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Server-side JSON injection attacks are possible if input data is not sanitized by the server and is written directly to a JSON stream. Client-side JSON injection attacks are possible if incoming JSON data is not sanitized and is parsed directly using the JavaScript eval function.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.invicti.com\/blog\/web-security\/input-validation-errors-root-of-all-evil\/\">Learn more about the dangers of missing input validation and sanitization.<\/a><\/p>\n"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"What is JSON hijacking?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<p>JSON hijacking happens when a malicious web page causes the victim\u2019s web browser to retrieve JSON data from a targeted web application. 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menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10430"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56654" class="new-promotion menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-56654"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27789" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-27789"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/">Invicti Learn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-34"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/resources/">Resource Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37" class="partners-custom menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-37"><a href="#">Partners</a> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li id="menu-item-27215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27215"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/partners/">Channel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27218"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/clp/managed-security-service-provider/">MSSP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/">Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="container flex"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-contents">Table of Contents</div> <div class="sidebar-menu"> <div class="menu-learn-sidebar-menu-container"><ul id="menu-learn-sidebar-menu" class="menu"><li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote code execution (RCE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote code execution (RCE)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS command injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS command injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-side request forgery (SSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-side request forgery (SSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='SQL injection (SQLi)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">SQL injection (SQLi)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-site scripting (XSS)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-site scripting (XSS)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure direct object references (IDOR)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure direct object references (IDOR)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open redirect'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open redirect</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory listing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory listing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer overflow</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session fixation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">Session fixation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">Web shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Dynamic application security testing (DAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">Dynamic application security testing (DAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Static application security testing (SAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/static-application-security-testing-sast/">Static application security testing (SAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Interactive application security testing (IAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/interactive-application-security-testing-iast/">Interactive application security testing (IAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Software composition analysis (SCA)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">Software composition analysis (SCA)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web application firewall (WAF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/">Web application firewall (WAF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web asset discovery'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-asset-discovery/">Web asset discovery</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability management'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-management/">Vulnerability management</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability assessment'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-assessment/">Vulnerability assessment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='About Invicti Learn'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">About Invicti Learn</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="sidebar-button"> </div> </aside> <main class="main entry-content col-span-9"> <h1 class="wp-block-heading">JSON injection</h1> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-1024x131.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-300x38.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-768x98.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner.webp 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-1024x131.png" height="131" width="1024" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-1024x131.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-300x38.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner-768x98.png 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153924/Learn_02_banner.png 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" class="wp-image-37077 sp-no-webp" alt="" fetchpriority="high" > </picture></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is JSON injection?</h2> <p><em>JSON injection</em> is a vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker inject malicious data into JSON streams or use malicious JSON streams to modify application behavior. There are two types of JSON injections, server-side and client-side:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><em>Server-side JSON injection</em> happens when data from an untrusted source is not sanitized by the server and is written directly to a JSON stream.</li> <li><em>Client-side JSON injection</em> happens when data from an untrusted JSON source is not sanitized and is parsed directly using the JavaScript <em>eval</em> function.</li> </ul> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-default" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0px"> <table class="has-text-color" style="color:var(--color-nsdark)"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Severity:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">medium severity</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Prevalence:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">discovered rarely</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Scope:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">may appear in all apps that use JSON</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Technical impact:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">privilege escalation, cross-site scripting</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Worst-case consequences:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">full system compromise</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Quick fix:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">sanitize user input, do not use the JS <em>eval</em> function</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is JSON?</h2> <p>JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange format used for communication between applications. It performs a similar role to XML but is simpler and better suited to processing in JavaScript.</p> <p>Many web applications use this format to communicate and serialize/deserialize data. Some web applications also use JSON to store important information, such as user data. JSON is commonly used in RESTful APIs and AJAX applications.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is JSON hijacking?</h3> <p>While JSON hijacking (a subset of cross-site script inclusion – XSSI) also involves the JSON format, it is a slightly different attack, in some ways similar to<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/"> cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a>. Attackers can use JSON hijacking to intercept JSON data sent from a web server to a web application. A typical JSON hijacking attack might look like this:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>The attacker creates a malicious website containing a <em>script</em> tag that references a JSON data URL of the web application under attack and includes code to hijack the JSON data.</li> <li>A user logged into the targeted web application is tricked into visiting the malicious website (usually using social engineering).</li> <li>Since the<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/"> same-origin policy (SOP)</a> allows JavaScript from any website to be included and executed in the context of any other site, the user’s web browser loads the JSON data in the context of the malicious site.</li> <li>The malicious website hijacks the JSON data.</li> </ol> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Example of a server-side JSON injection attack</h2> <p>A simple server-side JSON injection could be performed in PHP as follows:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>The server stores user data as a JSON string, including the account type.</li> <li>User name and password values are taken directly from user input parameters without validation or sanitization.</li> <li>The JSON string is built using simple concatenation:</li> </ol> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code>$json_string = '{"accountType":"user","userName":"'.$_GET['userName'].'","pass":"'.$_GET['pass'].'"}';</code></pre> <ol class="wp-block-list" start="4"> <li>A malicious user appends data to their user name entered into an input form or delivered in an HTTP header. This data is sent to the back-end unsanitized:</li> </ol> <pre class="wp-block-preformatted">john%22,%22accountType%22:%22administrator%22</pre> <ol class="wp-block-list" start="5"> <li>The resulting JSON string stored by the application back-end is:</li> </ol> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-json"><code>{ "accountType":"user", "userName":"john", "accountType":"administrator", "pass":"password" }</code></pre> <ol class="wp-block-list" start="6"> <li>When reading the stored string, the JSON parser (<em>json_decode</em>) encounters two <em>accountType</em> entries and accepts the last one, granting <em>john</em> administrator privileges without any authentication. Note that, strictly speaking, the behavior of <em>json_decode</em> is not incorrect –<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> RFC-7159</a> for the JSON format states that “the names within an object <em>SHOULD</em> be unique” but not that they <em>must</em> be unique, leaving some room for interpretation.</li> </ol> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Example of a client-side JSON injection attack</h2> <p>A simple client-side JSON injection could be performed as follows:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>The initial JSON string is the same as in the previous example.</li> <li>The server gets the JSON data, including a malicious payload, from an untrusted source and does not sanitize it.</li> <li>The client parses the JSON string using <em>eval</em>:</li> </ol> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-javascript"><code>var result = eval("(" + json_string + ")"); document.getElementById("#accountType").innerText = result.account; document.getElementById("#userName").innerText = result.name; document.getElementById("#pass").innerText = result.pass;</code></pre> <ol class="wp-block-list" start="4"> <li>The <em>accountType</em> value injected by the attacker is:</li> </ol> <pre class="wp-block-preformatted">user"});alert(document.cookie);({"accountType":"user</pre> <ol class="wp-block-list" start="5"> <li>The <em>eval</em> function executes the <em>alert</em> call.</li> <li>Parsing the malicious string results in a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/"> cross-site scripting (XSS)</a> attack (<em>document.cookie</em> is disclosed).</li> </ol> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential consequences of a JSON injection attack</h2> <p>The consequences of JSON injection highly depend on the way JSON data is used by the web application. However, in some cases, they may be quite severe:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If JSON is used to store authentication data and the app is susceptible to server-side JSON injection, the attacker may gain access to an administrative account in the application. Depending on the privileges of that administrative account, they could then obtain highly sensitive data or perform malicious actions.</li> <li>If a web application is vulnerable to client-side JSON injection, it may be used for attacks that involve<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/"> reflected XSS</a>, for example, in phishing or spam campaigns.</li> </ul> <p>While JSON injection on its own may not seem very dangerous, it is often only one step in a longer chain of attacks, so in some cases it can have severe consequences, up to and including full system compromise.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect JSON injection vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>The best way to detect JSON injection vulnerabilities varies depending on whether they are already known or unknown.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If you only use commercial or open-source software and do not develop software of your own, it may be enough to identify the exact version of the system or application you are using. If the identified version is susceptible to JSON injection, you can assume that your software is vulnerable. You can identify the version manually or use a suitable security tool, such as a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/"> software composition analysis (SCA)</a> solution for web applications or a network scanner for networked systems and applications.</li> <li>If you develop your own software or want the ability to potentially find previously unknown JSON injection vulnerabilities (zero-days) in known applications, you must be able to successfully exploit the JSON injection vulnerability to be certain that it exists. This requires either performing manual pentesting with the help of security researchers or using a vulnerability scanner tool that can use automation to exploit web vulnerabilities. Examples of such tools are<a href="https://www.invicti.com/"> Invicti</a> and<a href="https://acunetix.com/"> Acunetix by Invicti</a>. We recommend using this method even for known vulnerabilities.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent JSON injection vulnerabilities in web applications?</h2> <p>As with most vulnerabilities, the key to maintaining web application security and preventing JSON injections is to sanitize data. This applies to both server-side and client-side JSON injections.</p> <p>To prevent server-side JSON injections, sanitize all data before serializing it to JSON. For example, if you use Java, a good option to sanitize JSON data is to use the<a href="https://github.com/OWASP/json-sanitizer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> OWASP JSON Sanitizer available on GitHub</a>. An even better practice is never to write JSON data manually but always using framework functions that perform sanitization.</p> <p>The best way of preventing client-side JSON injections is never to use the <em>eval</em> function to evaluate JSON data. Whenever you use the <em>eval</em><em> </em>function with untrusted data that contains JavaScript code, that code will be executed – and it could be malicious. To eliminate this risk, use <em>JSON.parse</em> instead.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="mitigate">How to mitigate JSON injection attacks?</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>The only way to prevent the severe consequences of server-side JSON injections, apart from scanning for them early in the development cycle, is to design applications so they do not load sensitive information, such as account information and privileges, from user-controlled or otherwise untrusted JSON data.</li> <li>You can completely eliminate the risk of client-side JSON injections by enforcing<a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/content-security-policy/"> Content Security Policy</a>, which<a href="https://developer.chrome.com/extensions/contentSecurityPolicy#JSEval" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> by default prevents the use of <em>eval</em></a>. This forces the developers to use the safer <em>JSON.parse</em> method instead.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_6746bd6ebd338"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What are JSON injection attacks?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>JSON injection attacks happen when unsanitized JSON data containing a malicious payload is accepted and parsed by a web application or browser. Server-side JSON injection attacks are possible if input data is not sanitized by the server and is written directly to a JSON stream. Client-side JSON injection attacks are possible if incoming JSON data is not sanitized and is parsed directly using the JavaScript eval function.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/input-validation-errors-root-of-all-evil/">Learn more about the dangers of missing input validation and sanitization.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is JSON hijacking?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>JSON hijacking happens when a malicious web page causes the victim’s web browser to retrieve JSON data from a targeted web application. The web browser then passes the JSON data to a web server controlled by the attacker.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Read about cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How dangerous are JSON injections?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>JSON injections are not very common and not as dangerous as SQL injection or other severe vulnerabilities, but they can still be used in attack chains that lead to other, more dangerous attacks, such as cross-site scripting (XSS).</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Read more about cross-site scripting (XSS).</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes ccfg-unique-6c81af-b7"><table><thead><tr><th>Classification</th><th>ID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CAPEC</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>CWE</td><td>74, 116</td></tr><tr><td>WASC</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>OWASP 2021</td><td>A3</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p class="has-small-font-size"><em><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">Written by: Tomasz Andrzej Nidecki, reviewed by: Benjamin Daniel Mussler</a></em></p> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container primary-footer"> <div class="company-info-wrapper"> <figure> <img class="logo-icon footerlogo" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/branding/invicti-logo-black.svg" alt="Invicti Logo - The Largest Dynamic Application Security Solutions Provider In The World" width="128" height="36" /> </figure> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/InvictiSecurity" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener 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e={value:null,prev:null,next:null},n={value:null,prev:e,next:null};e.next=n,this.head=e,this.tail=n,this.length=0}function u(e,n,t){var r=n.next,a={value:t,prev:n,next:r};return n.next=a,r.prev=a,e.length++,a}function c(e,n,t){for(var r=n.next,a=0;a<t&&r!==e.tail;a++)r=r.next;n.next=r,r.prev=n,e.length-=a}if(e.Prism=a,i.stringify=function e(n,t){if("string"==typeof n)return n;if(Array.isArray(n)){var r="";return n.forEach((function(n){r+=e(n,t)})),r}var i={type:n.type,content:e(n.content,t),tag:"span",classes:["token",n.type],attributes:{},language:t},l=n.alias;l&&(Array.isArray(l)?Array.prototype.push.apply(i.classes,l):i.classes.push(l)),a.hooks.run("wrap",i);var o="";for(var s in i.attributes)o+=" "+s+'="'+(i.attributes[s]||"").replace(/"/g,""")+'"';return"<"+i.tag+' class="'+i.classes.join(" ")+'"'+o+">"+i.content+"</"+i.tag+">"},!e.document)return e.addEventListener?(a.disableWorkerMessageHandler||e.addEventListener("message",(function(n){var t=JSON.parse(n.data),r=t.language,i=t.code,l=t.immediateClose;e.postMessage(a.highlight(i,a.languages[r],r)),l&&e.close()}),!1),a):a;var g=a.util.currentScript();function f(){a.manual||a.highlightAll()}if(g&&(a.filename=g.src,g.hasAttribute("data-manual")&&(a.manual=!0)),!a.manual){var h=document.readyState;"loading"===h||"interactive"===h&&g&&g.defer?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",f):window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(f):window.setTimeout(f,16)}return a}(_self);"undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=Prism),"undefined"!=typeof global&&(global.Prism=Prism); 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s={};s["language-"+e]={pattern:/(^<!\[CDATA\[)[\s\S]+?(?=\]\]>$)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages[e]},s.cdata=/^<!\[CDATA\[|\]\]>$/i;var t={"included-cdata":{pattern:/<!\[CDATA\[[\s\S]*?\]\]>/i,inside:s}};t["language-"+e]={pattern:/[\s\S]+/,inside:Prism.languages[e]};var n={};n[a]={pattern:RegExp("(<__[^>]*>)(?:<!\\[CDATA\\[(?:[^\\]]|\\](?!\\]>))*\\]\\]>|(?!<!\\[CDATA\\[)[^])*?(?=</__>)".replace(/__/g,(function(){return 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e=/(?:"(?:\$?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"|'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n])*')/;s.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:RegExp("@[\\w-](?:[^;{\\s\"']|\\s+(?!\\s)|"+e.source+")*?(?:;|(?=\\s*\\{))"),inside:{rule:/^@[\w-]+/,"selector-function-argument":{pattern:/(\bselector\s*\(\s*(?![\s)]))(?:[^()\s]|\s+(?![\s)])|\((?:[^()]|\([^()]*$)*\))+(?=\s*\))/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"selector"},keyword:{pattern:/(^|[^\w-])(?:and|not|only|or)(?![\w-])/,lookbehind:!0}}},url:{pattern:RegExp("\\burl\$(?:"+e.source+"|(?:[^\\\\\r\n()\"']|\\\\[^])*)\$","i"),greedy:!0,inside:{function:/^url/i,punctuation:/^$|$$/,string:{pattern:RegExp("^"+e.source+"$"),alias:"url"}}},selector:{pattern:RegExp("(^|[{}\\s])[^{}\\s](?:[^{};\"'\\s]|\\s+(?![\\s{])|"+e.source+")*(?=\\s*\\{)"),lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},property:{pattern:/(^|[^-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])(?!\s)[-_a-z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/i,lookbehind:!0},important:/!important\b/i,function:{pattern:/(^|[^-a-z0-9])[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,lookbehind:!0},punctuation:/[(){};:,]/},s.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=s.languages.css;var t=s.languages.markup;t&&(t.tag.addInlined("style","css"),t.tag.addAttribute("style","css"))}(Prism); Prism.languages.clike={comment:[{pattern:/(^|[^\\])\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\:])\/\/.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0}],string:{pattern:/(["'])(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:class|extends|implements|instanceof|interface|new|trait)\s+|\bcatch\s+\()[\w.\\]+/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/[.\\]/}},keyword:/\b(?:break|catch|continue|do|else|finally|for|function|if|in|instanceof|new|null|return|throw|try|while)\b/,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,function:/\b\w+(?=\()/,number:/\b0x[\da-f]+\b|(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?/i,operator:/[<>]=?|[!=]=?=?|--?|\+\+?|&&?|\|\|?|[?*/~^%]/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/}; 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Prism.languages.aspnet=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@\s*(?:Assembly|Control|Implements|Import|Master(?:Type)?|OutputCache|Page|PreviousPageType|Reference|Register)?|%>/i,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside}},directive:{pattern:/<%.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{directive:{pattern:/<%\s*?[$=%#:]{0,2}|%>/,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.csharp}}}),Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.pattern=/<(?!%)\/?[^\s>\/]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/,Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","punctuation",{directive:Prism.languages.aspnet.directive},Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.inside["attr-value"]),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet","comment",{"asp-comment":{pattern:/<%--[\s\S]*?--%>/,alias:["asp","comment"]}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet",Prism.languages.javascript?"script":"tag",{"asp-script":{pattern:/(<script(?=.*runat=['"]?server\b)[^>]*>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:["asp","script"],inside:Prism.languages.csharp||{}}}); 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Prism.languages.graphql={comment:/#.*/,description:{pattern:/(?:"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")(?=\s*[a-z_])/i,greedy:!0,alias:"string",inside:{"language-markdown":{pattern:/(^"(?:"")?)(?!\1)[\s\S]+(?=\1$)/,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages.markdown}}},string:{pattern:/"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},number:/(?:\B-|\b)\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,variable:/\$[a-z_]\w*/i,directive:{pattern:/@[a-z_]\w*/i,alias:"function"},"attr-name":{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*(?:\((?:[^()"]|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")*$)?:)/i,greedy:!0},"atom-input":{pattern:/\b[A-Z]\w*Input\b/,alias:"class-name"},scalar:/\b(?:Boolean|Float|ID|Int|String)\b/,constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]*\b/,"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|implements|interface|on|scalar|type|union)\s+|&\s*|:\s*|\[)[A-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0},fragment:{pattern:/(\bfragment\s+|\.{3}\s*(?!on\b))[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-mutation":{pattern:/(\bmutation\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-query":{pattern:/(\bquery\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},keyword:/\b(?:directive|enum|extend|fragment|implements|input|interface|mutation|on|query|repeatable|scalar|schema|subscription|type|union)\b/,operator:/[!=|&]|\.{3}/,"property-query":/\w+(?=\s*$)/,object:/\w+(?=\s*\{)/,punctuation:/[!(){}\[\]:=,]/,property:/\w+/},Prism.hooks.add("after-tokenize",(function(n){if("graphql"===n.language)for(var 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