CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bihar - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6b58872f-2db4-4ee8-8c5b-204952d5fcdb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bihar","wgTitle":"Bihar","wgCurRevisionId":1283391306,"wgRevisionId":1283391306,"wgArticleId":442482,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)","CS1: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: abbreviated year range","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from February 2025","Use Indian English from February 2025","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox Indian state or territory with unknown parameters","Articles containing Hindi-language text","Pages with Hindi IPA","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles that may have off-topic sections","Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from January 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016","Articles with dead external links from October 2023","Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Bihar","1912 establishments in India","Countries and territories where Hindi is an official language","States and territories established in 1912","States and union territories of India","Countries and territories where Urdu is an official language"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bihar","wgRelevantArticleId":442482,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":25.4,"lon":85.1},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1165","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/1200px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="758"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/960px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="505"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="404"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bihar - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bihar rootpage-Bihar skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bihar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bihar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bihar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bihar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-_and_post-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-_and_post-Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre- and post-Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-_and_post-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resource" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resource"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Natural resource</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resource-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Startup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Startup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Startup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Startup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Income distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_disparity_among_social_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_disparity_among_social_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Income disparity among social groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_disparity_among_social_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Mass media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Expressways_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Expressways_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>State Expressways and highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Expressways_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Metro transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Bus transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inland_Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Inland Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland_Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bihar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%93%E1%88%AD" title="ብሓር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሓር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="بهار (الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بهار (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="বিহাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিহাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بیهار اوستانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیهار اوستانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Біхар (штат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біхар (штат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бігар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бігар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="སྦི་ཧཱར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦི་ཧཱར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Bih%C4%81r" title="State of Bihār – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Bihār" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%A1r" title="Bihár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bihár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ބިހާރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބިހާރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Μπιχάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπιχάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharo" title="Biharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biharo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_(India)" title="Bihar (India) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bihar (India)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیهار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیهار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioh%C3%A1r" title="Biohár – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biohár" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="બિહાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બિહાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="비하르주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비하르주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Բիհար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիհար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিহার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিহার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADhar" title="Bíhar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bíhar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94%D7%A8" title="ביהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬಿಹಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಹಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბიჰარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიჰარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%90%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بِہار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بِہار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C4%81ra" title="Bihāra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bihāra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C4%81ra" title="Bihāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bihāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharas" title="Biharas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biharas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%A1r" title="Bihár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bihár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="ബിഹാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിഹാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბიჰარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიჰარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیهار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیهار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94" title="ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯤꯍꯥꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဝိဟာရပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝိဟာရပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बिहार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बिहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E" title="ビハール州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビハール州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ବିହାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିହାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਿਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیہار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیہار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بهار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بهار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biar" title="Biar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="बिहारराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बिहारराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱦᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari" title="Bihari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bihari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="බිහාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බිහාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%90%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بِھار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بِھار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%A1r_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Bihár (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bihár (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بیھار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیھار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бихар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бихар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பீகார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீகார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Биһар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биһар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="బీహార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీహార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="รัฐพิหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐพิหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иёлати Биҳар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иёлати Биҳар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬಿಹಾರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಿಹಾರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_(eyalet)" title="Bihar (eyalet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bihar (eyalet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Біхар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біхар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA)" title="بہار (بھارت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بہار (بھارت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比哈尔邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" title="比哈爾邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比哈爾邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比哈尔邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bihar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bihar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bihar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bihar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bihar" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bihar" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&oldid=1283391306" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bihar&id=1283391306&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBihar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBihar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bihar&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bihar&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bihar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bihar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bihar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bihar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1165" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bihar&params=25.4_N_85.1_E_region:IN-BR_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.4°N 85.1°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.4; 85.1</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Eastern India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bihar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bihar (disambiguation)">Bihar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian state. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bihar_County" title="Bihar County">Bihar County</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bihor_County" title="Bihor County">Bihor County</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in East India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bihar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Bihar</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:181px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_No.-_3,_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/330px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/500px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg/960px-Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="1827" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Mahavihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda Mahavihara">Nalanda Mahavihara</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div style=";height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golghar_patna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Golghar_patna.jpg/250px-Golghar_patna.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Golghar_patna.jpg/330px-Golghar_patna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3278" data-file-height="1716" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Golghar" title="Golghar">Golghar</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style=";height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabodhi_Temple_-_Bodh_Gaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mahabodhi_Temple_-_Bodh_Gaya.jpg/250px-Mahabodhi_Temple_-_Bodh_Gaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mahabodhi_Temple_-_Bodh_Gaya.jpg/330px-Mahabodhi_Temple_-_Bodh_Gaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div style=";height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Smriti_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Buddha_Smriti_Park.jpg/250px-Buddha_Smriti_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Buddha_Smriti_Park.jpg/330px-Buddha_Smriti_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Smriti_Park" title="Buddha Smriti Park">Buddha Smriti Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div style=";height:120px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_of_Darbhanga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Fort_of_Darbhanga.jpg/250px-Fort_of_Darbhanga.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="949" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_Fort" title="Darbhanga Fort">Darbhanga Fort</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg/288px-Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg/432px-Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg/576px-Jal_Mandir.The_Jain_Temple_at_Pawapur%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Jal_Mandir" title="Jal Mandir">Pawapuri Jal Mandir</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Bihar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Bihar"><img alt="Official emblem of Bihar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_Bihar.svg/125px-Seal_of_Bihar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_Bihar.svg/188px-Seal_of_Bihar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_Bihar.svg/250px-Seal_of_Bihar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="548" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bihar" title="Emblem of Bihar">Emblem of Bihar</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Land of Monasteries"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Anthem:</a> <a href="/wiki/Mere_Bharat_Ke_Kanthahar" title="Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar">Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(The Garland of My India)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-BR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bihar in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Bihar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IN-BR.svg/330px-IN-BR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IN-BR.svg/500px-IN-BR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/IN-BR.svg/600px-IN-BR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Bihar in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bihar&params=25.4_N_85.1_E_region:IN-BR_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">85°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.4°N 85.1°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.4; 85.1</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Province" title="Bihar Province">Bihar Province</a></td></tr><tr class="[[Bihar Province]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Diwas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar Diwas">22 March 1912</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">and largest city</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bihar" title="List of districts of Bihar">38</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bihar" title="List of governors of Bihar">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arif_Mohammad_Khan" title="Arif Mohammad Khan">Arif Mohammad Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Bihar" title="List of chief ministers of Bihar">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">JD(U)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Bihar" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar">Deputy chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Sinha" title="Vijay Kumar Sinha">Vijay Kumar Sinha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Samrat_Choudhary" title="Samrat Choudhary">Samrat Choudhary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Bicameral</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Council" title="Bihar Legislative Council">Bihar Legislative Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Council" title="Bihar Legislative Council">75 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">Bihar Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">243 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Bihar" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">16 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Bihar" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">40 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patna_High_Court" title="Patna High Court">Patna High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharProfile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">98,940<sup id="cite_ref-bharatonline.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bharatonline.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (38,201 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">12th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">345 km (214 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">483 km (300 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-bharatonline.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bharatonline.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">53 m (174 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Someshwar_Fort" title="Someshwar Fort">Someshwar Fort</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">880 m (2,890 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 m (36 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 130,725,310<sup id="cite_ref-BiharCensus2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharCensus2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11.29%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">88.71%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Bihar" title="Hindi in Bihar">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2024)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,097,264 crore</span> (US$130 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">14th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> ₹83,936 ($1002) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-BR</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BR</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.577 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">Medium</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-snhdi-gdl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2017)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 70.9% (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2019–20)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1090<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://state.bihar.gov.in">state<wbr />.bihar<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Bihar</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Bihar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_Bihar.svg/80px-Seal_of_Bihar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_Bihar.svg/120px-Seal_of_Bihar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_Bihar.svg/160px-Seal_of_Bihar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="548" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bihar" title="Emblem of Bihar">Emblem of Bihar</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mere_Bharat_Ke_Kanthahar" title="Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar">Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(The Garland of My India)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Foundation day</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Day" title="Bihar Day">Bihar Day</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">House sparrow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walking_catfish" title="Walking catfish">Walking catfish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal tree</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>State highway mark</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-BR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SH_IN-BR.png/90px-SH_IN-BR.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SH_IN-BR.png/135px-SH_IN-BR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SH_IN-BR.png/180px-SH_IN-BR.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Bihar <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Bihar" title="List of state highways in Bihar">BR SH1 - BR SH82</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bihar</b> ( <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <i lang="hi"><span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">Bihāra</span></i></span></i></span></i>  , <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[bɪˈɦaːr]</a></span> , <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/Bihar.ogg\/Bihar.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bihar.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Bihar.ogg/Bihar.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihar.ogg" title="File:Bihar.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">Eastern India</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">second largest state by population</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">12th largest by area</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">14th largest by GDP</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar borders <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> to its west, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> to the north, the northern part of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> to the south. Bihar is split by the river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, which flows from west to east.<sup id="cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharProfile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 11.27% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas as per a 2020 report.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindustan_Times-2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, almost 58% of <a href="/wiki/Bihari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihari people">Biharis</a> are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.<sup id="cite_ref-economic_strangulation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economic_strangulation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official language is <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, which shares official status alongside that of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. The main native languages are <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>. But there are <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bihar" title="Languages of Bihar">several other</a> languages being spoken at smaller levels. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical India</a>, the area that is now Bihar was considered the centre of political and cultural power and as a haven of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, the 23rd Tirthankar led the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">shramana order</a> in this region in 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> was revived and re-organised by <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankar</a> in 6th century BCE. From Magadha arose India's first empire, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya empire</a>, as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magadha empires, notably under the <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another region of Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a>, was an early centre of learning and the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-Bihar_1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bihar_1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Freight_equalisation_policy" title="Freight equalisation policy">freight equalisation policy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saibal_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saibal-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its apathy towards Bihar,<sup id="cite_ref-Bihar_3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bihar_3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-Bihae_4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bihae_4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Settlement" title="Permanent Settlement">Permanent Settlement</a> of 1793 by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saibal_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saibal-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,<sup id="cite_ref-bihar_basher_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bihar_basher-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Bihar_2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bihar_2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name <i>Bihar</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">vihāra</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: विहार), meaning "abode" and usually referred to a Buddhist monastery. The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">History of Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_for_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline for Bihar">Timeline for Bihar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mithila_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila Kingdom">Mithila Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mithila,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila, India">Mithila, India</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mithila" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Mithila">List of rulers of Mithila</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kundpur_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kundpur_seal.jpg/200px-Kundpur_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kundpur_seal.jpg/300px-Kundpur_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kundpur_seal.jpg/400px-Kundpur_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>. The Brahmi letters on the seal state: "Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (<a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>) used this seal after the <i>Judgement</i>."</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/200px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/300px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/400px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a> of Mithila, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BCE</span></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chirand" title="Chirand">Chirand</a>, on the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ganga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga River">Ganga River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Saran_district" title="Saran district">Saran district</a>, has an archaeological record from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic age">Neolithic age</a> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500–1345 BCE</span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions of Bihar – such as <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (region)">Magadha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a> – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>. </p><p>Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a> Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharProfile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late Vedic period <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>–500 BCE),</span> Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called <a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janakas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, a daughter of one of the Janaks of <a href="/wiki/Mithila,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila, India">Mithila</a> is mentioned as the consort of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Lord Rama</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epic">Hindu epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharProfile-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a> which had its capital in the city of <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>, which is also in Mithila.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE, before the birth of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a>, founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a>, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Shishunaga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishunaga dynasty">Shishunaga dynasty</a>. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda dynasty</a> ruled a vast tract stretching from <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> to <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_(31)_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_%2831%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/250px-Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_%2831%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_%2831%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_%2831%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_%2831%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/500px-Chandragupt_maurya_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_%2831%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, India's first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 321 BCE, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>). Mauryan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the one of most accomplished rulers in world history.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, which originated in Magadha in 240 CE, is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_India" title="Golden Age of India">Golden Age of India</a> in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar and Bengal were invaded by <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <p>Buddhism in Magadha declined due to the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>, during which many of the <a href="/wiki/Viharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Viharas">viharas</a> were destroyed along with the universities of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>. Some historians believe that thousands of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monks were massacred during the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D. N. Jha</a> suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karnat_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnat dynasty">Karnat dynasty</a> came into power in the Mithila region in the 11th century and they were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty" title="Oiniwar dynasty">Oiniwar dynasty</a> in the 14th century. Aside from Mithila, there were other small kingdoms in medieval Bihar. The area around <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> came under the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya" title="Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya">Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khayaravala_dynasty" title="Khayaravala dynasty">Khayaravala dynasty</a> were present in the southwestern portions of the state until the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakrabarty10_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarty10-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many famous <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> philosophers and scholars have originated or studied in Bihar during the period from the 5th to 13th century at institutions like <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> including <a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udayana" title="Udayana">Udayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%85ge%C5%9Ba" title="Gaṅgeśa">Gaṅgeśa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg/200px-Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg/300px-Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg/400px-Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>(Sitting L to R): <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a> during <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s 1917 <a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> (1764), the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. The rich resources of fertile land, water, and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> until 1912, when <a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar and Orissa">Bihar and Orissa</a> were carved out as separate provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-_and_post-Independence">Pre- and post-Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhojpur_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 Bhojpur uprising">1970 Bhojpur uprising</a></div> <p>Farmers in <a href="/wiki/Champaran" title="Champaran">Champaran</a> had revolted against <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> cultivation in 1914 (at <a href="/wiki/Pipra" title="Pipra">Pipra</a>) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> visited Champaran, where <a href="/wiki/Raj_Kumar_Shukla" title="Raj Kumar Shukla">Raj Kumar Shukla</a> had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The <a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a> that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Sinha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">Kisan Sabha</a> (peasant movement) was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Sahajanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sahajanand Saraswati">Swami Sahajanand Saraswati</a> who formed the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Provincial_Kisan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha">Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha</a> (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a> attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a> (AIKS) at the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> session of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following independence, <a href="/wiki/Bihari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihari people">Bihari</a> migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decades following the independence in 1947 were full of violent conflicts between the landless section of Bihari society and the landed elite who controlled the government at various level. This was an outcome of the failed land reform drive and improper implementation of the land ceiling laws that were passed by <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> government in the 1950s. Landed castes like <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a> became suspicious of the land reforms and used their influence in government to hinder the efforts of the land redistribution programme, which may have alleviated the huge caste based income inequalities. Unscrupulous tactics such as <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee landlordism">absentee landlordism</a> neutralised the reforms which was architected by <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Ballabh_Sahay" title="Krishna Ballabh Sahay">Krishna Ballabh Sahay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">Zamindari</a> areas of Bihar, such as <a href="/wiki/Bhojpur_district,_India" title="Bhojpur district, India">Bhojpur district</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a> were also subjected to frequent humiliation and practice of <a href="/wiki/Begar" class="mw-redirect" title="Begar">begar</a> existed. This led to first spark of mass scale <a href="/wiki/Naxalism" title="Naxalism">naxalism</a> to grew up in the plains of Bhojpur. This armed struggle was led initially by <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Mahto" title="Jagdish Mahto">Master Jagdish Mahto</a>, a school teacher turned naxalite.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, the struggle spread into other parts of Bihar, where the landlords and agricultural labourers locked horns against each other. Between 1950 and 2000, several massacres took place. In Bihar, unlike the other parts of India, the naxalism took the form of caste conflict as the landed section of society belonged primarily to <a href="/wiki/Forward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Castes">Forward Castes</a> and a section of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Backward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Backward Castes">Upper Backward Castes</a>, on the other hand, the landless were the people belonging to <a href="/wiki/Schedule_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule Castes">Schedule Castes</a> and a section of <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Backward Castes">Other Backward Castes</a>. Formation of caste based private armies called <i>senas</i> took place in response to violent activities of the naxalites. One of the most dreaded caste army of the landlord was <a href="/wiki/Ranvir_Sena" title="Ranvir Sena">Ranvir Sena</a>, which was involved in massacres of Dalits in Laxmanpur Bathe.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalit struggle against these caste armies was led by <a href="/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Front" title="Indian People's Front">Indian People's Front</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist-Leninist)_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation">Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation</a>, which was controlled at the upper echelon by the middle peasant castes such as the <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadavs</a>, with Dalits and Extremely Backward Castes forming its mass support base and activists.<sup id="cite_ref-Sammadar_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sammadar-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the 1960s saw the rise of political instability in the state with dwindling power of Indian National Congress and rise of parties like <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a>. The leaders belonging to Backward Castes became vocal for their political rights. The toppling of <a href="/wiki/Mahamaya_Prasad_Sinha" title="Mahamaya Prasad Sinha">Mahamaya Prasad Sinha</a> government by <a href="/wiki/Jagdeo_Prasad" title="Jagdeo Prasad">Jagdeo Prasad</a> hastened the end of dominance of Forward Caste backed Indian National Congress in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project,_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project%2C_Bihar.jpg/250px-Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project%2C_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project%2C_Bihar.jpg/330px-Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project%2C_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project%2C_Bihar.jpg/500px-Valmikinagar_Hydel_Project%2C_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Himalayan Foothills in <a href="/wiki/Valmikinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmikinagar">Valmikinagar</a>, Bihar</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooded_Bihar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flooded_Bihar.JPG/250px-Flooded_Bihar.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flooded_Bihar.JPG/330px-Flooded_Bihar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flooded_Bihar.JPG/500px-Flooded_Bihar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flooded farmlands during <a href="/wiki/2008_Bihar_flood" title="2008 Bihar flood">2008 Bihar flood</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg/250px-Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg/330px-Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg/500px-Mountain_of_Ashram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bihar" title="Geography of Bihar">Geography of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bihar" title="Climate of Bihar">Climate of Bihar</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physiographical_Regions_of_Bihar" title="Physiographical Regions of Bihar">Physiographical Regions of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_in_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest in Bihar">Forest in Bihar</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Bihar" title="Floods in Bihar">Floods in Bihar</a></div><table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> <div class="center"> <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bihar" title="Climate of Bihar">Climate of Bihar</a></div></th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.23em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.86em;height:2.84em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.36em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.198em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">9.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.28em;height:2.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.26em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.78em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.18em;height:3.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.42em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.476em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">24</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.26em;height:3.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.32em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.128em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">56</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.292em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">165</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.14em;height:1.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.64em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.496em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">325</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.08em;height:1.46em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.54em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.58em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.52em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">276</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.08em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.58em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.338em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">217</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.96em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.46em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.46em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.662em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">83</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.28em;height:2.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.32em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.78em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.128em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.04em;height:2.76em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.54em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.06em;height:2.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.98em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">25</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.56em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: left; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.23em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.86em;height:2.84em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.36em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.198em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.28em;height:2.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.26em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.78em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">53</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.24em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.18em;height:3.24em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.42em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.476em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.26em;height:3.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.32em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">98</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.128em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">99</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.292em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.14em;height:1.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:15.12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">96</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.64em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.496em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">13</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.08em;height:1.46em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.54em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.58em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.52em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">11</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:13.08em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.58em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">78</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.338em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.96em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.46em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.46em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.662em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.28em;height:2.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.32em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">89</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.78em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">71</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.128em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.04em;height:2.76em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">84</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.54em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">59</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.12em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.06em;height:2.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.98em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">77</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.56em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">51</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bihar covers a total area of 94,163 km<sup>2</sup> (36,357 sq mi), with an average elevation above sea level of 173 feet (53 m). It is land locked by <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> in the south <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has three parts on the basis of physical and structural conditions: the <a href="/wiki/Rohtas_Plateau" title="Rohtas Plateau">Southern Plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shivalik_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalik Range">Shivalik Region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Bihar's Gangetic Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the vast stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">fertile</a> <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Bihar Plain</a> is divided by the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges River</a> into two unequal parts – <a href="/wiki/North_Bihar" title="North Bihar">North Bihar</a> and South Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ganges flows west–east and, along with its tributaries, regularly floods parts of the Bihar plain. The main northern tributaries are the <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi</a>, which originate in the Nepalese Himalayas, and the <a href="/wiki/Bagmati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagmati">Bagmati</a>, which originates in the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a>. Other tributaries are the Son, <a href="/wiki/Budhi_Gandak" class="mw-redirect" title="Budhi Gandak">Budhi Gandak</a>, Chandan, Orhani and <a href="/wiki/Phalgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalgu">Phalgu</a>. Bihar has some small hills, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rajgir_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajgir hills">Rajgir hills</a> in center, <a href="/wiki/Kaimur_Range" title="Kaimur Range">Kaimur Range</a> in south-west and <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivalik Range">Shivalik Range</a> in North. Bihar has a forest area of 6,764.14 km<sup>2</sup>, which is 7.1 per cent of its geographical area.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sub-Himalayan foothills of <a href="/wiki/Shivalik_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalik Range">Shivalik ranges</a>, primary Someshwar and Dun mountain, in <a href="/wiki/West_Champaran_district" title="West Champaran district">West Champaran district</a> are clad in a belt of moist deciduous <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>. As well as trees, this consists of brush, grasses and reeds. </p><p>Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone, and its climatic type is <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a>. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters. Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 °C with a yearly average of 26 °C. The climate is very warm, but has only a very few tropical and humid months. Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 °C, sometimes up to 29 °C. Due to less rain the best time for travelling is from October to April. The rainiest days occur from May to September.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Tiger7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bengal_Tiger7.jpg/200px-Bengal_Tiger7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bengal_Tiger7.jpg/300px-Bengal_Tiger7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bengal_Tiger7.jpg/400px-Bengal_Tiger7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Tiger">Bengal Tiger</a> is main attraction at <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmiki Tiger Reserve">Valmiki Tiger Reserve</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg/250px-Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg/330px-Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg/500px-Bauhinia_Acuminata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_acuminata" title="Bauhinia acuminata">Bauhinia acuminata</a>, locally known as <b>Kachnaar</b></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg/250px-Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg/330px-Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg/500px-Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary">Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary</a>, The only Ramsar site in Bihar</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Bihar" title="Flora of Bihar">Flora of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Bihar" title="Fauna of Bihar">Fauna of Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Bihar" title="Protected areas of Bihar">Protected areas of Bihar</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park" title="Valmiki National Park">Valmiki National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila_Gangetic_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary">Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary</a></div> <p>Bihar has a <a href="/wiki/Reserved_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved Forest">nature conservation area</a> of 6,845 km<sup>2</sup> (2,643 sq mi), which is 7.27% of its geographical area.<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (<i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a></i>) in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, <a href="/wiki/Khair" title="Khair">Khair</a>, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the <a href="/wiki/Saharsa" title="Saharsa">Saharsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a> districts,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with common trees including <i>Shorea robusta</i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">sal</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Diospyros melanoxylon</a> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">kendu</i></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Boswellia_serrata" title="Boswellia serrata">Boswellia serrata</a></i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">salai</i></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_elliptica" title="Terminalia elliptica">Terminalia tomentose</a></i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">asan</i></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_bellirica" title="Terminalia bellirica">Terminalia bellerica</a></i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">bahera</i></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_arjuna" title="Terminalia arjuna">Terminalia arjuna</a></i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">arjun</i></span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_marsupium" title="Pterocarpus marsupium">Pterocarpus marsupium</a></i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">paisar</i></span>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhuca indica">Madhuca indica</a></i> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">mahua</i></span>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park" title="Valmiki National Park">Valmiki National Park</a> covers about 800 km<sup>2</sup> (309 sq mi) of forest and is the 18th <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Reserve_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Reserve of India">Tiger Reserve of India</a>, ranked fourth in terms of the density of its tiger population.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering protected carnivores. <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila_Gangetic_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary">Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> region is a reserve for the endangered <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">South Asian river dolphin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species in Bihar include <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barking_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barking deer">barking deer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilians</a> including <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">muggers</a> as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. <a href="/wiki/Karkatgarh_Waterfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkatgarh Waterfall">Karkatgarh Waterfall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Karmanasa_River" title="Karmanasa River">Karmanasa River</a> is a natural habitat of the crocodilians. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the area into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include <a href="/wiki/Kaimur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary">Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhimbandh_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary">Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetland of <a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary">Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary</a>, Asia's largest oxbow lake and only Ramsar site in Bihar, and other notable wetlands of Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, <a href="/wiki/Udaypur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary">Udaypur lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resource">Natural resource</h3></div> <p>Bihar is the principal holder of the country's <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> reserves and possesses 95% of all known resources.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of <a href="/wiki/Jamui_district" title="Jamui district">Jamui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It accounts for more than 44% of the country's gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Language_Map_of_Bihar_(2011_Census).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Language_Map_of_Bihar_%282011_Census%29.svg/250px-Language_Map_of_Bihar_%282011_Census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Language_Map_of_Bihar_%282011_Census%29.svg/330px-Language_Map_of_Bihar_%282011_Census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Language_Map_of_Bihar_%282011_Census%29.svg/500px-Language_Map_of_Bihar_%282011_Census%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Languages spoken by district<br /> <b>Hindi</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe0d1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 30–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcfb8; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffac85; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8952; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eb5600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 80-90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc4b00; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 90–100%</div> <b>Bhojpuri</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eb9d00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b87b00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 90–100%</div> <b>Magahi</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fab2c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f98ba1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f65b7a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f42a52; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#df0c36; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 80–90%</div> <b>Maithili</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d1b3ba; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 30–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ab7381; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 40–50%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#935867; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <b>Surjapuri</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eacdea; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 40–50%</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bihar" title="Demographics of Bihar">Demographics of Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bihar" title="Languages of Bihar">Languages of Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bihar" title="Religion in Bihar">Religion in Bihar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;margin:0.5em auto;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,243,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,567,159</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,358,905</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,438,371</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">26,302,771</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,085,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,841,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,126,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,303,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">64,531,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,999,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,099,452</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">130,725,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census of India<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Survey_data_out_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_data_out-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census</a>, Bihar was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">third most populous state of India</a> with a total population of 104,099,452. It was also India's most densely populated <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a>, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> was 1090 females per 1000 males in the year 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-MOHFW_NFHS_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOHFW_NFHS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. In 2021, Bihar has had an urbanisation rate of 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindustan_Times-2020_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar has an adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">70.9%</a> (79.7% for males and 60.5% for females) in 2017 according to NSC report 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-MOHFW_NFHS_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOHFW_NFHS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bihar caste survey 2023, Bihar's literacy rate grew upto 79.8%<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which is 18% increase from 61.18% of Census 2011) showing remarkable growth in education sector from past decades. Population increased to 130,725,310 as per the Bihar caste survey conducted in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_data_out_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_data_out-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Bihar (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-BiharCensus2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharCensus2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2011_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:DarkOrange;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (82%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (17.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Grey;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Others (0.3%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:Grey;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Others (0.3%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkOrange;color:#000" title="Hinduism (82%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:DarkOrange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.320turn)" title="Hinduism (82%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.820turn)" title="Islam (17.7%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.872turn)" title="Islam (17.7%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>According to the 2023 census, 81.99% of Bihar's population practised <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, while 17.70% followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BiharCensus2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiharCensus2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bihar" title="Christianity in Bihar">Christianity</a> (0.05%), Buddhism (0.08%), and Sikhism (0.01%) are <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bihar" title="Religion in Bihar">religious minorities in Bihar</a>. Most of Bihar's population belongs to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups. It also attracted <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> Hindu refugees during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of British India</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279587269" /> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Languages of Bihar from 2011 census<sup id="cite_ref-Languages2011_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages2011-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:orange;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (25.62%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:gold;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> (24.93%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:hotpink;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">'Other' Hindi<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (14.31%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:mistyrose;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> (12.58%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:crimson;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> (10.9%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (8.45%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:mediumvioletred;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a> (1.79%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:grey;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Others (1.42%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:grey;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Others (1.42%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:orange;color:#000" title="Hindi (25.62%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.006turn)" title="Hindi (25.62%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:gold;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.256turn)" title="Bhojpuri (24.93%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:gold;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.380turn)" title="Bhojpuri (24.93%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:hotpink;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.505turn)" title="'Other' Hindi'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AE-QINU`"' (14.31%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:hotpink;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.524turn)" title="'Other' Hindi'"`UNIQ--ref-000000AE-QINU`"' (14.31%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:mistyrose;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.649turn)" title="Maithili (12.58%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:mistyrose;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.649turn)" title="Maithili (12.58%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:crimson;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.774turn)" title="Magahi (10.9%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:crimson;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.813turn)" title="Magahi (10.9%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.883turn)" title="Urdu (8.45%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.898turn)" title="Urdu (8.45%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.968turn); background:mediumvioletred;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 11.35820252% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Surjapuri (1.79%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the official language of the state and is spoken natively by 25.54% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-CSDOffLang1950_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSDOffLang1950-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 8.42%, Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedikter2009_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedikter2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority of the people speak one of the <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari languages</a>, most of which were classified as dialects of Hindi during the census. The major ones are <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> (24.86%), <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> (12.55%) and <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a> (10.87%)<sup id="cite_ref-Chitransh2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitransh2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cardona2003_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cardona2003-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a>, two other Bihari languages, are classified under other dialects of Hindi in the census. Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution</a> of India. Proponents have called for Bhojpuri, Magahi, Angika, and Bajjika to receive the same status.<sup id="cite_ref-mha.nic.in_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mha.nic.in-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a> speakers are found in some parts of the state, especially in the eastern districts and urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages2011_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages2011-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administration">Government and administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:Grey"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patna_high_court1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Patna_high_court1.jpg/250px-Patna_high_court1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Patna_high_court1.jpg/330px-Patna_high_court1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Patna_high_court1.jpg/500px-Patna_high_court1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Patna_High_Court" title="Patna High Court">Patna High Court</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg/200px-Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg/300px-Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg/400px-Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar Vidhan Sabha">Bihar Vidhan Sabha</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG/250px-Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG/330px-Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG/500px-Secretariat_Building_patna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Patna_Secretariat" title="Patna Secretariat">Patna Secretariat</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_in_Bihar" title="Administration in Bihar">Administration in Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Bihar">Divisions of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Bihar">Districts of Bihar</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, the Governor is the head of the government of Bihar, and is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">Chief minister</a> is the executive head of the government who, with its cabinet ministers, makes all important policy decisions. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government. </p><p>The Chief Secretary is the head of the bureaucracy of the state, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">Indian Forest Service</a>, and different wings of the state civil services. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Bihar has a <a href="/wiki/Patna_High_Court" title="Patna High Court">high court</a> in Patna, which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna. </p><p>The state is administratively divided into nine divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, Bihar has 19 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation (India)">municipal corporations</a>, 89 <a href="/wiki/Nagar_parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar parishad">nagar parishads</a> (city councils), and 154 <a href="/wiki/Nagar_panchayat" title="Nagar panchayat">nagar panchayats</a> (town councils).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administration_in_Bihar" title="Administration in Bihar">Administration in Bihar</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Bihar">Districts of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Bihar">Subdivisions of Bihar</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Details of Divisions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Map </th> <th>Division </th> <th>Headquarter </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Population<small><sup>*</sup>2011</small> </th> <th>#District </th> <th>Districts </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Patna_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Patna_division.svg/220px-Patna_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Patna_division.svg/330px-Patna_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Patna_division.svg/440px-Patna_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Patna_division" title="Patna division">Patna</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">16,960 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(6,550 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="6">17,734,739 </td> <td rowspan="6">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patna_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna District">Patna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda District">Nalanda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhojpur_District,_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojpur District, Bihar">Bhojpur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rohtas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohtas District">Rohtas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buxar_district" title="Buxar district">Buxar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaimur_district" title="Kaimur district">Kaimur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadh_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Magadh_division.svg/250px-Magadh_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Magadh_division.svg/330px-Magadh_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Magadh_division.svg/500px-Magadh_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Magadh_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadh Division">Magadh</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">12,345 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(4,766 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="5">10,931,018 </td> <td rowspan="5">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya District">Gaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawada_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawada District">Nawada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_District,_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad District, Bihar">Aurangabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jehanabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehanabad District">Jehanabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arwal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Arwal District">Arwal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirhut_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tirhut_division.svg/250px-Tirhut_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tirhut_division.svg/330px-Tirhut_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tirhut_division.svg/500px-Tirhut_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Tirhut_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhut Division">Tirhut</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">17,147 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(6,620 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="6">21,356,045 </td> <td rowspan="6">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Champaran" class="mw-redirect" title="West Champaran">West Champaran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Champaran" class="mw-redirect" title="East Champaran">East Champaran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarpur District">Muzaffarpur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitamarhi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitamarhi District">Sitamarhi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheohar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheohar District">Sheohar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaishali_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishali District">Vaishali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saran_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saran_division.svg/250px-Saran_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saran_division.svg/330px-Saran_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saran_division.svg/500px-Saran_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Saran_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Saran Division">Saran</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Chhapra" title="Chhapra">Chhapra</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">6,893 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(2,661 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="3">10,819,311 </td> <td rowspan="3">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saran_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Saran District">Saran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siwan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwan District">Siwan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopalganj_District,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopalganj District, India">Gopalganj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Darbhanga_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Darbhanga_division.svg/250px-Darbhanga_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Darbhanga_division.svg/330px-Darbhanga_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Darbhanga_division.svg/500px-Darbhanga_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_division" title="Darbhanga division">Darbhanga</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">8,684 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(3,353 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="3">15,652,799 </td> <td rowspan="3">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Darbhanga District">Darbhanga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhubani_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani District">Madhubani</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samastipur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastipur District">Samastipur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosi_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kosi_division.svg/220px-Kosi_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kosi_division.svg/330px-Kosi_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Kosi_division.svg/440px-Kosi_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kosi_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosi Division">Kosi</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Saharsa" title="Saharsa">Saharsa</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">5,899 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(2,277 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="3">6,120,117 </td> <td rowspan="3">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saharsa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharsa District">Saharsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhepura_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhepura District">Madhepura</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supaul_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Supaul District">Supaul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Purnia_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Purnia_division.svg/220px-Purnia_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Purnia_division.svg/330px-Purnia_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Purnia_division.svg/440px-Purnia_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Purnia_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Purnia Division">Purnea</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnea</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">10,009 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(3,864 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="4">10,838,525 </td> <td rowspan="4">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purnia_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Purnia District">Purnia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katihar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Katihar District">Katihar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Araria_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Araria District">Araria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kishanganj_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishanganj District">Kishanganj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagalpur_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bhagalpur_division.svg/220px-Bhagalpur_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bhagalpur_division.svg/330px-Bhagalpur_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bhagalpur_division.svg/440px-Bhagalpur_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_division" title="Bhagalpur division">Bhagalpur</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">5,589 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(2,158 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">5,061,565 </td> <td rowspan="2">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagalpur District">Bhagalpur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banka_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Banka District">Banka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Munger_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Munger_division.svg/250px-Munger_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Munger_division.svg/330px-Munger_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Munger_division.svg/500px-Munger_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="566" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Munger_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Munger Division">Munger</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">9,862 km<sup>2</sup> <p><small>(3,807 sq mi)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="6">6,120,117 </td> <td rowspan="6">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munger_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Munger District">Munger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamui District">Jamui</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khagaria_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khagaria District">Khagaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakhisarai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhisarai District">Lakhisarai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Begusarai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Begusarai District">Begusarai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheikhpura_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhpura District">Sheikhpura</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note : </p><p><b>*</b> Population data obtained from the sum of the populations of the districts.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"> <caption>List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation_(India)" title="Municipal corporation (India)">municipal corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Population (2011) </th> <th> </th> <th rowspan="11"> </th> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Population (2011) </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> </td> <td>1,684,222 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg/220px-View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg/330px-View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg/440px-View_of_Patna_city_from_the_top_of_Golghar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>11</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Begusarai" title="Begusarai">Begusarai</a> </td> <td>252,008 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg/250px-Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg/330px-Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg/500px-Kanwar_Lake_Begusarai_by_Ziddi_Photowala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaya_(India)" title="Gaya (India)">Gaya</a> </td> <td>474,093 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnupadh_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Vishnupadh_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>12</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katihar" title="Katihar">Katihar</a> </td> <td>240,838 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> </td> <td>400,146 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg/220px-Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg/330px-Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg/440px-Ghantaghar_Bhagalpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>13</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bettiah" title="Bettiah">Bettiah</a> </td> <td>237,254 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg/250px-Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg/330px-Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg/500px-Station_Chowk_of_Bettiah_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a> </td> <td>354,462 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg/250px-MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg/330px-MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg/500px-MUZAFFARPUR_CITY_LATEST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>14</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Motihari" title="Motihari">Motihari</a> </td> <td>221,646 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg/250px-Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg/330px-Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg/500px-Bapudham_Motihari_Station_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a> </td> <td>310,738 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purnea_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Purnea_Skyline.jpg/220px-Purnea_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Purnea_Skyline.jpg/330px-Purnea_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Purnea_Skyline.jpg/440px-Purnea_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>15</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saharsa" title="Saharsa">Saharsa</a> </td> <td>216,491 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg/250px-Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg/330px-Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg/500px-Matasyagandha_Madndir_Saharsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Sharif" title="Bihar Sharif">Bihar Sharif</a> </td> <td>297,268 </td> <td> </td> <td><b>16</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a> </td> <td>213,303 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg/250px-Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg/330px-Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg/500px-Fort_of_munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4224" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>7</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a> </td> <td>296,039 </td> <td> </td> <td><b>17</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhapra" title="Chhapra">Chhapra</a> </td> <td>202,352 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg/220px-Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg/330px-Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg/440px-Arrah_Chhapra_June_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sasaram" title="Sasaram">Sasaram</a> </td> <td>264,709 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg/250px-Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg/330px-Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg/500px-Sher_shah_suri_tomb_sasaram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>18</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitamarhi" title="Sitamarhi">Sitamarhi</a> </td> <td>167,818 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janakisthan,_Sitamarhi,_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Janakisthan%2C_Sitamarhi%2C_Bihar.jpg/250px-Janakisthan%2C_Sitamarhi%2C_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Janakisthan%2C_Sitamarhi%2C_Bihar.jpg/330px-Janakisthan%2C_Sitamarhi%2C_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Janakisthan%2C_Sitamarhi%2C_Bihar.jpg/500px-Janakisthan%2C_Sitamarhi%2C_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>9</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a> </td> <td>261,430 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_Junction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ara_Junction.jpg/220px-Ara_Junction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ara_Junction.jpg/330px-Ara_Junction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ara_Junction.jpg/440px-Ara_Junction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b>19</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhubani,_India" title="Madhubani, India">Madhubani</a> </td> <td>164,156 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg/250px-Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg/500px-Ruins_of_Rajnagar_Madhubani_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samastipur" title="Samastipur">Samastipur</a> </td> <td>253,136 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samastipur_Junction_(junction_plate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Samastipur_Junction_%28junction_plate%29.jpg/250px-Samastipur_Junction_%28junction_plate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Samastipur_Junction_%28junction_plate%29.jpg/330px-Samastipur_Junction_%28junction_plate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Samastipur_Junction_%28junction_plate%29.jpg/500px-Samastipur_Junction_%28junction_plate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bihar" title="Politics of Bihar">Politics of Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Bihar" title="Category:Political parties in Bihar">Category:Political parties in Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bihar" title="Elections in Bihar">Elections in Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_from_Bihar" title="List of politicians from Bihar">List of politicians from Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020_Bihar_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election">2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chief_Minister_of_Bihar,_Shri_Nitish_Kumar_discussing_with_the_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_about_the_relief_operations_on_flood-affected_areas,_in_Bihar,_August_28,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Chief_Minister_of_Bihar%2C_Shri_Nitish_Kumar_discussing_with_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_about_the_relief_operations_on_flood-affected_areas%2C_in_Bihar%2C_August_28%2C_2008.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Chief_Minister_of_Bihar%2C_Shri_Nitish_Kumar_discussing_with_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_about_the_relief_operations_on_flood-affected_areas%2C_in_Bihar%2C_August_28%2C_2008.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Chief_Minister_of_Bihar%2C_Shri_Nitish_Kumar_discussing_with_the_Prime_Minister%2C_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_about_the_relief_operations_on_flood-affected_areas%2C_in_Bihar%2C_August_28%2C_2008.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Nitish Kumar (left) with Lalu Prasad Yadav (right) discussing with former Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> (centre) about flood relief operation in Bihar.</figcaption></figure> <p>The politics of Bihar have been based on <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> since the onset of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian independence</a>. The important castes with political presence and influence in Bihar includes: <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>. Before 1990, politics was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Forward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Castes">Forward Castes</a>– Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, and <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a>. The numerous <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a> group was only given a token representation in the government. This over representation of upper castes was due to their dominance in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which dominated the politics of the state for three decades after the independence of India. According to political scientist Sanjay Kumar: "Using their dominant role in state's government, in the period before 1990, the Forward Castes deliberately subverted the 'land reforms', which could have helped Backward Castes and the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Backward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Backward Castes">upper backwards</a> relied on the political parties of <a href="/wiki/Lok_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lok Dal">Lok Dal</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a> for increasing their political representation. The year of 1989-90 saw the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Mandal_Commission" title="Mandal Commission">Mandal Commission</a>'s recommendation by <a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a>'s government, which reserved 27% per cent seats in government jobs and educational institutions for the members of <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a>. This event mobilised them against the "politics of religion" of the <a href="/wiki/Bhartiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartiya Janata Party">Bhartiya Janata Party</a>, which was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Forward_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Castes">Forward Castes</a>. Important figures such as <a href="/wiki/Lalu_Prasad_Yadav" title="Lalu Prasad Yadav">Lalu Prasad Yadav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a> took a leading role in this mobilisation, and by 1990, the upper backwards– <a href="/wiki/Koeri" title="Koeri">Koeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> became the new political elites of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, a caste troika consisting the three communities, <a href="/wiki/Kushwaha" title="Kushwaha">Kushwaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> also led an anti-upper caste agitation in the state of Bihar, pushing them to the prominence in the state's politics.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the tipping point of this Backward Caste unity came in <a href="/wiki/1995_Bihar_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election">1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election</a>, when the dominant OBC castes, who were at the forefront in the collective struggle against the Forward Castes, were divided into two rival political camps. While one of these camps was led by Yadavs under <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a>, the other camp was led by Koeri and Kurmis, who assembled under the <a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a>. According to Sanjay Kumar, this was the election in which the caste divide in the state was most evident not between the Forward and Backward Castes, but rather between two groups of Backward Castes itself. It was this election from which the Forward Castes felt completely marginalised in Bihar's electoral politics and from then onwards, no longer held any significant role in the state's politics.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2004, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".<sup id="cite_ref-wpbihar_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpbihar-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are two main political formations: the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA) which comprises <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Janshakti_Party" title="Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party">Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party</a> (RLJP); and the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA) between <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a> (RJD), <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_Awam_Morcha" title="Hindustani Awam Morcha">Hindustani Awam Morcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Samta_Party" title="Rashtriya Lok Samta Party">Rashtriya Lok Samta Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a> (JDU) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC). There are many other political formations. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> CPI(M) and CPM and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">All India Forward Bloc</a> (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a> has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeveloped them into school buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also introduced the Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been linked to a drop in tourism<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a rise in substance abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health">Public health</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitish_Kumar,_Samrat_Chaudhary,_J.P_Nadda,_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nitish_Kumar%2C_Samrat_Chaudhary%2C_J.P_Nadda%2C_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg/250px-Nitish_Kumar%2C_Samrat_Chaudhary%2C_J.P_Nadda%2C_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nitish_Kumar%2C_Samrat_Chaudhary%2C_J.P_Nadda%2C_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg/330px-Nitish_Kumar%2C_Samrat_Chaudhary%2C_J.P_Nadda%2C_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nitish_Kumar%2C_Samrat_Chaudhary%2C_J.P_Nadda%2C_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg/500px-Nitish_Kumar%2C_Samrat_Chaudhary%2C_J.P_Nadda%2C_Mangal_Pandey_and_other_leaders_of_NDA_inaugurating_health_projects_worth_%E2%82%B9850_crore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Nitish Kumar, <a href="/wiki/Samrat_Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Samrat Chaudhary">Samrat Chaudhary</a>, J.P Nadda and other leaders of National Democratic Alliance inaugurating health projects worth ₹ 850 crore in September 2024.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg/250px-The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg/330px-The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg/500px-The_eye_hospital_established_in_Nitish_Kumar%27s_tenure_with_investment_of_%E2%82%B9_188_crore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>₹ 188 crore eye care facility and hospital established during ninth tenure of Nitish Kumar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bihar generally ranks among the weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states because it lacks adequate health care facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Mission" title="National Health Mission">National Health Mission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Establishments_(Registration_and_Regulation)_Act,_2010" title="Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010">Clinical Establishments Act of 2010</a>, and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring. </p><p>When comparing Bihar to <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-Government_of_India_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_of_India-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Government_of_India_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_of_India-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Government_of_India_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_of_India-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,<sup id="cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the overall death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Economy of Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Economic_Survey" title="Bihar Economic Survey">Bihar Economic Survey</a></div> <table class="mw-collapsible autocollapse" align="left" width="150"> <caption><b>Gross State Domestic Product</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Millions of rupees<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1980</b></td> <td><div class="centre">₹73,530</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1985</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹142,950</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1990</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹264,290</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1995</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹244,830</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2000</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹469,430</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2005</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹710,060<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2010</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹2,042,890 </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2015</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹3,694,690 </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2020</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹6,857,970</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2025</b></td> <td><div class="centre"> ₹1,0972,640</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm,_Mathurapur,_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm%2C_Mathurapur%2C_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG/250px-Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm%2C_Mathurapur%2C_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm%2C_Mathurapur%2C_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG/330px-Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm%2C_Mathurapur%2C_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm%2C_Mathurapur%2C_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG/500px-Vikramshila_Agrovet_2_Langra_Mango_farm%2C_Mathurapur%2C_Bhagalpur_Bihar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Langra_mango" class="mw-redirect" title="Langra mango">Langra mango</a> from a farm in <a href="/wiki/Shivnarayanpur" title="Shivnarayanpur">Shivnarayanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>, Bihar</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lychee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lychee.jpg/200px-Lychee.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lychee.jpg/300px-Lychee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lychee.jpg/400px-Lychee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1851" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bihar accounts for 71% of India's annual <a href="/wiki/Litchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Litchi">litchi</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg/200px-Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg/300px-Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg/400px-Foxnut_Makhana_-_Nawada_District_-_Bihar_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bihar produces 90% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Makhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhana">makhana</a> (Euryale ferox) seeds, also known as fox nuts. It is the largest producer of these seeds in the world.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /> <p>Bihar's gross state domestic product (GSDP) for the fiscal year (FY) 2024- was around <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>9,765.67 billion. By sectors, its composition is 19.9% agriculture, 21.5% industry and 58.6% services.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar has one of the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP, with a growth rate of 13.5% in FY 2024-25.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the 12th <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plan</a>). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12.91% from 2004 to 2005 to 2014–15.<sup id="cite_ref-ibef.org_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibef.org-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar's per capita income went up by 40.6% in FY 2014–15.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Bihar">Agriculture in Bihar</a></div><p>Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-ibef.org_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibef.org-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg/250px-Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg/330px-Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg/500px-Nitish_Kumar_inspecting_a_leather_park_at_Bela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Bihar Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar on a visit to a leather factory in Bela, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>, established during his tenure.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg/220px-Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg/330px-Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg/440px-Nitish_Kumar_inaugurated_Ambuja_cement_Ltd_cement_grinding_facility_in_Warsaliganj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>CM Nitish Kumar inaugurated the cement grinding unit of Ambuja Cement Private limited in Warsaliganj on 3 August 2024.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Begusarai" title="Begusarai">Begusarai</a> is the industrial and financial capital of Bihar. It has major industries like <a href="/wiki/Barauni_Refinery" title="Barauni Refinery">Barauni Refinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barauni_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Barauni Thermal Power Station">NTPC, Barauni (BTPS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barauni_Fertiliser_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Barauni Fertiliser Plant">Barauni Fertiliser Plant</a> (HURL Barauni), <a href="/wiki/Sudha_Dairy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudha Dairy">Sudha Dairy Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepsi_Bottling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsi Bottling">Pepsi Bottling Plant</a>, Graphite India Limited. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hajipur" title="Hajipur">Hajipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmianagar" title="Dalmianagar">Dalmianagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamalpur,_Bihar" title="Jamalpur, Bihar">Jamalpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barauni" title="Barauni">Barauni</a> are the major industrial cities in Bihar<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (January 2020)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-patna_prosperity_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patna_prosperity-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hajipur is also known for presence of private industries like Competence Exports, which gained international recognition in 2024, when it was reported to be catering to the demand of many European countries. In 2024, Hajipur was reported to become the exporter of designer shoes for European companies. It also exported shoes for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army">Russian Army</a> amidst their Ukrainian campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a>. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna, Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called the <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Services_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Services (India)">Security and Intelligence Services</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, <a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Technologies Corporation">United Technologies Corporation</a> (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (January 2020)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India#Bihar" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">prohibition</a>, Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, <a href="/wiki/United_Breweries_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="United Breweries Limited">United Breweries Limited</a> announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Startup">Startup</h3></div> <p>The startup ecosystem in Bihar is rapidly evolving, fuelled by a combination of entrepreneurial zeal and proactive government initiatives. The Bihar Startup Policy 2022-2027 aims to make Bihar a preferred destination for startups and entrepreneurs by leveraging local youth for inclusive growth.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The policy offers various incentives, including interest-free seed funding up to ₹10 lakh,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tax exemptions, and access to incubation centers. The government has established a Startup Bihar Fund Trust (SBFT)<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an initial corpus of ₹500 crore<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide venture capital for startups. Key sectors witnessing significant growth include agritech, healthcare, edtech, and e-commerce. With a focus on skill development, mentorship, and ease of doing business, Bihar is steadily transforming into an emerging hub for startups, driving both economic growth and employment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_distribution">Income distribution</h3></div> <p>In terms of income, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Patna_district" title="Patna district">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begusarai_district" title="Begusarai district">Begusarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_district" title="Bhagalpur district">Bhagalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munger_district" title="Munger district">Munger</a>, and placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">domestic product</a> of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>2,15,049, <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>84,279 , ₹80,471, <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>79,272 respectively, in FY 2022-23.<sup id="cite_ref-patna_prosperity_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patna_prosperity-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Per Capita of major districts of Bihar (FY 2022-23) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>GDDP Per Capita </th></tr> <tr> <td>Patna </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>2,15,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Begusarai </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>84,279 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhagalpur </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>80,471 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Munger </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>79,272 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Bihar also ranks very low in per capital income in comparison to other cities in India. Patna has per capital income of 1.85L, which is much lower than other cities like Gurugram (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>7.41L), Noida (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6.13), Bengaluru (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6.21L), Hyderabad (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6.58L) and Mumbai (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6.43). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_disparity_among_social_groups">Income disparity among social groups</h3></div> <p>Rumela Sen, a lecturer at Columbia University,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outlines the inequalities and backwardness prevalent in Bihar in the post-independence period as a consequence of the "delaying tactics" against the implementation of land reform and utilisation of kinship ties by the upper-caste landlords, who had an obstructionist attitude towards land reform policies.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper-caste not only dominated the administration, but also the politics in the post-independence period; they utilised their caste ties in order to prevent the distribution of about 9000 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> of land intended for the poor. Since the landlords primarily belonged to upper-castes, just like the politicians and administrators in the early decades after <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">independence</a>, they were successful in grabbing large holdings of land amidst the passage of the Zamindari abolition act of 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Bihar">Culture of Bihar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#ED9D0B"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px;background-color:#ED9D0B"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#F68A06"><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_Bihar" title="Painting in Bihar">Painting in Bihar</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhubani_Mahavidyas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Madhubani_Mahavidyas.jpg/250px-Madhubani_Mahavidyas.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Madhubani_Mahavidyas.jpg/330px-Madhubani_Mahavidyas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_Charmer,_India,_Patna_School,_19th_century,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Snake_Charmer%2C_India%2C_Patna_School%2C_19th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/168px-Snake_Charmer%2C_India%2C_Patna_School%2C_19th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Snake_Charmer%2C_India%2C_Patna_School%2C_19th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/252px-Snake_Charmer%2C_India%2C_Patna_School%2C_19th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Snake_Charmer%2C_India%2C_Patna_School%2C_19th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG/336px-Snake_Charmer%2C_India%2C_Patna_School%2C_19th_century%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="3009" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ED9D0B"><b> Left </b> : <a href="/wiki/Mithila_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila Painting">Mithila Painting</a>, <b> Right</b> : <a href="/wiki/Patna_Qualam" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna Qualam">Patna Qualam</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikuli_Painting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikuli Painting (page does not exist)">Tikuli Painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manjusha_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusha Painting">Manjusha Painting</a> are two other form of <a href="/wiki/Painting_in_Bihar" title="Painting in Bihar">Painting in Bihar</a></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Painting_in_Bihar" title="Painting in Bihar">Painting in Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mithila_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila painting">Mithila painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patna_Qualam" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna Qualam">Patna Qualam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manjusha_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusha Painting">Manjusha Painting</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg/330px-Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg/500px-Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg/960px-Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a> classical dance form, from Bhojpur region</figcaption></figure><p>There are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is <a href="/wiki/Mithila_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila painting">Mithila painting</a>, a style used in the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila region</a> of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.<sup id="cite_ref-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, <a href="/wiki/Mahasundari_Devi" title="Mahasundari Devi">Mahasundari Devi</a>, the late <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Devi_(painter)" title="Ganga Devi (painter)">Ganga Devi</a>, and Sita Devi. </p><p>Mithila painting is also called <a href="/wiki/Madhubani_art" title="Madhubani art">Madhubani art</a>. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> from ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like <a href="/wiki/Tulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi">Tulsi</a>, and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.<sup id="cite_ref-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhojpuri painting is a folk painting style that has flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpuri region</a> of Bihar thousands of years ago. This painting style is a type of wall painting primarily done on temple walls or on walls of the rooms of newly married couples and the main motifs are that of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Although in recent times motifs of natural objects and life and struggles of village people are also depicted to make the painting more acceptable among the common people and bring the style close to reality.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Patna_School_of_Painting" title="Patna School of Painting">Patna School of Painting</a> (<i>Patna Kalam</i>), sometimes called "Company Painting", flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a> Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, these artisans found refuge, via <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> during the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, expanded subject matter from court scenes to <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> scenes, daily life and ceremonies. They used <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a> on paper and on <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Crafts_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Arts and Crafts Patna">Patna Art School</a> under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. The school is an important centre of the <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> in Bihar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bihar" title="Music of Bihar">Music of Bihar</a></div> <p>Bihar has produced musicians like <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Bismillah_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustad Bismillah Khan">Ustad Bismillah Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">dhrupad</a> singers like the Malliks (<a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darbhanga Gharana">Darbhanga Gharana</a>) and the Mishras (<a href="/wiki/Bettiah" title="Bettiah">Bettiah</a> Gharana), along with poets like <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a> Thakur who contributed to the genre of <a href="/wiki/Maithili_music" title="Maithili music">Maithili music</a>. The classical music in Bihar is a form of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaya_(India)" title="Gaya (India)">Gaya</a> is another centre of classical music, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Tappa" title="Tappa">Tappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a> varieties. <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a> Govardhan Mishra–son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer– is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangeet Natak Academi">Sangeet Natak Academi</a> of Bihar<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, <a href="/wiki/Banaili" title="Banaili">Banaili</a>, was another major centre of classical music. <a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Shyamanand_Sinha" title="Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha">Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha</a> of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself a renowned figure in the world of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2008_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh, on the subject of Indian classical music in a separate book of his, wrote that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including <a href="/wiki/Kesarbai_Kerkar" title="Kesarbai Kerkar">Kesarbai Kerkar</a> acknowledged his ability. After listening to <a href="/wiki/Bandish" title="Bandish">bandishes</a> from Kumar Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Jasraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Jasraj">Pandit Jasraj</a> was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself."<sup id="cite_ref-Singh1999_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh1999-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SinghWeb_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghWeb-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. During this time many sorrowful plays and songs called <i>birha</i> became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur region</a>, as <i>Bhojpuri Birha</i>. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jugnu2013_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jugnu2013-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Cinema of Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_Film_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojpuri Film Industry">Bhojpuri Film Industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bhojpuri_films" title="List of Bhojpuri films">List of Bhojpuri films</a></div> <p>Bihar has a robust <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of <a href="/wiki/Magadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadhi">Magadhi</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was <i><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Jamuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga Jamuna">Ganga Jamuna</a></i>, released in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhaiyaa" title="Bhaiyaa">Bhaiyaa</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Magadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadhi">Magadhi</a> film, was released in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> movie was <i><a href="/wiki/Kanyadan_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyadan film">Kanyadan</a></i> released in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maithili film <i><a href="/wiki/Mithila_Makhaan" title="Mithila Makhaan">Mithila Makhaan</a></i> won the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Award</a> for Best Maithili Film in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film <i><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Maiyya_Tohe_Piyari_Chadhaibo" title="Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo">Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo</a></i> ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1963's <i><a href="/wiki/Lagi_nahin_chute_ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagi nahin chute ram">Lagi nahin chute ram</a></i> was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than <i><a href="/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam" title="Mughal-e-Azam">Mughal-e-Azam</a></i> in the eastern and northern regions of India. <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nadiya_Ke_Paar_(1982_film)" title="Nadiya Ke Paar (1982 film)">Nadiya Ke Paar</a></i> is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bidesiya_(film)" title="Bidesiya (film)">Bidesiya</a></i> ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(1965_film)" title="Ganga (1965 film)">Ganga</a></i> ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s. </p><p>In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as <i>Mai</i> ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and <i>Hamar Bhauji</i> ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with <i>Saiyyan Hamar</i> ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Kishan" title="Ravi Kishan">Ravi Kishan</a> to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other commercially successful films followed, including <i>Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi</i> ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and <i>Sasura Bada Paisa Wala</i> ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sasura Bada Paisa Wala</i> also introduced <a href="/wiki/Manoj_Tiwari_(Delhi_politician)" title="Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)">Manoj Tiwari</a>, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri cinema</a>. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and trade magazine <i>Bhojpuri City</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry produces over one hundred films per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2019, the Maithili film <i><a href="/wiki/Mithila_Makhaan" title="Mithila Makhaan">Mithila Makhaan</a></i> won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_media">Mass media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Bihar" title="Media in Bihar">Media in Bihar</a></div> <p><i>Biharbandhu</i> was the first <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> who settled in <a href="/wiki/Bihar-E-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar-E-Sharif">Bihar Sharif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-journalism_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journalism-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi journalism often failed<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-journalism_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journalism-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and <a href="/wiki/Bismil_Azimabadi" title="Bismil Azimabadi">Bismil Azimabadi</a>. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as <i>Qomi Tanzim</i> and <i>Sahara</i>, and the monthly <i>Voice of Bihar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named <i>Bharat Ratna</i> was started in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, in 1901. It was followed by <i>Ksahtriya Hitaishi</i>, <i>Aryavarta from Dinapure</i>, <i>Udyoga</i>, and <i>Chaitanya Chandrika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Udyog</i> was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and <i>Chaitanya Chandrika</i> by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> alone but to other districts of Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-journalism_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journalism-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">Festivals</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chhath_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhath Puja">Chhath Puja</a> is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-chhathpuja_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chhathpuja-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-day-long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. <a href="/wiki/Chhath_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhath Puja">Chhath Puja</a> are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All of Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. The city is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up, where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped at both sunset and sunrise. People of all religious backgrounds go to the bank of any river or near by a pond or lake in order to give arghya to the Sun. They carry fruits and <a href="/wiki/Thekua" title="Thekua">thekuaa</a> along with them in soop and daura (a bowl-like structure made of bamboo) for their worship activities. Nowadays, these traditions have spread to multiple countries worldwide wherever Bihari community is present. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-durgapuja_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durgapuja-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. <a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandals</a> are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar are transformed during Durga Puja. Urban areas are decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from <a href="/wiki/Kumortuli" title="Kumortuli">Kumortuli</a>, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than that of a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color:#ED9D0B"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px;background-color:#ED9D0B"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#F68A06"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bihar" title="Tourism in Bihar">Tourist attraction in Bihar</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/117px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/176px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/234px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_Mounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nalanda_Mounds.jpg/250px-Nalanda_Mounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nalanda_Mounds.jpg/330px-Nalanda_Mounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nalanda_Mounds.jpg/500px-Nalanda_Mounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4580" data-file-height="3435" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg/250px-Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg/330px-Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg/500px-Gangetic_Dolphin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2928" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihar_Museum_Children_and_Wildlife_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bihar_Museum_Children_and_Wildlife_Section.jpg/250px-Bihar_Museum_Children_and_Wildlife_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bihar_Museum_Children_and_Wildlife_Section.jpg/330px-Bihar_Museum_Children_and_Wildlife_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22_Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri_%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%22_Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri_%22.jpg/250px-%22_Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri_%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%22_Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri_%22.jpg/330px-%22_Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri_%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2610" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="background-color:#ED9D0B;width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghora_katora_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ghora_katora_lake.jpg/250px-Ghora_katora_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ghora_katora_lake.jpg/330px-Ghora_katora_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2277" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ED9D0B"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila_Gangetic_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary">Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Museum" title="Bihar Museum">Bihar Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Tomb of Sher Shah Suri">Tomb of Sher Shah Suri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghora_Katora" title="Ghora Katora">Ghora Katora</a></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bihar" title="Tourism in Bihar">Tourism in Bihar</a></div> <p>Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-tourism_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, 33 million tourists visited Bihar, including more than 1 million foreign tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bihar is home to two <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, as well as many other ancient monuments. The <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> (literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, marking the location where <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a> is said to have attained <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>. <span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">Bodh Gaya (in </span><a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya district</a><span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">) is about 96</span> <span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">km (60</span> <span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="">mi) from Patna. </span>The <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library" title="Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library">Khuda Bakhsh Library</a>, which has one of the world's largest collection of books, rare manuscripts and paintings is located in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda Mahavihara</a>, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is among the oldest universities in the world, situated in <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_district" title="Nalanda district">Nalanda</a>, Bihar. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the third century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian subcontinent. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> has recognised 72 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Bihar" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar">monuments in Bihar</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_National_Importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument of National Importance">Monuments of National Importance</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> has recognised 30 additional monument as <a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Bihar" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Bihar">protected monuments</a> in Bihar. </p><p>Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park" title="Valmiki National Park">Valmiki National Park</a>, famous for its <a href="/wiki/National_park_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National park of India">national park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">tiger reserve</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila_Gangetic_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary">Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary</a> is home to the endangered <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic dolphin">Gangetic Dolphin</a>. Bihar has many wildlife sanctuaries such as <a href="/wiki/Bhimbandh_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary">Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaimur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary">Kaimur Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udaypur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary">Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pant_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pant Wildlife Sanctuary">Pant Wildlife Sanctuary</a>. Bihar is host to many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuaries like <a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary">Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nagi_Dam_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary">Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary</a>. </p><p>Many tourists visit Bihar because of the religious significance of the area. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Goddess <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, the consort of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Lord Rama</a>, is believed to have been born in <a href="/wiki/Sitamarhi_district" title="Sitamarhi district">Sitamarhi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila region</a> of modern-day Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> is believed to have attained <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Enlightenment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, a town located in the modern day district of <a href="/wiki/Gaya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya District">Gaya</a> in Bihar. <a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a>, the 12th Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Champapuri" title="Champapuri">Champapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the 24th and last <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a> around the sixth century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a> ritual performed in the <a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a> period is considered to be most powerful in the holy city of <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.<sup id="cite_ref-vidya_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vidya-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bihar" title="Transport in Bihar">Transport in Bihar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isbt_patna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Isbt_patna.jpg/220px-Isbt_patna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Isbt_patna.jpg/330px-Isbt_patna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Isbt_patna.jpg/440px-Isbt_patna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Patliputra ISBT, Patna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patna_river_port1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Patna_river_port1.JPG/220px-Patna_river_port1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Patna_river_port1.JPG/330px-Patna_river_port1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Patna_river_port1.JPG/440px-Patna_river_port1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Ganges river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gaighat, Patna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bihar" title="List of airports in Bihar">List of airports in Bihar</a></div> <p>Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: <a href="/wiki/Lok_Nayak_Jayaprakash_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport">Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport</a> in Patna, <a href="/wiki/Gaya_Airport" title="Gaya Airport">Gaya Airport</a> in Gaya, and <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_Airport" title="Darbhanga Airport">Darbhanga Airport</a> in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. <a href="/wiki/Gaya_Airport" title="Gaya Airport">Gaya Airport</a> is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div> <p>Bihar has a rail network length of 3,794 km (2,357 mi) in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamalpur,_Bihar" title="Jamalpur, Bihar">Jamalpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> are well connected with all major Stations of country. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dedicated_Freight_Corridor" title="Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor">Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor</a>, after completion, will pass through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of 239 km (149 mi) in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Expressways_and_highways">State Expressways and highways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Bihar" title="List of state highways in Bihar">List of state highways in Bihar</a></div> <p>Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar's first expressway, with a length of 189 km. It is expected to be completed by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar also has state highways with a total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi)  and <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_in_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways in Bihar">national highways</a> with a total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro_transit">Metro transit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg/250px-Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg/330px-Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg/500px-Nitish_Kumar_and_Tejaswi_Yadav_inaugurating_the_work_of_Patna_Metro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Bihar Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister Tejaswi Yadav examining the construction of Patna Metro project, inaugurated during Kumar's tenure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. <a href="/wiki/Patna_Metro" title="Patna Metro">Patna Metro</a> with network of 31 km (19 mi) length is under construction as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is currently delayed due to land acquisition process.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_transit">Bus transit</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bihar_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Bihar State Road Transport Corporation">Bihar State Road Transport Corporation</a> (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BSRTC has a daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, and AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. <a href="/wiki/Patliputra_Inter-State_Bus_Terminal" title="Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal">Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal</a> is a major bus transit hub in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland_Waterways">Inland Waterways</h3></div> <p>National Waterways-1 runs along the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bihar" title="Education in Bihar">Education in Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_Bihar" title="Literacy in Bihar">Literacy in Bihar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Bihar">List of educational institutions in Bihar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg/220px-Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg/330px-Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg/440px-Front_view_of_administrative_building_of_IIT_Patna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NITPMainBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NITPMainBuilding.jpg/250px-NITPMainBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NITPMainBuilding.jpg/330px-NITPMainBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NITPMainBuilding.jpg/500px-NITPMainBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>NIT Patna main building</figcaption></figure><p>Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Universities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Universities of India">ancient universities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> (<abbr>est.</abbr> 450 CE), <a href="/wiki/Jagaddala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagaddala">Odantapurā</a> (est. 550 CE), and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> (est. 783 CE). <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramshila">Vikramshila</a> universities were destroyed by the invading forces of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> in 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the <a href="/wiki/British_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British raj">British rule</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library" title="Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library">Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library</a> was established in 1891 by <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh" title="Khuda Bakhsh">Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh</a> which is currently one of the world's largest functioning library and boasts more than five million items. It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patna_University" title="Patna University">Patna University</a>, the seventh oldest university on the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are <a href="/wiki/Patna_College" title="Patna College">Patna College</a> (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="National Institute of Technology, Patna">National Institute of Technology, Patna</a>), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now <a href="/wiki/Patna_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Patna Medical College and Hospital">Patna Medical College and Hospital</a>), <a href="/wiki/Science_College,_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="Science College, Patna">Science College, Patna</a> (est. 1928), <a href="/wiki/Patna_Women%27s_College" title="Patna Women's College">Patna Women's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Veterinary_College" title="Bihar Veterinary College">Bihar Veterinary College</a> (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_Central_Agriculture_University" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University">Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Patna_University" title="Patna University">Patna University</a>, one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="National Institute of Technology, Patna">NIT Patna</a>, the second oldest <a href="/wiki/Engineering_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering college">engineering college</a> of India, was established as a survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_College_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar College of Engineering">Bihar College of Engineering</a> in 1932. </p><p>Today, Bihar is home to eight <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Patna">IIT Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Bodh_Gaya" title="Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya">IIM Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Patna" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna">AIIMS, Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="National Institute of Technology, Patna">NIT Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Bhagalpur" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur">IIIT Bhagalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Hajipur" title="National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur">NIPER Hajipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library" title="Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library">Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda International University</a>. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institutes of Technology Patna">Indian Institutes of Technology Patna</a> was inaugurated with students from all over India<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the same year the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna">National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna</a> was established as the ninth such institute in India.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Bodh_Gaya" title="Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya">Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya</a> was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar sent a proposal to the centre government to upgrade <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital">Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital</a> into an <a href="/wiki/AIIMS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIIMS">AIIMS</a>-like institution.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar is home of four <a href="/wiki/Central_university_(India)" title="Central university (India)">Central universities</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_South_Bihar" title="Central University of South Bihar">Central University of South Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Central_University" title="Mahatma Gandhi Central University">Mahatma Gandhi Central University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_Central_Agriculture_University" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University">Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a>. In 2015, the central government proposed the re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramshila">Vikramshila</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> and had designated <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>500 crores (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5 billion) for it.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar also has the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna">National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanakya_National_Law_University" title="Chanakya National Law University">National Law University, Patna</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hotel_Management,_Hajipur" title="Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur">Institute of Hotel Management</a> (IHM), <a href="/wiki/Footwear_Design_and_Development_Institute" title="Footwear Design and Development Institute">Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Plastics_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Hajipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur">Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology</a> (CIPET) Center. <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Plastics_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Hajipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur">CIPET</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hotel_Management,_Hajipur" title="Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur">IHM</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Hajipur" title="Hajipur">Hajipur</a> in 1994 and 1998 respectively. <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Engineering_University" title="Bihar Engineering University">Bihar Engineering University</a> was established under Bihar Engineering <i>University Act, 2021 of</i> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Bihar Government</a><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management, and related professional education in Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-campus_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campus-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on 2020–21 data, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Engineering_University" title="Bihar Engineering University">Bihar Engineering University</a> has 56<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bihar medical science University under the Bihar medical science University act, 2021. There are <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a> colleges, 15 <a href="/wiki/Medical_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical college">Medical colleges</a>, and 36 Nursing colleges after establishing this university. Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 33 educational colleges, 8 <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community colleges</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">vocational college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chanakya_National_Law_University" title="Chanakya National Law University">Chanakya National Law University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandragupt_Institute_of_Management" title="Chandragupt Institute of Management">Chandragupt Institute of Management</a> were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda International University</a> was established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely <a href="/wiki/Patna_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Patna Medical College and Hospital">Patna Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Nalanda Medical College and Hospital">Nalanda Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vardhman_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences">Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences">Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital">Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Magadh_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital">Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital">Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Medical_College,_Bhagalpur" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur">Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur</a>, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_Institute_of_Technology" title="Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology">Muzaffarpur institute of technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_College_of_Engineering" title="Bhagalpur College of Engineering">Bhagalpur college of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaya_College_of_Engineering" title="Gaya College of Engineering">Gaya college of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_College_of_Engineering" title="Nalanda College of Engineering">Nalanda College of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_College_of_Engineering" title="Darbhanga College of Engineering">Darbhanga college of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motihari_College_of_Engineering" title="Motihari College of Engineering">Motihari college of Engineering</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Loknayak_Jai_Prakash_Institute_of_Technology" title="Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology">Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bihta" title="Bihta">Bihta</a>, a suburb of the state capital <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, is home of institutes like <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Patna">IIT Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Patna" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna">AIIMS Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="Birla Institute of Technology, Patna">BIT Patna</a> and is now emerging as an educational hub.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With institutes like <a href="/wiki/Super_30" title="Super 30">Super 30</a>, Patna has emerged as a major center for <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_Examination" title="Civil Services Examination">civil services</a> coaching. The major private <a href="/wiki/Joint_Entrance_Examination_%E2%80%93_Advanced" title="Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced">IIT-JEE</a> coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, <a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> for engineering/medical coaching. </p><p>Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">government of Bihar</a> have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 per cent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Bihar" title="List of people from Bihar">List of people from Bihar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Day" title="Bihar Day">Bihar Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bihari_singers" title="List of Bihari singers">List of Bihari singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bihar" title="Outline of Bihar">Outline of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bihar" title="Timeline of Bihar">Timeline of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture" title="Bihari culture">Bihari culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Bihar">Cuisine of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhotanagpur_Front" title="Chhotanagpur Front">Chhotanagpur Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhotanagpur_Plateau_Praja_Parishad" title="Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad">Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerat" title="Zerat">Zerat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihta_Dry_Port" title="Bihta Dry Port">Bihta Dry Port</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Languages that were recorded as 'Other' Hindi by the census were mostly either Angika and Bajjika</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPorwal2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Porwal, Vikas (22 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bihar/bihar-diwas-state-anthem-know-about-rajya-geet-of-bihar-and-all-details-in-hindi/1130701">"Bihar Diwas State Anthem: क्या है बिहार का राज्यगीत, यहां जानिए इसकी दिलचस्प कहानी"</a>. <i>Zee News</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=Bihar+Diwas+State+Anthem%3A+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%2C+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Porwal&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fhindi%2Findia%2Fbihar-jharkhand%2Fbihar%2Fbihar-diwas-state-anthem-know-about-rajya-geet-of-bihar-and-all-details-in-hindi%2F1130701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiharCensus2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BiharCensus2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiharCensus2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiharCensus2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnshuman2023" class="citation news cs1">Anshuman, Kuamr (3 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003161114/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-bihar-obcs-and-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-pc-of-population-caste-survey/articleshow/104103944.cms">"OBCs and EBCs are 63% of Bihar's population: Socio-economic caste survey"</a>. <i>Economic Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-bihar-obcs-and-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-pc-of-population-caste-survey/articleshow/104103944.cms">the original</a> on 3 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Times&rft.atitle=OBCs+and+EBCs+are+63%25+of+Bihar%27s+population%3A+Socio-economic+caste+survey&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Anshuman&rft.aufirst=Kuamr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fin-bihar-obcs-and-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-pc-of-population-caste-survey%2Farticleshow%2F104103944.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNegi2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Negi, Manjeet (24 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-home-secretary-ajay-kumar-bhalla-appointed-manipur-governor-2654907-2024-12-24">"Ex-bureaucrat Ajay Bhalla appointed Manipur Governor, Arif Khan moved to Bihar"</a>. <i>India Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Ex-bureaucrat+Ajay+Bhalla+appointed+Manipur+Governor%2C+Arif+Khan+moved+to+Bihar&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.aulast=Negi&rft.aufirst=Manjeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fformer-home-secretary-ajay-kumar-bhalla-appointed-manipur-governor-2654907-2024-12-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bharatonline.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bharatonline.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bharatonline.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/travel-tips/location.html">"Bihar Location - Geographical Location Bihar India"</a>. <i>www.bharatonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324203843/https://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/travel-tips/location.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bharatonline.com&rft.atitle=Bihar+Location+-+Geographical+Location+Bihar+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharatonline.com%2Fbihar%2Ftravel-tips%2Flocation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BiharProfile-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiharProfile_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043241/http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm">"State Profile"</a>. <i>Government of Bihar</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Bihar&rft.atitle=State+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.bih.nic.in%2FProfile%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandal2010" class="citation book cs1">Mandal, R. B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&dq=west+champaran+highest+point&pg=PA28"><i>Wetlands Management in North Bihar</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-707-4"><bdi>978-81-8069-707-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408133850/https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&dq=west+champaran+highest+point&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wetlands+Management+in+North+Bihar&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-707-4&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzPYdQo3vZgC%26dq%3Dwest%2Bchamparan%2Bhighest%2Bpoint%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809192800/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND010_Bihar.pdf">"Bihar Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>census.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND010_Bihar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=Bihar+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fcensusinfodashboard%2Fstock%2Fprofiles%2Fen%2FIND010_Bihar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2024-25">"Bihar Budget Analysis 2024-25"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Budget+Analysis+2024-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprsindia.org%2Fbudgets%2Fstates%2Fbihar-budget-analysis-2024-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snhdi-gdl-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snhdi-gdl_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database"</a>. <i>Global Data Lab</i>. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Ftable%2Fshdi%2FIND%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf">"Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey Phase I (2019-2020)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India</i>. 10 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125015624/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Health+and+Family+Welfare%2C+India&rft.atitle=Sex+ratio+of+State+and+Union+Territories+of+India+as+per+National+Health+survey+Phase+I+%282019-2020%29&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.mohfw.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha2022" class="citation news cs1">Jha, Ramanath (19 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/speeding-up-bihars-urbanisation/">"Speeding up Bihar's urbanisation"</a>. <i>ORF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125021134/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/speeding-up-bihars-urbanisation/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ORF&rft.atitle=Speeding+up+Bihar%27s+urbanisation&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Ramanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fexpert-speak%2Fspeeding-up-bihars-urbanisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/24T_19112022B324FDC313754A83A5ADB71E638D7FA6.PDF">"Table 24: gross state domestic product"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220123930/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/24T_19112022B324FDC313754A83A5ADB71E638D7FA6.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 December 2022 – via Reserve Bank of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+24%3A+gross+state+domestic+product&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Office%2C+Ministry+of+Statistics+and+Programme+Implementation%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbidocs.rbi.org.in%2Frdocs%2FPublications%2FPDFs%2F24T_19112022B324FDC313754A83A5ADB71E638D7FA6.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115052031/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf">"Population Projections For India And States 2011 - 2036"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</i>. July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Health+and+Family+Welfare&rft.atitle=Population+Projections+For+India+And+States+2011+-+2036&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.mohfw.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPopulation%2520Projection%2520Report%25202011-2036%2520-%2520upload_compressed_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutt" class="citation web cs1">Dutt, Ashok K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand">"Jharkhand"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308153848/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Jharkhand&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Ashok+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F736533%2FJharkhand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2020-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times-2020_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times-2020_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubhash2020" class="citation news cs1">Subhash, Pathak (26 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-cabinet-approves-111-new-urban-bodies-5-more-municipal-corporations/story-QfiV4oWxU8anDcZSExiQ2O.html">"Bihar cabinet approves 111 new urban bodies, 5 more municipal corporations"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125024141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-cabinet-approves-111-new-urban-bodies-5-more-municipal-corporations/story-QfiV4oWxU8anDcZSExiQ2O.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Bihar+cabinet+approves+111+new+urban+bodies%2C+5+more+municipal+corporations&rft.date=2020-12-26&rft.aulast=Subhash&rft.aufirst=Pathak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fbihar-cabinet-approves-111-new-urban-bodies-5-more-municipal-corporations%2Fstory-QfiV4oWxU8anDcZSExiQ2O.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economic_strangulation-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economic_strangulation_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuruswamyKaul2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Guruswamy, Mohan; Kaul, Abhishek (15 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530142819/http://www.cpasindia.org/reports/02-Economic-Strangulation-Bihar.pdf">"The Economic Strangulation of Bihar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. p. 2. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Strangulation+of+Bihar&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Centre+for+Policy+Alternatives&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.aulast=Guruswamy&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Kaul%2C+Abhishek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpasindia.org%2Freports%2F02-Economic-Strangulation-Bihar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bihar, Past & Present: souvenir, 13th Annual Congress of Epigraphica</i> by P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVisaria" class="citation web cs1">Visaria, Anish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jainqq.org/explore/000021/303">"Bhagwan Parshvanath"</a>. <i>JaineLibrary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaineLibrary&rft.atitle=Bhagwan+Parshvanath&rft.aulast=Visaria&rft.aufirst=Anish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjainqq.org%2Fexplore%2F000021%2F303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVisaria" class="citation web cs1">Visaria, Anish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jainqq.org/explore/007005/146">"Janism and Vegetarianism"</a>. <i>JaineLibrary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaineLibrary&rft.atitle=Janism+and+Vegetarianism&rft.aulast=Visaria&rft.aufirst=Anish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjainqq.org%2Fexplore%2F007005%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVisaria" class="citation web cs1">Visaria, Anish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jainqq.org/explore/007585/130">"Kalpa Suta"</a>. <i>JaineLibrary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JaineLibrary&rft.atitle=Kalpa+Suta&rft.aulast=Visaria&rft.aufirst=Anish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjainqq.org%2Fexplore%2F007585%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLopez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Donald (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2475?rskey=JGTi0D&result=1">"Magadha"</a>. <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.atitle=Magadha&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780190681159.001.0001%2Facref-9780190681159-e-2475%3Frskey%3DJGTi0D%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/history.htm">"The History of Bihar"</a>. Bihar Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331063547/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bihar&rft.pub=Bihar+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.bih.nic.in%2FProfile%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandal2010" class="citation book cs1">Mandal, R. B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&pg=PA87"><i>Wetlands Management in North Bihar</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180697074" title="Special:BookSources/9788180697074"><bdi>9788180697074</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202020349/https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wetlands+Management+in+North+Bihar&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788180697074&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzPYdQo3vZgC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumāra1998" class="citation book cs1">Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148"><i>Small States Syndrome in India</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170226918" title="Special:BookSources/9788170226918"><bdi>9788170226918</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+States+Syndrome+in+India&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788170226918&rft.aulast=Kum%C4%81ra&rft.aufirst=Braja+Bih%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKqF_AgDd4gC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bihar_1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bihar_1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihars-first-Economic-Survey-Report-tabled/articleshow/1729260.cms">"Bihar's 'first' Economic Survey Report tabled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 7 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518142032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bihar%27s+%27first%27+Economic+Survey+Report+tabled&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2FBihars-first-Economic-Survey-Report-tabled%2Farticleshow%2F1729260.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBal_Thackeray2008" class="citation news cs1">Bal Thackeray (5 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms">"Biharis an unwanted lot"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310002737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Biharis+an+unwanted+lot&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.au=Bal+Thackeray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2Fmsid-2840902%2Cprtpage-1.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWajihuddin2008" class="citation news cs1">Wajihuddin, Mohammed (10 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Bihari' has become an abuse"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505073105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Bihari%27+has+become+an+abuse&rft.date=2008-08-10&rft.aulast=Wajihuddin&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FReview%2FBihari_has_become_an_abuse%2Farticleshow%2F3347091.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas1992" class="citation book cs1">Das, Arvind N. (1992). <i>The Republic of Bihar</i>. New Delhi: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-012351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-012351-7"><bdi>978-0-14-012351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Bihar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-012351-7&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Arvind+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saibal-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saibal_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saibal_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoswami2005" class="citation news cs1">Goswami, Urmi A (16 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste' (Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview)"</a>. Rediff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220065240/http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Bihar+Needs+an+Icon%2C+a+person+who+stands+above+his+caste%27+%28Dr+Shaibal+Gupta+%E2%80%93+Rediff+Interview%29&rft.date=2005-02-16&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Urmi+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Felection%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F16inter2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bihar_3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bihar_3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuruswamyBaithaMohanty2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Guruswamy, Mohan; Baitha, Ramnis Attar; Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash (15 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210152/http://cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf">"Centrally Planned Inequality: The Tale of Two States – Punjab and Bihar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centrally+Planned+Inequality%3A+The+Tale+of+Two+States+%E2%80%93+Punjab+and+Bihar&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Centre+for+Policy+Alternatives&rft.date=2004-06-15&rft.aulast=Guruswamy&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Baitha%2C+Ramnis+Attar&rft.au=Mohanty%2C+Jeevan+Prakash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpasindia.org%2Freports%2F07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuruswamyMohanty2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Guruswamy, Mohan; Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash (15 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210154/http://cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf">"The De-urbanisation of Bihar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+De-urbanisation+of+Bihar&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Centre+for+Policy+Alternatives&rft.date=2004-02-15&rft.aulast=Guruswamy&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft.au=Mohanty%2C+Jeevan+Prakash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpasindia.org%2Freports%2F03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bihae_4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bihae_4_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710043125/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=78&task=view&id=19042&sectionid=4&Itemid=1">Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray</a>, India Today, 31 October 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Shaibal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050330161928/http://bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html">"Bihar: Identity and Development"</a>. Asian Development Research Institute, Patna. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bihar%3A+Identity+and+Development&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shaibal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bihartimes.com%2Farticles%2Fshaibal%2Fbiharidentity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhadnis2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aditi_Phadnis" title="Aditi Phadnis">Phadnis, Aditi</a> (26 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607173041/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655">"Lalu in the red"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Lalu+in+the+red&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft.aulast=Phadnis&rft.aufirst=Aditi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Findia%2Fstorypage.php%3Fautono%3D329655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bihar_basher-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bihar_basher_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoswami2008" class="citation news cs1">Goswami, Urmi A (17 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms">"Biharis get work at home, bashers realise their worth"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213034621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Biharis+get+work+at+home%2C+bashers+realise+their+worth&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Urmi+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FNews%2FPoliticsNation%2FBiharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth%2Farticleshow%2F3135697.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bihar_2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bihar_2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDharmaJha2008" class="citation news cs1">Dharma, Supriya; Jha, Abhay Mohan (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718045447/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141">"Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141">the original</a> on 18 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bihar+witnesses+a+quiet+transformation&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.aulast=Dharma&rft.aufirst=Supriya&rft.au=Jha%2C+Abhay+Mohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fconvergence%2Fndtv%2Fstory.aspx%3Fid%3DNEWEN20080057141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha2008" class="citation news cs1">Jha, Abhay Mohan (8 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309185254/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399">"English makes inroads in Bihar villages"</a>. NDTV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399&ch=3/8/2008%2011:32:00%20AM">the original</a> on 9 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=English+makes+inroads+in+Bihar+villages&rft.date=2008-03-08&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Abhay+Mohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fconvergence%2Fndtv%2Fstory.aspx%3Fid%3DNEWEN20080043399%26ch%3D3%2F8%2F2008%252011%3A32%3A00%2520AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Swargesh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C&dq=bihar+etymology&pg=PA101"><i>Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180697999" title="Special:BookSources/9788180697999"><bdi>9788180697999</bdi></a>. <q>The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit word Vihār (Devanagari) which means "abode".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+Tourism%3A+Retrospect+and+Prospect&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180697999&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Swargesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSZ987-0Fb8C%26dq%3Dbihar%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarao" class="citation web cs1">Sarao, Karam Tej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315862129">"Vihāra"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vih%C4%81ra&rft.aulast=Sarao&rft.aufirst=Karam+Tej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315862129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikalje2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nikalje, Sujit (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticijournals.org/appraising-buddha-viharas-from-a-historical-perspective/">"Appraising Buddha Viharas from a Historical Perspective"</a>. <i>IJDTSA</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3 – via TICI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJDTSA&rft.atitle=Appraising+Buddha+Viharas+from+a+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Nikalje&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticijournals.org%2Fappraising-buddha-viharas-from-a-historical-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/">"BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN"</a>. <i>Outlook</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054404/http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=BIHAR%3A+A+QUICK+GUIDE+TO+SARAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Foutlooktraveller%2Fdestinations%2Fbihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp">"Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp">the original</a> on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Oldest+hamlet+faces+extinction+threat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1100925%2Fjsp%2Fbihar%2Fstory_12980021.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> (1989), <i>Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes</i> ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> (1989), <i>Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes</i> ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> (1989), <i>Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes</i> ed. Caillat, Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), <i>Political History of Ancient India</i>, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2011" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (14 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA12"><i>Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism</i></a>. BRILL. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20140-8"><bdi>978-90-04-20140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+the+Shadow+of+Brahmanism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20140-8&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaX58-E5-3MC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanth2007" class="citation book cs1">Panth, Rabindra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ"><i>India's Perception Through Chinese Travellers</i></a>. Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788188242122" title="Special:BookSources/9788188242122"><bdi>9788188242122</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112044300/https://books.google.com/books/about/India_s_Perception_Through_Chinese_Trave.html?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Perception+Through+Chinese+Travellers&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Nava+Nalanda+Mahavihara&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788188242122&rft.aulast=Panth&rft.aufirst=Rabindra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms</i>, by Fa-hsien (chapter27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp">"The Gupta Period of India"</a>. Ushistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002003624/http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Period+of+India&rft.pub=Ushistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fciv%2F8e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAli1925" class="citation book cs1">Ali, A. Yusuf (1925). <i>The Making of India</i>. A. & C. Black. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+India&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=A.+Yusuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Shorter History of India</i>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith V. A., <i>Early history of India</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, History of India, Vol 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1995" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". <i>Numen</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598657">10.1163/1568527952598657</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270172">3270172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Islam%3A+Past+to+Present+Encounters+and+Interfaith+Lessons&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=1995-05&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598657&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha2014" class="citation news cs1">Jha, D. N. (9 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/">"Grist to the reactionary mill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203142503/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Grist+to+the+reactionary+mill&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fgrist-to-the-reactionary-mill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakrabarty10-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarty10_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2010" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Dilip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=the+focus+of+the+history+of+bihar+in+the+eleventh+and+twelfth+century+is+on+Mithila&pg=PT115"><i>The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908832-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908832-4"><bdi>978-0-19-908832-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geopolitical+Orbits+of+Ancient+India%3A+The+Geographical+Frames+of+the+Ancient+Indian+Dynasties&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908832-4&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIAyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bfocus%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbihar%2Bin%2Bthe%2Beleventh%2Band%2Btwelfth%2Bcentury%2Bis%2Bon%2BMithila%26pg%3DPT115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandal2010" class="citation book cs1">Mandal, R. B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&q=darbhanga+capital&pg=PA165"><i>Wetlands management in North Bihar</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180697074" title="Special:BookSources/9788180697074"><bdi>9788180697074</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wetlands+management+in+North+Bihar&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788180697074&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzPYdQo3vZgC%26q%3Ddarbhanga%2Bcapital%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha1997" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Makhan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=darbhanga+capital+mithila&pg=PA56"><i>Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective</i></a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330344" title="Special:BookSources/9788175330344"><bdi>9788175330344</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+of+Ancient+Hindu+Kingdoms%3A+A+Study+in+Civilizational+Perspective&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788175330344&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Makhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0i94Z5C8HMC%26q%3Ddarbhanga%2Bcapital%2Bmithila%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrasad_Sinha1974" class="citation book cs1">Prasad Sinha, Bindeshwari (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083/page/n397/mode/2up"><i>Comprehensive History of Bihar, Volume 1, Part 2</i></a>. KP Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">375–</span>403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+History+of+Bihar%2C+Volume+1%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.pub=KP+Jayaswal+Research+Institute&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Prasad+Sinha&rft.aufirst=Bindeshwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.534083%2Fpage%2Fn397%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142241/http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships">"Early Agro based Industries"</a>. <i>Bihargatha</i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships">the original</a> on 10 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bihargatha&rft.atitle=Early+Agro+based+Industries&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bihargatha.in%2Fearly-agriculture-based-enterprenureships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1972" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith Margaret (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77"><i>Gandhi's Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics 1915–1922</i></a>. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09873-1"><bdi>978-0-521-09873-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510195818/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Rise+to+Power%2C+Indian+Politics+1915%E2%80%931922%3A+Indian+Politics+1915%E2%80%931922&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09873-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUo4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH">"Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister"</a>. Indian Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161527/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eminent+Gandhian+Dr+A+N+Sinha%2C+First+Bihar+Deputy+CM+cum+Finance+Minister&rft.pub=Indian+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianpost.com%2Fviewstamp.php%2FAlpha%2FDR.A.N.%2520SINGH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandyopādhyāya2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). <i>From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India</i>. Orient Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">406–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2"><bdi>978-81-250-2596-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2596-2&rft.aulast=Bandyop%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Aekhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumod_Verma2008" class="citation news cs1">Kumod Verma (14 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Scared-Biharis-arrive-from-Mumbai/articleshow/2781266.cms">"Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Scared+Biharis+arrive+from+Mumbai&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.au=Kumod+Verma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2FScared-Biharis-arrive-from-Mumbai%2Farticleshow%2F2781266.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussain2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wasbir_Hussain" title="Wasbir Hussain">Hussain, Wasbir</a> (11 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html">"30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107005651/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=30+Killed+in+Northeast+Violence+in+India&rft.date=2007-08-11&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Wasbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F11%2FAR2007081100464_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubrata_Kumar_MitraHarihar_Bhattacharyya2018" class="citation book cs1">Subrata Kumar Mitra; Harihar Bhattacharyya (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198"><i>Politics And Governance In Indian States Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura</i></a>. World Scientific. pp. <span class="nowrap">198–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9813208247" title="Special:BookSources/978-9813208247"><bdi>978-9813208247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609193754/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198&dq=">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+And+Governance+In+Indian+States+Bihar%2C+West+Bengal+And+Tripura&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9813208247&rft.au=Subrata+Kumar+Mitra&rft.au=Harihar+Bhattacharyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDRPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span>Zamindari abolition was not immediately followed by land reforms measures, as Bhumihars and Rajputs, the landowning classes dominant in the Congress, became suspicious. K B Sahay, the main architect of the land reforms, had to restrain the efforts.This worsened the conditions of non-occupancy tenants. Fixation of ceiling and distribution of surplus land could not be imple mented effectively as these laws had a number of conciliatory provisions and the landowners could keep the land under various other categories in excess of the stipulated area. Thus, the illegal distribution of land, absentee landlordism and the system of sharecropping or bataidari on unfavorable terms, lack of employment in other sectors, absence of modernization of agri culture, lack of adequate irrigation facilities and power etc. led to brewing of discontent to an unimaginable extent. This provided the naxals a fertile ground for fighting on behalf of the poor peasants and organizing them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinha1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, Arun (1978). "Class War in Bhojpur: I". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4366262">4366262</a>. <q>He tried to make the poor aware of their condition through a newspaper, but was balked by lack of money and response. He tried democratic protest through the torchlight procession but nothing came of it.Ever since he joined the school, the Master had been going to Ekwari, his village, on leave. As he suffered from chronic dysentery, nobody in the school suspected how the science teacher was using his leave. Towards the end of 1969, his absences on leave became more frequent. That year mysterious' incidents started occurring at Ekwari. Some day a haystack in a landlord's barn would be set on fire, another day someone's crops would be found cut. Reports of these incidents had started reaching Arrah. Soon after the Master applied for three months' leave and never returned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Class+War+in+Bhojpur%3A+I&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4366262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ashwani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA129"><i>Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-709-8"><bdi>978-1-84331-709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Warriors%3A+State%2C+Peasants+and+Caste+Armies+in+Bihar&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-709-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashwani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnum2I4NFGqIC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sammadar-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sammadar_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanabir_Samaddar2016" class="citation book cs1">Ranabir Samaddar (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT201">"Bihar 1990-2011"</a>. <i>Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace</i>. Routledge, 2016. pp. <span class="nowrap">201–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317125372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317125372"><bdi>978-1317125372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bihar+1990-2011&rft.btitle=Government+of+Peace%3A+Social+Governance%2C+Security+and+the+Problematic+of+Peace&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+2016&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1317125372&rft.au=Ranabir+Samaddar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzA2rCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanabir_Samaddar2016" class="citation book cs1">Ranabir Samaddar (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182"><i>Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace</i></a>. Routledge, 2016. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317125389" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317125389"><bdi>978-1317125389</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+of+Peace%3A+Social+Governance%2C+Security+and+the+Problematic+of+Peace&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+2016&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1317125389&rft.au=Ranabir+Samaddar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEw2rCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSantosh_Singh2020" class="citation book cs1">Santosh Singh (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64"><i>JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish</i></a>. SAGE Publishing India. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9353886660" title="Special:BookSources/978-9353886660"><bdi>978-9353886660</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204733/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&dq=">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JP+to+BJP%3A+Bihar+after+Lalu+and+Nitish&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing+India&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-9353886660&rft.au=Santosh+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVTQPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf">"Climate of Bihar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climatological Summaries of States</i>. No. 18. <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002180342/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatological+Summaries+of+States&rft.atitle=Climate+of+Bihar&rft.issue=18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FClimate%2520of%2520Bihar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar">"Bihar | History, Map, Population, Government, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122083342/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Bihar+%7C+History%2C+Map%2C+Population%2C+Government%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBihar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFby2017" class="citation web cs1">by (20 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/">"Geographical location of Bihar"</a>. <i>Bihar PSC Exam Notes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510201722/https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bihar+PSC+Exam+Notes&rft.atitle=Geographical+location+of+Bihar&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft.au=by&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbihar.pscnotes.com%2Fbihar-geography%2Fgeographical-location-of-bihar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1">"Geographical Structure of Bihar: Geology | Physiology | Plain |Plateau"</a>. <i>Jagranjosh.com</i>. 10 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509195204/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jagranjosh.com&rft.atitle=Geographical+Structure+of+Bihar%3A+Geology+%7C+Physiology+%7C+Plain+%7CPlateau&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagranjosh.com%2Fgeneral-knowledge%2Fgeographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php">"State Profile"</a>. Gov. of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104611/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Profile&rft.pub=Gov.+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fst_bihar.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf">"imdpune.gov.in/"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219043745/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=imdpune.gov.in%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FClimate%2520of%2520Bihar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forest-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forest_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forest_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forest_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx">"पर्यावरण एवं वन विभाग"</a>. <i>forest.bih.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062406/http://forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forest.bih.nic.in&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforest.bih.nic.in%2FBiharatGlance.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forest.bih.nic.in/">"Forest in Bihar"</a>. Forest Ministry of Bihar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410052852/http://forest.bih.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+in+Bihar&rft.pub=Forest+Ministry+of+Bihar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforest.bih.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040527185358/http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm">"VALMIKI"</a>. 27 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VALMIKI&rft.date=2004-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecttiger.nic.in%2Fvalmiki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMishra2019" class="citation news cs1">Mishra, Prasun K (6 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html">"Bihar's first crocodile conservation reserve near Karkatgarh soon"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506224407/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Bihar%27s+first+crocodile+conservation+reserve+near+Karkatgarh+soon&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Prasun+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpatna%2Fbihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon%2Fstory-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMishra2021" class="citation news cs1">Mishra, B. K. (20 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/min-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy/articleshow/87143212.cms">"Mineral exploration to boost Bihar's economy: Janak Ram"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531112649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/min-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy/articleshow/87143212.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mineral+exploration+to+boost+Bihar%27s+economy%3A+Janak+Ram&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2Fmin-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy%2Farticleshow%2F87143212.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaha2022" class="citation news cs1">Saha, Pritam (29 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/india/ants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ants' give whereabouts of 230 MM tons gold mine in Jamui! Bihar on lookout"</a>. <i>Zee News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529120954/https://zeenews.india.com/india/ants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=%27Ants%27+give+whereabouts+of+230+MM+tons+gold+mine+in+Jamui%21+Bihar+on+lookout&rft.date=2022-05-29&rft.aulast=Saha&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Findia%2Fants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPTI2022" class="citation news cs1">PTI (28 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html">"Bihar govt allows exploration of 'country's largest' gold reserve"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531112649/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Bihar+govt+allows+exploration+of+%27country%27s+largest%27+gold+reserve&rft.date=2022-05-28&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fbihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226150601/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf">"Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India</i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft.atitle=Decadal+Variation+In+Population+Since+1901&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FPCA%2FA2_Data_Table.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey_data_out-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Survey_data_out_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Survey_data_out_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/">"Bihar caste survey data out: What it says"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 2 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002125434/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Bihar+caste+survey+data+out%3A+What+it+says&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fbihar-caste-census-data-8965210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOHFW_NFHS-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOHFW_NFHS_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOHFW_NFHS_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf">"MOHFW NFHS-5 Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125015624/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOHFW+NFHS-5+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmain.mohfw.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315223625/http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/">"Urban and Rural Population of India 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+and+Rural+Population+of+India+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiafacts.in%2Findia-census-2011%2Furban-rural-population-o-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf#page=68">"NSC Report 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSC+Report+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehinducentre.com%2Fresources%2Farticle30980071.ece%2Fbinary%2FKI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf%23page%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/18-increase-in-literacy-rate-in-12-years-finds-study/articleshow/105052312.cms?">"Time of India Literacy rate of bihar in 2023"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Time+of+India+Literacy+rate+of+bihar+in+2023&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2F18-increase-in-literacy-rate-in-12-years-finds-study%2Farticleshow%2F105052312.cms%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</a>. <i>Census of India, 2011</i>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> on 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm">"Census GIS HouseHold"</a>. Censusindiamaps.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm">the original</a> on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+GIS+HouseHold&rft.pub=Censusindiamaps.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindiamaps.net%2Fpage%2FReligion_WhizMap1%2Fhousemap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languages2011-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Languages2011_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Languages2011_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX">"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Bihar"</a>. <i>Census of India 2011</i>. Office of the Registrar General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809135104/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+2011&rft.atitle=C-16+Population+By+Mother+Tongue+%E2%80%93+Bihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10196%2Fdownload%2F13308%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSDOffLang1950-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSDOffLang1950_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf">"The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar</i>. 1950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+Secretariat+Department%2C+Government+of+Bihar&rft.atitle=The+Bihar+Official+Language+Act%2C+1950&rft.date=1950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsd.bih.nic.in%2FAct%26rule%2FAct1english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedikter2009-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedikter2009_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedikter2009" class="citation book cs1">Benedikter, Thomas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89"><i>Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India</i></a>. Münster: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10231-7"><bdi>978-3-643-10231-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India%3A+An+Appraisal+of+the+Linguistic+Rights+of+Minorities+in+India&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-643-10231-7&rft.aulast=Benedikter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpZv2GHM7VQC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitransh2012-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chitransh2012_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitransh2012" class="citation news cs1">Chitransh, Anugya (1 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/">"Bhojpuri is not the only language in Bihar"</a>. <i>Hill Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228200009/http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hill+Post&rft.atitle=Bhojpuri+is+not+the+only+language+in+Bihar&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.aulast=Chitransh&rft.aufirst=Anugya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhillpost.in%2F2012%2F09%2Fbhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar%2F50489%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardona2003-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cardona2003_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">Cardona, George</a>; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (11 September 2003). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a>. <q>...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Series&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mha.nic.in-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mha.nic.in_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf">"Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424003517/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft.atitle=Constitutional+provisions+relating+to+Eighth+Schedule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mha.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEighthSchedule_19052017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/legislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html">"लोकसभा में उठी मगही, भोजपुरी को आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मां"</a> [Demand for including Bhojpuri in the Eighth Schedule]. <i><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></i> (in Hindi). 22 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328081001/https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/legislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindi.firstpost.com%2Fculture%2Flegislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs">"Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs">the original</a> on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Civic+elections+likely+in+May+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1170330%2Fjsp%2Fbihar%2Fstory_143389.jsp%23.WNziu7lMTcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandey2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pandey, Ashutosh Kumar (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html">"बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या"</a> [Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring]. <i><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Khabar" title="Prabhat Khabar">Prabhat Khabar</a></i> (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prabhat+Khabar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%3A+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%2C+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Ashutosh+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prabhatkhabar.com%2Fnews%2Fpatna%2Freorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils%2F956843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html">"पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर"</a> [For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation]. 11 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prabhatkhabar.com%2Fnews%2Fpatna%2Fstory%2F954291.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms">"Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 23 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ward+delimitation+begins+in+Chhapra&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2Fward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra%2Farticleshow%2F57299170.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html">"छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा"</a>. <i>Dainik Bhaskar</i>. 14 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fnews%2FBIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html">"6 पंचायतों को मिलाकर बनाया गया सहरसा नगर निगम, ये रहे बिहार के सभी 19 नगर निगमों के नाम"</a>. <i>Dainik Jagran</i> (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125023719/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Jagran&rft.atitle=6+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%2C+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+19+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fbihar%2Fbhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html">"बिहार को सहरसा के रूप में मिला एक और नगर निगम, 6 नगर पंचायतों को नगर परिषद का दर्जा"</a>. <i>News18 हिंदी</i> (in Hindi). 29 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126153447/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%2C+6+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindi.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fbihar%2Fpatna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/">"Official Website :: Home Page"</a>. <i>darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in&rft.atitle=Official+Website+%3A%3A+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarbhangadivision.bih.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043611/http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/">"Official Website :: Home Page"</a>. 6 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/">the original</a> on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Website+%3A%3A+Home+Page&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarbhangadivision.bih.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php">"District Census 2011"</a>. Census 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Census+2011&rft.pub=Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fdistrict.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/cache/25/26-Nov-22/SHOW_DOCS/ULB%20List.pdf">"LIST OF URBAN LOCAL BODY Bihar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161610/https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/cache/25/26-Nov-22/SHOW_DOCS/ULB%20List.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIST+OF+URBAN+LOCAL+BODY+Bihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstate.bihar.gov.in%2Furban%2Fcache%2F25%2F26-Nov-22%2FSHOW_DOCS%2FULB%2520List.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Kumar2018" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Kumar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27"><i>Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns</i></a>. SAGE Publishing India. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9352805860" title="Special:BookSources/978-9352805860"><bdi>978-9352805860</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Mandal+Politics+in+Bihar%3A+Changing+Electoral+Patterns&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9352805860&rft.au=Sanjay+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVxODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeThirumalai2024" class="citation news cs1">Banerjee, Anindya; Thirumalai, Nitya (29 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/politics/obc-vs-obc-rising-star-samrat-chaudhary-may-be-bjps-answer-to-nitish-kumar-in-2025-bihar-elections-8758105.html">"OBC vs OBC: Rising Star Samrat Chaudhary May Be BJP's Answer to Nitish Kumar in 2025 Bihar Elections"</a>. <i>News18</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=OBC+vs+OBC%3A+Rising+Star+Samrat+Chaudhary+May+Be+BJP%27s+Answer+to+Nitish+Kumar+in+2025+Bihar+Elections&rft.date=2024-01-29&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Anindya&rft.au=Thirumalai%2C+Nitya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobc-vs-obc-rising-star-samrat-chaudhary-may-be-bjps-answer-to-nitish-kumar-in-2025-bihar-elections-8758105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Sanjay (1999). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"New Phase in Backward Caste Politics in Bihar: Janata Dal on the Decline."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>34</b> (34/35): <span class="nowrap">2472–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408343">4408343</a>. <q>The polarisation was not on the lines of the upper and the backward caste divide, but it was around the two axes of backward caste politics. Laloo Yadav after comp- leting his term in office even with a minority government went to polls in a situation where an anti-incumbency wave was sweeping the country. The consolidated backward castes had fragmented into two blocs, one represented by the yadavs in the form of the Janata Dal and the other represented by the kurmis and koeris represented by the Samata Party. For the first time, the upper-castes felt totally marginalised in the state's politics since the support base of their natural ally, the Congress, has been completely eroded. while the BJP was unable to make much inroads among the voters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=%22New+Phase+in+Backward+Caste+Politics+in+Bihar%3A+Janata+Dal+on+the+Decline.%22&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=34%2F35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2472-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4408343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042826/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789">"Bihar a byword for worst of India: The Economist"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. Press Trust of India. 25 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789">the original</a> on 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Bihar+a+byword+for+worst+of+India%3A+The+Economist&rft.date=2004-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressindia.com%2Fnews%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D28789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpbihar-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpbihar_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf">"Bihar – Towards a Development Strategy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322000944/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+%E2%80%93+Towards+a+Development+Strategy&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F624671468035374716%2Fpdf%2F328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf">"State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Election Commission of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Wise+Seat+Won+%26+Valid+Votes+Polled+by+Political+Parties&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feci.nic.in%2Feci_main%2Farchiveofge2014%2F17%2520-%2520State%2520wise%2520seat%2520won%2520and%2520valid%2520votes%2520polled%2520by%2520political%2520party.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/">"The Decline of Communist Mass Base in Bihar: Jagannath Sardar"</a>. 25 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106132116/http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Communist+Mass+Base+in+Bihar%3A+Jagannath+Sardar&rft.date=2011-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkafila.org%2F2011%2F09%2F25%2Fthe-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504115107/http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice">"Nitish Kumar government orders corrupt official's home to be made into school"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice">the original</a> on 4 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nitish+Kumar+government+orders+corrupt+official%27s+home+to+be+made+into+school&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweekendleader.com%2Fpage.php%3Fcy%3DCauses%26id%3D420%26title%3DPerfect-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105230129/http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html">"Court upholds Bihar Special Court Act"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+upholds+Bihar+Special+Court+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newkerala.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ffullnews-154170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842/">"Bihar fixes time for Friday prayers by its employees"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 25 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220095905/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Bihar+fixes+time+for+Friday+prayers+by+its+employees&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fbihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees%2F978842%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/">"Bihar Brings New Law on Alcohol Ban After HC Quashed Old One"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">PTI</a>. 4 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109115342/https://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Bihar+Brings+New+Law+on+Alcohol+Ban+After+HC+Quashed+Old+One&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2F70591%2Fbihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html">"Bihar witnesses serious drop in tourism after liquor ban"</a>. <i>Pradesh18</i>. 3 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101123/http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pradesh18&rft.atitle=Bihar+witnesses+serious+drop+in+tourism+after+liquor+ban&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pradesh18.com%2Fnews%2Fbihar%2Fbihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudharyJhaMishra2017" class="citation news cs1">Chaudhary, Amit Kumar; Jha, Sujeet; Mishra, Himanshu (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01">"Udta Bihar: Huge spike in substance abuse, alcohol bootlegging year after ban"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415065157/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Udta+Bihar%3A+Huge+spike+in+substance+abuse%2C+alcohol+bootlegging+year+after+ban&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Amit+Kumar&rft.au=Jha%2C+Sujeet&rft.au=Mishra%2C+Himanshu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Findia-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman-2017-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman-2017_122-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBermanBhawalkarJha2017" class="citation report cs1">Berman, P; Bhawalkar, M; Jha, R (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195130/https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf">Tracking financial resources for primary health care in BIHAR, India. A report of the Resource Tracking and Management Project</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tracking+financial+resources+for+primary+health+care+in+BIHAR%2C+India.+A+report+of+the+Resource+Tracking+and+Management+Project.&rft.pub=Harvard+T.H.+Chan+School+of+Public+Health&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Bhawalkar%2C+M&rft.au=Jha%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn1.sph.harvard.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2031%2F2017%2F01%2FTracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quality_improvement_efforts_in_public_health_facilities_of_Bihar-2016_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720194950/http://swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar">"Quality improvement efforts in public health facilities of Bihar"</a>. <i>Sector Wide Approach to Strengthening Health (SWASTH) – Bihar Technical Assistance Support Team (BTAST)</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar">the original</a> on 20 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sector+Wide+Approach+to+Strengthening+Health+%28SWASTH%29+%E2%80%93+Bihar+Technical+Assistance+Support+Team+%28BTAST%29&rft.atitle=Quality+improvement+efforts+in+public+health+facilities+of+Bihar&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswasth.btast.oneworld.net%2Fknowledge-bank%2Fcase-studies%2Fquality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArokiasamyGautam2008" class="citation journal cs1">Arokiasamy, Perianayagam; Gautam, Abhishek (2008). "Neonatal mortality in the empowered action group states of India: trends and determinants". <i>Journal of Biosocial Science</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021932007002623">10.1017/S0021932007002623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9320">0021-9320</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18093346">18093346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1775511">1775511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosocial+Science&rft.atitle=Neonatal+mortality+in+the+empowered+action+group+states+of+India%3A+trends+and+determinants&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0021-9320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1775511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18093346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021932007002623&rft.aulast=Arokiasamy&rft.aufirst=Perianayagam&rft.au=Gautam%2C+Abhishek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarvandeSonawaneChavanMistry2016" class="citation journal cs1">Karvande, Shilpa; Sonawane, Devendra; Chavan, Sandeep; Mistry, Nerges (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5025984">"What does quality of care mean for maternal health providers from two vulnerable states of India? Case study of Bihar and Jharkhand"</a>. <i>Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHPN...35....6K">2016JHPN...35....6K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41043-016-0043-3">10.1186/s41043-016-0043-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-1315">2072-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5025984">5025984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26897522">26897522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health%2C+Population%2C+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=What+does+quality+of+care+mean+for+maternal+health+providers+from+two+vulnerable+states+of+India%3F+Case+study+of+Bihar+and+Jharkhand&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5025984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JHPN...35....6K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26897522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs41043-016-0043-3&rft.issn=2072-1315&rft.aulast=Karvande&rft.aufirst=Shilpa&rft.au=Sonawane%2C+Devendra&rft.au=Chavan%2C+Sandeep&rft.au=Mistry%2C+Nerges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5025984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuintussiVan_de_PoelPandaRutten2015" class="citation journal cs1">Quintussi, Marta; Van de Poel, Ellen; Panda, Pradeep; Rutten, Frans (26 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419476">"Economic consequences of ill-health for households in northern rural India"</a>. <i>BMC Health Services Research</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12913-015-0833-0">10.1186/s12913-015-0833-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-6963">1472-6963</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419476">4419476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25928097">25928097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Health+Services+Research&rft.atitle=Economic+consequences+of+ill-health+for+households+in+northern+rural+India&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4419476%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1472-6963&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25928097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12913-015-0833-0&rft.aulast=Quintussi&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Van+de+Poel%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Panda%2C+Pradeep&rft.au=Rutten%2C+Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4419476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRazavan_de_PoelBediRutten2015" class="citation journal cs1">Raza, Wameq A.; van de Poel, Ellen; Bedi, Arjun; Rutten, Frans (28 December 2015). "Impact of Community-based Health Insurance on Access and Financial Protection: Evidence from Three Randomized Control Trials in Rural India". <i>Health Economics</i>. <b>25</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">675–</span>687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhec.3307">10.1002/hec.3307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-9230">1057-9230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26708298">26708298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Economics&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Community-based+Health+Insurance+on+Access+and+Financial+Protection%3A+Evidence+from+Three+Randomized+Control+Trials+in+Rural+India&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.issn=1057-9230&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26708298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhec.3307&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=Wameq+A.&rft.au=van+de+Poel%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Bedi%2C+Arjun&rft.au=Rutten%2C+Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamani,_K._V.Mavalankar,_DileepGovil,_Dipti2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramani, K. V.; Mavalankar, Dileep; Govil, Dipti (2008). <i>Strategic issues and challenges in health management</i>. New Delhi: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8132100201" title="Special:BookSources/978-8132100201"><bdi>978-8132100201</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316005200">316005200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+issues+and+challenges+in+health+management&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316005200&rft.isbn=978-8132100201&rft.au=Ramani%2C+K.+V.&rft.au=Mavalankar%2C+Dileep&rft.au=Govil%2C+Dipti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Government_of_India-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Government_of_India_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_of_India_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_of_India_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of India- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare- Health and Family Welfare Census Data, 2008–2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Census of India: Provisional Population Totals India: Paper1: Census 2011". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060413232217/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm">"National Accounts Division : Press release & Statements"</a>. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Accounts+Division+%3A+Press+release+%26+Statements&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Statistics+and+Programme+Implementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmospi.nic.in%2Fmospi_nad_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm">"Bihar's economy climbs to $12b by 2005"</a>. Specials.rediff.com. 31 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805030206/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar%27s+economy+climbs+to+%2412b+by+2005&rft.pub=Specials.rediff.com&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecials.rediff.com%2Fmoney%2F2009%2Fmar%2F31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas2008" class="citation news cs1">Das, Anand ST (5 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214203408/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp">"Distressed Delicacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tehelka" title="Tehelka">Tehelka</a></i>. Vol. 5, no. 26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp">the original</a> on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehelka&rft.atitle=Distressed+Delicacy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=26&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Anand+ST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.tehelka.com%2Fstory_main39.asp%3Ffilename%3DBu050708distresseddelicacy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://budget.bihar.gov.in/Default.aspx">"Bihar Budget 2025-26"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Budget+2025-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbudget.bihar.gov.in%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://budget.bihar.gov.in/ViewDocument.aspx?id=23#page=38">"Bihar Economy Survey 2024-25"</a>. 2024–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Economy+Survey+2024-25&rft.date=2024%2F2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbudget.bihar.gov.in%2FViewDocument.aspx%3Fid%3D23%23page%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2024-25">"Bihar Budget 2024-25"</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Budget+2024-25&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprsindia.org%2Fbudgets%2Fstates%2Fbihar-budget-analysis-2024-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibef.org-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibef.org_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibef.org_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation">"Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Bihar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Brand_Equity_Foundation" title="India Brand Equity Foundation">India Brand Equity Foundation</a></i>. September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510195819/https://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Brand+Equity+Foundation&rft.atitle=Industrial+Development+%26+Economic+Growth+in+Bihar&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibef.org%2Fstates%2Fbihar-presentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html">"Bihar posts avg GDP growth rate of 10.5% last decade"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. 25 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705051200/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Bihar+posts+avg+GDP+growth+rate+of+10.5%25+last+decade&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwap.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Fbihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm">"Bihar's debt soars to 77% of GDP"</a>. Specials.rediff.com. 31 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805030206/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar%27s+debt+soars+to+77%25+of+GDP&rft.pub=Specials.rediff.com&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecials.rediff.com%2Fmoney%2F2009%2Fmar%2F31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html">"Economy Of Bihar"</a>. <i>www.ILoveIndia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111407/http://www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ILoveIndia.com&rft.atitle=Economy+Of+Bihar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloveindia.com%2Fstates%2Fbihar%2Feconomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit">"26 Bihar districts declared drought-hit – igovernment.in"</a>. <i>www.iGovernment.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110735/http://www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iGovernment.in&rft.atitle=26+Bihar+districts+declared+drought-hit+%E2%80%93+igovernment.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igovernment.in%2Farticles%2F20591%2F26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur#">"About Hajipur, General Information on Hajipur, Hajipur Profile"</a>. <i>www.HajipurOnline.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.HajipurOnline.in&rft.atitle=About+Hajipur%2C+General+Information+on+Hajipur%2C+Hajipur+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hajipuronline.in%2Fcity-guide%2Fabout-hajipur%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2023" class="citation news cs1">Chaudhary, Pranav (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html">"Patna, Begusarai, Munger emerge most prosperous districts of Bihar"</a>. <i>The Statesman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128055826/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Patna%2C+Begusarai%2C+Munger+emerge+most+prosperous+districts+of+Bihar&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Pranav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Findia%2Fpatna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patna_prosperity-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patna_prosperity_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patna_prosperity_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNigam2008" class="citation news cs1">Nigam, Aditi (27 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/">"For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421095706/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=For+Bihar%2C+P+stands+for+Patna+and+prosperity&rft.date=2008-04-27&rft.aulast=Nigam&rft.aufirst=Aditi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fnews%2FFor-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity%2F293289%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/russian-army-marches-with-made-in-bihar-safety-shoes-from-hajipur-101721042111352.html">"Russian army marches with Bihar made safety shoes"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 15 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+army+marches+with+Bihar+made+safety+shoes&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Frussian-army-marches-with-made-in-bihar-safety-shoes-from-hajipur-101721042111352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221131835/http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf">"STPI New Centres"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STPI+New+Centres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalindia.gov.in%2Fwritereaddata%2Ffiles%2Fggd%2Fdeity%2F11%2520Announcement%2520of%2520Setting%2520up%2520of%2520New%2520STPI%2520Centres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228202249/http://sisindia.com/history.htm">"History"</a>. Sisindia.com. 29 July 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sisindia.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 28 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Sisindia.com&rft.date=1993-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sisindia.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2008" class="citation news cs1">Ahmad, Faizan (25 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-security-firm-sets-foot-in-Australia/articleshow/3401009.cms">"Bihar security firm sets foot in Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518131811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bihar+security+firm+sets+foot+in+Australia&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Faizan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2FBihar-security-firm-sets-foot-in-Australia%2Farticleshow%2F3401009.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms">"Bihar emerging as brewery hub"</a>. Economic Times. 16 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524125923/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bihar+emerging+as+brewery+hub&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-by-industry%2Fcons-products%2Fliquor%2Fbihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub%2Farticleshow%2F11509175.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html">"Prohibition forces United Breweries out of Bihar"</a>. <i>livemint.com</i>. 11 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082815/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=livemint.com&rft.atitle=Prohibition+forces+United+Breweries+out+of+Bihar&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FCompanies%2FMmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM%2FProhibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2018" class="citation news cs1">Kulkarni, Mahesh (26 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html">"UB to launch non-alcoholic beer"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082934/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=UB+to+launch+non-alcoholic+beer&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Mahesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fbusiness%2Fub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://state.bihar.gov.in/industries/cache/26/01-Jul-22/SHOW_DOCS/circular-td-1502-dtd-27-06-22%20English.pdf">"Bihar Start-up Policy, 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government of Bihar, Department of Industries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Bihar%2C+Department+of+Industries&rft.atitle=Bihar+Start-up+Policy%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstate.bihar.gov.in%2Findustries%2Fcache%2F26%2F01-Jul-22%2FSHOW_DOCS%2Fcircular-td-1502-dtd-27-06-22%2520English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/state-startup-policies/Bihar-state-policy.html">"Bihar Startup Policy 2022-2027"</a>. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Startup+Policy+2022-2027&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Commerce+and+Industry%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startupindia.gov.in%2Fcontent%2Fsih%2Fen%2Fstate-startup-policies%2FBihar-state-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJagriti2024" class="citation web cs1">Jagriti, Pawan (8 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biharinfozone.in/bihar-startup-policy-2024/">"Bihar Startup Policy 2024: बिना ब्याज के 10 लाख रुपये का स्टार्टअप लोन"</a>. <i>Bihar Info Zone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bihar+Info+Zone&rft.atitle=Bihar+Startup+Policy+2024%3A+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+10+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8&rft.date=2024-09-08&rft.aulast=Jagriti&rft.aufirst=Pawan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiharinfozone.in%2Fbihar-startup-policy-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/srf_2018_results/bihar-srf-report-2018.html">"State Startup Ranking Exercise 2018"</a>. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Startup+Ranking+Exercise+2018&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Commerce+and+Industry%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startupindia.gov.in%2Fcontent%2Fsih%2Fen%2Fsrf_2018_results%2Fbihar-srf-report-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bihar-government-sidbi-to-collaborate-on-enhancing-startup-ecosystem/articleshow/107966000.cms">"Bihar government, SIDBI to collaborate on enhancing startup ecosystem"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. PTI. 24 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bihar+government%2C+SIDBI+to+collaborate+on+enhancing+startup+ecosystem&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2Fbihar-government-sidbi-to-collaborate-on-enhancing-startup-ecosystem%2Farticleshow%2F107966000.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/rumela-sen">"Rumela Sen | Columbia SIPA"</a>. <i>www.sipa.columbia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229024353/https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/rumela-sen">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sipa.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Rumela+Sen+%7C+Columbia+SIPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipa.columbia.edu%2Fcommunities-connections%2Ffaculty%2Frumela-sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBharti1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bharti, Indu (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397723">"Bihar's Bane: Slow Progress on Land Reforms"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>27</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">628–</span>630. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397723">4397723</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229204821/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397723">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Bihar%27s+Bane%3A+Slow+Progress+on+Land+Reforms&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E628-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4397723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Bharti&rft.aufirst=Indu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4397723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRumela2021" class="citation book cs1">Rumela, Sen (2021). <i><span></span>'Rebel Retirement in the North through Discordant Exit Networks', Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed</i>. New York: Oxford Academic. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197529867.003.0005">10.1093/oso/9780197529867.003.0005</a>. <q>The big landlords of Bihar derailed land reform via delaying tactics and by refusing to comply with paperwork. They refused to submit documents for their estates despite government orders and filed thousands of court cases halting the landholding ceiling and redistribution of over 9,000 acres of land across the state of Bihar. Since administrators and politicians came mostly from the same landed gentry upper castes as the landlords, the landlords exploited their kinship ties to have government field surveys halted, amended, and ultimately aborted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Rebel+Retirement+in+the+North+through+Discordant+Exit+Networks%27%2C+Farewell+to+Arms%3A+How+Rebels+Retire+Without+Getting+Killed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197529867.003.0005&rft.aulast=Rumela&rft.aufirst=Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carolyn_Brown_Heinz_2006,_pp._5-33_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art", Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html">"Bhojpuri Painting"</a>. <i>www.artsofindia.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407165621/https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artsofindia.in&rft.atitle=Bhojpuri+Painting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsofindia.in%2Farts-of-india-blog%2Fpost%2Findian-arts-and-crafts%2Fbhojpuri-painting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2008-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2008_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gajendra Narayan (2008) [2002]. <i>Surile Logon Ki Sangat</i>. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184570724" title="Special:BookSources/9788184570724"><bdi>9788184570724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surile+Logon+Ki+Sangat&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Kanishka+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788184570724&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gajendra+Narayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh1999-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh1999_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1999" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gajendra Narayan (1999). <i>Swargangh</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swargangh&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gajendra+Narayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghWeb-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SinghWeb_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811004503/http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8">"Collections"</a>. <i>Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8">the original</a> on 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Padma+Shri+Gajendra+Narayan+Singh&rft.atitle=Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D7%26Itemid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jugnu2013-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jugnu2013_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJugnu" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Jugnu, Haidar Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4"><i>Sati Sulochana – Bhojpuri Birha By Haidar Ali- Jugnu</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. hamaarbhojpuri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522222404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sati+Sulochana+%E2%80%93+Bhojpuri+Birha+By+Haidar+Ali-+Jugnu&rft.pub=hamaarbhojpuri&rft.aulast=Jugnu&rft.aufirst=Haidar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DT3vGrihYfX4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganga_Maiyya_Tohe_Piyari_Charaihbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Charaihbo (page does not exist)">Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Charaihbo</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/">First Bhojpuri language film</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315165512/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/">Archived</a> 15 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bhaiyaa" title="Bhaiyaa">Bhaiyaa</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121206041801/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/">First Magadhi language film</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kanyadan_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyadan film">Kanyadan</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103075100/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236358/">First Maithili language film</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/">"National Awards 2016: Here is the complete List of Winners"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 29 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328071802/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=National+Awards+2016%3A+Here+is+the+complete+List+of+Winners&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fbollywood%2F63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/">"Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (1962)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920030553/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Ganga+Maiyya+Tohe+Piyari+Chadhaibo+%281962%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0233774%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) 'Bhojpuri Cinema', South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 145–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021111613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp">"For my female audiences, I'll wear a really flimsy dhoti"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Kolkota, India. 14 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp">the original</a> on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=For+my+female+audiences%2C+I%27ll+wear+a+really+flimsy+dhoti&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1060414%2Fasp%2Fetc%2Fstory_6075200.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/4512812.stm">"Move over Bollywood, Here's Bhojpuri"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609053245/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Move+over+Bollywood%2C+Here%27s+Bhojpuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fgo%2Fpr%2Ffr%2F-%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F4512812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/">"Home"</a>. Bhojpuri Film Award. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102163552/http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Bhojpuri+Film+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhojpurifilmaward.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhojpuricity.com/">"bhojpuricity.com"</a>. bhojpuricity.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904183654/http://www.bhojpuricity.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bhojpuricity.com&rft.pub=bhojpuricity.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhojpuricity.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDedhia2017" class="citation news cs1">Dedhia, Soni (28 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award/articleshow/51614931.cms">"Neetu Chandra's 'Mithila Makhaan' wins 'Best Maithili Film' National Award!"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award/articleshow/51614931.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Neetu+Chandra%27s+%27Mithila+Makhaan%27+wins+%27Best+Maithili+Film%27+National+Award%21&rft.date=2017-01-28&rft.aulast=Dedhia&rft.aufirst=Soni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhindi%2Fbollywood%2Fnews%2FNeetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award%2Farticleshow%2F51614931.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journalism-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journalism_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journalism_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journalism_177-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1988" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Qeyamuddin, ed. (1988). <i>Patna Through the Ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy</i>. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patna+Through+the+Ages%3A+Glimpses+of+History%2C+Society+and+Economy&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajendra Abhinandan Granth, <i>"Nagri Pracharini Sabha"</i>, Arrah, 3 March 1950, pp. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar1971" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Nagendra (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ"><i>Journalism in Bihar: A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette</i></a>. Government of Bihar, Gazetteers Branch. p. 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134121/https://books.google.com/books/about/Journalism_in_Bihar.html?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism+in+Bihar%3A+A+Supplement+to+Bihar+State+Gazette&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Government+of+Bihar%2C+Gazetteers+Branch&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Nagendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu1AAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biharurduacademy.in/">"Bihar Urdu Academy"</a>. <i>biharurduacademy.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607173454/http://biharurduacademy.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biharurduacademy.in&rft.atitle=Bihar+Urdu+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiharurduacademy.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati</i>, Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jayanti Smarak Granth</i>, pp. 583–585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chhathpuja-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chhathpuja_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006195203/https://chhathpuja.org.in/">"Chhath Puja"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chhathpuja.org.in/">the original</a> on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhath+Puja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchhathpuja.org.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-durgapuja-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-durgapuja_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm">"Durga Pooja"</a>. <i>Festivals of Bihar</i>. Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129215117/http://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festivals+of+Bihar&rft.atitle=Durga+Pooja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbstdc.bihar.gov.in%2Ffestivals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tourism_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf">Statistics</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bihar" title="Tourism in Bihar">Tourism in Bihar</a> on <a href="/wiki/Indian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Government">Indian Government</a>'s website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222105539/http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1587482899.pdf">"jcreview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192942/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=jcreview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcreview.com%2Ffulltext%2F197-1587482899.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf">"tourism.gov.in"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192942/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tourism.gov.in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourism.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-08%2FFigures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi">"Sitamarhi"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427100105/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sitamarhi&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F546790%2FSitamarhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171523/http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm">"History of Sitamarhi"</a>. Official site of Sitamarhi district. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Sitamarhi&rft.pub=Official+site+of+Sitamarhi+district&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitamarhi.bih.nic.in%2Fprofile%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pathak Prabhu Nath,<i>Society and Culture in Early Bihar</i>, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vidya-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vidya_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVidyarathi1978" class="citation book cs1">Vidyarathi, L P (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FidiusPr0C&q=mahalaya&pg=PA34"><i>The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 13, 15, 33, 81, 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Complex+in+Hindu+Gaya&rft.pages=13%2C+15%2C+33%2C+81%2C+110&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Vidyarathi&rft.aufirst=L+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4FidiusPr0C%26q%3Dmahalaya%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079369/india-railway-route-length-in-bihar/">"India: railway route length in Bihar 2020"</a>. <i>Statista</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125225613/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079369/india-railway-route-length-in-bihar/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=India%3A+railway+route+length+in+Bihar+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1079369%2Findia-railway-route-length-in-bihar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1637328813239-ECR%20%20-%20Bihar%20Booklet%20(English)%20As%20on%2031.03.2021.pdf">"Railways at Glance ECR - 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125225615/https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1637328813239-ECR%20%20-%20Bihar%20Booklet%20(English)%20As%20on%2031.03.2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railways+at+Glance+ECR+-+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecr.indianrailways.gov.in%2Fcris%2F%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F1637328813239-ECR%2520%2520-%2520Bihar%2520Booklet%2520%28English%29%2520As%2520on%252031.03.2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/construction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon/articleshow/95389137.cms">"Construction of Bihar's first expressway to start soon"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124233331/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/construction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon/articleshow/95389137.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Construction+of+Bihar%27s+first+expressway+to+start+soon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Finfrastructure%2Fconstruction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon%2Farticleshow%2F95389137.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/dmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials/2595932/">"DMRC chief visits Patna Metro project sites, meets officials"</a>. <i>Financialexpress</i>. PTI. 16 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125233214/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/dmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials/2595932/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financialexpress&rft.atitle=DMRC+chief+visits+Patna+Metro+project+sites%2C+meets+officials&rft.date=2022-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Finfrastructure%2Fdmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials%2F2595932%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRumi2022" class="citation news cs1">Rumi, Faryal (16 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project/articleshow/89602969.cms">"Patna: Hurdles in land acquisition to delay metro project"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004151743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project/articleshow/89602969.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Patna%3A+Hurdles+in+land+acquisition+to+delay+metro+project&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft.aulast=Rumi&rft.aufirst=Faryal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2Fhurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project%2Farticleshow%2F89602969.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsrtc.co.in/navs/about">"BSRTC"</a>. <i>bsrtc.co.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000555/https://bsrtc.co.in/navs/about">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bsrtc.co.in&rft.atitle=BSRTC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbsrtc.co.in%2Fnavs%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNYOOOZ" class="citation web cs1">NYOOOZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyoooz.com/news/patna/1598152/from-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal/">"From today, the new 'station' of buses in Patna, know where your bus will be found at Patliputra Bus Terminal | Patna NYOOOZ"</a>. <i>NYOOOZ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000555/https://www.nyoooz.com/news/patna/1598152/from-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYOOOZ&rft.atitle=From+today%2C+the+new+%27station%27+of+buses+in+Patna%2C+know+where+your+bus+will+be+found+at+Patliputra+Bus+Terminal+%7C+Patna+NYOOOZ&rft.au=NYOOOZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyoooz.com%2Fnews%2Fpatna%2F1598152%2Ffrom-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523">"Inland Waterways Authority of India website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126001921/https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inland+Waterways+Authority+of+India+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwai.nic.in%2Fwaterways%2Fnational-waterways%2Fnational-waterways-1%3Fid%3D2523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYang1998" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Anand A (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&q=Bazaar+India"><i>Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21100-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21100-1"><bdi>978-0-520-21100-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazaar+India%3A+Markets%2C+Society%2C+and+the+Colonial+State+in+Gangetic+Bihar&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21100-1&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Anand+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5lQutvzAp4C%26q%3DBazaar%2BIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). <i>Education in Ancient India</i>, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna">"Total collection of Khuda bakhsh library from ministry of culture website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604063415/https://indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+collection+of+Khuda+bakhsh+library+from+ministry+of+culture+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiaculture.nic.in%2Fkhuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html">"Profile of Patna University"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patna_University" title="Patna University">Patna University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410030522/http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+Patna+University&rft.pub=Patna+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patnauniversity.ac.in%2Fprofile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha2008" class="citation news cs1">Jha, Abhay Mohan (4 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807051714/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982">"Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all"</a>. NDTV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982">the original</a> on 7 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brand+new+IIT+in+Patna+impresses+all&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Abhay+Mohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fconvergence%2Fndtv%2Fstory.aspx%3Fid%3DNEWEN20080059982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html">"NIFT starts classes in Patna with 60 students"</a>. <i>TwoCircles.net</i>. 12 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322085633/http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TwoCircles.net&rft.atitle=NIFT+starts+classes+in+Patna+with+60+students&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwocircles.net%2F2008aug12%2Fnift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Madan (3 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr">"DMCH will be upgraded to AIIMS-like institution: Minister | Patna News – Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509072320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=DMCH+will+be+upgraded+to+AIIMS-like+institution%3A+Minister+%7C+Patna+News+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2Fdmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister%2Farticleshow%2F68236419.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html">"Bihar drags feet on Central varsity in Bhagalpur; district identifies three chunks of land"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 26 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Bihar+drags+feet+on+Central+varsity+in+Bhagalpur%3B+district+identifies+three+chunks+of+land&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fbihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land%2Fstory-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf">"The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government of Bihar</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327152646/http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aryabhatta+Knowledge+University+Act%2C+2008&rft.pub=Government+of+Bihar&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fakubihar.ac.in%2FAdministration%2FDocs%2FAKU_Act_2008%28English%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campus-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-campus_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms">"Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. Times News Network. 3 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611062440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tech+cradles+fail+to+shift+to+permanent+campus&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpatna%2FTech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus%2Farticleshow%2F45737175.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx">"College Name"</a>. <i>Bihar Engineering University, Patna</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bihar+Engineering+University%2C+Patna&rft.atitle=College+Name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beu-bih.ac.in%2FBEUP%2FAffiliated_Colleges.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx">".:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:"</a>. <i>akubihar.ac.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209231746/http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=akubihar.ac.in&rft.atitle=.%3AOfficial+Website+%3A+Aryabhatta+Knowledge+University%2C+Patna%3A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fakubihar.ac.in%2FColleges%2FEngineering.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513005424/http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx">"Premier Research Institute: ANSISS"</a>. Official website. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Premier+Research+Institute%3A+ANSISS&rft.pub=Official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansiss.org%2FAboutUs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659">"First brick for new hospital"</a>. <i>www.telegraphindia.com</i>. 18 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306225954/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=First+brick+for+new+hospital&rft.date=2013-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fbihar%2Ffirst-brick-for-new-hospital%2Fcid%2F266659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html">"Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address, Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking, Contact Details"</a>. <i>www.StudyGuideIndia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111040018/http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.StudyGuideIndia.com&rft.atitle=Netaji+Subhash+Institute+of+Technology+%28Nsit%29%2C+Netaji+Subhash+Institute+of+Technology+%28Nsit%29+Address%2C+Admission%2C+Netaji+Subhash+Institute+of+Technology+%28Nsit%29+Courses%2C+Ranking%2C+Contact+Details.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyguideindia.com%2FColleges%2FEngineering%2Fnetaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsit.in/">"Welcome to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology – Bihta, Patna"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215023840/http://nsit.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Netaji+Subhas+Institute+of+Technology+%E2%80%93+Bihta%2C+Patna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsit.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428045325/http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx">"Bihar Knowledge Center"</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 28 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bihar+Knowledge+Center&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biharonline.gov.in%2FSite%2FBKC%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf">"National Employability Report – Engineers, Annual Report 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.aspiringminds.com</i>. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012093454/http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aspiringminds.com&rft.atitle=National+Employability+Report+%E2%80%93+Engineers%2C+Annual+Report+2014&rft.pages=22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspiringminds.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNational%2520Employability%2520Report%2520-%2520Engineers%2C%2520Annual%2520Report%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms">"Delhi, Bihar produce top engineers in India: Report"</a>. <i>The Times Of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201151525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Of+India&rft.atitle=Delhi%2C+Bihar+produce+top+engineers+in+India%3A+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FDelhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report%2Farticleshow%2F29664924.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sahajanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sahajanand Saraswati">Swami Sahajanand Saraswati</a> Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, 2003</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Alan_Bayly" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Alan Bayly">Christopher Alan Bayly</a>, <i>Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1983.</li> <li>Anand A. Yang, <i>Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1999.</li> <li>Acharya <i><a href="/wiki/Hazari_Prasad_Dwivedi" title="Hazari Prasad Dwivedi">Hazari Prasad Dwivedi</a> Rachnawali</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkamal_Prakashan" title="Rajkamal Prakashan">Rajkamal Prakashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.</li> <li><i>Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941</i> translated and edited by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Walter Hauser</a> along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).</li> <li><i>Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor</i> translated and edited by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Walter Hauser</a> (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).</li> <li><i>Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement</i> translated and edited by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Walter Hauser</a> (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Yadunandan_(Jadunandan)_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma">Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma</a>, 1947, <i>Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz</i> (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.</li> <li>Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indradeep_Sinha" title="Indradeep Sinha">Indradeep Sinha</a>, 1969, <i>Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha</i> (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indradeep_Sinha" title="Indradeep Sinha">Indradeep Sinha</a>, <i>Real face of JP's total revolution</i>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (1974).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indradeep_Sinha" title="Indradeep Sinha">Indradeep Sinha</a>, <i>Some features of current agrarian situation in India</i>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a>, (1987).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indradeep_Sinha" title="Indradeep Sinha">Indradeep Sinha</a>, <i>The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks</i>, Peoples Publishing House (1980).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indradeep_Sinha" title="Indradeep Sinha">Indradeep Sinha</a>, <i>Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry</i>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> (1982).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinhaKumar2012" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Udai Prakash; Kumar, Swargesh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C"><i>Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect</i></a>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180697999" title="Special:BookSources/9788180697999"><bdi>9788180697999</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+Tourism%3A+Retrospect+and+Prospect&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180697999&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Udai+Prakash&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Swargesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSZ987-0Fb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABihar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nand Kishore Shukla, <i>The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot</i>, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-241-0143-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-241-0143-4">81-241-0143-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh</i> published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000).</li> <li>Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, <i>Sri Krishna Singh</i> in <i>Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series</i>, Publications Division, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Walter Hauser</a>, 1961, <i>Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942</i>, Ph.D. Thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, (Forthcoming publication).</li> <li>Rai, Algu, 1946, <i>A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans</i>, Azamgrah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a>, 1949, <i>Revolutionary Peasants</i>, New Delhi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a>, 1968, <i>Fight For Freedom</i>, New Delhi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapandit_Rahul_Sankrityayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan">Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan</a>, 1943, <i>Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India)</i>, in Hindi, Allahabad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapandit_Rahul_Sankrityayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan">Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan</a>, 1957, <i>Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery)</i>, in Hindi, Allahabad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmath_Nath_Gupta" title="Manmath Nath Gupta">Manmath Nath Gupta</a>, <i>Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar</i>, Alekha Prakasana (1981).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagendra_Thakur" class="mw-redirect" title="Khagendra Thakur">Khagendra Thakur</a>, <i>Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva</i>, Publications Division, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijendra_Narayan_Singh" title="Vijendra Narayan Singh">Vijendra Narayan Singh</a>, <i>Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>, New Delhi, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-2142-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-2142-X">81-260-2142-X</a>.</li> <li>Kumar Vimal, <i>Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>, New Delhi, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2627-2">978-81-260-2627-2</a>.</li> <li>Mishra Shree Govind, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772"><i>History Of Bihar 1740–1772</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141931/https://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munshiram_Manoharlal" title="Munshiram Manoharlal">Munshiram Manoharlal</a>, 1970</li> <li>Verma B S, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar"><i>Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141932/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962</li> <li>Maitra A,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh"><i>Magahi Culture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406140428/https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983</li> <li>Naipaul V S, <i>India: A Wounded Civilization</i>, Picador, 1977</li> <li>Trevithick Alan, <i>The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple</i></li> <li>Jannuzi F. Tomasson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrariancrisisin0000jann"><i>Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar</i></a>, University of Texas Press, 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-76414-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-76414-6">0-292-76414-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76414-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76414-9">978-0-292-76414-9</a></li> <li>Omalley L S S, <i>History of Magadh</i>, Veena Publication, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-89224-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-89224-01-8">81-89224-01-8</a></li> <li>Shukla Prabhat Kumar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AooQAgAACAAJ&q=Indigo+And+The+Raj:+Peasant+Protests+In+Bihar+1780-1917"><i>Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Pragati Publications, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7307-004-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7307-004-0">81-7307-004-0</a></li> <li>Ahmad Qeyamuddin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&q=Patna+Through+The+Ages"><i>Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020929/https://books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&q=Patna+Through+The+Ages">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988</li> <li>Jain B D, <i>Ardha Magadhi Reader</i>, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923</li> <li>Patra C, <i>Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya</i>, Punthi Pustak, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85094-93-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-85094-93-4">81-85094-93-4</a></li> <li>Hazra Kanai Lal, <i>Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689</i>, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0132-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0132-6">81-215-0132-6</a></li> <li>McCrindle John W., <i>Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian</i>, Munshiram Manoharlal</li> <li>McCrindle John W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy"><i>Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0945-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0945-9">81-215-0945-9</a></li> <li>Sastry Harprasad, <i>Magadhan Literature</i>, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923</li> <li>Rai Alok, <i>Hindi Nationalism</i>, Orient Longman, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1979-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-1979-0">81-250-1979-0</a></li> <li>Waddell Austine L., <i>Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks</i>, Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903</li> <li>Das Arvind N., <i>The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes</i>, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992</li> <li>Brass Paul R., <i>The politics of India since Independence</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1990</li> <li>Askari S. H., <i>Mediaeval Bihar: Sultanate and Mughal Period</i>, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990</li> <li>Tayler William, <i>Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857</i>, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007</li> <li>Taylor P.J.O., <i>"What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India"</i>, Oxford University Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564182-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564182-5">0-19-564182-5</a></li> <li>Pathak Prabhu Nath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar"><i>Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414005023/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar">Archived</a> 14 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988</li> <li>Basham A. L., <i>The Wonder that was India</i>, Picador, 1954, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-43909-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-43909-X">0-330-43909-X</a></li> <li>Nambisan Vijay, <i>Bihar in the eye of the beholder</i>, Penguin Books, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029449-1">978-0-14-029449-1</a></li> <li>Pathak Mohan, <i>Flood plains and Agricultural occupance</i>, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7100-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7100-289-7">81-7100-289-7</a></li> <li>D'Souza Rohan, <i>Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India</i>, Oxford University Press, 2006,</li> <li>Radhakanta Barik – <i>Land & Caste Politics in Bihar</i> (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.bih.nic.in/">Official site of Bihar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115/http://gov.bih.nic.in/">Archived</a> 15 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/">Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127030717/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/">Archived</a> 27 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Bihar">Bihar</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65099">Bihar</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Bihar" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Bihar">Wikimedia Atlas of Bihar</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1958982">Bihar</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Bihar</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bihar" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bihar">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bihar" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Bihar">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bihar" class="extiw" title="q:Bihar">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bihar" class="extiw" title="voy:Bihar">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bh:">Bhojpuri edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mai:">Maithili edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Bihar24" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Bihar24" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Bihar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madhesh_Province" title="Madhesh Province">Madhesh Province</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Koshi_Province" title="Koshi Province">Koshi Province</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Bihar</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Bihar569" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bihar" title="Template:Bihar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bihar" title="Template talk:Bihar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bihar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bihar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Bihar569" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bihar_Government_Banner.png/40px-Bihar_Government_Banner.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bihar_Government_Banner.png/60px-Bihar_Government_Banner.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bihar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">House sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred fig">Sacred fig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Videhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Videhas">Kingdom of the Videhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirand" title="Chirand">Chirand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindusara" title="Bindusara">Bindusara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajgir#History" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arrah" title="Siege of Arrah">Siege of Arrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Darbhanga" title="Raj Darbhanga">Raj Darbhanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administration_in_Bihar" title="Administration in Bihar">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bihar" title="Government of Bihar">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bihar Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Legislative_Council" title="Bihar Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Bihar" title="List of chief ministers of Bihar">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Human_rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar Human rights Commission">Human rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bihar" title="List of governors of Bihar">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_High_Court" title="Patna High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Police" title="Bihar Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Public_Service_Commission" title="Bihar Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bihar" title="Category:Bihar">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bihar" title="Climate of Bihar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bihar" title="Demographics of Bihar">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bihar" title="Education in Bihar">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bihar" title="Geography of Bihar">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Bihar" title="Media in Bihar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Bihar" title="List of people from Bihar">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bihar" title="Transport in Bihar">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bihar" title="Politics of Bihar">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bihar" title="Tourism in Bihar">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Day" title="Bihar Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bihar" title="Administrative divisions of Bihar">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bihar" title="List of districts of Bihar">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_division" title="Bhagalpur division"><b>Bhagalpur</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banka_district" title="Banka district">Banka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_district" title="Bhagalpur district">Bhagalpur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_division" title="Darbhanga division"><b>Darbhanga</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga_district" title="Darbhanga district">Darbhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhubani_district" title="Madhubani district">Madhubani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastipur_district" title="Samastipur district">Samastipur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi_division" title="Kosi division"><b>Kosi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhepura_district" title="Madhepura district">Madhepura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharsa_district" title="Saharsa district">Saharsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supaul_district" title="Supaul district">Supaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadh_division" title="Magadh division"><b>Magadh</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwal_district" title="Arwal district">Arwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_district,_Bihar" title="Aurangabad district, Bihar">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_district" title="Gaya district">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehanabad_district" title="Jehanabad district">Jehanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawada_district" title="Nawada district">Nawada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munger_division" title="Munger division"><b>Munger</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begusarai_district" title="Begusarai district">Begusarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamui_district" title="Jamui district">Jamui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagaria_district" title="Khagaria district">Khagaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munger_district" title="Munger district">Munger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhisarai_district" title="Lakhisarai district">Lakhisarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhpura_district" title="Sheikhpura district">Sheikhpura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_division" title="Patna division"><b>Patna</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpur_district,_India" title="Bhojpur district, India">Bhojpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxar_district" title="Buxar district">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimur_district" title="Kaimur district">Kaimur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_district" title="Nalanda district">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_district" title="Patna district">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohtas_district" title="Rohtas district">Rohtas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnia_division" title="Purnia division"><b>Purnia</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araria_district" title="Araria district">Araria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar_district" title="Katihar district">Katihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanganj_district" title="Kishanganj district">Kishanganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnia_district" title="Purnia district">Purnia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saran_division" title="Saran division"><b>Saran</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gopalganj_district,_India" title="Gopalganj district, India">Gopalganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saran_district" title="Saran district">Saran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwan_district" title="Siwan district">Siwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhut_division" title="Tirhut division"><b>Tirhut</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Champaran_district" title="East Champaran district">East Champaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_district" title="Muzaffarpur district">Muzaffarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheohar_district" title="Sheohar district">Sheohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitamarhi_district" title="Sitamarhi district">Sitamarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishali_district" title="Vaishali district">Vaishali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Champaran_district" title="West Champaran district">West Champaran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bihar_by_population" title="List of cities in Bihar by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_(India)" title="Gaya (India)">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Bihar" title="Aurangabad, Bihar">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Sharif" title="Bihar Sharif">Bihar Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begusarai" title="Begusarai">Begusarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar" title="Katihar">Katihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhapra" title="Chhapra">Chhapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajipur" title="Hajipur">Hajipur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patna_Municipal_Corporation" title="Patna Municipal Corporation">Patna Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li>Chhapra Municipal Corporation</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bihar" title="Politics of Bihar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bihar" title="Elections in Bihar">Elections in Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">JD-U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">RJD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Party" title="Lok Janshakti Party">LJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Morcha" title="Rashtriya Lok Morcha">RLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_Awam_Morcha" title="Hindustani Awam Morcha">HAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Bihar" title="Category:Political parties in Bihar">Other political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture" title="Bihari culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithils" title="Maithils">Maithils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_people" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_culture" title="Magahi culture">Magahi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bihar" title="Music of Bihar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture#Performing_arts" title="Bihari culture">Art and craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bihar" title="Religion in Bihar">Religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture" title="Bihari culture">Culture of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture#Angika_region" title="Bihari culture">Culture of Angika region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture#Bhojpuri_region" title="Bihari culture">Culture of Bhojpuri region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture#Magadh_region" title="Bihari culture">Culture of Magadh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_culture#Maithili_region" title="Bihari culture">Culture of Maithili region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_union_territories_of_India446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata917" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243407858">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006563-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077375">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547811605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8b7a43fc-0719-4cf5-b570-00a903a40ec5">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bihar">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar&oldid=1283391306">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar&oldid=1283391306</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bihar" title="Category:Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1912_establishments_in_India" title="Category:1912 establishments in India">1912 establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Hindi_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Hindi is an official language">Countries and territories where Hindi is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1912" title="Category:States and territories established in 1912">States and territories established in 1912</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Category:States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Urdu_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Urdu is an official language">Countries and territories where Urdu is an official language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)" title="Category:CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)">CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2016">Articles with dead external links from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range" title="Category:CS1: abbreviated year range">CS1: abbreviated year range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2025">Use dmy dates from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2025">Use Indian English from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_Indian_state_or_territory_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox Indian state or territory with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox Indian state or territory with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hindi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hindi-language text">Articles containing Hindi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hindi_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hindi IPA">Pages with Hindi IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections" title="Category:All articles that may have off-topic sections">All articles that may have off-topic sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_January_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from January 2020">Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2023">Articles with dead external links from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_links" title="Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links">Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 April 2025, at 06:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bihar</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>125 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-j58qh","wgBackendResponseTime":337,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.249","walltime":"2.725","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27310,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":727593,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44056,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":86,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":849704,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2211.194 1 -total"," 39.60% 875.573 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.28% 360.011 1 Template:Infobox_Indian_state_or_territory"," 15.96% 352.939 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 15.33% 339.080 2 Template:Infobox"," 13.36% 295.394 98 Template:Cite_web"," 12.07% 266.813 55 Template:Cite_news"," 6.17% 136.516 1 Template:Indic_Transl"," 5.45% 120.598 31 Template:Cite_book"," 4.28% 94.653 1 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.233","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21411301,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","340","27.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","11.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.3"],["is_generic \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1498\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","20","1.6"],["[others]","220","18.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-rzmks","timestamp":"20250402051344","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bihar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bihar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1165","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1165","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-26T00:13:58Z","dateModified":"2025-04-01T06:19:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dd\/Temple_No.-_3%2C_Nalanda_Archaeological_Site.jpg","headline":"state in eastern India"}</script> </body> </html>