CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Latino sine flexione - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b96b7ea1-ac8e-41d7-a3a1-4be8e48882da","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Latino_sine_flexione","wgTitle":"Latino sine flexione","wgCurRevisionId":1276847782,"wgRevisionId":1276847782,"wgArticleId":371360,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Pages with plain IPA","Languages without Glottolog code","Language articles with IETF language tag","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)-language text","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2021","All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes", "International auxiliary languages","Simplified languages","Constructed languages introduced in the 1900s","1903 introductions","Forms of Latin","Isolating languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Latino_sine_flexione","wgRelevantArticleId":371360,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q35938","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Interlingua_sign_1911.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1346"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Interlingua_sign_1911.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="898"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="718"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Latino sine flexione - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Latino_sine_flexione rootpage-Latino_sine_flexione skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Latino+sine+flexione" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Latino+sine+flexione" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Latino+sine+flexione" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Latino+sine+flexione" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alphabet and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Parts of speech</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parts_of_speech-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parts of speech subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns[13]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns[13]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pronouns<sup><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns[13]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collateral_endings[14]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collateral_endings[14]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Collateral endings<sup><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collateral_endings[14]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_tenses[15]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_tenses[15]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Compound tenses<sup><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_tenses[15]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives_and_adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives_and_adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Adjectives and adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives_and_adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparative_and_superlative[16]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_and_superlative[16]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Comparative and superlative<sup><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_and_superlative[16]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregularities[17]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregularities[17]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Irregularities<sup><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregularities[17]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals[18]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals[18]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Numerals<sup><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals[18]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latino sine flexione</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="إنترلنغوا بيانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنترلنغوا بيانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D-%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8D)" title="Інтэрлінгва (лаціна-сінэ-флексіонэ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэрлінгва (лаціна-сінэ-флексіонэ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sen_fleksio" title="Latino sen fleksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latino sen fleksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Латино сине флексионе – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Латино сине флексионе" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_Flexione" title="Latino sine Flexione – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Latino sine Flexione" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione_nyelv" title="Latino sine flexione nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latino sine flexione nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="無活用ラテン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無活用ラテン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione" title="Latino Sine Flexione – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latino Sine Flexione" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_Flexione" title="Latino sine Flexione – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Latino sine Flexione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Интерлингва (латино-сине-флексионе) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интерлингва (латино-сине-флексионе)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latino sine flexione" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Інтерлінгва (латино-сіне-флексіоне) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інтерлінгва (латино-сіне-флексіоне)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="无屈折拉丁语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无屈折拉丁语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35938#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Latino_sine_flexione" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Latino_sine_flexione" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Latino_sine_flexione" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&oldid=1276847782" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Latino_sine_flexione&id=1276847782&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLatino_sine_flexione"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLatino_sine_flexione"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Latino_sine_flexione&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latino_sine_flexione" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35938" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin-based international auxiliary language</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;"><i>Interlingua</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">IL de A.p.I.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Interlingua_sign_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Interlingua_sign_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="138" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Interlingua sign in 1911</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">'latino<span class="wrap"> </span>'sine<span class="wrap"> </span>'fleksione</span>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academia_pro_Interlingua" title="Academia pro Interlingua">Academia pro Interlingua</a> under chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1887–1914<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">Auxiliary language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_posteriori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="A posteriori language">A posteriori language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Controlled_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled language">Controlled language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Latino sine flexione</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Sources</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Based on <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, but influenced by ideas in other <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academia_pro_Interlingua" title="Academia pro Interlingua">Academia pro Interlingua</a> (-1945), works by Peano and ApI (eg Discussiones 1909-1915)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ilc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ilc">ilc</a></code> (rejected)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>la-peano</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Latino sine flexione</b> ("<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> without <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a>"), <b>Interlingua de Academia pro Interlingua</b> (<b>IL de ApI</b>) or <b>Peano's Interlingua</b> (abbreviated as <b>IL</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Academia_pro_Interlingua" title="Academia pro Interlingua">Academia pro Interlingua</a> under the chairmanship of the Italian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> (1858–1932) from 1887 until 1914. It is a simplified version of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and retains its <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>. Interlingua-IL was published in the journal <i>Revue de Mathématiques</i> in an article of 1903 entitled <i>De Latino Sine Flexione, Lingua Auxiliare Internationale</i> (meaning <i>On Latin Without Inflection, International Auxiliary Language</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which explained the reason for its creation. The article argued that other auxiliary languages were unnecessary, since Latin was already established as the world's international language. The article was written in classical Latin, but it gradually dropped its <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> until there were none. </p><p>Language codes <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>: <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> and -1 were requested on 23 July 2017 at the Library of Congress (proposed: <i>IL</i> and <i>ILA</i>); <a href="/wiki/ISO-639-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-639-3">ISO-639-3</a> was requested on 10 August 2017 at SIL (proposed: <i>ILC</i>) and was rejected on 23 January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, Peano published the article <i>De Latino Sine Flexione</i> to introduce his language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, Peano quoted a series of suggestions by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a> about a simplified form of Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article appeared to be a serious development of the idea, and Peano subsequently gained a reputation among the auxiliary language movement. </p><p>In 1904, Peano undertook an essay about the way to obtain the minimal grammar of an eventual minimal Latin (<i>Latino minimo</i>), with a minimal vocabulary purely international.<sup id="cite_ref-vocabulario_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vocabulario-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peano and some colleagues published articles in Latino sine flexione for several years at the <i>Revue de Mathématiques</i>. Because of his desire to prove that this was indeed an international language, Peano boldly published the final edition of his famous <a href="/wiki/Formulario_mathematico" title="Formulario mathematico">Formulario mathematico</a> in Latino sine flexione. However, as Hubert Kennedy notes, most mathematicians were put off by the artificial appearance of the language, and made no attempt to read it.<sup id="cite_ref-H_Kennedy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1907, Peano was at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Delegation_for_the_Adoption_of_an_International_Auxiliary_Language" title="Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language">Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language</a>. Having declared for Latino sine flexione to be adopted, he eventually could not participate in the final voting, because of labour affairs at Turin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December 1908, Peano was elected member and director of the <i>Akademi internasional de lingu universal</i> still using <a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a>, which was refounded one year later under the name <a href="/wiki/Academia_pro_Interlingua" title="Academia pro Interlingua">Academia pro Interlingua</a>. Every academician might use their favourite form of Interlingua, the term being initially used in a general sense as a synonym for international language, yet it soon began to be specially used to denote a reformed Latino sine flexione based on the common rules the academicians were reaching by frequent votings. Thus, the name Interlingua soon began to denote the language evolving from the Academia Pro Interlingua,<sup id="cite_ref-H_Kennedy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the corresponding abbreviation <i>IL</i>. </p><p>However, every member was free to write in their own personal style, and indeed some members were proposing radical reforms which eventually might end up as independent languages (like Michaux's Romanal or De Wahl's <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a>). For this reason, the name <i>Peano's Interlingua</i> or <i>Interlingua (IL)</i><sup id="cite_ref-H_Kennedy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_Kennedy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might be regarded as the most accurate for the particular standard by Peano. (As found in "Interglossa and its predecessors".<sup id="cite_ref-Hogben_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogben-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The discussions to reach a standard Interlingua may be seen on the pages of <i>Discussiones</i>, the official journal of the Academia pro Interlingua from 1909 to 1913. This and subsequent journals of the academy have been recently published in a CD-Rom by the mathematics department of the University of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the place where Peano developed his teaching and research. </p><p>Since <i>De Latino Sine Flexione</i> had set the principle to take Latin nouns either in the ablative or nominative form (<i>nomen</i> was preferred to <i>nomine</i>), in 1909 Peano published a vocabulary in order to assist in selecting the proper form of every noun,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet an essential value of Peano's Interlingua was that the lexicon might be found straightforward in any Latin dictionary (by getting the thematic vowel of the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> from the genitive ending, that is: <i>-a -o -e -u -e</i> from <i>-ae -i -is -us -ei</i>). Finally, a large vocabulary with 14,000 words was published in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Peano_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peano-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reformed <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> was presented in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gode" title="Alexander Gode">Alexander Gode</a> as the last director of the <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a>. It was claimed to be independent from Peano's Interlingua, because it had developed a new method to detect the <i>most recent common prototypes</i>. But that method usually leads to the Latin ablative, so most vocabulary of Peano's Interlingua would be kept. Accordingly, the very name <i>Interlingua</i> was kept, yet a distinct abbreviation was adopted: <i>IA</i> instead of <i>IL</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_and_pronunciation">Alphabet and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabet and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"> <caption>Interlingua alphabet and digraphs, with typical pronunciations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Upper case</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ae_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ae (digraph)">Ae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">Oe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">Ph</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">Rh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case</a> </th> <td>a </td> <td>ae </td> <td>b </td> <td>c </td> <td>ch </td> <td>d </td> <td>e </td> <td>f </td> <td>g </td> <td>h </td> <td>i </td> <td>j </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>o </td> <td>oe </td> <td>p </td> <td>ph </td> <td>qu </td> <td>r </td> <td>rh </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>th </td> <td>u </td> <td>v </td> <td>w </td> <td>x </td> <td>y </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Distinct pronunciations (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>)</span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">ai̯</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">oi̯</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ks </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Merged pronunciations </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td>- </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Vowels"></span>According to Peano's guide to the language in 1931, "most Interlinguists are in favour of the old Latin pronunciation." This gives the pronunciation of vowels as follows: </p> <ul><li>a—as in f<b>a</b>ther: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></li> <li>e—as in th<b>e</b>y: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span></li> <li>i—as in f<b>ee</b>t: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span></li> <li>o—as in t<b>o</b>ne: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></li> <li>u—as in r<b>u</b>le: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span></li> <li>y—as French <b>u</b>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span></li> <li>j—as in <b>y</b>es: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span></li> <li>ae—as in <b>eye</b>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai̯]</span></li> <li>oe—as in b<b>oy</b>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oi̯]</span></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Consonants"></span>Consonants are pronounced largely as in English, with the following clarifications: </p> <ul><li>b—like English b, but like p if followed by s or t: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b,<span class="wrap"> </span>p]</span></li> <li>g—like g in <b>g</b>o, <b>g</b>et: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span></li> <li>h—silent in rh otherwise like English h: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span></li> <li>qu—as qu in <b>qu</b>arrel: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷ]</span></li> <li>r—as in co<b>rr</b>ect (trilled): <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></li> <li>v—like English w.: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span></li> <li>x—as ks.: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ks]</span></li> <li>ch, ph, th—as c, p, t in <b>c</b>an, <b>p</b>an, <b>t</b>an: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ]</span></li> <li>c—like k always, as in s<b>c</b>an, s<b>c</b>at: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> (not aspirated)</li> <li>p—as in s<b>p</b>an</li> <li>t—as in s<b>t</b>and</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Variant_pronunciations"></span>Not all consonants and vowels are pronounced distinctively by all people. The following variant pronunciations are allowed: </p> <ul><li>y as <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span></li> <li>ae and oe as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span></li> <li>h silent</li> <li>ch, ph, th as <span class="nowrap">⟨c, p, t⟩</span></li> <li>ph as <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span></li> <li>v like English v, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span></li> <li>w like English v</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Stress"></span>The <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> is based on the classical Latin rule: </p> <ul><li>Words with two syllables have the stress on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penult</a>.</li> <li>Words with three or more syllables have the stress on the penult only if it is heavy (closed or had a long vowel in Classical Latin), otherwise on the <a href="/wiki/Antepenult" class="mw-redirect" title="Antepenult">antepenult</a><sup id="cite_ref-Peano_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peano-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (p. xii).</li></ul> <p>A secondary accent may be placed when necessary as the speaker deems appropriate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_of_speech">Parts of speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parts of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Peano removed the inflections of Latin from <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, he did not entirely remove <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, permitting the option of a <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine</a> ending for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/occupation" class="extiw" title="wikt:occupation">occupations</a>. The gender of animals is immutable. All forms of nouns end with a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and are taken from the <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative case</a>, but as this was not listed in most Latin dictionaries, he gave the rule for its derivation from the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>. The plural is not required when not necessary, such as when a number has been specified, the plural can be read from the context, and so on; however, Peano gives the option of using the suffix -s to indicate it when needed. <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> have few <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> of conjugation; tenses and moods are instead indicated by verb adjuncts. The result is a change to a <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">positional language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particles that have no inflection in classical Latin are used in their natural form: </p> <ul><li><i>Supra, infra, intra, extra</i>... (but <i>superiore, inferiore, interiore, exteriore</i> from <i>superior, -oris</i> and so on.)</li> <li><i>Super, subter, inter, praeter, semper</i>... (but <i>nostro, vestro, dextro...</i> from <i>noster, -tra, -trum</i> and so on.)</li> <li><i>Tres, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem</i>... (but <i>uno</i> from <i>unus, -a, -um</i>; <i>duo</i> from <i>duo, -ae, -o</i>; <i>nullo</i> from <i>nullus, -a, -um</i>; <i>multo</i> from <i>multus, -a, -um</i>, etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form of nouns depends on the Latin declensions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin declension number (genitive ending) </th> <td>1: -ae </td> <td>2: -i </td> <td>3: -is </td> <td>4: -us </td> <td>5: -ei </td></tr> <tr> <th>Latino ending </th> <td>-a </td> <td>-o </td> <td>-e </td> <td>-u </td> <td>-e </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Latin declension/nominative form </th> <th scope="col">Latin genitive </th> <th scope="col">Latino (Latin ablative) </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st: rosa </td> <td>ros<b>ae</b> </td> <td>ros<b>a</b> </td> <td>rose </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd: laurus </td> <td>laur<b>i</b> </td> <td>laur<b>o</b> </td> <td>laurel </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd: pax </td> <td>pac<b>is</b> </td> <td>pac<b>e</b> </td> <td>peace </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th: casus </td> <td>cas<b>us</b> </td> <td>cas<b>u</b> </td> <td>case </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th: series </td> <td>seri<b>ei</b> </td> <td>seri<b>e</b> </td> <td>series </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Those proper nouns written with the Roman alphabet are kept as close to the original as possible. The following are examples: München, New York, Roma, Giovanni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns[13]"><span id="Pronouns.5B13.5D"></span>Pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronouns[13]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Personal</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Number </th> <th scope="col">Singular </th> <th scope="col">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1st person </th> <td>me </td> <td>nos </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2nd person </th> <td>te </td> <td>vos </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3rd person </th> <td>illo (male), illa (female), id (neutral) </td> <td>illos </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Reflexive </th> <td>se </td> <td>se </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Demonstrative: <i>illo</i> (that, as in "that book"), <i>isto</i> (this, as in "this book"), <i>ipso</i> (itself); for conjunction: <i>que</i> (<i>me vide <b>que</b> illo es rapide</i> = I see <b>that</b> it is fast)</li> <li>Possessive: <i>meo</i>, <i>tuo</i>, <i>suo</i>, <i>nostro</i>, <i>vestro</i>, (<i>suo</i>)</li> <li>Relative and conjunctive: <i>qui</i> (who, that human), <i>quod</i> (which, that thing)</li> <li>Reflexive: <i>se</i></li> <li>Indefinitive: <i>un</i>, <i>uno</i> (<i>One</i> tells...), <i>ullo</i> (any), <i>omne</i> or <i>omni</i> (all, each, every), <i>aliquo</i> (anyone), <i>nullo</i> (nothing), <i>nemo</i> (no one)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are formed from the Latin by dropping the final <i>-re</i> of the infinitive. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, etc., are indicated by particles, auxiliary verbs, or adverbs, but none is required if the sense is clear from the context. If needed, the past may be indicated by preceding the verb with <i>e</i>, and the future with <i>i</i>. </p><p>There are specific endings to create the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>: </p> <ul><li>Basic form: ama (loves)</li> <li>Infinitive: ama<b>re</b> (to love)</li> <li>Passive participle: ama<b>to</b> (loved)</li> <li>Active participle: ama<b>nte</b> (loving)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collateral_endings[14]"><span id="Collateral_endings.5B14.5D"></span>Collateral endings<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collateral endings[14]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Imperfectum (past): ama<b>ba</b> (loved), lege<b>ba</b> (read)</li> <li>Future: ama<b>rà</b> (will/shall love), lege<b>rà</b> (will/shall read)</li> <li>Conditional: ama<b>rè</b> (would love), lege<b>rè</b> (would read)</li></ul> <p>The endings <i>-rà</i> and <i>-rè</i> are stressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compound_tenses[15]"><span id="Compound_tenses.5B15.5D"></span>Compound tenses<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compound tenses[15]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composite tenses can be expressed with auxiliary words: </p> <ul><li>Praeteritum: <b>habe</b> ama<b>to</b> (have loved)</li> <li>Future: <b>debe</b> ama<b>re</b> / <b>vol</b> ama<b>re</b> / <b>habe ad</b> ama<b>re</b> (must love / will love / have to love)</li> <li>Continuous tenses: me <b>es</b> scribe<b>nte</b> (I am writing)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives_and_adverbs">Adjectives and adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adjectives and adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives are formed as follows: </p> <ul><li>If the nominative neuter ends with -e, the Latino form is unchanged.</li> <li>If the nominative neuter ends with -um, the Latino form is changed to -o: novum > novo (new).</li> <li>In all other cases, adjectives are formed with the ablative case from the genitive, as is the case with nouns.</li></ul> <p>Adjectives can be used as adverbs if the context is clear, or <i>cum mente</i> or <i>in modo</i> can be used: </p> <ul><li>Diligente (diligent): <i>Cum mente diligente</i>, <i>cum diligente mente</i>, <i>in modo diligente</i>, <i>in diligente modo</i> = diligently.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative_and_superlative[16]"><span id="Comparative_and_superlative.5B16.5D"></span>Comparative and superlative<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparative and superlative[16]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Positive: <i>illo es tam habile quam te</i> (he is as handy as you)</li> <li>Comparative: <i>illo es magis habile quam te</i> or <i>illo es plus habile quam te</i> (he is handier than you) and <i>illo es minus habile quam te</i> (he is less handy than you)</li> <li>Superlative: <i>maxim de...</i> and <i>minim de...</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irregularities[17]"><span id="Irregularities.5B17.5D"></span>Irregularities<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irregularities[17]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bono: meliore: optimo</li> <li>Malo: pejore: pessimo</li> <li>Magno: majore: maximo</li> <li>Parvo: minore: minimo</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with Latin, neither the definite nor the indefinite article exists in Latino sine flexione. When necessary they may be translated with pronouns or words such as <i>illo</i> (it, that), <i>isto</i> or <i>hoc</i> (this), or <i>uno</i> (one): </p> <ul><li>Da ad me libro = give me (the) book</li> <li>Da ad me hoc (isto) libro = give me this book</li> <li>Da ad me illo libro = give me that book</li> <li>Da ad me uno libro = give me a book</li> <li>Da ad me illo meo libro = give me that book of mine</li> <li>Da ad me uno meo libro = give me a book of mine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals[18]"><span id="Numerals.5B18.5D"></span>Numerals<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Numerals[18]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cardinals: 1 <i>uno</i>, 2 <i>duo</i>, 3 <i>tres</i>, 4 <i>quatuor</i>, 5 <i>quinque</i> 6 <i>sex</i>, 7 <i>septem</i>, 8 <i>octo</i>, 9 <i>novem</i>, 10 <i>decem</i>, 20 <i>viginti</i>, 30 <i>triginta</i>, 40 <i>quadraginta</i>, 50 <i>quinquaginta</i>, 60 <i>sexaginta</i>, 70 <i>septuaginta</i>, 80 <i>octoginta</i>, 90 <i>nonaginta</i>, 100 <i>centum</i>, 1,000 <i>mille</i>, 1,000,000 <i>millione</i></li> <li>Cardinals (cont.): 11 <i>decem-uno</i>, 12 <i>decem-duo</i>, 19 <i>decem-novem</i>, 21 <i>viginti-uno</i>, 101 <i>centum (et) uno</i>, 102 <i>centum (et) duo</i>, 200 <i>duo cento</i>, 300 <i>tres cento</i></li> <li>Ordinals: 1° <i>primo</i>, 2° <i>secundo</i>, 3° <i>tertio</i>, 4° <i>quarto</i>, 5° <i>quinto</i>, 6° <i>sexto</i>, 7° <i>septimo</i>, 8° <i>octavo</i>, 9° <i>nono</i>, 10° <i>decimo</i>, 20° <i>vigesimo</i>, 30° <i>trigesimo</i>, 40° <i>quadragesimo</i>, 50° <i>quinquagesimo</i>, 60° <i>sexagesimo</i>, 70° <i>septuagesimo</i>, 80° <i>octogesimo</i>, 90° <i>nonagesimo</i>, 100° <i>centesimo</i>, 1,000° <i>millesimo</i>, 1,000,000 <i>millionesimo</i></li> <li>Ordinals (cont.): 45° <i>quadragesimo quinto</i> or <i>quadraginta quinto</i>, 58° <i>quinquagesimo octavo</i> or <i>quinquaginta octavo</i>, 345° <i>tres cento quadraginta quinto</i></li> <li>Multiplicatives: <i>uno vice</i> (once), <i>duo vice</i> (twice), <i>tres vice</i> (three times)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_examples">Language examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Latino es lingua internationale in occidente de Europa ab tempore de imperio romano, per toto medio aevo, et in scientia usque ultimo seculo. Seculo vigesimo es primo que non habe lingua commune. Hodie quasi omne auctore scribe in proprio lingua nationale, id es in plure lingua neo-latino, in plure germanico, in plure slavo, in nipponico et alio. Tale multitudine de linguas in labores de interesse commune ad toto humanitate constitute magno obstaculo ad progressu.</i> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Latin was the international language in the west of Europe from the time of the Roman Empire, throughout the Middle Ages, and in the sciences until the last century. The 20th century is the first that does not have a common language. Today almost all authors write in their own national languages, that is in Neo-Latin languages, in Germanic, in Slavic, in Japanese, and others. This multitude of languages in works of communal interest to the whole of humanity constitutes a large obstacle to progress.</cite></div></blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The Lord's Prayer </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Latino sine flexione version: </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_de_IALA" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlingua de IALA">Interlingua de IALA</a> version </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version: </th> <th scope="row">English (<a href="/wiki/English_Language_Liturgical_Consultation" title="English Language Liturgical Consultation">ELLC</a> - 1988<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div title="Latin-language text"><div lang="la-peano"><div class="poem"> <p>Nostro patre, qui es in caelos,<br /> que tuo nomine fi sanctificato;<br /> que tuo regno adveni;<br /> que tuo voluntate es facto<br /> sicut in caelo et in terra.<br /> Da hodie ad nos nostro pane quotidiano,<br /> et remitte ad nos nostro debitos,<br /> sicut et nos remitte ad nostro debitores.<br /> Et non induce nos in tentatione,<br /> sed libera nos ab malo.<br /> Amen. </p> </div></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)-language text"><div lang="ia"><div class="poem"> <p>Patre nostre, qui es in le celos,<br /> que tu nomine sia sanctificate;<br /> que tu regno veni;<br /> que tu voluntate sia facite<br /> como in le celo, etiam super le terra.<br /> Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian,<br /> e pardona a nos nostre debitas<br /> como etiam nos los pardona a nostre debitores.<br /> E non induce nos in tentation,<br /> sed libera nos del mal.<br /> Amen. </p> </div></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Latin-language text"><div lang="la"><div class="poem"> <p>Pater noster, qui es in caelis,<br /> sanctificetur nomen tuum.<br /> Adveniat regnum tuum.<br /> Fiat voluntas tua,<br /> sicut in caelo, et in terra.<br /> Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie,<br /> et dimitte nobis debita nostra,<br /> sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.<br /> Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,<br /> sed libera nos a malo.<br /> Amen. </p> </div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Our Father (who are) in heaven,<br /> hallowed be your name,<br /> your kingdom come,<br /> your will be done,<br /> on earth as in heaven.<br /> Give us today our daily bread.<br /> Forgive us our sins<br /> as we forgive those who sin against us.<br /> Save us from the time of trial<br /> and deliver us from evil.<br /> Amen. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Latin proverbs converted to Latino sine flexione </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Latin </th> <th scope="col">Latino sine flexione </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vox_populi,_vox_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox populi, vox Dei">Vox populi, vox Dei</a>. </td> <td>Voce de populo, voce de Deo. </td> <td>The voice of the people is the voice of God. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hodie_mihi,_cras_tibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodie mihi, cras tibi">Hodie mihi, cras tibi</a>. </td> <td>Hodie ad me, cras ad te. </td> <td>It is my lot today, yours to-morrow. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gratia gratiam generat, lis litem. </td> <td>Gratia genera gratia, lite genera lite. </td> <td>Goodwill begets goodwill, bickering begets bickering. </td></tr> <tr> <td>In medio stat virtus. </td> <td>Virtute sta in medio. </td> <td>Virtue stands in the middle. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qui non laborat, non manducet. </td> <td>Qui non labora, non debe manducare. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_who_does_not_work,_neither_shall_he_eat" title="He who does not work, neither shall he eat">He who does not work, neither shall he eat</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medice, cura te ipsum. </td> <td>Medico, cura te ipso. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Physician,_heal_thyself" title="Physician, heal thyself">Physician, heal thyself</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_gustibus_non_est_disputandum" title="De gustibus non est disputandum">De gustibus non est disputandum</a>. </td> <td>Nos non debe disputare de gustu. </td> <td>There is no disputing about tastes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ars imitatio naturae est. </td> <td>Arte imita natura. </td> <td>Art imitates nature. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#do_ut_des" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Do ut des</a>. </td> <td>Me da ut te da. </td> <td>I give so that you give. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Designatio unius est exclusio alterius. </td> <td>Qui designa uno, exclude alio. </td> <td>Who chooses one excludes another. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a>, <i>De origine et situ Germanorum (Germania)</i> (fragmentum initiale) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latina</a> classica (ex <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum_(Germania)">Vicifonte</a>) </th> <th>Latino sine flexione / Interlingua (IL) de <a href="/wiki/Academia_pro_Interlingua" title="Academia pro Interlingua">A.p.I.</a> </th> <th>English (translated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">A.J. Church</a> and W.J. Brodribb, 1876) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Germania omnis a Gallis Raetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danuvio fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu aut montibus separatur: cetera Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum inmensa spatia complectens, nuper cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit. Rhenus, Raeticarum Alpium inaccesso ac praecipiti vertice ortus, modico flexu in occidentem versus septentrionali Oceano miscetur. Danuvius molli et clementer edito montis Abnobae iugo effusus pluris populos adit, donec in Ponticum mare sex meatibus erumpat: septimum os paludibus hauritur.</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la-peano">Fluvios Rheno et Danuvio separa toto Germania ab Gallos, Raetos et Pannonios; montes, aut metu mutuo, separa illo ab Sarmatas et Dacos: Oceano ambi ceteros, complectente sinus lato de mari et spatios immenso de insulas, ad certo gentes et reges recente cognito, aperto ab bello. Rheno, orto in vertice inaccesso et praecipite de Alpes Raetico, flecte se parvo versus occidente et misce se in Oceano septentrionale. Danuvio, effuso in jugo molle et clemente edito de monte Abnoba, visita plure populo, usque illo erumpe in mari Pontico per sex cursu: ore septimo perde se in paludes.</i></span> </td> <td>Germany as a whole is separated from the Galli, the Rhaeti, and Pannonii, by the rivers Rhine and Danube; mountain ranges, or the fear which each feels for the other, divide it from the Sarmatae and Daci. Elsewhere ocean girds it, embracing broad peninsulas and islands of unexplored extent, where certain tribes and kings are newly known to us, revealed by war. The Rhine springs from a precipitous and inaccessible height of the Rhaetian Alps, bends slightly westward, and mingles with the Northern Ocean. The Danube pours down from the gradual and gently rising slope of Mount Abnoba, and visits many nations, to force its way at last through six channels into the Pontus; a seventh mouth is lost in marshes. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> <b>may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Latino_sine_flexione" title="Talk:Latino sine flexione">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Peano formally defended the maxim that <i>the best grammar is no grammar</i>, bearing in mind the example of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. (In modern linguistics, counter to popular and Peano's usage, <i><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a></i> does not refer to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> structures alone, but also to <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, for example, which both Latino sine flexione and Chinese still have. In this sense, "languages without grammar" cannot exist.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) According to <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Hogben" title="Lancelot Hogben">Lancelot Hogben</a>, Peano's Interlingua still shares a major flaw with many other <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary languages</a>, having "either too much grammar of the wrong sort, or not enough of the right".<sup id="cite_ref-Hogben_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogben-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (p. 10) Hogben argues that at least nouns and verbs should be easily distinguished by characteristic endings so that one can easily get an initial understanding of the sentence. Thus, in Peano's Interlingua, the verbs might be given some specific, standardized verbal form, such as the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, which is sufficient in the Latin <a href="/wiki/Indirect_speech" title="Indirect speech">indirect speech</a>. Instead, the raw imperative is proposed in <i>De Latino Sine Flexione</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Lingua latino habet discurso directo, ut: "<i>Amicitia inter malos esse non potest"</i>, et discurso indirecto: "(<i>Verum est</i> ) <i>amicitiam inter malos esse non posse"</i>. Si nos utimur semper de discurso indirecto, in verbo evanescit desinentia de persona, de modo, et saepe de tempore. Sumimus ergo nomen inflexibile (...), sub forma magis simplice, qui es imperativo. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>[<i>Translation:</i> ] The Latin language has a direct discourse, like: "<i>Friendness among the bad ones is not possible"</i>, and indirect discourse: "(<i>It is true that</i> ) <i>friendness among the bad ones is not possible"</i>. If we always make use of indirect discourse, the desinences of person, mode, and (frequently) time, get vanished off the verb. So we take the name unflexed (...), under the simplest form, which is the imperative., Peano (1903, § 4)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to Hogben, another handicap is the lack of a pure <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a>, which might clearly indicate the nouns. Nevertheless, Peano occasionally suggested that <i>illo</i> (that) and <i>uno</i> (one) might be used as articles. </p><p>Once more according to Hogben, the syntax of Peano's Interlingua remained conservative: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> [Peano's Interlingua] (...) has an aristocratic indifference to the necessity for simple rules of sentence-construction. The fact is that no pioneer of language-planning –least of all Peano– has undertaken the task of investigating what rules of word-order contribute most to intrinsic clarity of meaning and ease of recognition. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lancelot Hogben (1943, p. 11).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Reviewing the list of more widely known Latin titles, one might conclude that the sequence <i>noun-adjective</i> is the norm in Latin, yet the inverted sequence is also current.<sup id="cite_ref-latinosineflexio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latinosineflexio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio is over 2 to 1 in a list of Latin titles commented by Stroh.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E.g. "<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i>". As for a sequence <i>nominative-genitive</i>, it may be the norm in Latin in a similar ratio. E.g. "<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>". Indeed, the sequence <i>nominative-genitive</i> must always be the norm in Peano's Interlingua, since the preposition <i>de</i> must introduce the genitive. Thus, <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> would turn into <i>Principio Mathematico <b>de</b> Philosophia Naturale</i>. Since the function of both the adjective and the genitive is often the same, one might infer that the sequence <i>noun-adjective</i> might always be the norm. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Adiectivo qui deriva ab sustantivo vale genitivo: "aureo", "de auro". </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>[<i>Translation:</i> ] An adjective derived from a substantive is equivalent to a genitive: "golden", "of gold"., Peano (1903, § 6).</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_conlang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/28px-Design_conlang.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/42px-Design_conlang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/56px-Design_conlang.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Grammatico</i> section of the <i>Vocabulario Commune</i>, 1915 <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/-1915-vocabulario-pre#grammatica">sites<wbr />.google<wbr />.com<wbr />/site<wbr />/latinosineflexio<wbr />/-1915-vocabulario-pre<wbr />#grammatica</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peano, Giuseppe (1903). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/35803/35803-h/35803-h.htm">De Latino Sine Flexione. Lingua Auxiliare Internationale</a></i>, <i>Revista de Mathematica</i> (<i>Revue de Mathématiques</i>), Tomo VIII, pp. 74-83. Fratres Bocca Editores: Torino.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2017-022">"2017-022 | Iso 639-3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017-022+%26%23124%3B+Iso+639-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Frequest%2F2017-022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatino+sine+flexione" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Couturat" title="Louis Couturat">Couturat, Louis</a> (1901). <i>La Logique de Leibniz</i>. Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couturat, Louis (1903). <i>Opuscules et fragments inédits de Leibniz</i>. Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vocabulario-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vocabulario_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peano, Giuseppe (1904). <i>Vocabulario de Latino internationale comparato cum Anglo, Franco, Germano, Hispano, Italo, Russo, Græco et Sanscrito</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/vocabulario-1904">[1]</a>. Torino.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H_Kennedy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H_Kennedy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_Kennedy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_Kennedy_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Hubert (2006). <i>Peano. Life and Works of Giuseppe Peano</i>. Concord, CA: Peremptory Publications: p. 169 (<i>a</i>), p. 185 (<i>b</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Academia pro Interlingua (Nov. 1909). Délégation pour l'Adoption d'une Langue Auxiliaire Internationale <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.google.com/site/academiaprointerlingua190913/home#1909:37">[2]</a>. Discussiones (2): p. 37-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogben-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hogben_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogben_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogben, Lancelot (1943). <i>Interglossa. A draft of an auxiliary for a democratic world order, being an attempt to apply semantic principles to language design</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.google.com/site/interglossa1943/contents">[3]</a> Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Eng. / New York: Penguin Books: p. 10-11. OCLC 1265553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvia Roero, Clara (coord.) (2003). <i>Le Riviste di Giuseppe Peano</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063830/http://www.dm.unito.it/collanacdrom/index.html">"Dipartimento di Matematica - Università di Torino"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dm.unito.it/collanacdrom/index.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dipartimento+di+Matematica+-+Universit%C3%A0+di+Torino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dm.unito.it%2Fcollanacdrom%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatino+sine+flexione" class="Z3988"></span> (CD-Rom N. 4). Dipartimento di Matematica dell' Università di Torino.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peano, Giuseppe (1909). <i>Vocabulario Commune ad linguas de Europa</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/vocabulario-1909">[4]</a>. Cavoretto - Torino.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peano-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peano_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peano_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peano, Giuseppe (1915). <i>Vocabulario Commune ad Latino-Italiano-Français-English-Deutsch pro usu de interlinguistas</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/vocabulario-1915">[5]</a>. Cavoretto - Torino.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuale Practico de Interlingua <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf">[6]</a>. Pronomines: p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuale Practico de Interlingua <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf">[7]</a>. De verbo: p. 10-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuale Practico de Interlingua <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf">[8]</a>. De verbo: p. 10-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuale Practico de Interlingua <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf">[9]</a>. Comparatione: p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuale Practico de Interlingua <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf">[10]</a>. Comparatione: p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuale Practico de Interlingua <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuale_Practico.pdf">[11]</a>. Numeratione: p. 30-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishtexts.org/praying.pdf">Praying Together</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201315/http://www.englishtexts.org/praying.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Catherine (15 March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics/chapter/1-5-fundamental-properties-of-language//">"1.4 Fundamental Properties of Language"</a>, <i>Essentials of Linguistics</i>, McMaster University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essentials+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=1.4+Fundamental+Properties+of+Language&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecampusontario.pressbooks.pub%2Fessentialsoflinguistics%2Fchapter%2F1-5-fundamental-properties-of-language%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatino+sine+flexione" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latinosineflexio-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latinosineflexio_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Note on Peano's Interlingua" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.google.com/site/latinosineflexio/nota">[12]</a>. Updated: June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stroh, Wilfried (2009). <i>Le latin est mort. Vive la latin!</i> [2007. <i>Latein ist tot, es lebe Latein</i>]. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-34601-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-34601-4">978-2-251-34601-4</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mono.eik.bme.hu/~galantai/LSF/">Instituto pro Latino sine flexione</a> - Site in Latino sine flexione; Peano's original writings on this language, blog in Latino sine flexione, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinosineflexione.wordpress.com">Blog in Latino sine Flexione</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latinosineflexione.fandom.com/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione_Wiki">Latino Sine Flexione Wiki</a></li> <li>(Latino sine flexione) <a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/100_exemplo_de_Interlingua" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:100 exemplo de Interlingua">100 exemplo de Interlingua, ab Giuseppe Peano</a></li> <li>(Latino sine flexione) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/academiaprointerlingua190913/">Revista "Discussiones", de Academia Pro Interlingua (1909-13)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216053722/https://sites.google.com/site/academiaprointerlingua190913/">Archived</a> 2016-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuntios.blogspot.com/search/label/Latino%20sine%20Flexione">Nuntios: Latino sine Flexione</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nuntios.blogspot.com/">http://nuntios.blogspot.com/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constructed_languages386" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constructed_languages" title="Template talk:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constructed_languages386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />languages<br /> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International<br />auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viossa" title="Viossa">Viossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobsa_(Dune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakobsa (Dune)">Chakobsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars"><i>Star Wars</i> languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35938#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata675" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35938#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata675" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35938#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/976448/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4736555-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85067287">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555511505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&oldid=1276847782">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&oldid=1276847782</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_auxiliary_languages" title="Category:International auxiliary languages">International auxiliary languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Simplified_languages" title="Category:Simplified languages">Simplified languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages_introduced_in_the_1900s" title="Category:Constructed languages introduced in the 1900s">Constructed languages introduced in the 1900s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1903_introductions" title="Category:1903 introductions">1903 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Latin" title="Category:Forms of Latin">Forms of Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isolating_languages" title="Category:Isolating languages">Isolating languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_without_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Languages without Glottolog code">Languages without Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_IETF_language_tag" title="Category:Language articles with IETF language tag">Language articles with IETF language tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Interlingua_(International_Auxiliary_Language_Association)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)-language text">Articles containing Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_October_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2021">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 February 2025, at 03:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latino_sine_flexione&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latino sine flexione</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>30 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-pgf6q","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.586","walltime":"0.908","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4723,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":96024,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9014,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":46639,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 729.353 1 -total"," 18.90% 137.829 1 Template:Constructed_languages"," 17.84% 130.134 2 Template:Navbox"," 17.81% 129.878 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.95% 101.723 5 Template:Lang"," 13.16% 95.992 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 10.86% 79.203 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.81% 71.538 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.66% 70.452 2 Template:Cite_web"," 5.64% 41.103 40 Template:IPAlink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.337","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23675045,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7d44b9cd95-7k8mz","timestamp":"20250221031343","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Latino sine flexione","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latino_sine_flexione","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35938","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35938","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-18T15:31:17Z","dateModified":"2025-02-21T03:13:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Interlingua_sign_1911.jpg","headline":"Latin-based international auxiliary language"}</script> </body> </html>