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28" data-astro-cid-h2irkosh data-icon="theme/arrow-back"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow-back"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path stroke="var(--arrow-fill-color, #131722)" d="m17 20-6-6 6-6"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M28 28H0V0h28z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-back"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="nav" class="keep-visible" style="--navbar-right-border-width: 0px" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-mobile data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" 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data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <header class="header" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <mobile-menu-button id="mobile-menu-button-wc" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d>  <div id="mobile-menu-button-header" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button title="Open navigation menu" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs 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xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/cross-18"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <img id="lightbox-image" src="" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> </div> <div id="page-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <aside id="nav" class="" style="" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/right-caret"><path fill="currentColor" d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/style-guide" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Style guide</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/debugging" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Debugging</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/profiling-and-optimization" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Profiling and optimization</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/publishing" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Publishing scripts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/limitations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> <main class="main-pane" data-page-type="md" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a id="top" data-astro-cid-xgirumru></a> <main class="content" data-toc-shown data-astro-cid-ju3wuhkz> <div class="content-width" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <div class="breadcrumbs" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <a href="/pine-script-docs" aria-label="Return back to the documentation home page." data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <span data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>User Manual</span> </a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>Migration guides</a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <span class="current-item" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>To Pine Script™ version 5</span> </div> </div> <div id="slot-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <h1 id="to-pine-script-version-5" class="md-heading"><a href="#to-pine-script-version-5">To Pine Script™ version 5<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h1> <h2 id="introduction" class="md-heading"><a href="#introduction">Introduction<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>This guide documents the <strong>changes</strong> made to Pine Script™ from v4 to v5. It will guide you in the adaptation of existing Pine scripts to Pine Script™ v5. See our <a href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes/#october-2021">Release notes</a> for a list of the <strong>new</strong> features in Pine Script™ v5.</p> <p>The most frequent adaptations required to convert older scripts to v5 are:</p> <ul> <li>Changing <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_study">study()</a> for <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_indicator">indicator()</a> (the function’s signature has not changed).</li> <li>Renaming built-in function calls to include their new namespace (e.g., <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_highest">highest()</a> in v4 becomes <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Dhighest">ta.highest()</a> in v5).</li> <li>Restructuring inputs to use the more specialized <code dir="auto">input.*()</code> functions.</li> <li>Eliminating uses of the deprecated <code dir="auto">transp</code> parameter by using <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_color%7Bdot%7Dnew">color.new()</a> to simultaneously define color and transparency for use with the <code dir="auto">color</code> parameter.</li> <li>If you used the <code dir="auto">resolution</code> and <code dir="auto">resolution_gaps</code> parameters in v4’s <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_study">study()</a>, they will require changing to <code dir="auto">timeframe</code> and <code dir="auto">timeframe_gaps</code> in v5’s <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_indicator">indicator()</a>.</li> </ul> <h2 id="v4-to-v5-converter" class="md-heading"><a href="#v4-to-v5-converter">v4 to v5 converter<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The Pine Editor includes a utility to automatically convert v4 scripts to v5. To access it, open a script with <code dir="auto">//@version=4</code> in it and select the “Convert to v5” option in the “More” menu identified by three dots at the top-right of the Editor’s pane:</p> <p><img src="/pine-script-docs/_astro/v4_to_v5_convert_button.B6QYFNWm_1b9vBk.webp" alt="image" width="1232" height="816" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></p> <p>Not all scripts can be automatically converted from v4 to v5. If you want to convert the script manually or if your indicator returns a compilation error after conversion, use the following sections to determine how to complete the conversion. A list of some errors you can encounter during the automatic conversion and how to fix them can be found in the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#common-script-conversion-errors">Common script conversion errors</a> section of this guide.</p> <h2 id="renamed-functions-and-variables" class="md-heading"><a href="#renamed-functions-and-variables">Renamed functions and variables<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>For clarity and consistency, many built-in functions and variables were renamed in v5. The inclusion of v4 function names in a new namespace is the cause of most changes. For example, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_sma">sma()</a> function in v4 is moved to the <code dir="auto">ta.</code> namespace in v5: <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Dsma">ta.sma()</a>. Remembering the new namespaces is not necessary; if you type the older name of a function without its namespace in the Editor and press the ‘Auto-complete’ hotkey (<code dir="auto">Ctrl</code> + <code dir="auto">Space</code>, or <code dir="auto">Cmd</code> on MacOS), a popup showing matching suggestions appears:</p> <p><img src="/pine-script-docs/_astro/v5_autocomplete.R-4HP09V_Z1R3GAs.webp" alt="image" width="956" height="521" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></p> <p>Not counting functions moved to new namespaces, only two functions have been renamed:</p> <ul> <li><code dir="auto">study()</code> is now <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_indicator">indicator()</a>.</li> <li><code dir="auto">tickerid()</code> is now <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ticker%7Bdot%7Dnew">ticker.new()</a>.</li> </ul> <p>The full list of renamed functions and variables can be found in the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#all-variable-function-and-parameter-name-changes">All variable, function, and parameter name changes</a> section of this guide.</p> <h2 id="renamed-function-parameters" class="md-heading"><a href="#renamed-function-parameters">Renamed function parameters<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The parameter names of some built-in functions were changed to improve the nomenclature. This has no bearing on most scripts, but if you used these parameter names when calling functions, they will require adaptation. For example, we have standardized all mentions:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Valid in v4. Not valid in v5. timev4 = time(resolution = "1D") // Valid in v5. timev5 = time(timeframe = "1D") // Valid in v4 and v5. timeBoth = time("1D")</div> <p>The full list of renamed function parameters can be found in the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#all-variable-function-and-parameter-name-changes">All variable, function, and parameter name changes</a> section of this guide.</p> <h2 id="removed-an-rsi-overload" class="md-heading"><a href="#removed-an-rsi-overload">Removed an `rsi()` overload<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>In v4, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_rsi">rsi()</a> function had two different overloads:</p> <ul> <li><code dir="auto">rsi(series float, simple int)</code> for the normal RSI calculation, and</li> <li><code dir="auto">rsi(series float, series float)</code> for an overload used in the MFI indicator, which did a calculation equivalent to <code dir="auto">100.0 - (100.0 / (1.0 + arg1 / arg2))</code>.</li> </ul> <p>This caused a single built-in function to behave in two very different ways, and it was difficult to distinguish which one applied because it depended on the type of the second argument. As a result, a number of indicators misused the function and were displaying incorrect results. To avoid this, the second overload was removed in v5.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Drsi">ta.rsi()</a> function in v5 only accepts a “simple int” argument for its <code dir="auto">length</code> parameter. If your v4 code used the now deprecated overload of the function with a <code dir="auto">float</code> second argument, you can replace the whole <code dir="auto">rsi()</code> call with the following formula, which is equivalent:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">100.0 - (100.0 / (1.0 + arg1 / arg2))</div> <p>Note that when your v4 code used a “series int” value as the second argument to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_rsi">rsi()</a>, it was automatically cast to “series float” and the second overload of the function was used. While this was syntactically correct, it most probably did <strong>not</strong> yield the result you expected. In v5, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Drsi">ta.rsi()</a> requires a “simple int” for the argument to <code dir="auto">length</code>, which precludes dynamic (or “series”) lengths. The reason for this is that RSI calculations use the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Drma">ta.rma()</a> moving average, which is similar to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Dema">ta.ema()</a> in that it relies on a length-dependent recursive process using the values of previous bars. This makes it impossible to achieve correct results with a “series” length that could vary bar to bar.</p> <p>If your v4 code used a length that was “const int”, “input int” or “simple int”, no changes are required.</p> <h2 id="reserved-keywords" class="md-heading"><a href="#reserved-keywords">Reserved keywords<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>A number of words are reserved and cannot be used for variable or function names. They are: <code dir="auto">catch</code>, <code dir="auto">class</code>, <code dir="auto">do</code>, <code dir="auto">ellipse</code>, <code dir="auto">in</code>, <code dir="auto">is</code>, <code dir="auto">polygon</code>, <code dir="auto">range</code>, <code dir="auto">return</code>, <code dir="auto">struct</code>, <code dir="auto">text</code>, <code dir="auto">throw</code>, <code dir="auto">try</code>. If your v4 indicator uses any of these, rename your variable or function for the script to work in v5.</p> <h2 id="removed-iff-and-offset" class="md-heading"><a href="#removed-iff-and-offset">Removed `iff()` and `offset()`<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_iff">iff()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_offset">offset()</a> functions have been removed. Code using the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_iff">iff()</a> function can be rewritten using the ternary operator:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// iff(<condition>, <return_when_true>, <return_when_false>) // Valid in v4, not valid in v5 barColorIff = iff(close >= open, color.green, color.red) // <condition> ? <return_when_true> : <return_when_false> // Valid in v4 and v5 barColorTernary = close >= open ? color.green : color.red</div> <p>Note that the ternary operator is evaluated “lazily”; only the required value is calculated (depending on the condition’s evaluation to <code dir="auto">true</code> or <code dir="auto">false</code>). This is different from <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_iff">iff()</a>, which always evaluated both values but returned only the relevant one.</p> <p>Some functions require evaluation on every bar to correctly calculate, so you will need to make special provisions for these by pre-evaluating them before the ternary:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// `iff()` in v4: `highest()` and `lowest()` are calculated on every bar v1 = iff(close > open, highest(10), lowest(10)) plot(v1) // In v5: forced evaluation on every bar prior to the ternary statement. h1 = ta.highest(10) l1 = ta.lowest(10) v1 = close > open ? h1 : l1 plot(v1)</div> <p>The <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_offset">offset()</a> function was deprecated because the more readable <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#op_%5B%5D">[]</a> operator is equivalent:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Valid in v4. Not valid in v5. prevClosev4 = offset(close, 1) // Valid in v4 and v5. prevClosev5 = close[1]</div> <h2 id="split-of-input-into-several-functions" class="md-heading"><a href="#split-of-input-into-several-functions">Split of `input()` into several functions<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The v4 <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_input">input()</a> function was becoming crowded with a plethora of overloads and parameters. We split its functionality into different functions to clear that space and provide a more robust structure to accommodate the additions planned for inputs. Each new function uses the name of the <code dir="auto">input.*</code> type of the v4 <code dir="auto">input()</code> call it replaces. E.g., there is now a specialized <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_input%7Bdot%7Dfloat">input.float()</a> function replacing the v4 <code dir="auto">input(1.0, type = input.float)</code> call. Note that you can still use <code dir="auto">input(1.0)</code> in v5, but because only <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_input%7Bdot%7Dfloat">input.float()</a> allows for parameters such as <code dir="auto">minval</code>, <code dir="auto">maxval</code>, etc., it is more powerful. Also note that <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_input%7Bdot%7Dint">input.int()</a> is the only specialized input function that does not use its equivalent v4 <code dir="auto">input.integer</code> name. The <code dir="auto">input.*</code> constants have been removed because they were used as arguments for the <code dir="auto">type</code> parameter, which was deprecated.</p> <p>To convert, for example, a v4 script using an input of type <code dir="auto">input.symbol</code>, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_input%7Bdot%7Dsymbol">input.symbol()</a> function must be used in v5:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Valid in v4. Not valid in v5. aaplTicker = input("AAPL", type = input.symbol) // Valid in v5 aaplTicker = input.symbol("AAPL")</div> <p>The <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_input">input()</a> function persists in v5, but in a simpler form, with less parameters. It has the advantage of automatically detecting input types “bool/color/int/float/string/source” from the argument used for <code dir="auto">defval</code>:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Valid in v4 and v5. // While "AAPL" is a valid symbol, it is only a string here because `input.symbol()` is not used. tickerString = input("AAPL", title = "Ticker string")</div> <h2 id="some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments" class="md-heading"><a href="#some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments">Some function parameters now require built-in arguments<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>In v4, built-in constants such as <code dir="auto">plot.style_area</code> used as arguments when calling Pine Script™ functions corresponded to pre-defined values of a specific type. For example, the value of <code dir="auto">barmerge.lookahead_on</code> was <code dir="auto">true</code>, so you could use <code dir="auto">true</code> instead of the named constant when supplying an argument to the <code dir="auto">lookahead</code> parameter in a <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v4/#fun_security">security()</a> function call. We found this to be a common source of confusion, which caused unsuspecting programmers to produce code yielding unintended results.</p> <p>In v5, the use of correct built-in named constants as arguments to function parameters requiring them is mandatory:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Not valid in v5: `true` is used as an argument for `lookahead`. request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", close, lookahead = true) // Valid in v5: uses a named constant instead of `true`. request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "1D", close, lookahead = barmerge.lookahead_on) // Would compile in v4 because `plot.style_columns` was equal to 5. // Won't compile in v5. a = 2 * plot.style_columns plot(a)</div> <p>To convert your script from v4 to v5, make sure you use the correct named built-in constants as function arguments.</p> <h2 id="deprecated-the-transp-parameter" class="md-heading"><a href="#deprecated-the-transp-parameter">Deprecated the `transp` parameter<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The <code dir="auto">transp=</code> parameter used in the signature of many v4 plotting functions was deprecated because it interfered with RGB functionality. Transparency must now be specified along with the color as an argument to parameters such as <code dir="auto">color</code>, <code dir="auto">textcolor</code>, etc. The <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_color%7Bdot%7Dnew">color.new()</a> or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_color%7Bdot%7Drgb">color.rgb()</a> functions will be needed in those cases to join a color and its transparency.</p> <p>Note that in v4, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_bgcolor">bgcolor()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_fill">fill()</a> functions had an optional <code dir="auto">transp</code> parameter that used a default value of 90. This meant that the code below could display Bollinger Bands with a semi-transparent fill between two bands and a semi-transparent backround color where bands cross price, even though no argument is used for the <code dir="auto">transp</code> parameter in its <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_bgcolor">bgcolor()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_fill">fill()</a> calls:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=4 study("Bollinger Bands", overlay = true) [middle, upper, lower] = bb(close, 5, 4) plot(middle, color=color.blue) p1PlotID = plot(upper, color=color.green) p2PlotID = plot(lower, color=color.green) crossUp = crossover(high, upper) crossDn = crossunder(low, lower) // Both `fill()` and `bgcolor()` have a default `transp` of 90 fill(p1PlotID, p2PlotID, color = color.green) bgcolor(crossUp ? color.green : crossDn ? color.red : na)</div> <p>In v5 we need to explictly mention the 90 transparency with the color, yielding:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=5 indicator("Bollinger Bands", overlay = true) [middle, upper, lower] = ta.bb(close, 5, 4) plot(middle, color=color.blue) p1PlotID = plot(upper, color=color.green) p2PlotID = plot(lower, color=color.green) crossUp = ta.crossover(high, upper) crossDn = ta.crossunder(low, lower) var TRANSP = 90 // We use `color.new()` to explicitly pass transparency to both functions fill(p1PlotID, p2PlotID, color = color.new(color.green, TRANSP)) bgcolor(crossUp ? color.new(color.green, TRANSP) : crossDn ? color.new(color.red, TRANSP) : na)</div> <h2 id="changed-the-default-session-days-for-time-and-time_close" class="md-heading"><a href="#changed-the-default-session-days-for-time-and-time_close">Changed the default session days for `time()` and `time_close()`<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The default set of days for <code dir="auto">session</code> strings used in the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_time">time()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_time_close">time_close()</a> functions, and returned by <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_input%7Bdot%7Dsession">input.session()</a>, has changed from <code dir="auto">"23456"</code> (Monday to Friday) to <code dir="auto">"1234567"</code> (Sunday to Saturday):</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// On symbols that are traded during weekends, this will behave differently in v4 and v5. t0 = time("1D", "1000-1200") // v5 equivalent of the behavior of `t0` in v4. t1 = time("1D", "1000-1200:23456") // v5 equivalent of the behavior of `t0` in v5. t2 = time("1D", "1000-1200:1234567")</div> <p>This change in behavior should not have much impact on scripts running on conventional markets that are closed during weekends. If it is important for you to ensure your session definitions preserve their v4 behavior in v5 code, add <code dir="auto">":23456"</code> to your session strings. See this manual’s page on <a href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions/">Sessions</a> for more information.</p> <h2 id="strategyexit-now-must-do-something" class="md-heading"><a href="#strategyexit-now-must-do-something">`strategy.exit()` now must do something<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Gone are the days when the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_strategy%7Bdot%7Dexit">strategy.exit()</a> function was allowed to loiter. Now it must actually have an effect on the strategy by using at least one of the following parameters: <code dir="auto">profit</code>, <code dir="auto">limit</code>, <code dir="auto">loss</code>, <code dir="auto">stop</code>, or one of the following pairs: <code dir="auto">trail_offset</code> combined with either <code dir="auto">trail_price</code> or <code dir="auto">trail_points</code>. When uses of <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_strategy%7Bdot%7Dexit">strategy.exit()</a> not meeting these criteria trigger an error while converting a strategy to v5, you can safely eliminate these lines, as they didn’t do anything in your code anyway.</p> <h2 id="common-script-conversion-errors" class="md-heading"><a href="#common-script-conversion-errors">Common script conversion errors<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <h3 id="invalid-argument-stylelinestyle-in-plothline-call" class="md-heading"><a href="#invalid-argument-stylelinestyle-in-plothline-call">Invalid argument ‘style’/‘linestyle’ in ‘plot’/‘hline’ call<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>To make this work, you need to change the “int” arguments used for the <code dir="auto">style</code> and <code dir="auto">linestyle</code> arguments in <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_plot">plot()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_hline">hline()</a> for built-in constants:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Will cause an error during conversion plotStyle = input(1) hlineStyle = input(1) plot(close, style = plotStyle) hline(100, linestyle = hlineStyle) // Will work in v5 //@version=5 indicator("") plotStyleInput = input.string("Line", options = ["Line", "Stepline", "Histogram", "Cross", "Area", "Columns", "Circles"]) hlineStyleInput = input.string("Solid", options = ["Solid", "Dashed", "Dotted"]) plotStyle = plotStyleInput == "Line" ? plot.style_line : plotStyleInput == "Stepline" ? plot.style_stepline : plotStyleInput == "Histogram" ? plot.style_histogram : plotStyleInput == "Cross" ? plot.style_cross : plotStyleInput == "Area" ? plot.style_area : plotStyleInput == "Columns" ? plot.style_columns : plot.style_circles hlineStyle = hlineStyleInput == "Solid" ? hline.style_solid : hlineStyleInput == "Dashed" ? hline.style_dashed : hline.style_dotted plot(close, style = plotStyle) hline(100, linestyle = hlineStyle)</div> <p>See the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments">Some function parameters now require built-in arguments</a> section of this guide for more information.</p> <h3 id="undeclared-identifier-inputinput_name" class="md-heading"><a href="#undeclared-identifier-inputinput_name">Undeclared identifier ‘input.%input_name%’<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>To fix this issue, remove the <code dir="auto">input.*</code> constants from your code:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Will cause an error during conversion _integer = input.integer _bool = input.bool i1 = input(1, "Integer", _integer) i2 = input(true, "Boolean", _bool) // Will work in v5 i1 = input.int(1, "Integer") i2 = input.bool(true, "Boolean")</div> <p>See the User Manual’s page on <a href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs/">Inputs</a>, and the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments">Some function parameters now require built-in arguments</a> section of this guide for more information.</p> <h3 id="invalid-argument-when-in-strategyclose-call" class="md-heading"><a href="#invalid-argument-when-in-strategyclose-call">Invalid argument ‘when’ in ‘strategy.close’ call<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>This is caused by a confusion between <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_strategy%7Bdot%7Dentry">strategy.entry()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_strategy%7Bdot%7Dclose">strategy.close()</a>.</p> <p>The second parameter of <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v5/#fun_strategy%7Bdot%7Dclose">strategy.close()</a> is <code dir="auto">when</code>, which expects a “bool” argument. In v4, it was allowed to use <code dir="auto">strategy.long</code> an argument because it was a “bool”. With v5, however, named built-in constants must be used as arguments, so <code dir="auto">strategy.long</code> is no longer allowed as an argument to the <code dir="auto">when</code> parameter.</p> <p>The <code dir="auto">strategy.close("Short", strategy.long)</code> call in this code is equivalent to <code dir="auto">strategy.close("Short")</code>, which is what must be used in v5:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Will cause an error during conversion if (longCondition) strategy.close("Short", strategy.long) strategy.entry("Long", strategy.long) // Will work in v5: if (longCondition) strategy.close("Short") strategy.entry("Long", strategy.long)</div> <p>See the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments">Some function parameters now require built-in arguments</a> section of this guide for more information.</p> <h3 id="cannot-call-inputint-with-argument-minvalvalue-an-argument-of-literal-float-type-was-used-but-a-const-int-is-expected" class="md-heading"><a href="#cannot-call-inputint-with-argument-minvalvalue-an-argument-of-literal-float-type-was-used-but-a-const-int-is-expected">Cannot call ‘input.int’ with argument ‘minval’=‘%value%‘. An argument of ‘literal float’ type was used but a ‘const int’ is expected<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>In v4, it was possible to pass a “float” argument to <code dir="auto">minval</code> when an “int” value was being input. This is no longer possible in v5; “int” values are required for “int” inputs:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Works in v4, will break on conversion because minval is a 'float' value int_input = input(1, "Integer", input.integer, minval = 1.0) // Works in v5 int_input = input.int(1, "Integer", minval = 1)</div> <p>See the User Manual’s page on <a href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs/">Inputs</a>, and the <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5#some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments">Some function parameters now require built-in arguments</a> section of this guide for more information.</p> <h2 id="all-variable-function-and-parameter-name-changes" class="md-heading"><a href="#all-variable-function-and-parameter-name-changes">All variable, function, and parameter name changes<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <h3 id="removed-functions-and-variables" class="md-heading"><a href="#removed-functions-and-variables">Removed functions and variables<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.bool</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.bool()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.color</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.color()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.float</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.float()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.integer</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.int()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.resolution</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.timeframe()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.session</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.session()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.source</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.source()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.string</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.string()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.symbol</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.symbol()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">input.time</code> input</td><td>Replaced by <code dir="auto">input.time()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">iff()</code></td><td>Use the <code dir="auto">?:</code> operator instead</td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">offset()</code></td><td>Use the <code dir="auto">[]</code> operator instead</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 id="renamed-functions-and-parameters" class="md-heading"><a href="#renamed-functions-and-parameters">Renamed functions and parameters<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <h4 id="no-namespace-change" class="md-heading"><a href="#no-namespace-change">No namespace change<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h4> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">study(<...>, resolution, resolution_gaps, <...>)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">indicator(<...>, timeframe, timeframe_gaps, <...>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">strategy.entry(long)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">strategy.entry(direction)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">strategy.order(long)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">strategy.order(direction)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">time(resolution)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">time(timeframe)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">time_close(resolution)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">time_close(timeframe)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">nz(x, y)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">nz(source, replacement)</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4 id="ta-namespace-for-technical-analysis-functions-and-variables" class="md-heading"><a href="#ta-namespace-for-technical-analysis-functions-and-variables">”ta” namespace for technical analysis functions and variables<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h4> <h5 id="indicator-functions-and-variables" class="md-heading"><a href="#indicator-functions-and-variables">Indicator functions and variables<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h5> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">accdist</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.accdist</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">alma()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.alma()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">atr()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.atr()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">bb()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.bb()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">bbw()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.bbw()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">cci()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.cci()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">cmo()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.cmo()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">cog()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.cog()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">dmi()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.dmi()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">ema()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.ema()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">hma()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.hma()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">iii</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.iii</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">kc()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.kc()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">kcw()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.kcw()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">linreg()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.linreg()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">macd()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.macd()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">mfi()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.mfi()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">mom()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.mom()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">nvi</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.nvi</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">obv</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.obv</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">pvi</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.pvi</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">pvt</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.pvt</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">rma()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.rma()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">roc()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.roc()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">rsi(x, y)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.rsi(source, length)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">sar()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.sar()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">sma()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.sma()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">stoch()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.stoch()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">supertrend()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.supertrend()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">swma(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.swma(source)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">tr</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.tr</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">tr()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.tr()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">tsi()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.tsi()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">vwap</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.vwap</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">vwap(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.vwap(source)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">vwma()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.vwma()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">wad</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.wad</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">wma()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.wma()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">wpr()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.wpr()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">wvad</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.wvad</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <h5 id="supporting-functions" class="md-heading"><a href="#supporting-functions">Supporting functions<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h5> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">barsince()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.barsince()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">change()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.change()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">correlation(source_a, source_b, length)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.correlation(source1, source2, length)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">cross(x, y)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.cross(source1, source2)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">crossover(x, y)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.crossover(source1, source2)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">crossunder(x, y)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.crossunder(source1, source2)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">cum(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.cum(source)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">dev()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.dev()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">falling()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.falling()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">highest()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.highest()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">highestbars()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.highestbars()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">lowest()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.lowest()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">lowestbars()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.lowestbars()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">median()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.median()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">mode()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.mode()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">percentile_linear_interpolation()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.percentile_linear_interpolation()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">percentile_nearest_rank()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.percentile_nearest_rank()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">percentrank()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.percentrank()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">pivothigh()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.pivothigh()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">pivotlow()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.pivotlow()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">range()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.range()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">rising()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.rising()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">stdev()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.stdev()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">valuewhen()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.valuewhen()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">variance()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ta.variance()</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4 id="math-namespace-for-math-related-functions-and-variables" class="md-heading"><a href="#math-namespace-for-math-related-functions-and-variables">”math” namespace for math-related functions and variables<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h4> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">abs(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.abs(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">acos(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.acos(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">asin(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.asin(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">atan(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.atan(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">avg()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.avg()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">ceil(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.ceil(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">cos(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.cos(angle)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">exp(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.exp(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">floor(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.floor(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">log(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.log(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">log10(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.log10(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">max()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.max()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">min()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.min()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">pow()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.pow()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">random()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.random()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">round(x, precision)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.round(number, precision)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">round_to_mintick(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.round_to_mintick(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">sign(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.sign(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">sin(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.sin(angle)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">sqrt(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.sqrt(number)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">sum()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.sum()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">tan(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.tan(angle)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">todegrees()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.todegrees()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">toradians()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">math.toradians()</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4 id="request-namespace-for-functions-that-request-external-data" class="md-heading"><a href="#request-namespace-for-functions-that-request-external-data">”request” namespace for functions that request external data<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h4> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">financial()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">request.financial()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">quandl()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">request.quandl()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">security(<...>, resolution, <...>)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">request.security(<...>, timeframe, <...>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">splits()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">request.splits()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">dividends()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">request.dividends()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">earnings()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">request.earnings()</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4 id="ticker-namespace-for-functions-that-help-create-tickers" class="md-heading"><a href="#ticker-namespace-for-functions-that-help-create-tickers">”ticker” namespace for functions that help create tickers<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h4> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">heikinashi()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ticker.heikinashi()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">kagi()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ticker.kagi()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">linebreak()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ticker.linebreak()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">pointfigure()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ticker.pointfigure()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">renko()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ticker.renko()</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">tickerid()</code></td><td><code dir="auto">ticker.new()</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4 id="str-namespace-for-functions-that-manipulate-strings" class="md-heading"><a href="#str-namespace-for-functions-that-manipulate-strings">”str” namespace for functions that manipulate strings<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h4> <table><thead><tr><th>v4</th><th>v5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code dir="auto">tostring(x, y)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">str.tostring(value, format)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code dir="auto">tonumber(x)</code></td><td><code dir="auto">str.tonumber(string)</code></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="pagination-buttons not-content" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" class="pagination-card" data-pagefind-ignore 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data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><section id="toc-scroll-section" class="slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><header data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><h2 class="toc-header" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>On this page</h2></header><ul class="" id="toc-entries" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><a href="#introduction" aria-current="true" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-current data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Introduction</li></a><a href="#v4-to-v5-converter" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>v4 to v5 converter</li></a><a href="#renamed-functions-and-variables" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Renamed functions and variables</li></a><a href="#renamed-function-parameters" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Renamed function parameters</li></a><a href="#removed-an-rsi-overload" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Removed an &#96rsi()&#96 overload</li></a><a href="#reserved-keywords" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Reserved keywords</li></a><a href="#removed-iff-and-offset" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Removed &#96iff()&#96 and &#96offset()&#96</li></a><a href="#split-of-input-into-several-functions" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Split of &#96input()&#96 into several functions</li></a><a href="#some-function-parameters-now-require-built-in-arguments" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Some function parameters now require built-in arguments</li></a><a href="#deprecated-the-transp-parameter" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Deprecated the &#96transp&#96 parameter</li></a><a href="#changed-the-default-session-days-for-time-and-time_close" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Changed the default session days for &#96time()&#96 and &#96time_close()&#96</li></a><a href="#strategyexit-now-must-do-something" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96strategy.exit()&#96 now must do something</li></a><a href="#common-script-conversion-errors" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Common script conversion errors</li></a><a href="#invalid-argument-stylelinestyle-in-plothline-call" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Invalid argument ‘style’/‘linestyle’ in ‘plot’/‘hline’ call</li></a><a href="#undeclared-identifier-inputinput_name" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Undeclared identifier ‘input.%input_name%’</li></a><a href="#invalid-argument-when-in-strategyclose-call" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Invalid argument ‘when’ in ‘strategy.close’ call</li></a><a href="#cannot-call-inputint-with-argument-minvalvalue-an-argument-of-literal-float-type-was-used-but-a-const-int-is-expected" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Cannot call ‘input.int’ with argument ‘minval’=‘%value%‘. An argument of ‘literal float’ type was used but a ‘const int’ is expected</li></a><a href="#all-variable-function-and-parameter-name-changes" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>All variable, function, and parameter name changes</li></a><a href="#removed-functions-and-variables" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Removed functions and variables</li></a><a href="#renamed-functions-and-parameters" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Renamed functions and parameters</li></a><a href="#no-namespace-change" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-4" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>No namespace change</li></a><a href="#ta-namespace-for-technical-analysis-functions-and-variables" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-4" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>”ta” namespace for technical analysis functions and variables</li></a><a href="#math-namespace-for-math-related-functions-and-variables" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-4" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>”math” namespace for math-related functions and variables</li></a><a href="#request-namespace-for-functions-that-request-external-data" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-4" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>”request” namespace for functions that request external data</li></a><a href="#ticker-namespace-for-functions-that-help-create-tickers" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-4" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>”ticker” namespace for functions that help create tickers</li></a><a href="#str-namespace-for-functions-that-manipulate-strings" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-4" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>”str” namespace for functions that manipulate strings</li></a></ul></section><div class="toc-bottom-fade" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd></div><div class="back-top-space" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <a id="back-top-button" title="Back to top" href="#top" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="floating-button not-content stvb-base stvb-pointer stvb-gray stvb-medium stvb-secondary stvb-icon stvb-icon-force-color stvb-force-no-border"> <svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd data-icon="theme/arrow-up"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow-up"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m9 3.5.5.44 4 3.5-1 1.12-2.75-2.4V14h-1.5V6.15L5.49 8.56l-.98-1.12 4-3.5L9 3.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h18v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-up"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </div></aside></div> </main> </div> <footer data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <div class="footer-content" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <ul data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#BfmVowG1TZkKO235" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Pine Q&A chat</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/pine-script" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Stack Overflow</a> ↗ </li><li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://t.me/PineCodersQA" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Telegram</a> ↗ </li><li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TradingView/" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Reddit</a> ↗ </li> </ul> <div class="flex" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola></div> <div class="copyright" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Copyright © 2024 TradingView, Inc.</div> </div> </footer> </body></html>