C3%A9de" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde">Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Victoria Mary of Teck">Princess Victoria Mary of Teck</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_Adelaide_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge">Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VIII_and_Wallis_Simpson" title="Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson">Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_coronation_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abandoned coronation of Edward VIII">Abandoned coronation of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Edward_VIII" title="List of prime ministers of Edward VIII">List of prime ministers of Edward VIII</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dates-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dates_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dates_1-1">b</a> The instrument of abdication was signed on 10 December, and given legislative form by <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936</a> the following day. The parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> retroactively approved the abdication with effect from 10 December, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> recognised the abdication on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-heard-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> His twelve godparents were: the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> (his paternal great-grandmother); the <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Louise of Hesse-Kassel">Queen of Denmark</a> (his paternal great-grandparents, for whom his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus_of_Teck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Adolphus of Teck">Prince Adolphus of Teck</a> and his paternal aunt the <a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal" title="Louise, Princess Royal">Duchess of Fife</a> stood proxy); the <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William II of Württemberg">King of Württemberg</a> (his mother's distant cousin, for whom his granduncle the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught</a> stood proxy); the <a href="/wiki/Olga_Konstantinovna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Konstantinovna of Russia">Queen of Greece</a> (his grandaunt, for whom his paternal aunt <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Victoria of Wales">Princess Victoria of Wales</a> stood proxy); the <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (his grand uncle, for whom <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Louis of Battenberg">Prince Louis of Battenberg</a> stood proxy); the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Princess of Wales</a> (his paternal grandparents); the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsarevich</a> (his father's cousin); the <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a> (his maternal granduncle and Queen Victoria's cousin); and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Francis,_Duke_of_Teck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Francis, Duke of Teck">Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Teck" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Teck">Duchess of Teck</a> (his maternal grandparents).<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> There were fifteen separate copies – one for each Dominion, the Irish Free State, India, the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Prime Minister, among others.<a href="#cite_note-w407-77">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> She had asked <a href="/wiki/Alec_Hardinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alec Hardinge">Alec Hardinge</a> to write to Edward explaining that he could not be invited to his father's memorial.<a href="#cite_note-z384-92">[89]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-heard-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heard_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heard_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeard1990" class="citation cs2">Heard, Andrew (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">Canadian Independence</a>, Simon Fraser University, Canada, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221150147/http://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2009, retrieved 1 May 2010</cite><span 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(1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond">"The Royal Lineage"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/252">Burke's Guide to the Royal Family</a>, London: Burke's Peerage, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/252">252, 293, 307</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-220-66222-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-220-66222-3"><bdi>0-220-66222-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Lineage&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Guide+to+the+Royal+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pages=252%2C+293%2C+307&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-220-66222-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburkesguidetoroy00lond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloch,_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloch, Michael">Bloch, Michael</a> (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77947-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77947-8">0-297-77947-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Sarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford, Sarah">Bradford, Sarah</a> (1989). King George VI. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79667-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79667-4">0-297-79667-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Donaldson,_Baroness_Donaldson_of_Kingsbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Donaldson, Baroness Donaldson of Kingsbridge">Donaldson, Frances</a> (1974). Edward VIII. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-76787-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-76787-9">0-297-76787-9</a>.</li> <li>Godfrey, Rupert (editor) (1998). Letters From a Prince: Edward to Mrs Freda Dudley Ward 1918–1921. Little, Brown & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7515-2590-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7515-2590-1">0-7515-2590-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(author)" title="John Parker (author)">Parker, John</a> (1988). King of Fools. New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-02598-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-02598-X">0-312-02598-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (2001). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. London: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255494-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255494-1">0-00-255494-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-Hennessy,_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope-Hennessy, James">Pope-Hennessy, James</a> (2018). The Quest for Queen Mary. Edited and with text by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Vickers" title="Hugo Vickers">Hugo Vickers</a>. Hodder & Stoughton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1529330625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1529330625">978-1529330625</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a>; edited by <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell and Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35406-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35406-6">0-304-35406-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John</a> (1958). King George VI. London: Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Williams_(historian)" title="Susan Williams (historian)">Williams, Susan</a> (2003). The People's King: The True Story of the Abdication. London: Allen Lane. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9573-2">978-0-7139-9573-2</a>.</li> <li>Windsor, The Duke of (1951). A King's Story. London: Cassell and Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegler,_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegler, Philip">Ziegler, Philip</a> (1991). King Edward VIII: The official biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57730-2">0-394-57730-2</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Edward VIII at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward VIII of the United Kingdom">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590227" class="extiw" title="d:Q590227">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F45408">"Archival material relating to Edward VIII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Edward+VIII&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF45408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VIII" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590227#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04887">Portraits of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590227#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/018680">Newspaper clippings about Edward VIII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/edward-viii">Edward VIII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_viii_king.shtml">Edward VIII</a> at BBC History</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Edward VIII </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a> </div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a></div>Born: 23 June 1894 Died: 28 May 1972 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Monarchs">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> 20 January – 11 December 1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George (V)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>; <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> 1910–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles (III)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dundas_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dundas (governor)">Sir Charles Dundas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a> 1940–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Lindsay_Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Lindsay Murphy">Sir William Lindsay Murphy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">The Prince of Wales</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George">Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George</a> 1917–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Athlone">The Earl of Athlone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire">Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire</a> 1917–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore-in-Chief">Air Commodore-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary Air Force">Auxiliary Air Force</a> 1932–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cape_Town" title="Chancellor of the University of Cape Town">Chancellor of the University of Cape Town</a> 1918–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&oldid=1259694895">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&oldid=1259694895</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VIII&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 15:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Edward VIII van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edward VIII van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92adweard_VIII_Bretta_Cyning" title="Ēadweard VIII Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēadweard VIII Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="إدوارد الثامن ملك المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد الثامن ملك المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII_d%27o_Reino_Uniu" title="Eduardo VIII d'o Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eduardo VIII d'o Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII_del_Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Eduardo VIII del Reinu Xuníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eduardo VIII del Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Eduard" title="VIII Eduard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VIII Eduard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سککیزینجی ادوارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سککیزینجی ادوارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_saking_Britania_Raya" title="Edward VIII saking Britania Raya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Edward VIII saking Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="অষ্টম এডওয়ার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অষ্টম এডওয়ার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_8-s%C3%A8" title="Edward 8-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward 8-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Эдуард VIII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард VIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Эдўард VIII – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдўард VIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Edward VIII" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Едуард VIII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард VIII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII,_kralj_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Edvard VIII, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edvard VIII, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouarzh_VIII" title="Edouarzh VIII – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edouarzh VIII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII_del_Regne_Unit" title="Eduard VIII del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard VIII del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII." title="Eduard VIII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard VIII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII,_brenin_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Edward VIII, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edward VIII, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_8._af_Storbritannien" title="Edvard 8. af Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edvard 8. af Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII." title="Eduard VIII. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard VIII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward VIII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εδουάρδος Η΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδουάρδος Η΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII_del_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VIII del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduardo VIII del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_la_8-a_(Britio)" title="Eduardo la 8-a (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduardo la 8-a (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII.a_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Eduardo VIII.a Erresuma Batukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo VIII.a Erresuma Batukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ادوارد هشتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد هشتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_VIII" title="Édouard VIII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édouard VIII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89adbhard_VIII_na_R%C3%ADochta_Aontaithe" title="Éadbhard VIII na Ríochta Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éadbhard VIII na Ríochta Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eideard_VIII" title="Eideard VIII – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eideard VIII" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII_do_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VIII do Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eduardo VIII do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_8-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Edward 8-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Edward 8-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_8%EC%84%B8" title="에드워드 8세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 8세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_VIII" title="Էդուարդ VIII – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ VIII" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="एडवर्ड अष्टम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड अष्टम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII." title="Eduard VIII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard VIII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_la_8ma_di_Unionita_Rejio" title="Edward la 8ma di Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward la 8ma di Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Edward VIII dari Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward VIII dari Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII_del_Regno_Unite" title="Eduardo VIII del Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eduardo VIII del Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_8._Bretlandskonungur" title="Játvarður 8. Bretlandskonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Játvarður 8. Bretlandskonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_VIII_del_Regno_Unito" title="Edoardo VIII del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edoardo VIII del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="אדוארד השמיני, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד השמיני, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_VIII" title="ედუარდ VIII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ VIII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="VIII Эдуард – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="VIII Эдуард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edward VIII" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_VIII_(rex_Britanniarum)" title="Eduardus VIII (rex Britanniarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus VIII (rex Britanniarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduards_VIII_Vindzors" title="Eduards VIII Vindzors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eduards VIII Vindzors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII._vum_Vereenegte_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich" title="Edward VIII. vum Vereenegte Kinnekräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edward VIII. vum Vereenegte Kinnekräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_VIII" title="Eduardas VIII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas VIII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_8" title="Edward 8 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Edward 8" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII._Edu%C3%A1rd_brit_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VIII. Eduárd brit király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VIII. Eduárd brit király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Едвард VIII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард VIII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_VIII" title="എഡ്വേഡ് VIII – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വേഡ് VIII" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="युनायटेड किंग्डमचा आठवा एडवर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनायटेड किंग्डमचा आठवा एडवर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ادوارد التامن ملك المملكه المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد التامن ملك المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7)" title="ادوارد هشتم (بریتانیا شا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادوارد هشتم (بریتانیا شا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward VIII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Edward VIII van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward VIII van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%898%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="エドワード8世 (イギリス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード8世 (イギリス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII._(Ferianigt_K%C3%B6ningrik)" title="Eduard VIII. (Ferianigt Köningrik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eduard VIII. (Ferianigt Köningrik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII_av_Storbritannia" title="Edvard VIII av Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edvard VIII av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII_av_Storbritannia" title="Edvard VIII av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edvard VIII av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douard_VIII_du_Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Douard VIII du Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Douard VIII du Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoard_VIII_del_Reialme_Unit" title="Edoard VIII del Reialme Unit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edoard VIII del Reialme Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII" title="Edvard VIII – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edvard VIII" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਐਡਵਰਡ ਅੱਠਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਵਰਡ ਅੱਠਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ایڈورڈ اٹھواں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈورڈ اٹھواں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="اتم اډوارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتم اډوارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_Windsor" title="Edward VIII Windsor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward VIII Windsor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VIII_do_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VIII do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduardo VIII do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII" title="Eduard VIII – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Eduard VIII" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_al_VIII-lea_al_Regatului_Unit" title="Eduard al VIII-lea al Regatului Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard al VIII-lea al Regatului Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Эдуард VIII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдуард VIII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AE" title="एडवर्ड ८ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडवर्ड ८" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward VIII" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardu_VIII_d%C3%BB_Regnu_Unitu" title="Eduardu VIII dû Regnu Unitu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eduardu VIII dû Regnu Unitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="අටවන එඩ්වර්ඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අටවන එඩ්වර්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward VIII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VIII._(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo)" title="Eduard VIII. (Spojené kráľovstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard VIII. (Spojené kráľovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII._Britanski" title="Edvard VIII. Britanski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edvard VIII. Britanski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئێدواردی ھەشتەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدواردی ھەشتەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Едвард VIII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард VIII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_od_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Edward VIII od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward VIII od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII" title="Edvard VIII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edvard VIII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VIII_av_Storbritannien" title="Edvard VIII av Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edvard VIII av Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="எட்டாம் எட்வர்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்டாம் எட்வர்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_8_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 8 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 8 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII._Edward" title="VIII. Edward – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VIII. Edward" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VIII" title="Едуард VIII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едуард VIII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%81%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ایڈورڈ ہشتم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ ہشتم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Edward VIII của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward VIII của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII_han_Reino_Unido" title="Edward VIII han Reino Unido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edward VIII han Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华八世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华八世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="愛德華八世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛德華八世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华八世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华八世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 15:40 (UTC).</li> <li 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