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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Noyau atomique</h1> <div class="tagline"> région située au centre d'un atome constituée de protons et de neutrons </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Langue </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Noyau">noyau</a>. </div> </div> Le noyau atomique est la région située au centre d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atome">atome</a>, constituée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">protons</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> (les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a>). La taille du noyau (de l'ordre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Femtom%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Femtomètre">femtomètre</a>, soit 10−15 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr>) est environ 100 000 fois plus petite que celle de l'atome (10−10 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[a]</a> et concentre quasiment toute sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse">masse</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Force_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Force nucléaire">forces nucléaires</a> qui s'exercent entre les nucléons sont à peu près un million de fois plus grandes que les forces entre des atomes ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécules</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Helium_atom_QM.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helium_atom_QM.png/220px-Helium_atom_QM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helium_atom_QM.png/330px-Helium_atom_QM.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helium_atom_QM.png/440px-Helium_atom_QM.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625"></a> <figcaption> Noyau atomique de l'hélium. </figcaption> </figure> De nombreux noyaux, dits <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactivité">radioactifs</a>, sont instables et se transforment spontanément en d'autres noyaux en émettant un électron, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Positon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Positon">positon</a> ou un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9lion_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hélion (chimie)">hélion</a>, en capturant un électron ou en se divisant en plusieurs noyaux, voire — pour certains noyaux particulièrement excédentaires en protons ou bien en neutrons — en émettant un ou plusieurs neutrons ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">protons</a>. Les noyaux peuvent aussi être sujets à une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transmutation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transmutation">transmutation</a> provoquée par l'impact d'un autre noyau, d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particule_subatomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particule subatomique">particule</a> ou d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rayonnement_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rayonnement électromagnétique">rayonnement électromagnétique</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notation">1 Notation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Isotopes,_isobares_et_isom%C3%A8res">2 Isotopes, isobares et isomères</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Isotopes">2.1 Isotopes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Isobares">2.2 Isobares</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Isom%C3%A8res">2.3 Isomères</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caract%C3%A9ristiques_physiques">3 Caractéristiques physiques</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Composition_et_masse_atomique">3.1 Composition et masse atomique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9faut_de_masse_et_%C3%A9nergie_de_liaison">3.2 Défaut de masse et énergie de liaison</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure">3.3 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Taille_et_forme">3.4 Taille et forme</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stabilit%C3%A9">3.5 Stabilité</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stabilit%C3%A9_ou_extr%C3%AAmement_longue_dur%C3%A9e_de_vie_?">3.5.1 Stabilité ou extrêmement longue durée de vie ?</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stabilit%C3%A9_et_composition_du_noyau">3.5.2 Stabilité et composition du noyau</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stabilit%C3%A9_et_%C3%A9nergie_de_liaison">3.5.3 Stabilité et énergie de liaison</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_des_noyaux_instables">3.6 Désintégration des noyaux instables</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modes_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration">3.6.1 Modes de désintégration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demi-vie">3.6.2 Demi-vie</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">4 Notes et références</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">4.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">4.2 Références</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi">5 Voir aussi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes">5.1 Articles connexes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie">5.2 Bibliographie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes">5.3 Liens externes</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Un noyau atomique est représenté par le symbole A ZM, composé de : <ul> <li>son symbole chimique M (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des éléments chimiques">H, He, Li, etc.</a>) ;</li> <li>son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> A (égal au nombre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a> de l'atome, soit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">protons</a> + <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>), placé en haut et à gauche du symbole chimique ;</li> <li>son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> Z (égal au nombre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">protons</a>), placé en bas et à gauche du symbole chimique ; ce dernier est souvent omis car il est implicitement défini par le symbole chimique.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Isotopes,_isobares_et_isomères">Isotopes, isobares et isomères</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Isotopes, isobares et isomères" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Isotopes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotope">Isotope</a>. </div> </div> Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> sont des noyaux (ou des atomes) ayant le même nombre de protons (même <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> Z </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Z} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.68ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" data-alt="{\displaystyle Z}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ) mais un nombre différent de neutrons <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> N </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle N} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.064ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" data-alt="{\displaystyle N}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , d'où un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> A </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle A} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.743ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" data-alt="{\displaystyle A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  différent ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=Z+N}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> A </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> Z </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> N </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle A=Z+N} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8129ddaf56e93bf84a31a705dd866daed150682" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.426ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=Z+N}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11.426ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e8129ddaf56e93bf84a31a705dd866daed150682" data-alt="{\displaystyle A=Z+N}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ). Le numéro atomique est ce qui caractérise un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément chimique">élément chimique</a>, il est égal au nombre d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électron">électrons</a> dans l'atome neutre. Pour un même élément, il existe dans le milieu naturel différents isotopes possédant des nombres de neutrons différents, et on en produit d'autres au laboratoire. Par exemple, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protium">protium</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protium">1 1H</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutérium">deutérium</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutérium">2 1H</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tritium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tritium">tritium</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tritium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tritium">3 1H</a> sont trois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotopes de l'hydrogène">isotopes de l'hydrogène</a> présents dans la nature, et on a synthétisé les isotopes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hydrog%C3%A8ne_4_(quadrium)" title="Isotopes de l'hydrogène">4 1H</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hydrog%C3%A8ne_5" title="Isotopes de l'hydrogène">5 1H</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hydrog%C3%A8ne_6" title="Isotopes de l'hydrogène">6 1H</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hydrog%C3%A8ne_7" title="Isotopes de l'hydrogène">7 1H</a>. Les différents isotopes d'un même élément possèdent des propriétés physiques et chimiques similaires<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[b]</a>, car elles dépendent essentiellement de son nombre d'électrons. Cependant, leur différence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse atomique">masse atomique</a> permet de les séparer à l'aide d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centrifugation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrifugation">centrifugeuse</a> ou d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spectrom%C3%A9trie_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spectrométrie de masse">spectromètre de masse</a>. Les isotopes se différencient également par leur stabilité et leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demi-vie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demi-vie">demi-vie</a> (ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">période radioactive</a>) : les isotopes déficitaires ou excédentaires en neutrons sont souvent instables, et donc <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactivité">radioactifs</a>. Par exemple, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 12">carbone 12</a> (le plus abondant) et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_13?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 13">carbone 13</a> sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope_stable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotope stable">stables</a>, alors que sont radioactifs les isotopes du carbone plus « lourds » que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_13?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 13">13C</a> (comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_14?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 14">carbone 14</a>, avec une demi-vie de 5 730 années) ou plus « légers » que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 12">12C</a> (comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 11">carbone 11</a>, avec une demi-vie de 20 minutes)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[1]</a>. À noter qu’il existe également des éléments pour lesquels tous les isotopes sont instables, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Techn%C3%A9tium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technétium">technétium</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prom%C3%A9thium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prométhium">prométhium</a>, ainsi que tous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_synth%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément synthétique">éléments synthétiques</a>. Par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abus_de_langage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abus de langage">abus de langage</a> on parle souvent d'un isotope pour désigner un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9ide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléide">nucléide</a> caractérisé par son numéro atomique et son nombre de masse, sans référence aux isotopes de l'élément chimique correspondant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Isobares">Isobares</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Isobares" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isobare_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isobare (chimie)">Isobare (chimie)</a>. </div> </div> Des noyaux (ou des atomes) sont isobares s'ils ont le même <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> A </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle A} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.743ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" data-alt="{\displaystyle A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , c'est-à-dire s'ils ont le même nombre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">protons</a>). Par exemple, le soufre 40 ( 40 16S 24 ), le chlore 40 ( 40 17Cl 23 ), l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27argon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Argon_40" title="Isotopes de l'argon">argon 40</a> ( 40 18Ar 22 ), le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium_40?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium 40">potassium 40</a> ( 40 19K 21 ) et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcium_40?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcium 40">calcium 40</a> ( 40 20Ca 20 ) sont isobares : leurs noyaux contiennent 40 nucléons répartis en 16 à 20 protons et 24 à 20 neutrons, respectivement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Isomères">Isomères</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Isomères" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isom%C3%A9rie_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isomérie nucléaire">Isomérie nucléaire</a>. </div> </div> Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isom%C3%A9rie_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isomérie nucléaire">isomères nucléaires</a> sont des atomes ayant les mêmes nombres de protons et de neutrons (et qui appartiennent donc à un même isotope) mais qui présentent des états énergétiques différents, généralement en raison d'une organisation différente des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a> au sein du noyau. L'état présentant la plus faible énergie est dit <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_fondamental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État fondamental">fondamental</a> et tous les autres, de plus haute énergie, sont dits <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excitation_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excitation (physique)">excités</a>. Lorsque la distinction est nécessaire, les isomères autres que l'état fondamental sont identifiés par la lettre « m » rajoutée après le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> et éventuellement suivie d'un nombre s'il existe plusieurs états excités pour l'isotope en question. Ainsi, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminium_26?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aluminium 26">aluminium 26</a> possède deux isomères notés <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminium_26?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aluminium 26">26Al</a> pour l'état fondamental et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminium_26m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium 26m">26mAl</a> pour l'état excité. Autre exemple, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tantale_179?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantale 179">tantale 179</a> possède pas moins de sept isomères, notés (de l'état fondamental à l'état excité de plus haute énergie) 179Ta, 179m1Ta, 179m2Ta, 179m3Ta, 179m4Ta, 179m5Ta et 179m6Ta. Les états excités sont généralement très instables, subissant rapidement une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transition_isom%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transition isomérique">transition isomérique</a> qui les ramène à l'état fondamental ou à un état excité de moindre énergie, et pendant laquelle le surplus d’énergie est évacué sous forme de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photon">photon</a>(s). Il existe cependant des exceptions, certains états excités de certains isotopes ayant une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demi-vie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demi-vie">demi-vie</a> plus grande que l'état fondamental correspondant, par exemple <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tantale_180m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tantale 180m">tantale 180m</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9ricium_242m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Américium 242m">américium 242m</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Caractéristiques_physiques">Caractéristiques physiques</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques physiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Composition_et_masse_atomique">Composition et masse atomique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Composition et masse atomique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Le noyau d'un atome est composé de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a> : des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">protons</a> chargés positivement et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> électriquement neutres, fortement liés entre eux (l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogène">hydrogène</a> 1 ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protium">protium</a>, 1H, fait exception car son noyau n'est formé que d'un proton, sans neutrons). La cohésion du noyau est assurée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interaction_forte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interaction forte">interaction forte</a>, qui maintient les nucléons ensemble et les empêche de s'éloigner les uns des autres, contrecarrant notamment la répulsion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectrostatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électrostatique">électrostatique</a> entre les protons. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse atomique">masse atomique</a> d'un isotope est la masse de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> N </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a796f92785b39bbb0ddf873ec5e60a3c0fed9e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.331ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.331ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a796f92785b39bbb0ddf873ec5e60a3c0fed9e6b" data-alt="{\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  atomes neutres de ce même isotope, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> N </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a796f92785b39bbb0ddf873ec5e60a3c0fed9e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.331ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.331ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a796f92785b39bbb0ddf873ec5e60a3c0fed9e6b" data-alt="{\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {A} }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  étant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_d%27Avogadro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre d'Avogadro">nombre d'Avogadro</a> (environ 6,022 14 × 1023 <abbr class="abbr" title="par mole">mol−1</abbr>) : <ul> <li>en raison de l'origine historique de la définition du nombre d'Avogadro, la masse atomique du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 12">carbone 12</a> est presque exactement de 12 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr> (incertitude relative de 4,5 × 10−10) ;</li> <li>la masse atomique d'un nucléide autre que 12C exprimée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gramme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gramme">grammes</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr>) et la masse d'un noyau exprimée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_masse_atomique_unifi%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée">unités de masse atomique unifiées</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="unité de masse atomique">u</abbr>) sont numériquement voisines de leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> (nombre de nucléons dans chaque noyau) mais peuvent en différer significativement parce que le rapport N/Z des nombres de neutrons et de protons peut être différent de 1 (valeur de N/Z pour le carbone 12) et que le proton et le neutron n'ont pas exactement la même masse, et surtout parce que le nucléide peut être mieux ou moins bien lié que le carbone 12 et que cette différence d'énergie de liaison (voir la section suivante) se traduit en une différence de masse (par nucléon). L'hydrogène 2 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deut%C3%A9rium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutérium">deutérium</a>) a ainsi une masse atomique d'environ 2,014 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer_56?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer 56">fer 56</a> d'environ 55,934 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme">g</abbr> (le deutérium est moins bien lié que le carbone 12, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer_56?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer 56">fer 56</a> mieux).</li> </ul> La masse atomique <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> M </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> X </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4311ff2b582b3bca4fbd3cb061e86d5791e96a98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.719ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.719ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4311ff2b582b3bca4fbd3cb061e86d5791e96a98" data-alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément chimique">élément chimique</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {X} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> X </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {X} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8d98cdc2216c7394d189ea3e09a479c826263b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {X} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.743ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8d98cdc2216c7394d189ea3e09a479c826263b6" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {X} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  est la moyenne pondérée des masses atomiques <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{i}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> M </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle M_{i}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eda8fd06f1cd5de22ed07385a0f8aa19773b2de9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.054ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{i}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.054ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eda8fd06f1cd5de22ed07385a0f8aa19773b2de9" data-alt="{\displaystyle M_{i}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  de ses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope_naturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotope naturel">isotopes naturels</a> : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }=\sum _{i}x_{i}M_{i}\ }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> M </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> X </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <munder> <mo> ∑ </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi> x </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi> M </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>   </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }=\sum _{i}x_{i}M_{i}\ } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3764f7ae1ee73e74099ea99f7b70073b259dec3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:16.323ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }=\sum _{i}x_{i}M_{i}\ }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.323ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -3.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3764f7ae1ee73e74099ea99f7b70073b259dec3e" data-alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {X} }=\sum _{i}x_{i}M_{i}\ }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  où <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> x </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle x_{i}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.129ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158" data-alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  désigne la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraction_molaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fraction molaire">fraction molaire</a> de l'isotope <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr>  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> i </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle i} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 0.802ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" data-alt="{\displaystyle i}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  dans le mélange naturel ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}x_{i}=1}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo> ∑ </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi> x </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \sum _{i}x_{i}=1} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cdcb48c6c90ce826b87e439d9802ffecfe87554" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:10.132ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}x_{i}=1}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10.132ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -3.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cdcb48c6c90ce826b87e439d9802ffecfe87554" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}x_{i}=1}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ). Certains éléments possèdent des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioisotope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioisotope">isotopes radioactifs</a> de très longue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">période</a> : leur composition isotopique naturelle et par conséquent leur masse atomique évoluent sur de longues périodes de temps, telles que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%88re_g%C3%A9ologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ère géologique">ères géologiques</a> ; c'est notamment le cas pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Défaut_de_masse_et_énergie_de_liaison">Défaut de masse et énergie de liaison</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Défaut de masse et énergie de liaison" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison nucléaire">Liaison nucléaire</a>. </div> </div> Pour qu'un noyau puisse exister il faut, sauf bien sûr pour celui du protium 1H (uniquement constitué d'un proton), que ses nucléons soient liés, donc que l'énergie du noyau soit inférieure à la somme des énergies des nucléons qui le composent. En raison de l'égalité <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%3Dmc2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E=mc2"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> E </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> m </mi> <msup> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.976ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" data-alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </a>, cette différence d'énergie s'exprime comme une différence de masse : la masse <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> m </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle m} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.04ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" data-alt="{\displaystyle m}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  d'un isotope A ZX est inférieure à la somme des masses de ses nucléons. La différence <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\delta m=Z\,m_{\mathrm {p} }+(A-Z)\,m_{\mathrm {n} }-m}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi> δ </mi> <mi> m </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> Z </mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mi> m </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> p </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> A </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mi> Z </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mi> m </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> n </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <mi> m </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \,\delta m=Z\,m_{\mathrm {p} }+(A-Z)\,m_{\mathrm {n} }-m} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a98d72ef42b2d4d8b40a4551ba34891ccb994bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.197ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\delta m=Z\,m_{\mathrm {p} }+(A-Z)\,m_{\mathrm {n} }-m}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31.197ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a98d72ef42b2d4d8b40a4551ba34891ccb994bd" data-alt="{\displaystyle \,\delta m=Z\,m_{\mathrm {p} }+(A-Z)\,m_{\mathrm {n} }-m}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , où <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> m </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> p </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/401adb92398a22eac415b70e82fec84d846fd1fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.187ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.187ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/401adb92398a22eac415b70e82fec84d846fd1fc" data-alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {p} }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  désigne la masse du proton et <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {n} }}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> m </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> n </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {n} }} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a3a6e28946febd62260ae7631840a06aebc4f7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.187ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {n} }}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.187ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a3a6e28946febd62260ae7631840a06aebc4f7f" data-alt="{\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {n} }}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  celle du neutron, est appelée défaut de masse (toujours positif, sauf encore pour le protium dont le défaut de masse est nul). On définit aussi l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exc%C3%A8s_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excès de masse">excès de masse</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta m=m-A\,\mathrm {u} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> m </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> m </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mi> A </mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> u </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta m=m-A\,\mathrm {u} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f45d892b861c4bba75f055804d12a2643c421bff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.378ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta m=m-A\,\mathrm {u} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15.378ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f45d892b861c4bba75f055804d12a2643c421bff" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta m=m-A\,\mathrm {u} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , où <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> u </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {u} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43cefa783fd444978c05b01a4530adc536eb39c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.293ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43cefa783fd444978c05b01a4530adc536eb39c1" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  désigne l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_masse_atomique_unifi%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée">unité de masse atomique unifiée</a> et <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> m </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle m} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.04ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" data-alt="{\displaystyle m}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  est exprimé en termes de cette unité. En raison de l'origine historique de cette unité, l'excès de masse du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 12">carbone 12</a> est nul, et l'excès de masse d'un autre noyau est négatif ou positif selon qu'il est plus ou moins bien lié que le carbone 12. L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89nergie_de_liaison" title="Liaison nucléaire">énergie de liaison</a> est <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\delta E=\delta m\,c^{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi> δ </mi> <mi> E </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> δ </mi> <mi> m </mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \,\delta E=\delta m\,c^{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56d9120da78f7c6fab2293dc584e8ddd34ff12bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.847ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\delta E=\delta m\,c^{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11.847ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56d9120da78f7c6fab2293dc584e8ddd34ff12bc" data-alt="{\displaystyle \,\delta E=\delta m\,c^{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Pour évaluer la plus ou moins bonne liaison des différents types de noyau, on utilise l'énergie de liaison par nucléon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta E/A}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> δ </mi> <mi> E </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mi> A </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \delta E/A} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21cfc8394afba7c68632a5ceebbe64ecc28409fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.73ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta E/A}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.73ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21cfc8394afba7c68632a5ceebbe64ecc28409fa" data-alt="{\displaystyle \delta E/A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structure_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structure nucléaire">Structure nucléaire</a>. </div> </div> Deux modèles de la structure du noyau ont été développés dans les années 1930-1950 : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_de_la_goutte_liquide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle de la goutte liquide">modèle de la goutte liquide</a> en 1930 puis 1939, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_en_couches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle en couches">modèle en couches</a> en 1949. Le premier conduit à une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loi_empirique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loi empirique">formule semi-empirique</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89nergie_de_liaison" title="Liaison nucléaire">énergie de liaison</a>, et le second à la mise en évidence des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_magique_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre magique (physique)">nombres magiques</a> de protons et de neutrons. Aujourd'hui les principaux modèles sont des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structure_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Th%C3%A9ories_de_champ_moyen" title="Structure nucléaire">théories de champ moyen</a>, qui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Approximation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Approximation">approximent</a> le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_%C3%A0_N_corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Problème à N corps">problème à A corps</a> (l'interaction des A nucléons) par A problèmes à 1 corps (chaque nucléon, soumis au « champ moyen » des <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A-1)}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> A </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle (A-1)} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/890dad21973d7b0a9ef6a267281baa642d1ef56c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A-1)}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 7.555ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/890dad21973d7b0a9ef6a267281baa642d1ef56c" data-alt="{\displaystyle (A-1)}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  autres). La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Diffusion_des_%C3%A9lectrons&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Diffusion des électrons (page inexistante)">diffusion des électrons</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electron_scattering" class="extiw" title="en:electron scattering">(en)</a> permet de cerner expérimentalement la distribution des protons et des neutrons dans le noyau, ainsi que sa forme. Ainsi, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_208?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plomb 208">plomb 208</a>, qui possède à la fois un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_magique_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre magique (physique)">nombre magique</a> de protons (82) et de neutrons (126), a ses protons et ses neutrons répartis à peu près uniformément (en moyenne) dans une sphère, mais une sphère plus grande pour les neutrons que pour les protons ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {n} }-r_{\mathrm {p} }=}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> n </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> p </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {n} }-r_{\mathrm {p} }=} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b24abcfb845d2e387412260620c81f9bf9841cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.683ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {n} }-r_{\mathrm {p} }=}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9.683ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b24abcfb845d2e387412260620c81f9bf9841cd" data-alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {n} }-r_{\mathrm {p} }=}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  0,283 ± 0,071 <abbr class="abbr" title="femtomètre">fm</abbr>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[2]</a>,<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[3]</a>. Les noyaux ne sont pas tous sphériques, certains sont aplatis et d’autres allongés, quelques-uns ont même la forme d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poire">poire</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Miller2023-6">[4]</a>. Les noyaux très instables (de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">demi-vie</a> très courte) peuvent avoir des structures étranges, par exemple une structure en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulle_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulle (physique)">bulles</a> avec zone centrale peu dense, ou avoir un ou deux nucléons de valence formant un halo autour d'un noyau central compact<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Miller2023-6">[4]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Taille_et_forme">Taille et forme</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Taille et forme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Le rayon d'un nucléon est de l'ordre de 10−15 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr>, soit 1 fm (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Femtom%C3%A8tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Femtomètre">femtomètre</a>), le terme de rayon s'entendant ici au sens d'avoir une probabilité significative de détecter le nucléon dans le volume d'espace considéré. En première approximation, on considère généralement que le rayon r d'un noyau de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">nombre de masse</a> A vaut (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_de_la_goutte_liquide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle de la goutte liquide">modèle de la goutte liquide</a>) r = ro3√<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre de masse">A</a>, avec ro = 1,4 fm. Lorsque A est petit, notamment inférieur à 16, ro peut valoir 1,2 fm. Cela représente moins de 0,01 % du rayon total de l'atome. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">masse volumique</a> du noyau est donc considérablement plus grande que celle de l'atome lui-même. Elle est à peu près constante pour tous les noyaux dans leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_fondamental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État fondamental">état fondamental</a> (non <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excitation_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excitation (physique)">excité</a>) : environ 200 millions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centim%C3%A8tre_cube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centimètre cube">centimètre cube</a> (2 × 1014 <abbr class="abbr" title="gramme par centimètre cube">g/cm3</abbr>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_volumique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse volumique">masse volumique</a> du fluide nucléaire. La taille et la forme réelles d'un noyau spécifique dépendent fortement du nombre de nucléons qui le composent, ainsi que de leur état énergétique. Les noyaux les plus stables ont en général une forme sphérique au repos et peuvent prendre, par exemple, la forme d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellipso%C3%AFde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellipsoïde">ellipsoïde</a> s'ils sont excités. Des formes assez étranges peuvent être observées selon les états d'excitation : en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poire">poire</a>, en soucoupe, voire en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arachide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arachide">cacahuète</a>. Dans le cas des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_%C3%A0_halo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noyau à halo">noyaux à halo</a>, quelques nucléons peuvent avoir des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonction_d%27onde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonction d'onde">fonctions d'onde</a> nettement distendues, entourant donc d'un halo le noyau plus compact formé par les autres nucléons. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithium_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium 11">lithium 11</a> semble par exemple composé d'un noyau de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithium_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium 9">lithium 9</a> entouré d'un halo de deux neutrons ; sa taille est proche de celle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_208?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plomb 208">plomb 208</a> alors que ce dernier possède vingt fois plus de nucléons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Stabilité">Stabilité</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Stabilité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope_stable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotope stable">Isotope stable</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioisotope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioisotope">Radioisotope</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-modere"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Logo_travaux_orange.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/25px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/25px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/38px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/50px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est en cours de réécriture ou de restructuration importante. Les informations peuvent être modifiées à tout moment par le ou les utilisateurs ayant apposé ce bandeau. (16 novembre 2023) Bandeau apposé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utilisateur:Ariel_Provost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utilisateur:Ariel Provost">Ariel Provost</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussion_utilisateur:Ariel_Provost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussion utilisateur:Ariel Provost">lui écrire</a>). </div> </div> Certains noyaux sont stables, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont une durée de vie illimitée. D'autres sont instables et tendent à se transformer spontanément en un autre (parfois plusieurs) de plus grande énergie de liaison par nucléon, en émettant une ou plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particule_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Particule (physique)">particules</a>. Le noyau stable le plus lourd est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_208?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plomb 208">plomb 208</a>, constitué de 82 protons et 126 neutrons. Les éléments de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> Z supérieur à 82 sont tous instables ; jusqu'à Z = 92 (l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium">uranium</a>), ils sont présents naturellement sur Terre<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[c]</a>, au-delà ils ont été <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_synth%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément synthétique">synthétisés</a> en laboratoire jusqu'à Z = 118 (l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oganesson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>, l'élément le plus lourd connu en 2024). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Stabilité_ou_extrêmement_longue_durée_de_vie_?">Stabilité ou extrêmement longue durée de vie ?</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Stabilité ou extrêmement longue durée de vie ?" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Le noyau le mieux lié, c'est-à-dire celui dont l'énergie de liaison par nucléon est la plus grande, est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nickel_62?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nickel 62">nickel 62</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[d]</a>. Comme un noyau ne peut se transformer spontanément qu'en un noyau de masse atomique égale ou inférieure, le problème de la stabilité ne se pose pas dans les mêmes termes pour les noyaux plus légers (de masse atomique inférieure à 62) que pour les noyaux plus lourds : les noyaux stables plus légers sont en principe stables absolument<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[e]</a>, alors que les noyaux stables plus lourds sont potentiellement instables, mais avec des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">demi-vies</a> extrêmement longues. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bismuth_209?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bismuth 209">bismuth 209</a>, notamment, a été considéré comme stable jusqu'à ce qu'on découvre en 2003 qu'il est radioactif, avec une demi-vie de (2,01 ± 0,08) × 1019 ans (presque deux milliards de fois l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge de l'Univers">âge de l'Univers</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[6]</a>,<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[f]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Stabilité_et_composition_du_noyau">Stabilité et composition du noyau</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Stabilité et composition du noyau" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG/220px-Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="740"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG/220px-Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG/330px-Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG/440px-Isotopes_and_half-life.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_stabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vallée de stabilité">Vallée de stabilité</a>. </figcaption> </figure> L'instabilité des noyaux est due, sauf pour les plus lourds d'entre eux, à un déséquilibre entre le nombre de neutrons N et le nombre de protons Z (comme le montre la figure ci-contre, le rapport N/Z optimal croît en fonction de Z de 1 à 1,6). Les noyaux les plus lourds ont globalement trop de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Abondances_cosmiques.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Abondances_cosmiques.svg/330px-Abondances_cosmiques.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Abondances_cosmiques.svg/330px-Abondances_cosmiques.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Abondances_cosmiques.svg/495px-Abondances_cosmiques.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Abondances_cosmiques.svg/660px-Abondances_cosmiques.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abondance_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abondance des éléments chimiques">Abondances relatives des éléments chimiques</a> dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Univers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Univers">Univers</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silicium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silicium">Si</a> = 106 par convention). </figcaption> </figure> La stabilité d'un noyau atomique dépend de Z et N. On constate qu'un grand nombre (152) de noyaux stables ont Z et N pairs. Ce nombre est encore de 55 pour Z pair et N impair, et de 52 pour Z impair et N pair. Peu de noyaux stables ont Z et N impairs. Plus généralement, les noyaux sont mieux liés (leur énergie de liaison par nucléon est plus grande) quand Z ou bien N est pair que quand les deux sont impairs, et encore mieux liés quand les deux sont pairs. Ce phénomène se traduit par un meilleur rendement des processus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9osynth%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléosynthèse">nucléosynthèse</a> pour ces noyaux, qui explique la forme en dents de scie de la courbe représentant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abondance_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abondance des éléments chimiques">abondance des éléments chimiques</a> dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Univers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Univers">Univers</a> en fonction de Z (courbe ci-contre, où les disques rouges indiquent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément chimique">éléments</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> pair et les cercles verts ceux de numéro impair). Pour les noyaux ayant Z ou N pair(s), on observe l'existence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombre_magique_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombre magique (physique)">nombres « magiques »</a> (de protons et/ou de neutrons) pour lesquels les noyaux sont particulièrement bien liés (leur énergie de liaison par nucléon est particulièrement grande) : 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 et 184. C'est par exemple le cas de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hélium 4">hélium 4</a>, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne_16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygène 16">oxygène 16</a> ou du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_208?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plomb 208">plomb 208</a>, doublement magiques (2 + 2, 8 + 8 et 82 + 126). Les noyaux stables ayant ces nombres magiques de protons ou de neutrons ont une abondance naturelle plus grande que celle des noyaux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse atomique">masse atomique</a> (A = Z + N) comparable, et les noyaux lourds instables une plus grande <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">demi-vie</a>. L'existence et la valeur des nombres magiques sont expliquées par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_en_couches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle en couches">modèle en couches</a> des noyaux atomiques. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Stabilité_et_énergie_de_liaison">Stabilité et énergie de liaison</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Stabilité et énergie de liaison" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Les noyaux mal liés sont instables (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactivité">radioactifs</a>). D'une manière générale les noyaux les moins bien liés ont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">demi-vies</a> les plus courtes, mais sans qu'il y ait de relation générale (ni même de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonction_monotone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonction monotone">relation monotone</a>) entre la demi-vie et l'énergie de liaison par nucléon, parce que les processus de désintégration radioactive sont régis par des considérations cinétiques<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[g]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Désintégration_des_noyaux_instables">Désintégration des noyaux instables</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Désintégration des noyaux instables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Modes_de_désintégration">Modes de désintégration</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Modes de désintégration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> La désintégration radioactive d'un noyau instable peut se faire selon différents processus appelés <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode de désintégration">modes de désintégration</a>. Les plus courants sont : <ul> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_%CE%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_%CE%B2%E2%88%92" title="Radioactivité β">désintégration β−</a>, pour les noyaux dont le rapport N/Z est trop grand (par rapport au rapport idéal de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_stabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vallée de stabilité">vallée de stabilité</a>) : le noyau « père » A ZP se désintègre en un noyau « fils » A Z+1F, avec l'émission d'une particule β− (un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électron">électron</a>, e−) et d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutrino_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutrino électronique">antineutrino</a> νe. Exemple : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone_14?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone 14">carbone 14</a> (14 6C ⟶ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azote_14?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azote 14">14 7N</a> + 0 −1<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électron">e−</a> + 0 0<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antineutrino_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino électronique">νe</a>) ;</li> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_%CE%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_%CE%B2+" title="Radioactivité β">désintégration β+</a> ou la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture électronique">capture électronique</a>, pour les noyaux dont le rapport N/Z est trop petit : A ZP se désintègre en A Z−1F, avec l'émission d'une particule β+ (un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Positon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Positon">positon</a>, e+) et d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutrino_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutrino électronique">neutrino</a> νe (cas de la désintégration β+) ou bien l'absorption d'un électron du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Configuration_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Configuration électronique">cortège électronique</a> et l'émission d'un neutrino (cas de la capture électronique). Exemples : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluor_18?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluor 18">fluor 18</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluor_18?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluor 18">18 9F</a> ⟶ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne_18?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygène 18">18 8O</a> + 0 1<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Positon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Positon">e+</a> + 0 0<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutrino_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutrino électronique">νe</a>) et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminium_26?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aluminium 26">aluminium 26</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aluminium_26?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aluminium 26">26 13Al</a> + 0 −1<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électron">e−</a> ⟶ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium_26?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnésium 26">26 12Mg</a> + 0 0<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutrino_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutrino électronique">νe</a>) ;</li> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_%CE%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactivité α">désintégration α</a>, pour les noyaux dont le rapport N/Z est correct mais dont le nombre global de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléon">nucléons</a> est trop élevé : A ZP se désintègre en A−4 Z−2F, avec l'émission d'une particule α (un noyau d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9lium_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hélium 4">hélium 4</a>, 4 2He). Exemple : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_du_samarium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotopes du samarium">samarium 147</a> (147 62Sm → 143 60Nd + <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Particule_%CE%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Particule α">4 2α</a>).</li> </ul> Ces désintégrations sont généralement accompagnées d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_%CE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactivité γ">rayonnement γ</a> (émission de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photon">photons</a>), en raison de la formation intermédiaire de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isom%C3%A9rie_nucl%C3%A9aire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isomérie nucléaire">noyaux excités</a>. Il existe d'autres modes de désintégration, qui concernent moins de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9ide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nucléide">nucléides</a> : <ul> <li>pour les noyaux trop riches en neutrons : l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mission_de_neutron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émission de neutron">émission de neutron</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration_b%C3%AAta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Double désintégration bêta">double désintégration bêta</a> ;</li> <li>pour les noyaux trop riches en protons : l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mission_de_proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émission de proton">émission de protons</a> (un ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mission_de_deux_protons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émission de deux protons">deux</a>) et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_capture_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Double capture électronique">double capture électronique</a> ;</li> <li>pour les noyaux trop lourds : l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9_de_clusters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactivité de clusters">émission de noyaux plus lourds que l'hélium 4</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fission_spontan%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fission spontanée">fission spontanée</a> (binaire ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fission_ternaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fission ternaire">ternaire</a>).</li> </ul> Remarques : <ul> <li>un même nucléide instable peut se désintégrer concurremment selon plusieurs modes (chacun avec une certaine probabilité). Exemple : le potassium 40 peut se désintégrer par désintégration β− (89,28 % des cas), par capture électronique (10,72 %) ou par désintégration β+ (environ 0,001 %) ;</li> <li>un noyau instable ne se désintègre pas nécessairement en un noyau stable : il peut avoir pour fils un autre noyau instable, qui de même peut donner naissance à un troisième noyau instable, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>, jusqu'à finalement aboutir à un noyau stable (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chaîne de désintégration">chaîne de désintégrations</a>). Exemple : l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_238?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium 238">uranium 238</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">demi-vie</a> 4,468 <abbr class="abbr" title="milliard d'années">Ga</abbr>) se désintègre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_du_thorium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Thorium_234" title="Isotopes du thorium">thorium 234</a> (24,1 <abbr class="abbr" title="jour">j</abbr>), qui se désintègre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protactinium_234?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium 234">Protactinium 234m</a> (1,17 <abbr class="abbr" title="minute">min</abbr>), <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>, jusqu'à aboutir au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_du_plomb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Plomb_206" title="Isotopes du plomb">plomb 206</a>, stable ;</li> <li>en raison de la multiplicité des modes de désintégration de certains nucléides, les chaînes de désintégrations sont ramifiées. Néanmoins, les quatre chaînes connues aboutissent chacune à un unique nucléide stable : celle de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_238?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium 238">uranium 238</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_206?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plomb 206">plomb 206</a>, celle de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_235?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium 235">uranium 235</a> (ou du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutonium_239?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutonium 239">plutonium 239</a>) au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_207?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plomb 207">plomb 207</a>, celle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thorium_232?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thorium 232">thorium 232</a> (ou de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranium_232?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranium 232">uranium 232</a>) au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plomb_208?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plomb 208">plomb 208</a> et celle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutonium_241?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutonium 241">plutonium 241</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thallium_205?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium 205">thallium 205</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Demi-vie">Demi-vie</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Demi-vie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">Période radioactive</a>. </div> </div> La demi-vie (ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">période radioactive</a>) d'un nucléide est la durée au bout de laquelle la moitié des noyaux d'un échantillon initial se seront désintégrés, statistiquement. Les demi-vies connues s'étagent de 10−23 <abbr class="abbr" title="seconde">s</abbr> à 1024 <abbr class="abbr" title="ans"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_julienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Année julienne">ans</a></abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne_7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogène 7">hydrogène 7</a> : 2,2 × 10−23 <abbr class="abbr" title="seconde">s</abbr><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[8]</a> ; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tellure_128?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellure 128">tellure 128</a> : (2,41 ± 0,39) × 1024 ans<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[h]</a>). Un nucléide n'est considéré comme le noyau d'un atome que si sa demi-vie est assez longue pour qu'un cortège électronique ait le temps de se former (de l'ordre de 10−15 <abbr class="abbr" title="seconde">s</abbr>). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Notes_et_références">Notes et références</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> L'atome est donc essentiellement constitué de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vide_quantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vide quantique">vide</a>, son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volume">volume</a> étant très supérieur au volume cumulé des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électron">électrons</a> et du noyau qui le constituent.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Ces propriétés ne sont toutefois pas identiques, surtout quand elles caractérisent des états éloignés de l'équilibre (voir l'article « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fractionnement_isotopique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fractionnement isotopique">Fractionnement isotopique</a> »). Les différences sont particulièrement notables pour les éléments les plus légers (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogène">H</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9lium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hélium">He</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithium">Li</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9ryllium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Béryllium">Be</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bore">B</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbone">C</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azote">N</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygène">O</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> En revanche, deux éléments plus légers que l'uranium ne sont pas présents naturellement : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Techn%C3%A9tium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technétium">technétium</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prom%C3%A9thium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prométhium">prométhium</a>. Comme les éléments <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transuranien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transuranien">transuraniens</a>, ils ont été synthétisés en laboratoire.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> On lit parfois que c'est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer_56?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer 56">fer 56</a>, mais avec une énergie de liaison par nucléon de 8,790 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr> il n'est que le troisième, derrière le nickel 62 (8,794 6 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr>) et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer_58?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fer 58">fer 58</a> (8,792 2 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr>). En revanche le fer 56 est le nucléide ayant la plus petite masse par nucléon (930,174 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr> contre 930,186 <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr> pour le nickel 62).</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Ils pourraient cependant ne pas l'être tout à fait, certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physique_au-del%C3%A0_du_mod%C3%A8le_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physique au-delà du modèle standard">extensions du modèle standard</a> prédisant que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proton">proton</a> se désintègre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pion_(particule)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pion (particule)">pion</a> neutre et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Positon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Positon">positon</a> avec une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période radioactive">demi-vie</a> de l'ordre de 1033 ans. Mais cela n'a pas encore été démontré expérimentalement<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[5]</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Ce n'est pas la plus longue demi-vie connue. Le record actuel est détenu par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tellure_128?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellure 128">tellure 128</a> : (3,49 ± 1,99) × 1024 ans<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[7]</a>, deux-cent-cinquante mille milliards de fois l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_l%27Univers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge de l'Univers">âge de l'Univers</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> C'est le cas pour un grand nombre de transformations spontanées en physique et chimie. Par exemple, la vitesse d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction chimique">réaction chimique</a> est en général d'autant plus grande que la réaction est plus <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_exothermique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction exothermique">exothermique</a>, mais sans qu'il y ait de relation générale entre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9tique_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vitesse_de_r%C3%A9action" title="Cinétique chimique">vitesse de réaction</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enthalpie_de_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enthalpie de réaction">enthalpie de réaction</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotopes_du_tellure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotopes du tellure">tellure 128</a> se désintègre par désintégration double bêta mais aucune désintégration n'a jamais été observée. Sa demi-vie est déduite de celle de 130Te et du rapport (connu) des demi-vies de 130Te et 128Te.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références">Références</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/C-pg2.html%23Nuclides">Table des isotopes du carbone</a> sur environmentalchemistry.com, et qui indique, entre autres, la stabilité (ou l’instabilité) de ces isotopes. En particulier voir la colonne « Half Life », laquelle indique la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demi-vie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demi-vie">demi-vie</a> de l’isotope, sauf s’il s’agit d’un isotope stable. Consultée le 6 février 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Christine Middleton, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Lead-208 nuclei have thick skins</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 74, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 7,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-07" data-sort-value="2021-07">juillet 2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 12-14 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.4787">10.1063/PT.3.4787</a> <noscript> <img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Accès libre" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> )<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lead-208+nuclei+have+thick+skins&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.issue=7&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.date=2021-07&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=12-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.4787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. Adhikari <abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Accurate Determination of the Neutron Skin Thickness of 208Pb through Parity-Violation in Electron Scattering</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 126,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-04-27" data-sort-value="2021-04-27">27 avril 2021</time>, article <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 172502 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.172502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.172502</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Accurate+Determination+of+the+Neutron+Skin+Thickness+of+208Pb+through+Parity-Violation+in+Electron+Scattering&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.aulast=Adhikari&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft.volume=126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.126.172502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2023-6">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Miller2023_6-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Miller2023_6-1">b</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Johanna L. Miller, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Electron scattering provides a long-awaited view of unstable nuclei</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 76, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 11,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-01" data-sort-value="2023-11-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1er</abbr> novembre 2023</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 14-16 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.5338">10.1063/PT.3.5338</a> <noscript> <img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Accès libre" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> )<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electron+scattering+provides+a+long-awaited+view+of+unstable+nuclei&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.issue=11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Johanna+L.&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=14-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.5338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Luc Valentin, <cite class="italique">Le monde subatomique</cite> [<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Le_monde_subatomique_(Luc_Valentin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Référence:Le monde subatomique (Luc Valentin)">détail des éditions</a>]<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+subatomique&rft.aulast=Valentin&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. W. Beeman, M. Biassoni, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, S. Capelli <abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">First Measurement of the Partial Widths of 209Bi Decay to the Ground and to the First Excited States</cite> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 108, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 6,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-02-09" data-sort-value="2012-02-09">9 février 2012</time>, article <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 062501 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.062501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.062501</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+Measurement+of+the+Partial+Widths+of+209Bi+Decay+to+the+Ground+and+to+the+First+Excited+States&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.issue=6&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=M.+Biassoni&rft.au=C.+Brofferio&rft.au=C.+Bucci&rft.au=S.+Capelli&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.volume=108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.062501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> B. Pritychenko, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">On Systematics of Double-Beta Decay Half Lives</cite> », 15th International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-07" data-sort-value="2022-07">juillet 2022</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> 1-6 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1984794">lire en ligne</a> <noscript> <img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Accès libre" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-04" data-sort-value="2023-12-04">4 décembre 2023</time>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Systematics+of+Double-Beta+Decay+Half+Lives&rft.jtitle=15th+International+Conference+on+Nuclear+Data+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Pritychenko&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.date=2022-07&rft.pages=1-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noyau_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M Thoennessen, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Reaching the limits of nuclear stability</cite> », Reports on Progress in Physics, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">no</abbr> 7,‎ <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 1215 (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/67/7/r04">10.1088/0034-4885/67/7/r04</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://stacks.iop.org/0034-4885/67/i%3D7/a%3DR04?key%3Dcrossref.97cd88746048c7f282afda2cdd36205b">lire en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reaching+the+limits+of+nuclear+stability&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.issue=7&rft.aulast=Thoennessen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=1215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F67%2F7%2Fr04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique">.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-width:15em;column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse atomique">Masse atomique</a></li> <li><a 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mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li>Luc Valentin, <cite class="italique">Le monde subatomique</cite> [<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Le_monde_subatomique_(Luc_Valentin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Référence:Le monde subatomique (Luc Valentin)">détail des éditions</a>]<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+subatomique&rft.aulast=Valentin&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANoyau+atomique"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Noyau_atomique&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/la-conversation-scientifique/que-se-passe-t-il-dans-un-noyau-d-atome-4718650">« Que se passe-t-il dans un noyau d’atome ? »</a>, La Conversation scientifique, France Culture, 29 mars 2024.</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%2581_%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595" title="परमाणु नाभिक – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परमाणु नाभिक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9" title="نواة الذرة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نواة الذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9" title="نوية د درة – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نوية د درة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_at%25C3%25B3micu" title="Nucleu atómicu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nucleu atómicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomun_n%25C3%25BCv%25C9%2599si" title="Atomun nüvəsi – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atomun nüvəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25DA%2586%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C" title="آتوم چکیردگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتوم چکیردگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuoma_kondouls" title="Atuoma kondouls – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atuoma kondouls" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomikong_nukleyus" title="Atomikong nukleyus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atomikong nukleyus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атамнае ядро – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атамнае ядро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атамнае ядро – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атамнае ядро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атомно ядро – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомно ядро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="परमाणविक पदर्थबिद्या – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परमाणविक पदर्थबिद्या" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA" title="နျူးကလီးယပ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နျူးကလီးယပ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="পারমাণবিক নিউক্লিয়াস – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারমাণবিক নিউক্লিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukle%25C3%25BCs_(an_atomo%25C3%25B9)" title="Nukleüs (an atomoù) – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nukleüs (an atomoù)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atomsko jezgro" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucli_at%25C3%25B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nucli atòmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%25C3%25B2ng-c%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2584_h%25C5%258Fk" title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-cṳ̄ hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_Atomicu" title="Nucleu Atomicu – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nucleu Atomicu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomov%25C3%25A9_j%25C3%25A1dro" title="Atomové jádro – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atomové jádro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Нуклонсар – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуклонсар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwclews_atomig" title="Niwclews atomig – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwclews atomig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkerne" title="Atomkerne – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atomkerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkern" title="Atomkern – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomkern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dend%25C4%25B1k%25C3%25AA_atomi" title="Dendıkê atomi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dendıkê atomi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C%25CF%2582_%25CF%2580%25CF%2585%25CF%2581%25CE%25AE%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="Ατομικός πυρήνας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικός πυρήνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atomic nucleus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkerno" title="Atomkerno – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomkerno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25BAcleo_at%25C3%25B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Núcleo atómico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatomituum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo_nukleo" title="Atomo nukleo – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atomo nukleo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585" title="هسته اتم – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسته اتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomiydin" title="Atomiydin – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomiydin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadomis%25C3%25A4s%25C3%25BC" title="Aadomisäsü – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadomisäsü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomkearn" title="Atoomkearn – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atoomkearn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25BAicl%25C3%25A9as_adamhach" title="Núicléas adamhach – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Núicléas adamhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%25C3%25B9clas" title="Niùclas – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niùclas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25BAcleo_at%25C3%25B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Núcleo atómico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%259F_%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%259D" title="גרעין האטום – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרעין האטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%2581_%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595" title="परमाणु नाभिक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु नाभिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomska jezgra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwayo_atomik" title="Nwayo atomik – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nwayo atomik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommag" title="Atommag – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atommag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BB%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AF_(%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B4)" title="Միջուկ (ատոմ) – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջուկ (ատոմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_atomic" title="Nucleo atomic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nucleo atomic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inti atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleo_atomala" title="Nukleo atomala – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nukleo atomala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumeindakjarni" title="Frumeindakjarni – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumeindakjarni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nucleo atomico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%25A0%25B8" title="原子核 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Atom" title="Inti Atom – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inti Atom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598" title="ატომის ბირთვი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომის ბირთვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25C9%25A3yay_abelkam" title="Aɣyay abelkam – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɣyay abelkam" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%258B" title="Атом ядросы – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атом ядросы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B3%2588%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2595_%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0" title="ಬೈಜಿಕ ಕೇಂದ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಜಿಕ ಕೇಂದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259B%2590%25EC%259E%2590%25ED%2595%25B5" title="원자핵 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자핵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25DB%2581%25D9%2595_%25D9%2585%25D9%2595%25D8%25B1" title="کنہٕ مٕر – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنہٕ مٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navok" title="Navok – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_atomi" title="Nucleus atomi – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nucleus atomi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoamkaen" title="Atoamkaen – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atoamkaen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucli_(fisega)" title="Nucli (fisega) – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nucli (fisega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mok%25C3%25B3k%25C3%25B3l%25C3%25B3_mwa_atome" title="Mokókóló mwa atome – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokókóló mwa atome" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BB%2581%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BB%258D%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25B9" title="ແກນປະລໍາມະນູ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແກນປະລໍາມະນູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomo_branduolys" title="Atomo branduolys – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atomo branduolys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma_kodols" title="Atoma kodols – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atoma kodols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" title="Nukleus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Nukleus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC_%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC" title="Атом том – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Атом том" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атомско јадро – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомско јадро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2587%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582" title="അണുകേന്ദ്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണുകേന്ദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2586%25D3%25A9%25D0%25BC" title="Атомын цөм – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атомын цөм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="अणुकेंद्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अणुकेंद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nukleus atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2581%258F_%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%259A" title="အက််တမ်၏ နျူကလိယ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက််တမ်၏ နျူကလိယ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomkern" title="Atoomkern – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoomkern" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkjerne" title="Atomkjerne – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atomkjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomkjerne" title="Atomkjerne – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atomkjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" title="Nukleus – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nukleus" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%25C3%25A8u_atomic" title="Nuclèu atomic – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nuclèu atomic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwukilasii_atoomii" title="Niwukilasii atoomii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Niwukilasii atoomii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AA%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A3%25E0%25A9%2582_%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25AD" title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਨਾਭ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਣੂ ਨਾਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2585dro_atomowe" title="Jądro atomowe – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jądro atomowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%25B9%25D9%2585%25DB%258C_%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="ایٹمی نیوکلیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹمی نیوکلیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25BAcleo_at%25C3%25B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núcleo atómico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%25C3%25B1uku_huk%2527i" title="Iñuku huk'i – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku huk'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleu_atomic" title="Nucleu atomic – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nucleu atomic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атомное ядро – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомное ядро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атомове ядро – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атомове ядро" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atomic nucleus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D9%25BD%25D9%2585%25D9%258A_%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25DA%25AA%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3" title="ايٽمي نيوڪليس – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايٽمي نيوڪليس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atomsko jezgro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atomic nucleus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%25C3%25B3mov%25C3%25A9_jadro" title="Atómové jadro – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómové jadro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_jedro" title="Atomsko jedro – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atomsko jedro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25ABrthama_e_atomit" title="Bërthama e atomit – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bërthama e atomit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE" title="Атомско језгро – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атомско језгро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomk%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4den" title="Atomkääden – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atomkääden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inti atom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomk%25C3%25A4rna" title="Atomkärna – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atomkärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiini_cha_atomu" title="Kiini cha atomu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiini cha atomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%2581" title="அணுக்கரு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணுக்கரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25A3%25E0%25B1%2581_%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%2587%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%2582" title="పరమాణు కేంద్రకం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరమాణు కేంద్రకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2582%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A1" title="นิวเคลียสของอะตอม – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวเคลียสของอะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomikong_nukleyus" title="Atomikong nukleyus – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomikong nukleyus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_%25C3%25A7ekirde%25C4%259Fi" title="Atom çekirdeği – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atom çekirdeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0" title="Ядро атома – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядро атома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25DB%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="جوہری نویہ – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہری نویہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_yadrosi" title="Atom yadrosi – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atom yadrosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25E1%25BA%25A1t_nh%25C3%25A2n_nguy%25C3%25AAn_t%25E1%25BB%25AD" title="Hạt nhân nguyên tử – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt nhân nguyên tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleyus_hin_atomo" title="Nukleyus hin atomo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nukleyus hin atomo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%25A0%25B8" title="原子核 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%2590%25D7%259E%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%259F" title="אטאמקערן – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאמקערן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25BAkl%25C3%25A9%25C3%25B9_%25C3%25A1t%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2580m%25C3%25B9" title="Núkléù átọ̀mù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Núkléù átọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenzswjhaed" title="Yenzswjhaed – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yenzswjhaed" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%25A5%25E2%25B5%258E_%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%25A1%25E2%25B4%25B1%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25BD%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%258E" title="ⵓⵥⵎ ⴰⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ – amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵥⵎ ⴰⵡⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%25A0%25B8" title="原子核 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%25A0%25B8" title="原子核 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%25C3%25A2n-ch%25C3%25BA-hu%25CC%258Dt" title="Goân-chú-hu̍t – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú-hu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25AD%2590%25E6%25A0%25B8" title="原子核 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子核" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INuzi_lechwe" title="INuzi lechwe – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INuzi lechwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 13 avril 2024 à 10:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous 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