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href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_astronomical_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_astronomical_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Types of astronomical year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_astronomical_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_calendar_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_calendar_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Types of calendar year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_calendar_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Year's_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Year's_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>New Year's Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Year's_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Epoch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zodiac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zodiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zodiac</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zodiac-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zodiac subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zodiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Seasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_mansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_mansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lunar mansions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_mansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weekdays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weekdays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Weekdays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weekdays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arakanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arakanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arakanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arakanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chulasakarat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chulasakarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chulasakarat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chulasakarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_of_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Date of birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Official formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Burmese calendar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تقويم بورمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويم بورمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fn%C9%99n%C9%99vi_Myanma_t%C9%99qvimi" title="Ənənəvi Myanma təqvimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ənənəvi Myanma təqvimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="বর্মী বর্ষপঞ্জি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্মী বর্ষপঞ্জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Традыцыйны бірманскі каляндар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Традыцыйны бірманскі каляндар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Традыцыйны бірманскі каляндар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Традыцыйны бірманскі каляндар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarko_Egutegi_Tradizionala" title="Myanmarko Egutegi Tradizionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Myanmarko Egutegi Tradizionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="گاه‌شماری سنتی برمه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری سنتی برمه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="म्यान्मार का पंचांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="म्यान्मार का पंचांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະຕິທິນພະມ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະຕິທິນພະມ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmai_napt%C3%A1r" title="Burmai naptár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burmai naptár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бурмански календар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бурмански календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%89" title="تقويم بورمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تقويم بورمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="မြန်မာ သက္ကရာဇ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြန်မာ သက္ကရာဇ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E6%9A%A6" title="ビルマ暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビルマ暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarz_birma%C5%84ski" title="Kalendarz birmański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalendarz birmański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Burmese calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalni_burmanski_kalendar" title="Tradicionalni burmanski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tradicionalni burmanski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ปฏิทินพม่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิทินพม่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleneksel_Birmanya_takvimi" title="Geleneksel Birmanya takvimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geleneksel Birmanya takvimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бірманський календар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бірманський календар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89" title="ئەنئەنىۋىي بېرما تەقۋىمى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەنئەنىۋىي بېرما تەقۋىمى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E6%9B%86" title="緬曆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="緬曆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Myanmar" title="Category:Myanmar">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Culture of Myanmar</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg/75px-WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg/113px-WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg/150px-WikiProject_Myanmar_peacock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waithali_Kingdom" title="Waithali Kingdom">Waithali Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launggyet_Dynasty" title="Launggyet Dynasty">Launggyet Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Kingdom" title="Sagaing Kingdom">Sagaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prome_Kingdom" title="Prome Kingdom">Prome Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">First Toungoo Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" title="Union of Burma (1948–1962)">Union of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">2007 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932015_Myanmar_political_reforms" title="2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms">2011–2015 political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 coup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_protests_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar protests (2021–present)">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Myanmar">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Auspicious_Rites" title="Twelve Auspicious Rites">Twelve Auspicious Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anade" title="Anade">Anade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_clothing" title="Burmese clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheik" title="Acheik">Acheik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_names" title="Burmese names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar" title="Tattooing in Myanmar">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac" title="Burmese zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Mythology</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythical_creatures_in_Burmese_folklore" title="Mythical creatures in Burmese folklore">Folklore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_curry" title="Burmese curry">Burmese curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_fritters" title="Burmese fritters">Burmese fritters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_salads" title="Burmese salads">Burmese salads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_(food)" title="Mont (food)">Burmese snacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">Burmese tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_tofu" title="Burmese tofu">Burmese tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satuditha" title="Satuditha">Satuditha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burmese calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_traditional_festivals" title="List of Burmese traditional festivals">Traditional festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_festival" title="Pagoda festival">Pagoda festival</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ok%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okāsa">Okāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phongyibyan" title="Phongyibyan">Phongyibyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Myanmar" title="Hinduism in Myanmar">Hinduism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_architecture" title="Myanmar architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ceramics" title="Burmese ceramics">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_contemporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese contemporary art">Contemporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Photo_Archive" title="Myanmar Photo Archive">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaga" title="Kalaga">Kalaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Myanmar">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Myanmar">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Mahāgīta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Myanmar">Dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yein" title="Yein">Yein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyeint" title="Anyeint">Anyeint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_th%C3%A9" title="Yoke thé">Yoke thé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_Thachin" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy Thachin">Copy Thachin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Myanmar">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Myanmar">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Myanmar" title="Television in Myanmar">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Myanmar" title="Cinema of Myanmar">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Myanmar" title="Sport in Myanmar">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naban" title="Naban">Naban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaing">Thaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinlone" title="Chinlone">Chinlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Myanmar" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Myanmar">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Palace" title="Mandalay Palace">Mandalay Palace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar" title="Flag of Myanmar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Myanmar">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Myanmar">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_(Naypyidaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum (Naypyidaw)">National Museum (Naypyidaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Myanmar">National Museum (Yangon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Myanmar" title="National Library of Myanmar">National Library of Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Yangon" title="National Theatre of Yangon">National Theatre of Yangon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/16px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/24px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/40px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/60px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/80px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="34" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Burmese)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Burmese calendar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">မြန်မာသက္ကရာဇ်</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[mjəmà<span class="wrap"> </span>θɛʔkəɹɪʔ]</a></span>, or <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[kɔ́zà<span class="wrap"> </span>θɛʔkəɹɪʔ]</a></span>; <b>Burmese Era</b> (BE) or <b>Myanmar Era</b> (ME)) is a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a> in which the months are based on <a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">lunar months</a> and years are based on <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal years</a>. The calendar is largely based on an older version of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of the <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a>. The calendar therefore has to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal years</a> of the Hindu calendar with the Metonic cycle's near <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical years</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Intercalary_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalary month">intercalary months</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">days</a> at <i>irregular</i> intervals. </p><p>The calendar has been used continuously in various Burmese states since its purported launch in 640 CE in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_Kingdom" title="Sri Ksetra Kingdom">Sri Ksetra Kingdom</a>, also called the <i>Pyu era</i>. It was also used as the official calendar in other <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asian</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">Arakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> down to the late 19th century. </p><p>Today, the calendar is used in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> as one of the two official calendars alongside the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. It is still used to mark traditional holidays such as the <a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Burmese New Year</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals of Burma">traditional festivals</a>, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Burma">Burmese Buddhist</a> in nature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Burmese_chronicles" title="Burmese chronicles">Burmese chronicles</a> trace the origin of the Burmese calendar to ancient India with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> Era in 3102 BCE. That seminal calendar is said to have been recalibrated by King Añjana (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အဉ္စန</span></span>), the maternal grandfather of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, in 691 BCE. That calendar in turn was recalibrated and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Era">Buddhist Era</a> with the starting year of 544 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist Era came to be adopted in the early <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> by the beginning of the Common Era. Then in 78 CE, a new era called the <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalivahana era">Shalivahana era</a>, also called Sakra Era or Saka Era, was launched in India. Two years later the new era was adopted in the Pyu state of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_Kingdom" title="Sri Ksetra Kingdom">Sri Ksetra</a>, and the era later spread to the rest of the Pyu states.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-1970-8-9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-1970-8-9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the chronicles, the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> at first followed the prevailing Saka Pyu Era, but in 640 CE King <a href="/wiki/Popa_Sawrahan" title="Popa Sawrahan">Popa Sawrahan</a> (r. 613–640) recalibrated the calendar, naming the new era <b>Kawza Thekkarit</b> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကောဇာ သက္ကရာဇ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[kɔ́zà<span class="wrap"> </span>θɛʔkəɹɪʔ]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hy-1-216_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-1-216-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a Year Zero starting date of 22 March 638 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-39_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-39-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used as the civil calendar, while the Buddhist Era remained in use as the religious calendar. </p><p>Scholarship accepts the chronicle narrative regarding the North Indian origin of the calendar and the chronology of adoption in Burma up to the Mahāsakaraj Era. Recent research suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> Era (epochal year of 320 CE) may also have been in use in the Pyu states.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream scholarship, however, holds that the recalibrated calendar was launched at Sri Ksetra, and later adopted by the upstart principality of Pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-dgeh-8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dgeh-8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mat-35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mat-35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adoption by an ascendant Pagan paved the way for the calendar's adoption elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Empire">Pagan Empire</a> between the 11th and 13th centuries. The calendar first came to be used in peripheral regions or neighbouring states such as Arakan in the west and various Shan states in modern northern Thailand and Laos in the east, which adopted the calendar alongside folklore connected with the Burmese New Year.<sup id="cite_ref-mha-1959-38-39_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-1959-38-39-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Chiang Mai Chronicles and the Chiang Saen Chronicles, Chiang Mai and Chiang Saen and their tributary states of middle and upper Tai country (except Lamphun and Sukhothai) submitted to King <a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> and adopted the calendar in the mid-11th century in place of Mahāsakaraj, the standard calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oiei-375-376_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oiei-375-376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, scholarship says the earliest evidence of Burmese calendar in modern Thailand dates only to the mid-13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the use of the calendar appears to have spread southward to <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> and eastward to Laotian states in the following centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-oiei-375-376_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oiei-375-376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the official adoption farther south by the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> and farther east by <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> came only after King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>'s conquests of those kingdoms in the 16th century. Subsequent Siamese kingdoms retained the Burmese calendar as the official calendar under the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Chulasakarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulasakarat">Chulasakarat</a></i> (Pali: Culāsakaraj) until 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-rbs-11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbs-11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mha-1967-127_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha-1967-127-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Siamese adoption turned out to be the main catalyst for the calendar's usage in Cambodia,<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a periodic vassal of Siam between the 16th and 19th centuries. Likewise, the calendar spread to the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong region</a> of Bengal, which was dominated by the Arakanese <a href="/wiki/Mrauk-U_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrauk-U Kingdom">Mrauk-U Kingdom</a> from the 15th to 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_changes">Development and changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development and changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calculation system of the Burmese calendar was originally based on <i><b>Thuriya Theiddanta</b></i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သူရိယသိဒ္ဓန္တ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[θùɹḭja̰<span class="wrap"> </span>θeiʔdàɰ̃ta̰]</a></span>, which is believed to be chiefly based on the "original" <i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i> system of ancient India (i.e. Ardharatrika school).<sup id="cite_ref-yo-354-355_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-354-355-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One key difference from Indian systems was that the Burmese system followed a 19-year intercalation schedule (<a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a>). It is unclear from where, when or how the Metonic system was introduced; hypotheses range from China to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Burmese system thus uses a "strange" combination of <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal years</a> from the Indian calendar with the Metonic cycle, which is better for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical years</a> than sidereal years, so necessitating intercalation adjustments to reconcile the differences.<sup id="cite_ref-yo-2001-398-399_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-2001-398-399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Burmese system did not incorporate advances in Indian calculation methods of the sidereal year until the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The original Thuriya Theiddanta system is 0.56 second a year slower (and <i>more</i> accurate) than later Indian systems.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The earliest attempts on record to change the calendar were superficial. On the 800th anniversary of the calendar (29 March 1438), King <a href="/wiki/Mohnyin_Thado" title="Mohnyin Thado">Mohnyin Thado</a> recalibrated the calendar to Year 2 (with Year Zero beginning on 18 March 1436).<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1995-17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1995-17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the king died just over a year after the launch, and the new era died out a few years later. The next proposed change came in March 1638 from King <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Thong" title="Prasat Thong">Prasat Thong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a> who in preparation of the upcoming millennial anniversary (10 April 1638) wanted to make a change to the governing animals of the months.<sup id="cite_ref-rs-70_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rs-70-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the practice was not prevalent in Burma, the proposal was rejected by King <a href="/wiki/Thalun" title="Thalun">Thalun</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, the growing cumulative discrepancy between the civil solar and luni-solar years attracted increasing attention. In the 1100th anniversary year (1738 CE) a new system of calculation was proposed that aimed to correct the errors of the original system, but the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo court</a> did not take any action. The present <i>Surya Siddhanta</i> (i.e., Saura school) was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung court</a> in 1786, and was translated into Burmese after about 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-yo-354-355_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-354-355-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, a new system called <i>Thandeikta</i> was proposed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaunggan_Sayadaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaunggan Sayadaw (page does not exist)">Nyaunggan Sayadaw</a>, a Buddhist monk, in Year 1200 (1838 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-58_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-58-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new system was a hybrid between the original and the updated <i>Surya</i> schools. Unlike the new <i>Surya</i>, <i>Thandeikta</i> does not adopt the system of apparent reckoning; mean years and mean months are still used. It also retains the practice of placing the intercalary month always next to Waso and the intercalary day always at the end of Nayon, and only in a year which has an intercalary month. But <i>Thandeikta</i> follows the new <i>Surya</i> in small alterations of the length of the year and the month. The prevailing Metonic schedule was modified, and intercalary months were so fixed as to prevent further divergence between the solar and luni-solar years. With the support of Princess <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekkya_Dewi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekkya Dewi (page does not exist)">Sekkya Dewi</a>, who later became the chief queen of King <a href="/wiki/Mindon_Min" title="Mindon Min">Mindon</a>, the new system was fully adopted in 1853. The first adjustment to then existing Metonic Cycle was made by putting an intercalary month in 1201 ME (1839 CE) instead of 1202 ME (1840).<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the new system has seemingly narrowed the gap between the calendar's solar and lunar years, it has not made the calendar more accurate when compared against the actual tropical year. Indeed, it is slightly worse than the old system. (The Thandeikta solar year is about 23 minutes 51.4304 seconds ahead of the mean solar year whereas Makaranta is about 23 minutes 50.8704 seconds ahead.)<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-26-27_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-26-27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the calendar has kept on drifting away from the actual solar year. The calendarists have periodically resorted to modifying its intercalation schedule, based on apparent reckoning, to keep pace, at the expense of making publishing future calendars more than a few years out all but impossible. </p><p>In sum, at various times the calendar has used at least three slightly different methods of calculation to determine the insertion times of the intercalary day and month. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Era </th> <th width="150">Definition </th> <th width="150">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Thuriya Theiddanta </td> <td>Prior to 1215 ME (to 1853 CE) </td> <td>Metonic cycle determines intercalary day and month insertion points </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thandeikta </td> <td>1215–1311 ME (1853–1950 CE) </td> <td>Modified Metonic cycle: # of excess days in the first 4 months determines intercalary day and month insertion points </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current </td> <td>1312 ME (1950 CE) to present </td> <td>Current system used by Myanmar Calendar Advisory Board; Modified Metonic cycle: # of excess days in the first 8 months determines intercalary day and month insertion points </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar fell out of official status in several mainland Southeast Asian kingdoms (except Burma) in the second half of the 19th century with the arrival of European colonialism. The <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> replaced the Burmese calendar in Cambodia in 1863 and Laos in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, the only remaining independent kingdom in Southeast Asia, Siam, also replaced the Burmese calendar and switched to the Gregorian calendar as the official civil calendar and the Ratanakosin Era (with 1782 CE as Year 1) as the traditional lunisolar calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-rbs-11_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbs-11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Burma (Myanmar), the Burmese calendar has not been replaced, but used alongside the Gregorian calendar after the fall of the Burmese kingdom. Thailand has moved on to its own version of the Buddhist calendar since 1941, although the <a href="/wiki/Chulasakarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulasakarat">Chulasakarat</a> era dates remain the most commonly used and preferred form of entry in academic use for historical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> Magi-San calendar, identical to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Arakan">Arakanese</a> calendar, is still used by <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a> ethnic minorities of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Calendar Advisory Board within the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_and_Culture_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture (Myanmar)">Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture</a> of Myanmar is tasked with keeping the lunisolar calendar in line with the solar year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day">Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar recognises two types of day: astronomical and <a href="/wiki/Civil_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil day">civil</a>. The mean Burmese astronomical day is from midnight to midnight, and represents 1/30 of a <a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic month</a> or 23 hours, 37 minutes and 28.08 seconds. The civil day comprises two halves, the first half beginning at sunrise and the second half at sunset. In practice, four points of the astronomical and civil day (sunrise, noon, sunset, and midnight) were used as reference points. The civil day is divided into 8 <i>baho</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗဟို</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[bəhò]</a></span>) (3 hours) or 60 <i>nayi</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နာရီ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[nàjì]</a></span>) (24 minutes), each <i>baho</i> equalling 7.5 <i>nayi</i>. In the past, a gong (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မောင်း</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[máʊɴ]</a></span>) was struck every <i>nayi</i> while a drum (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စည်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[sì]</a></span>) and a large bell (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ခေါင်းလောင်း</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[kʰáʊɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>láʊɴ]</a></span>) were struck to mark every <i>baho</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-57_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-57-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Type </th> <th width="100">Time </th> <th width="100">Burmese name </th> <th width="300">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Day</td> <td>1 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နံနက် တစ်ချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>midway between sunrise and midday </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နေ့ နှစ်ချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>noon (midday) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နေ့ သုံးချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>midway between noon and sunset </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နေ့ လေးချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>sunset </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Night</td> <td>1 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ည တစ်ချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>midway between sunset and midnight </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ည နှစ်ချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>midnight </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ည သုံးချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>midway between midnight and sunrise </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 o'clock</td> <td><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နံနက် လေးချက်တီး</span></span></td> <td>sunrise </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the popular usage never extended beyond <i>baho</i> and <i>nayi</i> measurements, the calendar consists of time units down to the millisecond level. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Unit </th> <th width="100">Sub-units </th> <th width="100">Approximate equivalent time </th></tr> <tr> <td>yet <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရက်</span></span> </td> <td>8 baho </td> <td>1 day </td></tr> <tr> <td>baho <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗဟို</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7.5 nayi </td> <td>3 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td>nayi <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နာရီ</span></span> </td> <td>4 pat </td> <td>60 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>pat <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပါဒ်</span></span> </td> <td>15 bizana </td> <td>6 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>bizana <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗီဇနာ</span></span> </td> <td>6 pyan </td> <td>24 seconds </td></tr> <tr> <td>pyan <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြန်</span></span> </td> <td>10 khaya </td> <td>4 seconds </td></tr> <tr> <td>khaya <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ခရာ</span></span> </td> <td>12 khana </td> <td>0.4 second </td></tr> <tr> <td>khana <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ခဏ</span></span> </td> <td>4 laya </td> <td>0.03333 second </td></tr> <tr> <td>laya <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လယ</span></span> </td> <td>1.25 anukhaya </td> <td>0.00833 second </td></tr> <tr> <td>anukhaya <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အနုခရာ</span></span> </td> <td><base unit> </td> <td>0.00667 second </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Only the following are used in calendrical calculations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Unit </th> <th width="100">Sub-units </th> <th width="100">Approximate equivalent time </th></tr> <tr> <td>yet </td> <td>24 nayi </td> <td>1 day </td></tr> <tr> <td>nayi </td> <td>60 bizana </td> <td>60 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <td>bizana </td> <td>60 khaya </td> <td>24 seconds </td></tr> <tr> <td>khaya </td> <td>60 anukhaya </td> <td>0.4 second </td></tr> <tr> <td>anukhaya </td> <td><base unit> </td> <td>0.00667 second </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Therefore, modern time units can be expressed as: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Unit </th> <th width="100">Approximate equivalent Burmese units </th></tr> <tr> <td>hour </td> <td>2.5 nayi </td></tr> <tr> <td>minute </td> <td>2.5 bizana </td></tr> <tr> <td>second </td> <td>2.5 khaya </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Week">Week</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The civil week consists of seven days. It was also customary to denote the day of the week by its preassigned numerical value between zero and six. The names <i>Taninganwe</i> (Sunday) and <i>Taninla</i> (Monday) are derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Burmese" title="Old Burmese">Old Burmese</a> but the rest from Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-ghl-2-327_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghl-2-327-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Numerical notation </th> <th width="100">Name </th> <th width="100">IPA </th> <th width="100">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>Sanay <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စနေ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[sənè]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Taninganwe <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တနင်္ဂနွေ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[tənɪ́ɴɡənwè]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Taninla <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တနင်္လာ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[tənɪ́ɴlà]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monday" title="Monday">Monday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Inga <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အင်္ဂါ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ɪ̀ɴɡà]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Boddahu <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[boʊʔdəhú]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Kyathabade <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကြာသပတေး</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[tɕàðàbədé]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Thaukkya <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သောကြာ</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[θaʊʔtɕà]</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Month">Month</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar recognises two types of months: <a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic month</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal month">sidereal month</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-56-57-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Synodic months are used to compose the years while the 27 lunar sidereal days (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နက္ခတ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[nɛʔkʰaʔ]</a></span>; from Sanskrit <i>nakshatra</i>), alongside the 12 signs of the zodiac, are used for astrological calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-8-9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-8-9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The calendar also recognises a solar month called <i>Thuriya Matha</i>, which is defined as 1/12th of a year.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the solar month varies by the type of year such as tropical year, sidereal year, etc.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200">Type </th> <th width="200">Mean # of days per Thuriya Theiddanta </th> <th width="200">Mean # of days per Thandeikta </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Synodic_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">Synodic lunar month</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စန္ဒရမာသ လ</span></span> </td> <td>29.530583 </td> <td>29.530587946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal month">Sidereal month</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နက္ခတ္တမာသ လ</span></span> </td> <td colspan="2">27.3216574 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The days of the month are counted in two halves, waxing (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လဆန်း</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[la̰záɴ]</a></span>) and waning (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လဆုတ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[la̰zoʊʔ]</a></span>). The 15th of the waxing (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လပြည့်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[la̰bjḛ]</a></span>) is the civil full moon day. The civil new moon day (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လကွယ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[la̰ɡwɛ̀]</a></span>) is the last day of the month (14th or 15th waning). The mean and real (true) New Moons rarely coincide. The mean New Moon often precedes the real New Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-56-57-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ambi-8-9_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-8-9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Type </th> <th width="100">Days </th> <th width="200">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Waxing <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လဆန်း</span></span> </td> <td>1 to 15 </td> <td>from New Moon to Full Moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full Moon <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လပြည့်</span></span> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Full Moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waning <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လဆုတ်</span></span> </td> <td>1 to 14 or 15 </td> <td>from Full Moon to New Moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Moon <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လကွယ်</span></span> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>New Moon </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As the Synodic lunar month is approximately 29.5 days, the calendar uses alternating months of 29 and 30 days. The 29-day months are called <i>yet-ma-son la</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရက်မစုံလ</span></span>), and the 30-day months are called <i>yet-son la</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရက်စုံလ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-56-57-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in other Southeast Asian traditions, the Burmese calendar uses Burmese names for the month names. Although the names sound foreign in origin to modern Burmese ears, all but three are derived from Old Burmese. The three exceptions—Mleta/Myweta (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မ္လယ်တာ / မြွယ်တာ</span></span>), Nanka (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နံကာ</span></span>), Thantu (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သန်တူ</span></span>)—which all fall during the Buddhist Lent, have been replaced by newer Burmese names (Waso, Wagaung, Thadingyut), which used to mean just the Full Moon days of the three months.<sup id="cite_ref-ghl-2-328_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghl-2-328-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Burmese </th> <th width="100">Mon </th> <th width="100"># of days <br /> (non-leap year) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagu" title="Tagu">Tagu</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တန်ခူး</span></span> </td> <td>Ce <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စဲ</span></span>, /coa/ </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kason" title="Kason">Kason</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကဆုန်</span></span> </td> <td>Pas <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပသာ်</span></span>, /pəsaik/ </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nayon" title="Nayon">Nayon</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နယုန်</span></span> </td> <td>Hje <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဇှ်ေ</span></span>, /cèh/ </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waso" title="Waso">Waso</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝါဆို</span></span> </td> <td>Daguin <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဓဂိုန်</span></span>, /həkɜ̀n/ </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wagaung" title="Wagaung">Wagaung</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝါခေါင်</span></span> </td> <td>Sresi <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သ္ဍဲသဳ</span></span>, /hədoa sɔe/ </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tawthalin" title="Tawthalin">Tawthalin</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တော်သလင်း</span></span> </td> <td>Bhat <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘတ်</span></span>, /phòt/ </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thadingyut" title="Thadingyut">Thadingyut</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သီတင်းကျွတ်</span></span> </td> <td>Hva <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝှ်</span></span>, /wòh/ </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tazaungmon" title="Tazaungmon">Tazaungmon</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တန်ဆောင်မုန်း</span></span> </td> <td>Gahtuin <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဂထိုန်</span></span>, /kəthɒn/ </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nadaw" title="Nadaw">Nadaw</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နတ်တော်</span></span> </td> <td>Mreggatui <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မြေဂ္ဂသဵု</span></span>, /pəròikkəsɒ/ </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyatho" title="Pyatho">Pyatho</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြာသို</span></span> </td> <td>Puh <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပုဟ်</span></span>, /paoh/ </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabodwe" title="Tabodwe">Tabodwe</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တပို့တွဲ</span></span> </td> <td>Ma <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မာ်</span></span>, /màik/ </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabaung" title="Tabaung">Tabaung</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တပေါင်း</span></span> </td> <td>Phawraguin <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဖဝ်ရဂိုန်</span></span>, /phɔrəkɜ̀n/ </td> <td>30 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In great leap years, the month of <i>Nayon</i> gets an extra intercalary day called <i>yet-lun</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရက်လွန်</span></span>) or <i>yet-ngin</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရက်ငင်</span></span>) and has 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-56-57-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Arakanese calendar, the month of <i>Tagu</i> gets the extra intercalary day in great leap years.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year">Year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_astronomical_year">Types of astronomical year</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of astronomical year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar recognises three types of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical year">astronomical year</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalistic year">anomalistic year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-57_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-57-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Year Name </th> <th width="100">Description </th> <th width="100"># of mean <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a> by original Surya </th> <th width="100"># of mean solar days by Thandeikta </th></tr> <tr> <td>Thawanamatha Hnit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သာဝနမာသနှစ်</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a> </td> <td>365.25875 </td> <td>365.2587564814 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nekkhattamahta Hnit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နက္ခတ္တမာသနှစ်</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_year" title="Sidereal year">sidereal year</a> </td> <td>365.2729132 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thuriyamatha Hnit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သူရိယမာသနှစ်</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalistic year">anomalistic year</a> </td> <td>365.2770951 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_calendar_year">Types of calendar year</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of calendar year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese calendar is a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a> in which the months are based on <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar months</a> and years are based on <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar years</a>. One of its primary objectives is to regulate the lunar part that it will keep pace with the solar part. The lunar months, normally twelve of them, consist alternately of 29 days and 30 days, such that a normal lunar year will contain 354 days, as opposed to the solar year of ~365.25 days. Therefore, some form of addition to the lunar year (of intercalation) is necessary. The overall basis for it is provided by cycles of 57 years. Eleven extra days are inserted in every 57 years, and seven extra months of 30 days are inserted in every 19 years (21 months in 57 years). This provides 20819 complete days to both calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1995-15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1995-15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As such, the calendar adds an <a href="/wiki/Intercalary_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalary month">intercalary month</a> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝါထပ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[wà<span class="wrap"> </span>daʔ]</a></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝါငယ်ထပ်နှစ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[wàŋɛ̀daʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̥ɪʔ]</a></span>) and sometimes also an <a href="/wiki/Leap_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap day">intercalary day</a> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရက်ငင်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[jɛʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɪ̀ɴ]</a></span>) in great leap years (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝါကြီးထပ်နှစ်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[wàdʑídaʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̥ɪʔ]</a></span>). The intercalary month not only corrects the length of the year but also corrects the accumulating error of the month to extent of half a day. The average length of the month is further corrected by adding a day to Nayon at irregular intervals—a little more than seven times in two cycles (39 years). The intercalary day is never inserted except in a year which has an intercalary month.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-8-9_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-8-9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu calendar inserts an intercalary month at any time of year as soon as the accumulated fractions amount to one month. The Burmese calendar however always inserts the intercalary month at the same time of the year, after the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> while the Arakanese calendar inserts it after the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual calendar year (<i>Wawharamatha Hnit</i>, <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝေါဟာရမာသနှစ်</span></span>) consists of 354, 384 or 385 days. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Month </th> <th width="100">Regular year </th> <th width="100">Small leap year </th> <th width="100">Big leap year </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tagu </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kason </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nayon </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFCB">30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waso </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFFFCB">2nd Waso </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFCB">n/a </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFCB">30 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFCB">30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wagaung </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tawthalin </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thadingyut </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tazaungmon </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nadaw </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pyatho </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tabodwe </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tabaung </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFFFAA"><b>Total</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFAA"><b>354</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFAA"><b>384</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFAA"><b>385</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Thai <i>Chulasakarat</i> calendar uses a slightly different method to place the intercalary day. Instead of it in a leap year as in the Burmese system, the Thai system places it in a separate year. Thus, the Thai small leap year has 355 days while the Thai great leap year has 384 days.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-9-10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-9-10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both systems arrive at the same number of days in a 19-year cycle however. Furthermore, in contrast to Indian calendars, the Burmese calendar follows a <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a> in which intercalary months are inserted on a set schedule. However, because the Burmese calendar has to adjust for the use of Indian-calendar-derived sidereal years with the Metonic cycle's tropical years, maintaining a set Metonic cycle has been a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-yo-2001-398-399_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-2001-398-399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The calendar seems to have employed several schedules to determine which of the 19 years will be intercalary years. To find out which year will have an intercalary month, divide the Burmese year by 19. The quotient is the expired cycles. If the remainder tallies with the set sequence number of the prevailing Metonic cycle, then it will be an intercalary year.<sup id="cite_ref-skc-150-151_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skc-150-151-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">System </th> <th width="400">Intercalary years in 19-year cycle </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pre-1740 </td> <td>2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1740 </td> <td>2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892 </td> <td>1, 4, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990s </td> <td>1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Year's_Day"><span id="New_Year.27s_Day"></span>New Year's Day</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New Year's Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the main purpose of the Burmese calendar is to keep pace with the solar year, the new year is always marked by the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a>, which falls at the time when the Sun enters <a href="/wiki/Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcc-56-57-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date, which at present falls on 16 or 17 April, has slowly drifted over the centuries. In the 20th century, the New Year's Day fell on 15 or 16 April but in the 17th century, it fell on 9 or 10 April.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-xx_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-xx-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the New Year's Day of the Burmese calendar does not have to fall on the first day of the first month of Tagu; in fact, it almost never does fall on the first waxing of Tagu. Tagu is almost always divided into two parts <i>Hnaung Tagu</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နှောင်းတန်ခူး</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[n̥áʊɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>dəɡú]</a></span>; "Late Tagu"), before the New Year's Day and <i>Oo Tagu</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဦးတန်ခူး</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ʔú<span class="wrap"> </span>dəɡú]</a></span>; "Early Tagu") on and after the New Year's Day. In some years, the year was so behind the solar year that the new year falls in Kason and both <i>Hnaung Tagu</i> and <i>Hnaung Kason</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နှောင်းကဆုန်</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[n̥áʊɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>kəsʰòʊɴ]</a></span>; "Late Kason") exist. Therefore, just saying "Tagu of 1373 ME" is not complete as "Oo Tagu of 1373" corresponds to 2011 CE while "Hnaung Tagu of 1373" corresponds to 2012 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycle">Cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The calendar used to employ a 12-year Jovian cycle that redeployed the lunar month names and attached them to the years.<sup id="cite_ref-ghl-2-330_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghl-2-330-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Burmese cycle is not the more familiar Jovian cycle of India with 60 years in it.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1995-23-24_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1995-23-24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice existed in the Pagan period but had died out by the 17th century. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Remainder (year÷12) </th> <th width="100">Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>Hpusha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပုဿနှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Magha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မာခနှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Phalguni <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဖ္လကိုန်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Chitra <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စယ်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Visakha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပိသျက်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Jyeshtha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စိဿနှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Ashadha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အာသတ်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Sravana <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သရဝန်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Bhadrapaha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘဒ္ဒြသံဝစ္ဆိုရ်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Asvini <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အာသိန်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Krittika<br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကြတိုက်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Mrigasiras <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မြိက္ကသိုဝ်နှစ်</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoch">Epoch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Epoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burmese tradition recognises the following eras. The Buddhist Era and Kawza Era are still in use in Myanmar. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200">Burmese name </th> <th width="200">Description </th> <th width="200">Year 0 date </th></tr> <tr> <td>Maha Thekkarit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မဟာ သက္ကရာဇ်</span></span> </td> <td>Anjanasakaraj </td> <td>10 March 691 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thathana Thekkarit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သာသနာ သက္ကရာဇ်</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Era">Buddhist Era</a> </td> <td>13 May 544 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pyu (Saka) Era <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပျူ သက္ကရာဇ်</span></span> </td> <td>Shalivahana era (Mahāsakaraj in Thailand) </td> <td>17 March 78 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kawza Thekkarit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကောဇာ သက္ကရာဇ်</span></span> </td> <td>Current Burmese calendar <br /> <a href="/wiki/Chulasakarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulasakarat">Chulasakarat</a> </td> <td>22 March 638<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mohnyin Thekkarit <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မိုးညှင်း သက္ကရာဇ်</span></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>18 March 1436 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese calendar uses lunar months but tries to keep pace with the solar year. The present Thandeikta system's solar year is about 23 minutes 51.43 seconds ahead of the actual mean tropical year of 365.241289 days. The older Makaranta system was actually slightly more accurate, with 23 minutes 50.87 seconds ahead of the actual year.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-26-27_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-26-27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows how Thandeikta purports to achieve a narrower difference (hence better accuracy) over Makaranta. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200"> </th> <th width="200">Makaranta </th> <th width="200">Thandeikta </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>19 solar years</b> </td> <td>6939.91625 days </td> <td>6939.9163731466 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>235 lunations</b> </td> <td>6939.687005 days </td> <td>6939.68816731 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Difference</b> </td> <td>0.229245 day </td> <td>0.2282058366 day </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The gain in accuracy is 0.0010391634 day (89.78371776 seconds) over 19 years, or about 4.72546 seconds a year. However, this gain is illusory as Thandeikta achieves the gain by redefining the mean lunar month (lunation), which is then more accurate and the solar year, which is <i>less</i> accurate. The table below shows the solar years of both systems in comparison with the actual mean tropical year. Thandeikta is 0.56 second a year less accurate than Makaranta.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-26-27_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-26-27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200"> </th> <th width="200">Makaranta </th> <th width="200">Thandeikta </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>19 solar years per own definition</b> </td> <td>6939.91625 days </td> <td>6939.9163731466 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Actual 19 tropical years</b> </td> <td>6939.601591 days </td> <td>6939.601591 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Difference over 19 years</b> </td> <td>0.314659 day </td> <td>0.3147821466 day </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Difference over per year</b> </td> <td>23.84784 minutes <br /> (1430.8704 seconds) </td> <td>23.85717322 minutes <br /> (1431.430393 seconds) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In sum, both systems are about 24 minutes per year ahead of the actual tropical year; the systems' methods of intercalation fixes only their internal error; and Thandeikta slightly accelerates the annual drift. The accumulating error means the New Year's Day, which used to fall near the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> at its launch on 22 March 638 CE (Julian),<sup id="cite_ref-jce-39_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-39-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fell on 17 April (Gregorian) in 2022—a difference of 23 days.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burmese calendarists have dealt with the issue by using apparent reckoning and periodically modifying the intercalation schedule in the Metonic cycle. One major downside of this approach is that it is difficult to publish future calendars more than a few years (often even a year) ahead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zodiac">Zodiac</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zodiac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac" title="Burmese zodiac">Burmese zodiac</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons">Seasons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese zodiac, like the <a href="/wiki/Western_zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Western zodiac">Western zodiac</a>, is divided into 12 signs called <i>yathi</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရာသီ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[jàðì]</a></span>). The Burmese signs are identical to Indian and Western signs as they were derived from Indian and ultimately Western zodiac. Each <i>yathi</i> is divided into 30 degrees (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အင်္သာ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ɪ̀ɴðà]</a></span>); each degree into 60 minutes (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">လိတ္တာ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[leiʔtà]</a></span>); and each minute into 60 seconds (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝိလိတ္တာ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[wḭleiʔtà]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-7-8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-7-8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Longitude <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အင်္သာ</span></span> </th> <th width="100">Sign <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရာသီ</span></span> </th> <th width="100">Sanskrit </th> <th width="100">Latin </th> <th width="100">Ruling planet <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရာသီခွင်</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0° </td> <td>Meittha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မိဿ</span></span> </td> <td>Meṣha <br /> मेष </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30° </td> <td>Pyeittha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြိဿ</span></span> </td> <td>Vṛiṣabha <br /> वृषभ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60° </td> <td>Mehton <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မေထုန်</span></span> </td> <td>Mithuna <br /> मिथुन </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)" title="Gemini (astrology)">Gemini</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90° </td> <td>Karakat <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကရကဋ်</span></span> </td> <td>Karkaṭa <br /> कर्कट </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>120° </td> <td>Thein <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သိဟ်</span></span> </td> <td>Siṃha <br /> सिंह </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>150° </td> <td>Kan <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကန်</span></span> </td> <td>Kanyā <br /> कन्या </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>180° </td> <td>Tu <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တူ</span></span> </td> <td>Tulā <br /> तुला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libra_(astrology)" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>210° </td> <td>Byeissa <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗြိစ္ဆာ</span></span> </td> <td>Vṛścika <br /> वृश्चिक </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>240° </td> <td>Danu <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဓနု</span></span> </td> <td>Dhanuṣa <br /> धनुष </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270° </td> <td>Makara <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မကာရ</span></span> </td> <td>Makara <br /> मकर </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>300° </td> <td>Kon <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကုံ</span></span> </td> <td>Kumbha <br /> कुम्भ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>330° </td> <td>Mein <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မိန်</span></span> </td> <td>Mīna <br /> मीन </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_mansions">Lunar mansions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lunar mansions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nakshatras" title="List of Nakshatras">List of Nakshatras</a></div> <p>The zodiac month consists of 27 days, approximating the mean <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal month">sidereal month</a> of 27.321661 days. Thus each zodiac day, called <i>nekkhat</i>, represents a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar mansion">lunar mansion</a>, or a segment of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> along which the Moon revolves around the Earth. Though the names are Burmese adaptations of Sanskrit names, the Burmese system is not the same as the modern Indian system. The Burmese system uses unequal spaces for each segment (from 5° to 26°), and the first segment, Athawani, begins at 350° longitude. The modern Indian system uses equal segments of 13° 20' (360° divided by 27), and the first segment, Asvini, begins at 0°. The list below follows the <i>Thandeikta</i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-10-11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-10-11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Day </th> <th width="100">Burmese </th> <th width="100">Sanskrit </th> <th width="100">Extent </th> <th width="100">Range </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Athawani <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အဿဝဏီ</span></span> </td> <td>Asvini </td> <td>18° </td> <td>350°–8° </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Barani <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဘရဏီ</span></span> </td> <td>Bharani </td> <td>10° </td> <td>8°–18° </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Kyattika <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကြတ္တိကာ</span></span> </td> <td>Krittika </td> <td>16° </td> <td>18°–34° </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Yawhani <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရောဟဏီ</span></span> </td> <td>Rohini </td> <td>12° </td> <td>34°–46° </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Migathi <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မိဂသီ</span></span> </td> <td>Mrigasiras </td> <td>14° </td> <td>46°–60° </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Adra <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အဒြ</span></span> </td> <td>Ardra </td> <td>5° </td> <td>60°–65° </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Ponnahpukshu <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပုဏ္ဏဖုသျှု</span></span> </td> <td>Punarvasu </td> <td>27° </td> <td>65°–92° </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Hpusha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဖုသျှ</span></span> </td> <td>Pushya </td> <td>14° </td> <td>92°–106° </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Athaleiktha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အသလိဿ</span></span> </td> <td>Aslesha </td> <td>12° </td> <td>106°–118° </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Maga <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မာဃ</span></span> </td> <td>Magha </td> <td>11° </td> <td>118°–129° </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Pyobba Baragonni <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြုဗ္ဗာ ဘရဂုဏ္ဏီ</span></span> </td> <td>Purva Phalguni </td> <td>16° </td> <td>129°–145° </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Ottara Baragonni <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဥတ္တရာ ဘရဂုဏ္ဏီ</span></span> </td> <td>Uttara Phalguni </td> <td>9° </td> <td>145°–154° </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Hathada <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဟဿဒ</span></span> </td> <td>Hasta </td> <td>10° </td> <td>154°–164° </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Seiktra <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စိတြ</span></span> </td> <td>Chitra </td> <td>15° </td> <td>164°–179° </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Thwati <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သွာတိ</span></span> </td> <td>Svati </td> <td>13° </td> <td>179°–192° </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Withaka <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဝိသာခါ</span></span> </td> <td>Visakha </td> <td>21° </td> <td>192°–213° </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Anuyada <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အနုရာဓ</span></span> </td> <td>Anuradha </td> <td>11° </td> <td>213°–224° </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Zehta <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဇေဋ္ဌ</span></span> </td> <td>Jyeshtha </td> <td>5° </td> <td>224°–229° </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Mula <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မူလ</span></span> </td> <td>Mula </td> <td>13° </td> <td>229°–242° </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Pyobba Than <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြုဗ္ဗာသဠ်</span></span> </td> <td>Purva Ashadha </td> <td>15° </td> <td>242°–257° </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Ottara Than <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဥတ္တရာသဠ်</span></span> </td> <td>Uttara Ashadha </td> <td>5° </td> <td>257°–262° </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Tharawun <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သရဝဏ်</span></span> </td> <td>Sravana </td> <td>13° </td> <td>262°–275° </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>Danatheikda <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဓနသိဒ္ဓ</span></span> </td> <td>Dhanishtha </td> <td>12° </td> <td>275°–287° </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Thattabeiksha <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သတ္တဘိသျှ</span></span> </td> <td>Satataraka </td> <td>26° </td> <td>287°–313° </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>Pyobba Parabaik <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပြုဗ္ဗာ ပုရပိုက်</span></span> </td> <td>Purva Bhadrapada </td> <td>10° </td> <td>313°–323° </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>Ottara Parabaik <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဥတ္တရာ ပုရပိုက်</span></span> </td> <td>Uttara Bhadrapada </td> <td>16° </td> <td>323°–339° </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>Yewati <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရေဝတီ</span></span> </td> <td>Revati </td> <td>11° </td> <td>339°–350° </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weekdays">Weekdays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Weekdays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese zodiac recognises eight signs in a seven-day week. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Cardinal direction </th> <th width="100">Burmese </th> <th width="100">Sanskrit </th> <th width="100">English </th> <th width="100">Planet </th> <th width="100">Sign </th></tr> <tr> <td>Northeast </td> <td>Taninganwe <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တနင်္ဂနွေ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Aditya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဂဠုန်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>East </td> <td>Taninla <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">တနင်္လာ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monday" title="Monday">Monday</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiger_(zodiac)" title="Tiger (zodiac)">Tiger</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကျား</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southeast </td> <td>Inga <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">အင်္ဂါ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Angaraka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinthe" title="Chinthe">Lion</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ခြင်္သေ့</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South </td> <td>Boddahu <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a> a.m. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td> <td>Tusked elephant <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဆင်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northwest </td> <td>Rahu <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ရာဟု</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a> p.m. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Lunar node</a> </td> <td>Tuskless elephant <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဟိုင်း</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West </td> <td>Kyathabade <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကြာသပတေး</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bṛhaspati">Bṛhaspati</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ကြွက်</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North </td> <td>Thaukkya <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">သောကြာ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td> <td>Guinea pig <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပူး</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southwest </td> <td>Sanay <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">စနေ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> <br /> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">နဂါး</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese calendar has a number of variants inside present-day Myanmar as well as outside. The variants outside Myanmar are still in use albeit under a different year numbering system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arakanese">Arakanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arakanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Arakanese</a> (Rakhine) tradition, the calendar was launched by King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuriya_Thehta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thuriya Thehta (page does not exist)">Thuriya Thehta</a> of the Dhanyawaddy dynasty. At least down to the early 20th century, the Arakanese calendar used the <i>Makaranta</i> system although the Burmese calendar had moved to the <i>Thandeikta</i> system since the mid-19th century. In the Arakanese calendar, the month of <i>Tagu</i> gets the extra intercalary day in great leap years.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in Arakanese tradition, only the New Year's Day is observed.<sup id="cite_ref-fp-190_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-190-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arakanese calendar under the name of <i>Magi-San</i> is still used by the <a href="/wiki/Magh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magh people">Magh people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chulasakarat">Chulasakarat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chulasakarat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chulasakarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulasakarat">Chulasakarat</a></div> <p>The Burmese calendar first came to be adopted in present-day northern Thailand in the mid-13th century, and in central Thailand by the second half of the 16th century. Although then mainland kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> adopted the Burmese epoch starting at 638 CE, each region retained its own traditions and/or introduced its own modifications afterwards. For example, the Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang, and Sukhothai calendars still retained the use of numbering the months even though the Burmese calendar stopped using the numbered months alongside the month names. The use of numbering system may have predated the introduction of the Burmese calendar in any case since each region had its own numbering system. The first numbered month in Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai calendars is Tazaungmon (Karttika), Thadingyut (Asvina), (Nadaw) Margasirsha, and (Nadaw) Margasirsha, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1995-28-29_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1995-28-29-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means reading ancient texts and inscriptions in Thailand requires constant vigilance, not just in making sure one is correctly operating for the correct region, but also for variations within regions itself when incursions cause a variation in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-9-10_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-9-10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note: The Sukhothai and Lan Xang numbering systems and the now abandoned Burmese numbering system are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1995-28-29_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1995-28-29-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Likewise, Cambodian and Thai systems have retained the practice of giving animal names to the years from a cycle of 12.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1995-22_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1995-22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice also existed in Burma in the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan period</a> but later died out.<sup id="cite_ref-ghl-2-330_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghl-2-330-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Chulasakarat uses three similar but not identical types of lunar years used by the Burmese calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-9-10_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-9-10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each calendar has the same regular year of 354 days and a leap year of 384 days. However, whereas the Burmese calendar adds the intercalary day only in a leap cycle according to its Metonic cycle, the Siamese calendar adds the intercalary day to a regular year. The Siamese calendar does add the extra day in the same place (Jyestha/Nayon), however.<sup id="cite_ref-jce-1989-20_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jce-1989-20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Calendar </th> <th width="100">Regular </th> <th width="100">Small leap year </th> <th width="100">Big leap year </th></tr> <tr> <td>Burmese </td> <td>354 </td> <td>384 </td> <td>385 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chulasakarat </td> <td>354 </td> <td>355 </td> <td>384 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lastly, the calculation methods also diverged in the mid-19th century when the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> switched to the <i>Thandeikta</i> method, which is 0.56 second per year longer than the old system.<sup id="cite_ref-ambi-7_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambi-7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dai">Dai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional Dai calendar of <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a> in China is largely based on the Burmese calendar although it may have some Chinese influences.<sup id="cite_ref-yo-354-355_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yo-354-355-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Current usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese calendar is still used to determine a number of <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Burma">public holidays in Myanmar</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200">Event name</th> <th width="400">Burmese calendar date</th> <th width="200">International date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magha_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Magha Puja">Full moon of Tabaung</a></td> <td>Full moon of Tabaung</td> <td>March–April </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Burmese New Year Festival</a></td> <td>Almost always in Tagu, sometimes in Kason</td> <td>13–17 April </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Buddha Day</a></td> <td>Full moon of Kason</td> <td>May–June </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Start of Buddhist Lent</a></td> <td>Full moon of Waso</td> <td>June–July </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">End of Buddhist Lent</a></td> <td>Full moon of Thadingyut</td> <td>October–November </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tazaungdaing_festival" title="Tazaungdaing festival">Tazaungdaing Festival</a></td> <td>Full moon of Tazaungmon</td> <td>November–December </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_day_of_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National day of Burma (page does not exist)">National Day</a></td> <td>10th waning of Tazaungmon</td> <td>November–December </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_birth">Date of birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Date of birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Myanmar, people may register their date of birth in a Gregorian or Burmese calendar format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_formats">Official formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Official formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Burmese language versions of official pronouncements by the government such as laws, notifications, documents are dated in both Burmese and Western (Gregorian) forms. The Burmese calendar date comes first, and is followed by the equivalent Gregorian calendar date in parentheses, both in the Year-Month-Day order. For example, the date of 29 March 2017 is written as:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="text-align: center;"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">၁၃၇၈ ခုနှစ်၊ တန်ခူးလဆန်း ၂ ရက်</span></span><br />(<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">၂၀၁၇ ခုနှစ်၊ မတ်လ ၂၉ ရက်</span></span>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Chula Sakarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac" title="Burmese zodiac">Burmese zodiac</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Aung-Thwin 2005: 334–335): More research needs to be done. A Pyu stone inscription discovered in 1993 indicates that the Pyu states may have also used the Gupta Era.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Oriental 1900: 375–376): "The invasion of Lavo [Laos] ascribed to Anawrahta was more probably the work of some of his successors."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Ohashi 2001: 398–399): Astronomers of ancient India certainly knew of the Metonic cycle, and may have introduced the concept to Southeast Asia. However, the Metonic cycle, is incompatible with sidereal based Hindu calendars, and thus was not (and still is not) used in Hindu calendars. (Chatterjee 1998: 151) suggests that the Metonic system was introduced to Burma by Europeans. (Ohashi 2001: 398–399) rejects Chatterjee's hypothesis saying that "no other trace of European influence is found in South-East Asian astronomy." Instead, (Ohashi 2001: 401–403) suggests that China may have been the source of the Metonic cycle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M.B. Irwin (Irwin 1909: 2–3) suggests that by 1738, the calendar was on the Makaranta system, an adaptation of the original <i>Surya</i> system. But J.C. Eade (Eade 1996: 17) doubts Irwin's assessment, saying he has found no differences with the original system still prevalent in mainland Southeast Asia at least to Pagan period inscriptions. Since the Burmese calendar was officially adopted only in 1564 in Siam, and since later Siamese calendars still used the original <i>Surya</i>, the Burmese calendar must have followed the original <i>Surya</i> at least to the 16th century, if not later. Even if the <i>Makaranta</i> system had come to be used in Burma in the following centuries, Ohashi (Ohashi 2007: 354–355) says the Burmese <i>Makaranta</i> system is "probably different from the well-known Indian Sanskrit astronomical table (Makarandasarani (1478 CE) of Makaranda, which follows the Saura school".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Simms and Simms 2001: 204–210) Laos became a French protectorate in March 1889, although the former overlord Siam would not acknowledge it until October 1893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">archaic spelling <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပဟိုရ်</span></span> as seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Maha_Yazawin" title="Maha Yazawin">Maha Yazawin</a></i> chronicle (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2: 260)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Kala Vol. 1 2006: 38): According to Burmese tradition, the Buddha died on the full moon day of Kason 148 Anjanasakaraj.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Luce Vol. 2 1970: 336): According to planetary positions, the current Burmese era technically began at 11:11:24 on 22 March 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Eade 1989: 39): The Burmese calendar's epoch began on 22 March 638 CE (Julian calendar) (25 March 638 CE, Gregorian). In 2022, the new year's day fell on 17 April (Gregorian) / 4 April (Julian). This means the Burmese new year has moved by about 23 days (31-25+17=23) versus the Gregorian calendar, and by about 13 days (31-22+4) versus the Julian calendar.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ambi-2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha-1970-8-9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mha-1970-8-9_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Htin Aung 1970: 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-1-216-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy-1-216_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-39-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jce-39_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jce-39_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1989: 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dgeh-8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dgeh-8_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall 1960: 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mat-35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mat-35_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aung-Thwin 2005: 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha-1959-38-39-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mha-1959-38-39_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Htin Aung 1959: 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oiei-375-376-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oiei-375-376_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oiei-375-376_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oriental 1900: 375–376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1989-11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-11_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-11_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1989: 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbs-11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbs-11_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbs-11_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1966: 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha-1967-127-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mha-1967-127_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Htin Aung 1967: 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1989-9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-9_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1989: 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yo-354-355-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yo-354-355_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yo-354-355_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yo-354-355_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohashi 2007: 354–355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yo-2001-398-399-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yo-2001-398-399_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yo-2001-398-399_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohashi 2001: 398–399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-7_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-7_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1995-17-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1995-17_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1995: 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rs-70-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rs-70_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rong 1986: 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-2-3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-2-3_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcc-58-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jcc-58_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy 1906: 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-26-27-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-26-27_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-26-27_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-26-27_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-myanmar-calendar/">"The Myanmar calendar"</a>. <i>Frontier Myanmar</i>. 25 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontier+Myanmar&rft.atitle=The+Myanmar+calendar&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiermyanmar.net%2Fen%2Fthe-myanmar-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcc-57-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-57_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-57_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy 1906: 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghl-2-327-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghl-2-327_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luce Vol. 2 1970: 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcc-56-57-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jcc-56-57_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy 1906: 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-8-9-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-8-9_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-8-9_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambi-8-9_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambi-5_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghl-2-328-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghl-2-328_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luce Vol. 2 1970: 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1995-15-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1995-15_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1995: 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1989-9-10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-9-10_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-9-10_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-9-10_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1989: 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skc-150-151-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skc-150-151_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatterjee 1998: 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1989-xx-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-xx_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1989: 135–145, 165–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghl-2-330-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghl-2-330_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghl-2-330_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luce Vol. 2 1970: 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1995-23-24-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1995-23-24_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1995: 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-7-8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambi-7-8_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambi-10-11-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ambi-10-11_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin 1909: 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fp-190-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fp-190_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parise 2002: 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1995-28-29-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1995-28-29_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jce-1995-28-29_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1995: 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1995-22-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1995-22_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1995: 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jce-1989-20-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jce-1989-20_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eade 1989: 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.opendevelopmentmekong.net/dataset/bc9cbdca-0527-458e-b714-cfcceb92f32b/resource/297b5f5c-07a0-42b1-87c2-4d1f12ee3588/download/70-19.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjmpOT73832AhWfILcAHVsSBA0QFnoECAgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw12Udlq2Z8eDNBYX6fbvVqH">Dataset</a> opendevelopmentmekong.net <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAung-Thwin2005" class="citation book cs1">Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). <i>The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma</i> (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824828868" title="Special:BookSources/9780824828868"><bdi>9780824828868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mists+of+R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a%3A+The+Legend+that+was+Lower+Burma&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780824828868&rft.aulast=Aung-Thwin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterjee, S.K. (1998). "Traditional Calendar of Myanmar (Burma)". <i>Indian Journal of History of Science</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Traditional+Calendar+of+Myanmar+%28Burma%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1906" class="citation journal cs1">Clancy, J.C. (January 1906). T. Lewis; H.P. Hollis (eds.). "The Burmese Calendar: A Monthly Review of Astronomy". <i>The Observatory</i>. <b>XXIX</b> (366).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+Burmese+Calendar%3A+A+Monthly+Review+of+Astronomy&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.issue=366&rft.date=1906-01&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEade1989" class="citation book cs1">Eade, J.C. (1989). <i>Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-704-0"><bdi>978-0-87727-704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Ephemeris%3A+Solar+and+Planetary+Positions%2C+A.D.+638%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-704-0&rft.aulast=Eade&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEade1995" class="citation book cs1">Eade, J.C. (1995). <i>The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia</i> (illustrated ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004104372" title="Special:BookSources/9789004104372"><bdi>9789004104372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendrical+Systems+of+Mainland+South-East+Asia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789004104372&rft.aulast=Eade&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1960" class="citation book cs1">Hall, D.G.E. (1960). <i>Burma</i> (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-3503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-3503-1"><bdi>978-1-4067-3503-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hutchinson+University+Library&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-3503-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=D.G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHtin_Aung1959" class="citation book cs1">Htin Aung, Maung (1959). <i>Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism</i>. Rangoon: Department of Religious Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Elements+in+Burmese+Buddhism&rft.place=Rangoon&rft.pub=Department+of+Religious+Affairs&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Htin+Aung&rft.aufirst=Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHtin_Aung1967" class="citation book cs1">Htin Aung, Maung (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin"><i>A History of Burma</i></a></span>. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Burma&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Htin+Aung&rft.aufirst=Maung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofburma00htin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHtin_Aung1970" class="citation book cs1">Htin Aung, Maung (1970). <i>Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles</i>. Oxford: The Asoka Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burmese+History+before+1287%3A+A+Defence+of+the+Chronicles&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Asoka+Society&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Htin+Aung&rft.aufirst=Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1909" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Sir Alfred Macdonald Bulteel (1909). <i>The Burmese and Arakanese calendars</i>. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Printing Works.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burmese+and+Arakanese+calendars&rft.place=Rangoon&rft.pub=Hanthawaddy+Printing+Works&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Sir+Alfred+Macdonald+Bulteel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKala1724" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kala, U (1724). <a href="/wiki/Maha_Yazawin" title="Maha Yazawin"><i>Maha Yazawin Gyi</i></a> (in Burmese). Vol. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maha+Yazawin+Gyi&rft.place=Yangon&rft.edition=2006%2C+4th+printing&rft.pub=Ya-Pyei+Publishing&rft.date=1724&rft.aulast=Kala&rft.aufirst=U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce1970" class="citation book cs1">Luce, G.H. (1970). <i>Old Burma: Early Pagan</i>. Vol. 2. Locust Valley, NY: Artibus Asiae and New York University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Burma%3A+Early+Pagan&rft.place=Locust+Valley%2C+NY&rft.pub=Artibus+Asiae+and+New+York+University&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=G.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhashi2001" class="citation book cs1">Ohashi, Yukio (2001). Alan K. L. Chan; Gregory K. Clancey; Hui-Chieh Loy (eds.). <i>Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine</i> (illustrated ed.). World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971692599" title="Special:BookSources/9789971692599"><bdi>9789971692599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Perspectives+on+East+Asian+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789971692599&rft.aulast=Ohashi&rft.aufirst=Yukio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhashi2007" class="citation book cs1">Ohashi, Yukio (2007). "Astronomy in Mainland Southeast Asia". In H. Selin (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i> (2, illustrated ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402045592" title="Special:BookSources/9781402045592"><bdi>9781402045592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astronomy+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781402045592&rft.aulast=Ohashi&rft.aufirst=Yukio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOriental_InstituteEast_India_Association1900" class="citation book cs1">Oriental Institute; East India Association (1900). <i>The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record</i>. London and Working, England: Oriental Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+and+Asiatic+Quarterly+Review+and+Oriental+and+Colonial+Record&rft.place=London+and+Working%2C+England&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Oriental+Institute&rft.au=East+India+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParise2002" class="citation book cs1">Parise, Frank (2002). <i>The Book of Calendars</i>. Gorgias Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Calendars&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Parise&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRong1986" class="citation book cs1">Rong, Syamananda (1986). <i>A History of Thailand</i> (5 ed.). Chulalongkorn University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Thailand&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Chulalongkorn+University&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=Syamananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmsSanda_Simms2001" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Peter; Sanda Simms (2001). <i>The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History</i> (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700715312" title="Special:BookSources/9780700715312"><bdi>9780700715312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdoms+of+Laos%3A+Six+Hundred+Years+of+History&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780700715312&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Sanda+Simms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1966" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ronald Bishop (1966). <i>Siam; Or, the History of the Thais: From 1569 A.D. to 1824 A.D</i>. Vol. 2. Decatur Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siam%3B+Or%2C+the+History+of+the+Thais%3A+From+1569+A.D.+to+1824+A.D.&rft.pub=Decatur+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bishop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurmese+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_calendar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/yan9a/mmcal">1500 Years of Myanmar Calendar by Cool Emerald</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091313/http://www.burmeseclassic.com/calendar.php">Myanmar Calendar by Burmese Classics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kanasimi.github.io/CeJS/_test%20suite/era.htm#era=%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA1%E5%B9%B4">Era Calendar Converter with Burmese calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Myanmar_topics" title="Template:Myanmar topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Myanmar_topics" title="Template talk:Myanmar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Myanmar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Myanmar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Myanmar_articles576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Myanmar" title="Outline of Myanmar">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Myanmar_is_also_known_as_Burma36">Myanmar is also known as <b>Burma</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waithali_Kingdom" title="Waithali Kingdom">Waithali Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launggyet_Dynasty" title="Launggyet Dynasty">Launggyet Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Kingdom" title="Sagaing Kingdom">Sagaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prome_Kingdom" title="Prome Kingdom">Prome Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">First Toungoo Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" title="Union of Burma (1948–1962)">Union of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">2007 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932015_Myanmar_political_reforms" title="2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms">2011–2015 political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 coup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_protests_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar protests (2021–present)">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Myanmar" title="Template:Borders of Myanmar">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Myanmar">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Myanmar" title="List of ecoregions in Myanmar">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Islands of Myanmar">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Lakes of Myanmar">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Myanmar" title="List of mountains in Myanmar">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Myanmar" title="List of protected areas of Myanmar">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Myanmar" title="List of rivers of Myanmar">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Myanmar" title="Wildlife of Myanmar">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="List of earthquakes in Myanmar">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Myanmar" title="List of volcanoes in Myanmar">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Myanmar" title="Elections in Myanmar">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar" title="Foreign relations of Myanmar">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Women's rights in Myanmar">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Police_Force" title="Myanmar Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_rule_in_Myanmar" title="Military rule in Myanmar">military rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_Defence_Services" title="Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services">commander-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyidaungsu_Hluttaw" title="Pyidaungsu Hluttaw">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">State Administration Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Myanmar" title="List of political parties in Myanmar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Myanmar" title="List of presidents of Myanmar">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Myanmar" title="List of prime ministers of Myanmar">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Myanmar" title="Central Bank of Myanmar">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Myanmar" title="Opium production in Myanmar">Opium production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Myanmar" title="Telecommunications in Myanmar">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">Myanmar kyat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Myanmar" title="Tourism in Myanmar">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Society of Myanmar">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Myanmar" title="Crime in Myanmar">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Myanmar" title="Demographics of Myanmar">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Myanmar" title="Environmental issues in Myanmar">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Myanmar" title="Health in Myanmar">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Human trafficking in Myanmar">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Myanmar" title="Prostitution in Myanmar">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Ma_Kyei" title="Kaba Ma Kyei">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Myanmar" title="State Seal of Myanmar">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_Myanmar" title="List of capitals of Myanmar">Capitals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac" title="Burmese zodiac">Zodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Myanmar" title="Cinema of Myanmar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_clothing" title="Burmese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar" title="Flag of Myanmar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythical_creatures_in_Burmese_folklore" title="Mythical creatures in Burmese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Myanmar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Myanmar" title="National symbols of Myanmar">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Myanmar" title="Sport in Myanmar">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Myanmar" title="Traditional games of Myanmar">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar" title="Tattooing in Myanmar">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Auspicious_Rites" title="Twelve Auspicious Rites">Twelve Auspicious Rites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Weddings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Myanmar" title="Category:Myanmar">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myanmar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Myanmar">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Myanmar" title="Outline of Myanmar">Outline of Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_calendar" title="Mizo calendar">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018829">United 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set by the Burmese calendar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Specific_calendars" title="Category:Specific calendars">Specific calendars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Time in Myanmar">Time in Myanmar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Burmese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Burmese-language text">Articles containing Burmese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2024">Articles with dead external links from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" 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