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</li> <li id="toc-Social_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Social theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feminist_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Feminist theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biological theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Evolutionary biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalytic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalytic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Psychoanalytic theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalytic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_Inequality_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_Inequality_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gender Inequality today </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_Inequality_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_Patriarchy_on_Mental_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_Patriarchy_on_Mental_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Impact of Patriarchy on Mental Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_Patriarchy_on_Mental_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patriarchal_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarchal_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Patriarchal models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarchal_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Related topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparable_social_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparable_social_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Comparable social models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparable_social_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Contrast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Patriarchy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriargie" title="Patriargie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patriargie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="نظام أبوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام أبوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarc%C3%A1u" title="Patriarcáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patriarcáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarxat" title="Patriarxat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patriarxat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="পিতৃতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিতৃতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%AB-ko%C3%A2n-ch%C3%A8" title="Hū-koân-chè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hū-koân-chè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патрыярхат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патрыярхат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патрыярхат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Патрыярхат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патриархат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патриархат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrijarhat" title="Patrijarhat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patrijarhat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcat" title="Patriarcat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patriarcat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch%C3%A1t" title="Patriarchát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patriarchát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkat" title="Patriarkat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patriarkat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchat_(Soziologie)" title="Patriarchat (Soziologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patriarchat (Soziologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarhaat" title="Patriarhaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patriarhaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πατριαρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πατριαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcado_(sociolog%C3%ADa)" title="Patriarcado (sociología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patriarcado (sociología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkeco" title="Patriarkeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patriarkeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkatu" title="Patriarkatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patriarkatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پدرسالاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدرسالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcat_(sociologie)" title="Patriarcat (sociologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patriarcat (sociologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcado" title="Patriarcado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patriarcado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EA%B6%8C%EC%A0%9C" title="부권제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부권제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հայրիշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայրիշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पितृसत्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पितृसत्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrijarhat" title="Patrijarhat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patrijarhat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarki" title="Patriarki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patriarki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%C3%B0raveldi" title="Feðraveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Feðraveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcato_(sociologia)" title="Patriarcato (sociologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patriarcato (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94" title="פטריארכיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריארכיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патриархат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патриархат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taasubi_ya_kiume" title="Taasubi ya kiume – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taasubi ya kiume" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviksalar%C3%AE" title="Baviksalarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Baviksalarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патриархат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Патриархат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarh%C4%81ts" title="Patriarhāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patriarhāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchatas" title="Patriarchatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patriarchatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патријархат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патријархат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="പിതൃമേധാവിത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിതൃമേധാവിത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بتريركيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بتريركيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarki" title="Patriarki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patriarki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchaat_(sociologie)" title="Patriarchaat (sociologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patriarchaat (sociologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%88%B6%E9%95%B7%E5%88%B6" title="家父長制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="家父長制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkat" title="Patriarkat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patriarkat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcat" title="Patriarcat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Patriarcat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarxat" title="Patriarxat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Patriarxat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਿੱਤਰ ਸੱਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿੱਤਰ ਸੱਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="پدر شاہی حکومت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پدر شاہی حکومت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchat_(ustr%C3%B3j)" title="Patriarchat (ustrój) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patriarchat (ustrój)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarcado" title="Patriarcado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patriarcado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarhat" title="Patriarhat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patriarhat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патриархат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патриархат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkati" title="Patriarkati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patriarkati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="පීතෘමූලිකත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පීතෘමූලිකත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Patriarchy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%8A" title="پدرشاھي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پدرشاھي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch%C3%A1t_(mu%C5%BEi)" title="Patriarchát (muži) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patriarchát (muži)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarhat" title="Patriarhat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patriarhat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Патријархат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патријархат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrijarhat" title="Patrijarhat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patrijarhat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkaatti_(yhteiskuntatieteet)" title="Patriarkaatti (yhteiskuntatieteet) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patriarkaatti (yhteiskuntatieteet)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarkat_(sociologi)" title="Patriarkat (sociologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patriarkat (sociologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தந்தை மரபாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தந்தை மரபாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="ปิตาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปิตาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Падарсолорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Падарсолорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataerkillik" title="Ataerkillik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ataerkillik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Patriarchy (disambiguation)">Patriarchy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Macho politics" redirects here. For the concept of pride in male domination, see <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Patriarchal system" redirects here. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">legal anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Status and rank</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">Ascribed status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">Achieved status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_grade" title="Age grade">Age grade</a>/<a href="/wiki/Age_set" title="Age set">Age set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveling_mechanism" title="Leveling mechanism">Leveling mechanism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Leadership</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantribal sodalities">Pantribal sodalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">Paramount chief</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Polities</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">Band society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentary_lineage" title="Segmentary lineage">Segmentary lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_state" title="Theatre state">Theatre state</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Law and custom</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_warfare" title="Ritual warfare">Ritual warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Acephelous</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Societies without hierarchical leaders</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Systems" title="African Political Systems">African Political Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Papuan Big man system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Not_Being_Governed" title="The Art of Not Being Governed">The Art of Not Being Governed</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>State</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>Non-western state systems</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negara:_The_Theatre_State_in_Nineteenth-Century_Bali" title="Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali">Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology,_Tradition,_and_the_State_in_Africa" title="Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa">Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal systems</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">Kapu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Colonialism and resistance</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the People Without History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._Adamson_Hoebel" title="E. Adamson Hoebel">E. Adamson Hoebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Balandier" title="Georges Balandier">Georges Balandier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._G._Bailey" title="F. G. Bailey">F. G. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Boissevain" title="Jeremy Boissevain">Jeremy Boissevain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carneiro" title="Robert L. Carneiro">Robert L. Carneiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_J._M._Claessen" title="Henri J. M. Claessen">Henri J. M. Claessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Comaroff" title="Jean Comaroff">Jean Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Comaroff" title="John Comaroff">John Comaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Clastres" title="Pierre Clastres">Pierre Clastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fikentscher" title="Wolfgang Fikentscher">Wolfgang Fikentscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Fortes" title="Meyer Fortes">Meyer Fortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Fried" title="Morton Fried">Morton Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" title="Ernest Gellner">Ernest Gellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Gill" title="Lesley Gill">Lesley Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Hannerz" title="Ulf Hannerz">Ulf Hannerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blom_Hansen" title="Thomas Blom Hansen">Thomas Blom Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_C._Lewellen" title="Ted C. Lewellen">Ted C. Lewellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mertz" title="Elizabeth Mertz">Elizabeth Mertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Falk_Moore" title="Sally Falk Moore">Sally Falk Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Needham" title="Rodney Needham">Rodney Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elman_Service" title="Elman Service">Elman Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Southall" title="Aidan Southall">Aidan Southall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spencer" title="Jonathan Spencer">Jonathan Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Thomassen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Thomassen">Bjorn Thomassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._White" title="Douglas R. White">Douglas R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumscription_theory" title="Circumscription theory">Circumscription theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_paradigm" title="Left–right paradigm">Left–right paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Analysis_and_Ethnographic_Problems" title="Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems">Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Anthropology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Political and Legal Anthropology Review">Political and Legal Anthropology Review</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Legal_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Legal Anthropology (page does not exist)">Journal of Legal Anthropology</a></li> <li>Journal of Law and Society</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_anthropology" title="Template talk:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Patriarchy is a <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> in which men typically hold authority and responsibility. In <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, it refers to a family or <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> structure where the father or eldest male holds supremacy within the family, while in <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>, it encompasses a broader social structure where men collectively dominate societal norms and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Patriarchal <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> acts to explain and rationalize patriarchy by attributing <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a> to inherent <a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">natural differences between men and women</a>, divine commandment, or other fixed structures.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2010-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">Sociologists</a> tend to disagree with some of the predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> processes are primarily responsible for establishing <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Henslin_2001-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociobiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociobiologist">Sociobiologists</a> compare human gender roles to sexed behavior in other primates and some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] argue that gender inequality comes primarily from genetic and reproductive differences between men and women. <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructionists">Social constructionists</a> contest this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain control over women. Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organization of a range of different cultures.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Most contemporary societies are, in practice, patriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-Lockard_p88-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pateman_2016-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Patriarchy literally means "the rule of the father"<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1999-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green_2010-4">[4]</a> and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> πατριάρχης (patriarkhēs),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> "father or chief of a race",<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of πατριά (patria), "lineage, descent, family, fatherland"<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> (from πατήρ patēr, "father")<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and ἀρχή (arkhē), "domination, authority, sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Historically, the term patriarchy has been used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> rule by the male head of a family; however, since the late 20th century it has also been used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social systems</a> in which power is primarily held by adult men.<a href="#cite_note-Cannell_1996-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meagher_2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hennessy_2012-18">[18]</a> The term was particularly used by writers associated with <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a>; these writers sought to use an understanding of patriarchal social relations to liberate women from male domination.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_1999-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick_2013-20">[20]</a> This concept of patriarchy was developed to explain male dominance as a social, rather than biological, phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Meagher_2011-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Patriarchy is a social system in which men are the primary <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> figures in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Political_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Political leader">political leadership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> and control of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catalano_p187-21">[21]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Walby" title="Sylvia Walby">Sylvia Walby</a> defines patriarchy as "a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women".<a href="#cite_note-Walby_1989-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a> along gender lines, with power predominantly held by men, has been observed in most, but not all societies.<a href="#cite_note-Lockard_p88-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meagher_2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hennessy_2012-18">[18]</a> The concept of patriarchy is also related to <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineality</a> in a anthropological sense, although not exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_division_of_labour">Sexual division of labour</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sexual division of labour">edit</a>]</div> Some preconditions for the eventual development of patriarchy were the emergence of increased <a href="/wiki/Paternal_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternal investment">paternal investment</a> in the offspring, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fatherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherhood">fatherhood</a>, and of a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">sexual division of labour</a>. Several researchers have stated that the first signs of a sexual division of labour dates from around 2 million years ago, deep within humanity's evolutionary past.<a href="#cite_note-Wrangham_2009-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Betuel_2020-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alger_2020-28">[28]</a> It has been connected to an evolutionary process during a period of resource scarcity in Africa approximately 2 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Betuel_2020-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alger_2020-28">[28]</a> In the 2009 book <a href="/wiki/Catching_Fire:_How_Cooking_Made_Us_Human" title="Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human">Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wrangham_2009-26">[26]</a> British <a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">primatologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a> suggests that the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">division of labor</a> between males and females may have originated with the invention of cooking,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rehg_2010-30">[30]</a> which is estimated to have happened simultaneously with <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">humans gaining control of fire</a> between 1 and 2 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Herculano-Houzel_2016-31">[31]</a> The idea was early proposed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in an <a href="/wiki/The_Part_Played_by_Labour_in_the_Transition_from_Ape_to_Man" title="The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man">unfinished essay from 1876</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_hierarchies">Sex hierarchies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sex hierarchies">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychological</a> evidence suggests that most <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> societies were relatively <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lockard_p88-7">[7]</a> and suggests that patriarchal social structures did not develop until after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch, following social and technological developments such as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eagly_1999-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erdal_1996-34">[34]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Strozier" title="Robert M. Strozier">Robert M. Strozier</a>, historical research has not yet found a specific "initiating event".<a href="#cite_note-Strozier_2002-35">[35]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a> asserts in her 1986 book <a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Patriarchy" title="The Creation of Patriarchy">The Creation of Patriarchy</a> that there was no single event, and documents that patriarchy as a social system arose in different parts of the world at different times.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p8-36">[36]</a> Some scholars point to social and technological events, notably the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, about six thousand years ago (4000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theory, as articulated mainly by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a> (1884), assigns the origin of patriarchy to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, which has traditionally been controlled by men. In this view, men directed household production and sought to control women in order to ensure the passing of family property to their own (male) offspring, while women were limited to household labor and producing children.<a href="#cite_note-Cannell_1996-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_1999-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryson_2000-39">[39]</a> Lerner disputes this idea, arguing that patriarchy emerged before the development of class-based society and the concept of private property.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p53-40">[40]</a> Domination by men of women is found in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> as far back as 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a woman's reproductive capacity and exclusion from "the process of representing or the construction of history".<a href="#cite_note-Strozier_2002-35">[35]</a> According to some researchers, with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, there is also "the exclusion of woman from the God-humanity covenant".<a href="#cite_note-Strozier_2002-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p8-36">[36]</a> The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> argues that waves of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">kurgan</a>-building invaders from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Ukrainian steppes</a> into the early agricultural cultures of <a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a> in the Aegean, the Balkans and southern Italy instituted male hierarchies that led to the rise of patriarchy in <a href="/wiki/Western_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Western society">Western society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Steven Taylor argues that the rise of patriarchal domination was associated with the appearance of socially stratified hierarchical polities, institutionalised violence and the separated individuated ego associated with a period of climatic stress.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Western_history">Ancient Western history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Western history">edit</a>]</div> A prominent Greek general <a href="/wiki/Meno_(general)" title="Meno (general)">Meno</a>, in the Platonic dialogue of the same name, sums up the prevailing sentiment in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> about the respective virtues of men and women. He says:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> First of all, if you take the virtue of a man, it is easily stated that a man's virtue is this—that he be competent to manage the affairs of his city, and to manage them so as to benefit his friends and harm his enemies, and to take care to avoid suffering harm himself. Or take a woman's virtue: there is no difficulty in describing it as the duty of ordering the house well, looking after the property indoors, and obeying her husband. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Meno, Plato in Twelve Volumes</cite></div></blockquote> The works of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> portrayed women as morally, intellectually, and physically inferior to men; saw women as the property of men; claimed that women's role in society was to reproduce and to serve men in the household; and saw male domination of women as natural and virtuous.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Not all of the great Greek thinkers believed that women were inferior. Aristotle's teacher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> laid out his vision of the most just society in his work <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>. In it, Plato argues that women would have complete educational and political equality in such a society, and would serve in the military. The <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a> also valued the participation of women, who were treated as intellectual equals. Lerner states that Aristotle believed that women had colder blood than men, which made women not evolve into men, the sex that Aristotle believed to be perfect and superior. <a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Cline_Horowitz" title="Maryanne Cline Horowitz">Maryanne Cline Horowitz</a> stated that Aristotle believed that "soul contributes the form and model of creation". This implies that any imperfection that is caused in the world must be caused by a woman because one cannot acquire an imperfection from perfection (which he perceived as male). Aristotle had a hierarchical ruling structure in his theories. Lerner claims that through this patriarchal belief system, passed down generation to generation, people have been conditioned to believe that men are superior to women. These symbols are benchmarks which children learn about when they grow up, and the cycle of patriarchy continues much past the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p199-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> left no philosophical record, but <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> left a record of his shock at the contrast between the roles of Egyptian women and the women of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. He observed that Egyptian women attended market and were employed in <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. In ancient Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> women were eligible to sit on a local <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a>, engage in <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> transactions, and inherit or bequeath <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>. Women also secured loans, and witnessed legal documents. <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Classical_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Classical Athens">Athenian women</a> were denied such rights.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Greek influence</a> spread, however, with the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who was educated by Aristotle.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Western_history">Modern Western history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Western history">edit</a>]</div> Although many 16th- and 17th-century theorists agreed with Aristotle's views concerning the place of women in society, none of them tried to prove political obligation on the basis of the patriarchal family until sometime after 1680. The patriarchal political theory is closely associated with Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a>. Sometime before 1653, Filmer completed a work entitled <a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a>. However, it was not published until after his death. In it, he defended the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> as having title inherited from <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, the first man of the human species, according to <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian-Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian-Islamic">Judeo-Christian-Islamic</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> However, in the latter half of the 18th century, clerical sentiments of patriarchy were meeting challenges from intellectual authorities – <a href="/wiki/Diderot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot">Diderot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a> denies inheritance of paternal authority stating, "... reason shows us that mothers have rights and authority equal to those of fathers; for the obligations imposed on children originate equally from the mother and the father, as both are equally responsible for bringing them into the world. Thus the positive laws of God that relate to the obedience of children join the father and the mother without any differentiation; both possess a kind of ascendancy and jurisdiction over their children...."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the 19th century, various women began to question the commonly accepted patriarchal interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Christian_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian scripture">Christian scripture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a> voiced skepticism about the ability of men to translate and interpret passages relating to the roles of the sexes without bias. She proposed alternative translations and interpretations of passages relating to women, and she applied historical and cultural criticism to a number of verses, arguing that their admonitions applied to specific historical situations, and were not to be viewed as universal commands.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> used Grimké's criticism of biblical sources to establish a basis for feminist thought. She published <a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Bible" title="The Woman's Bible">The Woman's Bible</a>, which proposed a feminist reading of the Old and New Testament. This tendency was enlarged by feminist theory, which denounced the patriarchal Judeo-Christian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2020, social theorist and theologian <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Storkey" title="Elaine Storkey">Elaine Storkey</a> retold the stories of thirty biblical women in her book Women in a Patriarchal World and applied the challenges they faced to women today. Working from both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, she analysed different variations of patriarchy, and outlined the paradox of Rahab, a prostitute in the Old Testament who became a role-model in the New Testament Epistle of James, and Epistle to the Hebrews.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In his essay "A Judicial Patriarchy: Family Law at the Turn of the Century", Michael Grossberg coined the phrase "judicial patriarchy", stating that "The judge became the buffer between the family and the state", and that "Judicial patriarchs dominated family law because within these institutional and intraclass rivalries judges succeeded in protecting their power over the law governing the hearth."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>: 290–291  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_history">Asian history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asian history">edit</a>]</div> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, power in society was more evenly distributed, particularly in the religious domain, where <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintoism</a> worships the goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>, and ancient writings were replete with references to great priestesses and magicians. However, at the time contemporary with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> in the West, "the emperor of Japan changed Japanese modes of worship", giving supremacy to male deities and suppressing belief in female spiritual power in what feminist scholars in the field of religious studies have called a "patriarchal revolution."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In ancient China, gender roles and patriarchy were shaped by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Adopted as the official religion in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, Confucianism has strong dictates regarding the behavior of women, declaring a woman's place in society, as well as outlining virtuous behavior.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Obediences_and_Four_Virtues" title="Three Obediences and Four Virtues">Three Obediences and Four Virtues</a>, a Confucian text, places a woman's value on her loyalty and obedience. It explains that an obedient woman is to obey their father before her marriage, her husband after marriage, and her first son if widowed, and that a virtuous woman must practice sexual propriety, proper speech, modest appearance, and hard work.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>, a Confucian disciple, writes in her book <a href="/wiki/Lessons_for_Women" title="Lessons for Women">Precepts for Women</a> that a woman's primary concern is to subordinate themselves before patriarchal figures, such as a husband or father, and that they need not concern themselves with intelligence or talent.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Ban Zhao is considered by some historians as an early champion for women's education in China; however, her extensive writing on the value of a woman's mediocrity and servile behavior leaves others feeling that this narrative is the result of a misplaced desire to cast her in a contemporary feminist light.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Similarly to Three Obediences and Four Virtues, Precepts for Women was meant as a moral guide for proper feminine behavior, and was widely accepted as such for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In China's <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, widowed women were expected to never remarry, and unmarried women were expected to remain chaste for the duration of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Exemplary_Women" title="Biographies of Exemplary Women">Biographies of Exemplary Women</a>, a book containing biographies of women who lived according to the Confucian ideals of virtuous womanhood, popularized an entire genre of similar writing during the Ming dynasty. Women who lived according to this <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> ideal were celebrated in official documents, and some had structures erected in their honor.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In China's <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, laws governing morality, sexuality, and gender-relations continued to be based on Confucian teachings. Men and women were both subject to strict laws regarding sexual behavior, however men were punished infrequently in comparison to women. Additionally, women's punishment often carried strong <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>, "rendering [women] unmarriageable", a stigma which did not follow men.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, laws governing morality which were written as egalitarian were selectively enforced favoring men, with insufficient enforcement against <a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">female infanticide</a> in various areas, while infanticide of any form was, by the letter of the law, prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_theories">Social theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction of gender difference">Social construction of gender difference</a></div> Sociologists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy<a href="#cite_note-Macionis_2012-66">[66]</a> and contend that socialization processes are primarily responsible for establishing <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Henslin_2001-5">[5]</a> According to standard sociological theory, patriarchy is the result of sociological constructions that are passed down from generation to generation.<a href="#cite_note-Sanderson_2001-67">[67]</a> These constructions are most pronounced in societies with traditional cultures and less economic development.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Even in modern, developed societies, however, gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions largely favor males having a dominant status.<a href="#cite_note-Henslin_2001-5">[5]</a> Although patriarchy exists within the scientific atmosphere,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] "the periods over which women would have been at a physiological disadvantage in participation in hunting through being at a late stage of pregnancy or early stage of child-rearing would have been short".<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a>: 157  During the time of the nomads, patriarchy still grew with power. Lewontin and others argue that such biological determinism unjustly limits women. In his study, he states women behave a certain way not because they are biologically inclined to, but rather because they are judged by "how well they conform to the stereotypical local image of femininity".<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a>: 137  Feminists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe that people have gendered biases, which are perpetuated and enforced across generations by those who benefit from them.<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a> For instance, it has historically been claimed that women cannot make rational decisions during their menstrual periods. This claim cloaks the fact that men also have periods of time where they can be aggressive and irrational; furthermore, unrelated effects of aging and similar medical problems are often blamed on menopause, amplifying its reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Coney_1994-70">[70]</a> These biological traits and others specific to women, such as their ability to get pregnant, are often used against them as an attribute of weakness.<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coney_1994-70">[70]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Walby" title="Sylvia Walby">Sylvia Walby</a> has composed six overlapping structures that define patriarchy and that take different forms in different cultures and different times:<a href="#cite_note-Walby_1989-22">[22]</a> <ol><li>The household: women are more likely to have their labor expropriated by their husbands such as through housework and raising children</li> <li>Paid work: women are likely to be paid less and face exclusion from paid work</li> <li>The state: women are unlikely to have formal power and representation</li> <li>Violence: women are more prone to being abused</li> <li>Sexuality: women's sexuality is more likely to be treated negatively</li> <li>Culture: representation of women in different cultural contexts</li></ol> The idea that patriarchy is natural has, however, come under attack from many sociologists, explaining that patriarchy evolved due to historical, rather than biological, conditions. In technologically simple societies, men's greater physical strength and women's common experience of pregnancy combined to sustain patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a> Gradually, technological advances, especially industrial machinery, diminished the primacy of physical strength in everyday life. Introduction of household appliances reduced the amount of manual labor needed in the households.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Similarly, contraception has given women control over their reproductive cycle.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] Patriarchy and Feminism Patriarchy generally falls under two categories, "traditional patriarchy" and "structural patriarchy" (Pierik).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Traditional patriarchy refers to the idea that the father is the head of the household and is at the top of families’ social hierarchies. This patriarchal structure is most apparent in the American representation of a nuclear family; the father works and brings home an income while the mother takes care of the children and the household. This economic power dynamic in the home typically places the desires of the man/father/husband as priority over the desires of the woman/mother/wife. Structural patriarchy expands the range of this social hierarchy outside of just the home and family dynamic. The typical influence that men hold in the home is extended to their social and professional positions. Women are often considered the caretakers of the workplace when in a professional setting while men do the labor. This dynamic can be seen in an office setting, with men as sources of income for the business and women in roles as secretaries to care for the workplace. This system leans into the idea that men are typically placed in higher-power positions in society due to the traditional role of a financial provider, and women fall into caretaker roles.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Development of Feminism The extended presence of patriarchal structures has led to the establishment of feministic ideals over centuries (Brunell).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Several prominent fronts led to and continue to push the development of feminism; including paid and unpaid labor and expectations of gender roles(Thompson).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Men are traditionally viewed as the breadwinners in a patriarchal society, and women are seen as homemakers. Formal job occupations outside of the home, traditionally carried out by men in a patriarchal society, are paid labor. Any work done inside of the home without financial compensation, traditionally carried out by women in patriarchal societies, is unpaid labor. Until 1974, women were not allowed to have their bank accounts, which pushed the financial divide further and placed men in higher economic positions. (Adam)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The uneven financial compensation between these levels of labor is one of the factors that pushed feministic ideals forward. The Role of Patriarchy in Feminism With men being expected to bring home an income to support a family and the entire household, the strain of the increasing cost of living makes that ideal impractical. Because of this economic strain, many households rely on multiple incomes from both men and women. When women would traditionally be expected to stay home and provide childcare, they now have to seek it out elsewhere to provide for the family, which in turn drives up the cost of living further. With this reliance on further income and sourcing traditionally female childcare roles outside of the home, patriarchal norms start to become less relevant. This breakdown of traditional roles leads to the natural decrease of a gender-specific social structure. Feminist Ideologies Feminism is not a direct opposition to patriarchy, it is a theory in response to patriarchy. Feminism focuses on the empowerment of women in society and the dismissal of traditional gender roles that are oppressive. Traditional female roles in the household are largely abandoned, and equal opportunity for women is the largest ideal that feminism stands with. Feminist theories believe that financial and social opportunities should be equally available for all. This social division of gender roles as caretakers and providers is broken down to better allow women to participate outside of caring for a home and children. Financial opportunity refers to employment pursuits, access to one's own finances, and wage equality for job positions that are available for both men and women. The wage gap issues and traditional roles as unpaid laborers for the family significantly drive the growth of feminism in modern social settings. Which in turn shuts down patriarchal structures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_theory">Feminist theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feminist theory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg/220px-Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg/330px-Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg/440px-Fight_Patriarchy_graffiti_in_Turin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>"FIGHT PATRIARCHY" – a graffito in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></figcaption></figure> Feminist theorists have written extensively about patriarchy either as a primary cause of women's oppression, or as part of an interactive system. <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a>, a radical-libertarian feminist, defines patriarchy as a system of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of women. Firestone believes that patriarchy is caused by the biological inequalities between women and men, e.g. that women bear children, while men do not. Firestone writes that patriarchal ideologies support the oppression of women and gives as an example the joy of giving birth, which she labels a patriarchal myth. For Firestone, women must gain control over reproduction in order to be free from oppression.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p8-36">[36]</a> Feminist historian <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a> believes that male control over women's sexuality and reproductive functions is a fundamental cause and result of patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p238-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alison_Jaggar" title="Alison Jaggar">Alison Jaggar</a> also understands patriarchy as the primary cause of women's oppression. The system of patriarchy accomplishes this by alienating women from their bodies. Interactive systems theorists <a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Iris Marion Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Hartmann" title="Heidi Hartmann">Heidi Hartmann</a> believe that patriarchy and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> interact together to oppress women. Young, Hartmann, and other <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminists</a> use the terms patriarchal capitalism or capitalist patriarchy to describe the interactive relationship of capitalism and patriarchy in producing and reproducing the oppression of women.<a href="#cite_note-Tong_2017-80">[80]</a> According to Hartmann, the term patriarchy redirects the focus of oppression from the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">labour division</a> to a moral and political responsibility liable directly to men as a <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. In its being both systematic and universal, therefore, the concept of patriarchy represents an adaptation of the Marxist concept of class and <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_German" title="Lindsey German">Lindsey German</a> represents an outlier in this regard. German argued for a need to redefine the origins and sources of the patriarchy, describing the mainstream theories as providing "little understanding of how women's oppression and the nature of the family have changed historically. Nor is there much notion of how widely differing that oppression is from class to class."<a href="#cite_note-German_1981-82">[82]</a> Instead, the patriarchy is not the result of men's oppression of women or sexism per se, with men not even identified as the main beneficiaries of such a system, but <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> itself. As such, female liberation needs to begin "with an assessment of the material position of women in capitalist society."<a href="#cite_note-German_1981-82">[82]</a> In that, German differs from Young or Hartmann by rejecting the notion ("eternal truth") that the patriarchy is at the root of female oppression.<a href="#cite_note-German_1981-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, an African American feminist writer and theorist, believed that <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and patriarchy were intertwined systems of oppression.<a href="#cite_note-Tong_2017-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ruddick" title="Sara Ruddick">Sara Ruddick</a>, a philosopher who wrote about "good mothers" in the context of maternal ethics, describes the dilemma facing contemporary mothers who must train their children within a patriarchal system. She asks whether a "good mother" trains her son to be competitive, individualistic, and comfortable within the hierarchies of patriarchy, knowing that he may likely be economically successful but a mean person, or whether she resists patriarchal ideologies and <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socializes</a> her son to be cooperative and communal but economically unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p8-36">[36]</a> Lerner, in her 1986 book The Creation of Patriarchy, makes a series of arguments about the origins and reproduction of patriarchy as a system of oppression of women, and concludes that patriarchy is <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">socially constructed</a> and seen as natural and invisible.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner_p238-79">[79]</a> Some feminist theorists believe that patriarchy is an unjust <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> that is harmful to both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> It often includes any social, political, or economic mechanism that evokes male dominance over women. Because patriarchy is a social construction, it can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Jaggar, Young, and Hartmann are among the feminist theorists who argue that the system of patriarchy should be completely overturned, especially the <a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">heteropatriarchal</a> family, which they see as a necessary component of female oppression. The family not only serves as a representative of the greater civilization by pushing its own affiliates to change and obey, but performs as a component in the rule of the patriarchal state that rules its inhabitants with the head of the family.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Many feminists (especially scholars and activists) have called for culture repositioning as a method for deconstructing patriarchy. Culture repositioning relates to <a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">culture change</a>. It involves the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Prior to the widespread use of the term patriarchy, early feminists used <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism#Male_chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">male chauvinism</a> and sexism to refer roughly to the same phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-hooks_p17-87">[87]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> argues that the new term identifies the ideological system itself (that men claim dominance and superiority to women) that can be believed and acted upon by either men or women, whereas the earlier terms imply only men act as oppressors of women.<a href="#cite_note-hooks_p17-87">[87]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Joan_Acker" title="Joan Acker">Joan Acker</a>, analyzing the concept of patriarchy and the role that it has played in the development of feminist thought, says that seeing patriarchy as a "universal, trans-historical and trans-cultural phenomenon" where "women were everywhere oppressed by men in more or less the same ways […] tended toward a biological essentialism."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Anna Pollert has described use of the term patriarchy as circular and conflating description and explanation. She remarks the discourse on patriarchy creates a "theoretical impasse ... imposing a structural label on what it is supposed to explain" and therefore impoverishes the possibility of explaining <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_theories">Biological theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biological theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Social construction of gender difference">Social construction of gender difference</a></div> Studies of male <a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals" title="Sexual coercion among animals">sexual coercion</a> and female resistance in nonhuman <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>) suggest that sexual conflicts of interest underlying the patriarchy precede the emergence of the human species.<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_1995-92">[92]</a> However, the extent of male power over females varies greatly across different primate species.<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_1995-92">[92]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a> (a close relative of humans), for example, male coercion of females is rarely, if ever, observed,<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_1995-92">[92]</a> and bonobos are widely considered to be <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a> in their social structure.<a href="#cite_note-Sommer_2010-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosson_2018-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> There is also considerable variation in the role that gender plays in human societies, and there is no academic consensus on to what extent <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">biology determines</a> human social structure. The <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> states that "...many cultures bestow power preferentially on one sex or the other...."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_2018-96">[96]</a> Some anthropologists, such as Floriana Ciccodicola, have argued that patriarchy is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ciccodicola_2012-97">[97]</a> and the masculinities scholar <a href="/wiki/David_Buchbinder" title="David Buchbinder">David Buchbinder</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>' description of the term <a href="/wiki/Ex-nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-nomination">ex-nomination</a>, i.e. patriarchy as the 'norm' or common sense, is relevant.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] However, there do exist cultures that some anthropologists have described as matriarchal. Among the <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a> (a tiny society in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan Province</a>, China), for example, women exert greater power, authority, and control over decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-Macionis_2012-66">[66]</a> Other societies are <a href="/wiki/Matrilinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilinear">matrilinear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a>, primarily among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous tribal groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="!Kung">!Kung</a> of southern Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Lockard_p88-7">[7]</a> have been characterized as largely <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Erdal_1996-34">[34]</a> Some proponents[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] of the <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">biological determinist</a> understanding of patriarchy argue that because of human female biology, women are more fit to perform roles such as anonymous child-rearing at home, rather than high-profile decision-making roles, such as leaders in battles. Through this basis, "the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">sexual division of labor</a> in primitive societies is a starting point as much for purely social accounts of the origins of patriarchy as for biological."<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a>: 157 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Hence, the rise of patriarchy is recognized through this apparent "sexual division".<a href="#cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_biology">Evolutionary biology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evolutionary biology">edit</a>]</div> An early theory in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s_principle" title="Bateman's principle">Bateman's principle</a>, argues that females almost always invest more energy into producing offspring than males, and therefore, females are a <a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">limiting factor</a> over which males of most species will compete. This idea suggests that females prefer males who control more resources that can help her and her offspring, which in turn causes an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">evolutionary pressure</a> on males to be competitive with each other in order to gain resources and power.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Sociobiologist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Goldberg" title="Steven Goldberg">Steven Goldberg</a> argues that social behavior is primarily determined by <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, and thus that patriarchy arises more as a result of inherent biology than <a href="/wiki/Social_conditioning" title="Social conditioning">social conditioning</a>. Goldberg contends that patriarchy is a universal feature of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">human culture</a>. In 1973, Goldberg wrote, "The ethnographic studies of every society that has ever been observed explicitly state that these feelings were present, there is literally no variation at all."<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_1974-101">[101]</a> Goldberg has critics among anthropologists. Concerning Goldberg's claims about the "feelings of both men and women", <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a> countered in 1974 that the data on women's attitudes are "sparse and contradictory", and that the data on male attitudes about male–female relations are "ambiguous". Also, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> on the cultures represented in the studies were not considered.<a href="#cite_note-Leacock_1974-102">[102]</a> Anthropologist and psychologist <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smuts" title="Barbara Smuts">Barbara Smuts</a> argues that patriarchy evolved in humans through conflict between the respective reproductive interests of males and females. She lists six ways it may have emerged:<a href="#cite_note-Smuts_1995-92">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <ol><li>a reduction in female allies</li> <li>elaboration of male-male alliances</li> <li>increased male control over resources</li> <li>increased hierarchy formation among men</li> <li>female strategies that reinforce male control over females</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">evolution of language</a> and its power to create ideology.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychoanalytic_theories">Psychoanalytic theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Psychoanalytic theories">edit</a>]</div> While the term patriarchy often refers to male domination generally, another interpretation sees it as literally "rule of the father".<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1974-103">[103]</a> So some people[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe patriarchy does not refer simply to male power over women, but the expression of power dependent on age as well as gender, such as by older men over women, children, and younger men. Some of these younger men may inherit and therefore have a stake in continuing these conventions. Others may rebel.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] This psychoanalytic model is based upon revisions of Freud's description of the normally neurotic family using the analogy of the story of <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Those who fall outside the Oedipal triad of mother/father/child are less subject to male authority.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The operations of power in such cases are usually enacted unconsciously. All are subject, even fathers are bound by its strictures.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> It is represented in unspoken traditions and conventions performed in everyday behaviors, customs, and habits.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1974-103">[103]</a> The triangular relationship of a father, a mother and an inheriting eldest son frequently form the dynamic and emotional narratives of popular culture and are enacted <a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">performatively</a> in rituals of courtship and marriage.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> They provide conceptual models for organising power relations in spheres that have nothing to do with the family, for example, politics and business.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Arguing from this standpoint, radical feminist <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> wrote in her 1970 <a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a>: <blockquote>Marx was on to something more profound than he knew when he observed that the family contained within itself in embryo all the antagonisms that later develop on a wide scale within the society and the state. For unless revolution uproots the basic social organisation, the biological family – the vinculum through which the psychology of power can always be smuggled – the tapeworm of exploitation will never be annihilated.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_Inequality_today">Gender Inequality today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gender Inequality today">edit</a>]</div> According to United Nations, $6.4 trillion the estimated annual requirement for certain sectors in 48 developing countries. This accounts for almost 70% of the world's population in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> The President of the General Assembly, Dennis Francis emphasized the need to reverse the prediction of 340 million women in extreme poverty by 2030 due to the finding of one in every ten women currently living in extreme poverty. Women are also being targeted in places like Palestine, Ukraine, and Haiti, as he stated that credible evidence of sexual abuse was found.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> Sexual violence impacts individuals of all genders, though women are disproportionately affected. Additionally, most perpetrators are male, which some view as reinforcing traditional power structures associated with patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> Sima Bahouse, the Executive director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, emphasized the urgent need to eliminate poverty for women and girls, advocating for inclusive fiscal policies that promote equitable redistribution and progressive taxation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> Key priorities include enhancing public services and creating gender-responsive social protection systems that specifically benefit women and girls in poverty. Investing in the care economy is highlighted as essential for alleviating their poverty and fostering sustainable economic growth. The speaker rejected excuses about the difficulty or cost of these initiatives, asserting that a fair and sustainable future for all women and girls is achievable.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_Patriarchy_on_Mental_Health">Impact of Patriarchy on Mental Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact of Patriarchy on Mental Health">edit</a>]</div> The patriarchal framework of gender norms has established specific behavioral expectations for individuals according to their biological sex. Some individuals may not desire to adhere to the strict "acceptable behaviors" or gender boundaries set by society, which could be traumatic for some. These individuals are excluded and faced with alienation, making them more vulnerable to sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> For example, LGBTQ+ members frequently fall victim to sexual abuse and harassment. Consequently, a patriarchal society creates an inherently unsafe and harmful environment for non-conforming women and those who do not adhere to rigid societal norms of gender and sexuality. While this power disparity is often perceived as primarily benefiting men, it also poses hidden risks to their psychological well-being.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> With social media being very present today, individuals are increasingly susceptible to the negative impacts of patriarchy on their mental health. The internet has facilitated the spread of gender-based discrimination, reinforced patriarchal norms, and propagated negative representations of women. Research has shown that "social media use may be linked to adverse mental health effects, such as suicidal thoughts, feelings of loneliness, and reduced empathy".<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> For instance, social media platforms often feature curated images that promote unrealistic body standards or lifestyles, leading to feelings of comparison, jealousy, and anxiety among users. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarchal_models">Patriarchal models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patriarchal models">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_patriarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese patriarchy">Chinese patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domostroy" title="Domostroy">Domostroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopatriarchy" title="Neopatriarchy">Neopatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">Pater familias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">Deme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genos" title="Genos">genos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_topics">Related topics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Related topics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">Androcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-subordination_principle" title="Anti-subordination principle">Anti-subordination principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Patriarchy_and_the_Case_for_Socialist_Feminism" title="Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism">Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cit%C3%A9_antique" class="mw-redirect" title="La Cité antique">La Cité antique</a> (about anthropological patriachy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_principle_(sociology)" title="Correspondence principle (sociology)">Correspondence principle (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">Family economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">Hegemonic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Homemaker">Homemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_expendability" title="Male expendability">Male expendability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Patriarch (disambiguation)">Patriarch (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patrician (ancient Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallocentrism" title="Phallocentrism">Phallocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_preference" title="Son preference">Son preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_fatherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of fatherhood">Sociology of fatherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_patriarchy" title="Tree of patriarchy">Tree of patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womb_envy" title="Womb envy">Womb envy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparable_social_models">Comparable social models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Comparable social models">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcracy" title="Androcracy">Androcracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contrast">Contrast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contrast">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Shared earning/shared parenting marriage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia 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Britannica. 2 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=patriarchy&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpatriarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Meaning of patriarchy in English". 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Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 969–970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6846-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6846-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-6846-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+Ideology+of+Motherhood&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Motherhood%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=969-970&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6846-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Fiona+Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henslin_2001-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henslin_2001_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henslin_2001_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henslin_2001_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenslin2001" class="citation book cs1">Henslin, James M. (2001). Essentials of Sociology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 65–67, 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-536-94185-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-536-94185-5"><bdi>978-0-536-94185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Sociology&rft.pages=65-67%2C+240&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-536-94185-5&rft.aulast=Henslin&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalti-Douglas2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fedwa_Malti-Douglas" title="Fedwa Malti-Douglas">Malti-Douglas, Fedwa</a> (2007). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Detroit: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865960-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865960-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865960-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sex+and+Gender&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865960-2&rft.aulast=Malti-Douglas&rft.aufirst=Fedwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockard_p88-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_p88_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_p88_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_p88_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_p88_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockard2015" class="citation book cs1">Lockard, Craig (2015). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History (3rd ed.). Stamford, Conn.: Cengage Learning. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-78312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-78312-3"><bdi>978-1-285-78312-3</bdi></a>. <q>Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious power in most societies thanks to patriarchy, a system whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior, and generally dominate society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=Stamford%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-285-78312-3&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pateman_2016-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Pateman_2016_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPateman2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Pateman, Carole</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss468">"Sexual Contract"</a>. In Naples, Nancy A. (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118663219.wbegss468">10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss468</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9694-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-9694-9</bdi></a>. <q>The heyday of the patriarchal structures analyzed in The Sexual Contract extended from the 1840s to the late 1970s [...] Nevertheless, men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexual+Contract&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Sexuality+Studies%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118663219.wbegss468&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9694-9&rft.aulast=Pateman&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1002%2F9781118663219.wbegss468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson_1999-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_1999_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Ferguson" title="Kathy Ferguson">Ferguson, Kathy E.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesenc0000unse_l3o9/mode/1up?view=theater">"Patriarchy"</a>. In Tierney, Helen (ed.). Women's Studies Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (revised and expanded ed.). Greenwood Publishing. p. 1048. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31072-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Studies+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=1048&rft.edition=revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31072-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Kathy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensstudiesenc0000unse_l3o9%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103003358/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/patriarchy">"patriarchy"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/patriarchy">the original</a> on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=patriarchy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpatriarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=patriarchy">"patriarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=patriarchy&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dpatriarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=patria/rxhs">πατριάρχης</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=patria/">πατριά</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=path/r">πατήρ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)rxh/">ἀρχή</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannell_1996-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cannell_1996_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cannell_1996_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannellGreen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cannell, Fenella; Green, Sarah (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialscienceenc0002unse/page/592/mode/1up?view=theater">"Patriarchy"</a>. In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). The Social Science Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 592–593. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-510829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-510829-4"><bdi>978-0-41-510829-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=The+Social+Science+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=592-593&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-41-510829-4&rft.aulast=Cannell&rft.aufirst=Fenella&rft.au=Green%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialscienceenc0002unse%2Fpage%2F592%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meagher_2011-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meagher_2011_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meagher_2011_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meagher_2011_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeagher2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Meagher" title="Michelle Meagher">Meagher, Michelle</a> (2011). "Patriarchy". In Ritzer, George; Ryan, J. Michael (eds.). The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 441–442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8353-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-8353-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Sociology&rft.pages=441-442&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8353-6&rft.aulast=Meagher&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hennessy_2012-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hennessy_2012_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennessy_2012_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessy2012" class="citation book cs1">Hennessy, Rosemary (2012). "Patriarchy". In Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.L.; Muller, H. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Routledge. pp. 420–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-678694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-678694-5"><bdi>978-1-13-678694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Social+Theory&rft.pages=420-422&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-13-678694-5&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner_1999-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_1999_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_1999_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1999" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Jean (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo02ohar/page/843">"Patriarchy"</a>. In O'Hara, Phillip A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2: L–Z. Routledge. pp. 843–846. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-518718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-518718-3"><bdi>978-0-41-518718-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy%2C+Volume+2%3A+L%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=843-846&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-41-518718-3&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofpo02ohar%2Fpage%2F843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzpatrick_2013-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_2013_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Tony; et al., eds. (2013). "Patriarchy". International Encyclopedia of Social Policy. Routledge. pp. 987 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-661004-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-661004-2"><bdi>978-1-13-661004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Social+Policy&rft.pages=987+ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-13-661004-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catalano_p187-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Catalano_p187_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatalanoGriffin2016" class="citation book cs1">Catalano, D. Chase J.; Griffin, Pat (2016). "Sexism, Heterosexism, and Trans* Oppression: An Integrated Perspective". In Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne (eds.). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315775852-8">10.4324/9781315775852-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68869-3"><bdi>978-1-317-68869-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexism%2C+Heterosexism%2C+and+Trans%2A+Oppression%3A+An+Integrated+Perspective&rft.btitle=Teaching+for+Diversity+and+Social+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315775852-8&rft.isbn=978-1-317-68869-3&rft.aulast=Catalano&rft.aufirst=D.+Chase+J.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walby_1989-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walby_1989_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walby_1989_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalby1989" class="citation journal cs1">Walby, Sylvia (1989). "Theorising Patriarchy". Sociology. 23 (2): 213–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038589023002004">10.1177/0038038589023002004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42853921">42853921</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220676988">220676988</a>. <q>I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology&rft.atitle=Theorising+Patriarchy&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-234&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220676988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42853921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038038589023002004&rft.aulast=Walby&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.santafe.edu/news-center/news/can-patriarchy-be-matrilineal-anthropoligst-calls-clarity">"Can the patriarchy be matrilineal? An anthropologist calls for clarity | Santa Fe Institute"</a>. www.santafe.edu. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a>. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.santafe.edu&rft.atitle=Can+the+patriarchy+be+matrilineal%3F+An+anthropologist+calls+for+clarity+%7C+Santa+Fe+Institute&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafe.edu%2Fnews-center%2Fnews%2Fcan-patriarchy-be-matrilineal-anthropoligst-calls-clarity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortunato2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fortunato, Laura (2 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6664128">"Lineal kinship organization in cross-specific perspective"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 374 (1780): 20190005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2019.0005">10.1098/rstb.2019.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6664128">6664128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303167">31303167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Lineal+kinship+organization+in+cross-specific+perspective&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=1780&rft.pages=20190005&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6664128%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31303167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2019.0005&rft.aulast=Fortunato&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6664128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Jone Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/patrilineal-vs-matrilineal-succession-3529192">"Patrilineal vs. Matrilineal Succession: How Does Inheritance Work?"</a>. 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(2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuDdNSLXPI8C">Foucault, Subjectivity, and Identity: Historical Constructions of Subject and Self</a> p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner_p8-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p8_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p8_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p8_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p8_36-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1986" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofpatria0000lern/page/8/mode/1up?view=theater">The Creation of Patriarchy</a>. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2"><bdi>978-0-19-503996-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Women+and+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503996-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofpatria0000lern%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer,_Sebastian1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kraemer, Sebastian (1991). "The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process". <a href="/wiki/Family_Process_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Process (journal)">Family Process</a>. 30 (4): 377–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1545-5300.1991.00377.x">10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1790784">1790784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Process&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Fatherhood%3A+An+Ancient+Family+Process&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-392&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1545-5300.1991.00377.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1790784&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=11879852">Ehrenberg, 1989</a>; Harris, M. (1993) The Evolution of Human Gender Hierarchies; Leibowitz, 1983; Lerner, 1986; Sanday, 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryson_2000-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryson_2000_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2000" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, Valerie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ&q=%22this+understanding+was+developed+by+frederick+engels%22">"Feminism: Marxist"</a>. In Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (eds.). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge, Volume 2. New York. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92088-9"><bdi>978-0-415-92088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminism%3A+Marxist&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Encyclopedia+of+Women%3A+Global+Women%27s+Issues+and+Knowledge%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=791&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92088-9&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQAOUAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522this%2Bunderstanding%2Bwas%2Bdeveloped%2Bby%2Bfrederick%2Bengels%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner_p53-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p53_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1986" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofpatria00lern/page/50/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater">The Creation of Patriarchy</a>. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2"><bdi>978-0-19-503996-2</bdi></a>. <q>But in a situation in which ecological conditions and irregularities in biological reproduction threatened the survival of the group, people would search for more reproducers — that is, women. Thus, the first appropriation of private property consists of the appropriation of the labor of women as reproducers. Aaby concludes: 'The connection between the reification of women on the one hand and the state and private property on the other is exactly the opposite of that posed by Engels and his followers. Without the reification of women as a historically given socio-structural feature, the origin of private property and the state will remain inexplicable.' If we follow Aaby's argument, which I find persuasive, we must conclude that in the course of the agricultural revolution the exploitation of human labor and the sexual exploitation of women become inextricably linked.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Women+and+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=50-53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503996-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofpatria00lern%2Fpage%2F50%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fref%3Dol%26view%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1992" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktftAAAAMAAJ">"The end of Old Europe: the intrusion of Steppe Pastoralists from South Russia and the transformation of Europe"</a>. The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. San Francisco, California: Harper Collins. pp. 351–510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250337-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250337-4"><bdi>978-0-06-250337-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+end+of+Old+Europe%3A+the+intrusion+of+Steppe+Pastoralists+from+South+Russia+and+the+transformation+of+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+World+of+Old+Europe&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pages=351-510&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250337-4&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktftAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Steven (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSPtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12">"What's wrong with human beings?"</a>. The Fall: The Insanity of the Ego in Human History. Winchester: O Books. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905047-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905047-20-8"><bdi>978-1-905047-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What%27s+wrong+with+human+beings%3F&rft.btitle=The+Fall%3A+The+Insanity+of+the+Ego+in+Human+History&rft.place=Winchester&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=O+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-905047-20-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSPtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.R.M._Lamb1967" class="citation book cs1">W.R.M. Lamb (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0178:text=Meno:section=71e">"71E: Meno"</a>. Plato in Twelve Volumes. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=71E%3A+Meno&rft.btitle=Plato+in+Twelve+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=W.R.M.+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0178%3Atext%3DMeno%3Asection%3D71e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishbein,_Harold_D.2002" class="citation book cs1">Fishbein, Harold D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBwAYLFPP3sC&pg=PA27">Peer prejudice and discrimination: the origins of prejudice</a> (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3772-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3772-8"><bdi>978-0-8058-3772-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peer+prejudice+and+discrimination%3A+the+origins+of+prejudice&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-3772-8&rft.au=Fishbein%2C+Harold+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBwAYLFPP3sC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubber,_Markus_Dirk2005" class="citation book cs1">Dubber, Markus Dirk (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cjdbRF8PXhUC&pg=PA5">The police power: patriarchy and the foundations of American government</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13207-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13207-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13207-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+police+power%3A+patriarchy+and+the+foundations+of+American+government&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13207-7&rft.au=Dubber%2C+Markus+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcjdbRF8PXhUC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar_On,_Bat-Ami1994" class="citation book cs1">Bar On, Bat-Ami (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UVq3z2Kd6cC">Engendering origins: critical feminist readings in Plato and Aristotle</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1643-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-1643-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engendering+origins%3A+critical+feminist+readings+in+Plato+and+Aristotle&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1643-3&rft.au=Bar+On%2C+Bat-Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UVq3z2Kd6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner_p199-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p199_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1986" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofpatria0000lern/page/199/mode/1up?view=theater">"Symbols"</a>. The Creation of Patriarchy. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 199–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2"><bdi>978-0-19-503996-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symbols&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Women+and+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=199-211&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503996-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofpatria0000lern%2Fpage%2F199%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ptahhotep, trans. John A. Wilson. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to The Old Testament. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton University Press, 1950. p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBristow1991" class="citation book cs1">Bristow, John Temple (1991). What Paul Really Said About Women: an Apostle's liberating views on equality in marriage, leadership, and love. New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061063-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061063-0"><bdi>978-0-06-061063-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Paul+Really+Said+About+Women%3A+an+Apostle%27s+liberating+views+on+equality+in+marriage%2C+leadership%2C+and+love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-061063-0&rft.aulast=Bristow&rft.aufirst=John+Temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gordon, Schochet (2004). "Patriarchy and Paternalism". Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31200-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31200-2"><bdi>978-0-684-31200-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy+and+Paternalism&rft.btitle=Europe%2C+1450+to+1789%3A+Encyclopedia+of+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31200-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Schochet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (Biography) (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/did2222.0000.040/--paternal-authority?rgn=main;view=fulltext;q1=education">"Encyclopedie, Paternal Authority"</a>. Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+%26+d%27Alembert+%E2%80%93+Collaborative+Translation+Project&rft.atitle=Encyclopedie%2C+Paternal+Authority&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Chevalier+de+Jaucourt+%28Biography%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fd%2Fdid%2Fdid2222.0000.040%2F--paternal-authority%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext%3Bq1%3Deducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurso2003" class="citation book cs1">Durso, Pamela R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQFTJJgK8esC">The Power of Woman: The Life and writings of Sarah Moore Grimké</a> (1st ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. pp. 130–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-876-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Woman%3A+The+Life+and+writings+of+Sarah+Moore+Grimk%C3%A9&rft.place=Macon%2C+Ga.&rft.pages=130-138&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-876-3&rft.aulast=Durso&rft.aufirst=Pamela+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQFTJJgK8esC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro,_Ginette1990" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Ginette (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfeminism00castrich/page/31/mode/1up?view=theater">American Feminism: a contemporary history</a>. NYU Press. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Feminism%3A+a+contemporary+history&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Castro%2C+Ginette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanfeminism00castrich%2Fpage%2F31%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorkey2020" class="citation book cs1">Storkey, Elaine (2020). Women in a Patriarchal World; Twenty five empowering stories from the Bible (1st ed.). London, UK.: SPCK Publishing. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+a+Patriarchal+World%3B+Twenty+five+empowering+stories+from+the+Bible&rft.place=London%2C+UK.&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=SPCK+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Storkey&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGossberg1985" class="citation book cs1">Gossberg, Michael (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCHkkM1dRYgC&pg=PA289">"A judicial patriarchy: family law at the turn of the century"</a>. In Grossberg, Michael (ed.). Governing the hearth: law and the family in nineteenth-century America. Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 289–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6336-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-6336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+judicial+patriarchy%3A+family+law+at+the+turn+of+the+century&rft.btitle=Governing+the+hearth%3A+law+and+the+family+in+nineteenth-century+America&rft.place=Chapel+Hill+London&rft.pages=289-307&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-6336-7&rft.aulast=Gossberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCHkkM1dRYgC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd>See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGossberg1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gossberg, Michael (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/2153">"Crossing boundaries: nineteenth-century domestic relations law and the merger of family and legal history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Foundation" title="American Bar Foundation">American Bar Foundation Research Journal</a>. 10 (4): 799–847. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-4469.1985.tb00520.x">10.1111/j.1747-4469.1985.tb00520.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Foundation+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Crossing+boundaries%3A+nineteenth-century+domestic+relations+law+and+the+merger+of+family+and+legal+history&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=799-847&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-4469.1985.tb00520.x&rft.aulast=Gossberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Ffacpub%2F2153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ellwood, Robert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25002039">"Patriarchal Revolution in Ancient Japan: Episodes from the "Nihonshoki" Sūjin Chronicle"</a>. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 2 (2): 23–37. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-4178">8755-4178</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25002039">25002039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Feminist+Studies+in+Religion&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+Revolution+in+Ancient+Japan%3A+Episodes+from+the+%22Nihonshoki%22+S%C5%ABjin+Chronicle&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-37&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25002039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=8755-4178&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25002039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Joseph A. 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"A Brief Introduction to Confucianism". Finding God Among Our Neighbors: An Interfaith Systematic Theology. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. pp. 61–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1ggjhm3.7">10.2307/j.ctt1ggjhm3.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-2330-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-2330-2"><bdi>978-1-5064-2330-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ggjhm3.7">j.ctt1ggjhm3.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Confucianism&rft.btitle=Finding+God+Among+Our+Neighbors%3A+An+Interfaith+Systematic+Theology&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=61-88&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1ggjhm3.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1ggjhm3.7&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-2330-2&rft.aulast=Largen&rft.aufirst=Kristin+Johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Xiongya (2003). 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Oxford City Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-664-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84902-664-2"><bdi>978-1-84902-664-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/744466115">744466115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Country+and+My+People&rft.pub=Oxford+City+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F744466115&rft.isbn=978-1-84902-664-2&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Yutang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltner1981" class="citation journal cs1">Waltner, Ann (1981). "Widows and Remarriage in Ming and Early Qing China". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 8 (3): 129–146. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41298764">41298764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections+%2F+R%C3%A9flexions+Historiques&rft.atitle=Widows+and+Remarriage+in+Ming+and+Early+Qing+China&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=129-146&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41298764%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waltner&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskola1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ruskola, Teemu (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7574&context=ylj">"Law, Sexual Morality, and Gender Equality in Qing and Communist China"</a>. The Yale Law Journal. 103 (8): 2531–2565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797055">10.2307/797055</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797055">797055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Sexual+Morality%2C+and+Gender+Equality+in+Qing+and+Communist+China&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2531-2565&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F797055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ruskola&rft.aufirst=Teemu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7574%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJimmerson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jimmerson, Julie (Winter 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80n7k798">"Female Infanticide in China: An Examination of Cultural and Legal Norms"</a>. Pacific Basin Law Journal. 8: 33 – via eScholarship.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Basin+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Female+Infanticide+in+China%3A+An+Examination+of+Cultural+and+Legal+Norms&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Jimmerson&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F80n7k798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macionis_2012-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macionis_2012_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macionis_2012_66-1">b</a> Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology (13th ed.). 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Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9534-8"><bdi>978-0-8476-9534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Human+Sociality&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9534-8&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhumanso00sand%2Fpage%2Fn209%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacionisPlummer2000" class="citation book cs1">Macionis, John J.; Plummer, Ken (2000). 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Harlow: Prentice Hall. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-040737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-040737-5"><bdi>978-0-13-040737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+A+Global+Introduction&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-13-040737-5&rft.aulast=Macionis&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Plummer%2C+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewontin_1984-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewontin_1984_69-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewontinRoseKamin1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Lewontin, Richard C.</a>; Rose, Steven; Kamin, Leon J. 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New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 132–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022605-8"><bdi>978-0-14-022605-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10348941">10348941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+determined+patriarchy&rft.btitle=Not+in+our+genes%3A+biology%2C+ideology%2C+and+human+nature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=132-163&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10348941&rft.isbn=978-0-14-022605-8&rft.aulast=Lewontin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Steven&rft.au=Kamin%2C+Leon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F10348941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coney_1994-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coney_1994_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coney_1994_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConey1994" class="citation book cs1">Coney, Sandra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menopauseindustr00cone/mode/1up?view=theater">The menopause industry: how the medical establishment exploits women</a>. 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Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Feminism+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Types%2C+Waves%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffeminism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revisesociology.com/2017/01/10/patriarchy-structure-walby-sylvia/#google_vignet">"Sylvia Walby: Six Structures of Patriarchy - ReviseSociology"</a>. revisesociology.com. 10 January 2017. 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Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forbes.com&rft.atitle=When+Could+Women+Open+A+Bank+Account%3F+%E2%80%93+Forbes+Advisor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fadvisor%2Fbanking%2Fwhen-could-women-open-a-bank-account%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner_p238-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p238_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_p238_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1986" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofpatria00lern/page/238/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater">The Creation of Patriarchy</a>. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503996-2"><bdi>978-0-19-503996-2</bdi></a>. <q>In its narrow meaning, patriarchy refers to the system, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male head of the household had absolute legal and economic power over his dependent female and male family members. [...] Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Women+and+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=238-239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503996-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofpatria00lern%2Fpage%2F238%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fref%3Dol%26view%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong_2017-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tong_2017_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tong_2017_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongBotts2017" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Rosemarie; Botts, Tina Fernandes (2017). 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Routledge Research in American Politics and Governance. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-09970-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-09970-1"><bdi>978-1-135-09970-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 February 2015. <q>Feminism, as I understand it, arises in resistance to the gender binary enforced by the patriarchy, an injustice that is as harmful to men as it is to women, as we can see in the long history of unjust wars, rationalized by patriarchy, in which men have fought and been killed and injured and traumatized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Injustice+and+the+Feminist+Ethics+of+Care+in+the+Age+of+Obama%3A+%22Suddenly+...+All+the+Truth+Was+Coming+Out%22&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge+Research+in+American+Politics+and+Governance&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft.isbn=978-1-135-09970-1&rft.au=David+A.+J.+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQm7MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickner,_Ann_J.2001" class="citation book cs1">Tickner, Ann J. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 1197–1198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0"><bdi>978-0-415-24352-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy%3A+Entries+P-Z&rft.pages=1197-1198&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24352-0&rft.au=Tickner%2C+Ann+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSmU3aXWIAYC%26pg%3DPA1197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontiel2014" class="citation web cs1">Montiel, Aimée Vega (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org">"Violence against Women and Media: Advancements and Challenges of a Research and Political Agenda"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violence+against+Women+and+Media%3A+Advancements+and+Challenges+of+a+Research+and+Political+Agenda&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Montiel&rft.aufirst=Aim%C3%A9e+Vega&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChigbu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community". Community, Work & Family. 18 (3): 334–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13668803.2014.981506">10.1080/13668803.2014.981506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144448501">144448501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community%2C+Work+%26+Family&rft.atitle=Repositioning+culture+for+development%3A+women+and+development+in+a+Nigerian+rural+community&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=334-350&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13668803.2014.981506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144448501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chigbu&rft.aufirst=Uchendu+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hooks_p17-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hooks_p17_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hooks_p17_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhooks2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks, bell</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G28LTQltyVAC&pg=PA17">"Understanding patriarchy"</a>. 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Washington Square Press. pp. 17–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-8033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-8033-8"><bdi>978-0-7434-8033-8</bdi></a>. <q>Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism and violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+patriarchy&rft.btitle=The+will+to+change%3A+men%2C+masculinity%2C+and+love&rft.pages=17-25&rft.pub=Washington+Square+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-8033-8&rft.aulast=hooks&rft.aufirst=bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG28LTQltyVAC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcker1989" class="citation journal cs1">Acker, Joan (1989). 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Current Biology. 24 (23): R1125–R1127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CBio...24R1125T">2014CBio...24R1125T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.10.056">10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25465331">25465331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Sexual+Conflict%3A+Nice+Guys+Finish+Last&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=R1125-R1127&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25465331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.10.056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014CBio...24R1125T&rft.au=Thompson%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2014.10.056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smuts_1995-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smuts_1995_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smuts_1995_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smuts_1995_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smuts_1995_92-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmuts,_B1995" class="citation journal cs1">Smuts, B (1995). 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Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6134-791-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6134-791-5"><bdi>978-88-6134-791-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practicing+anthropology+in+development+processes%3A+new+perspectives+for+a+radical+anthropology&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Edizioni+Nuova+Cultura&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-6134-791-5&rft.aulast=Ciccodicola&rft.aufirst=Floriana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGq9QSx4CQLAC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchbinder2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Buchbinder" title="David Buchbinder">Buchbinder, David</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmfUzE4WnW8C&pg=PA106">"Troubling patriarchy"</a>. 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Abingdon, Oxon, UK; New York, N.Y.: Routledge. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57829-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57829-5"><bdi>978-0-415-57829-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Troubling+patriarchy&rft.btitle=Studying+men+and+masculinities&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+UK%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57829-5&rft.aulast=Buchbinder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmfUzE4WnW8C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlegel1972" class="citation book cs1">Schlegel, Alice (1972). Male dominance and female autonomy: domestic authority in matrilineal societies. New Haven, Connecticut: HRAF Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87536-328-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87536-328-8"><bdi>978-0-87536-328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+dominance+and+female+autonomy%3A+domestic+authority+in+matrilineal+societies&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=HRAF+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87536-328-8&rft.aulast=Schlegel&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussSchmitt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buss, David Michael; Schmitt, David P. (May 2011). "Evolutionary psychology and feminism". <a href="/wiki/Sex_Roles_(journal)" title="Sex Roles (journal)">Sex Roles</a>. 64 (9–10): 768–787. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11199-011-9987-3">10.1007/s11199-011-9987-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7878675">7878675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+psychology+and+feminism&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=768-787&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11199-011-9987-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7878675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg_1974-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_1974_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1974" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Steven (1974). The inevitability of patriarchy. New York: W. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-05175-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-05175-4"><bdi>978-0-688-05175-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+inevitability+of+patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-688-05175-4&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leacock_1974-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Leacock_1974_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeacock1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Leacock, Eleanor</a> (June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1974.76.2.02a00280">"Reviewed Work: The Inevitability of Patriarchy by Steven Goldberg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a>. 76 (2): 363–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1974.76.2.02a00280">10.1525/aa.1974.76.2.02a00280</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/674209">674209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+The+Inevitability+of+Patriarchy+by+Steven+Goldberg&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=363-365&rft.date=1974-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1974.76.2.02a00280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F674209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leacock&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1974.76.2.02a00280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_1974-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1974_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1974_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Mitchell" title="Juliet Mitchell">Mitchell, Juliet</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwG0AAAAIAAJ">"The cultural revolution"</a>. Psychoanalysis and feminism. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47472-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47472-4"><bdi>978-0-394-47472-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+cultural+revolution&rft.btitle=Psychoanalysis+and+feminism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-394-47472-4&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwG0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEherenreich1992" class="citation book cs1">Eherenreich, Barbara (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_zeRtk81pcC">"Life without father"</a>. In McDowell, Linda; Pringle, Rosemary (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/definingwomensoc0000unse/mode/1up?view=theater">Defining women: Social institutions and gender divisions</a>. London: Polity/Open University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0979-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0979-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-0979-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+without+father&rft.btitle=Defining+women%3A+Social+institutions+and+gender+divisions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Polity%2FOpen+University&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0979-9&rft.aulast=Eherenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_zeRtk81pcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Cockburn, Cynthia (1991). Brothers: male dominance and technological change. London Concord, Massachusetts: Pluto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0583-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-0583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers%3A+male+dominance+and+technological+change&rft.place=London+Concord%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Pluto&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0583-7&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaques_Lacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaques Lacan">Lacan, Jaques</a> (2001) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFtrNAEACAAJ">"The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience (1949)"</a>. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25392-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25392-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+mirror+stage+as+formative+of+the+function+of+the+I+as+revealed+in+psychoanalytic+experience+%281949%29&rft.btitle=%C3%89crits%3A+a+selection&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25392-5&rft.aulast=Lacan&rft.aufirst=Jaques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFtrNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Mulvey" title="Laura Mulvey">Mulvey, Laura</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6awCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">"The Oedipus myth: beyond the riddles of the Sphinx"</a>. Visual and other pleasures (2nd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 177–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-57646-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-57646-9"><bdi>978-0-230-57646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oedipus+myth%3A+beyond+the+riddles+of+the+Sphinx&rft.btitle=Visual+and+other+pleasures&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+England+New+York&rft.pages=177-200&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-57646-9&rft.aulast=Mulvey&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP6awCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antigonesclaim00judi/mode/1up?view=theater">Antigone's claim: kinship between life and death</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11895-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11895-8"><bdi>978-0-231-11895-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antigone%27s+claim%3A+kinship+between+life+and+death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11895-8&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantigonesclaim00judi%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2008" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pen_Dalton" title="Pen Dalton">Dalton, Penelope</a> (2008). "Complex family relations". Family and other relations: a thesis examining the extent to which family relationships shape the relations of art (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F758">10026.1/758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Family+and+other+relations%3A+a+thesis+examining+the+extent+to+which+family+relationships+shape+the+relations+of+art&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Plymouth&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10026.1%2F758&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pen_Dalton" title="Pen Dalton">Dalton, Pen</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/0335196489.pdf">"Theoretical perspectives"</a> (PDF). The gendering of art education: modernism, identity, and critical feminism. Buckingham England Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Open University. pp. 9–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-19649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-19649-4"><bdi>978-0-335-19649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theoretical+perspectives&rft.btitle=The+gendering+of+art+education%3A+modernism%2C+identity%2C+and+critical+feminism&rft.place=Buckingham+England+Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=9-32&rft.pub=Open+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-335-19649-4&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Pen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mheducation.co.uk%2Fopenup%2Fchapters%2F0335196489.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstedeHofstede2005" class="citation book cs1">Hofstede, Geert; Hofstede, Gert Jan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mslqQWDP10C">Cultures and organizations: software of the mind</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-143959-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-143959-6"><bdi>978-0-07-143959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+and+organizations%3A+software+of+the+mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-143959-6&rft.aulast=Hofstede&rft.aufirst=Geert&rft.au=Hofstede%2C+Gert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mslqQWDP10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney1995" class="citation book cs1">Tierney, Margaret (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wbukPYoqZ2cC&pg=PA192">"Negotiating a software career: informal work practices and 'the lads' in a software installation"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Gill" title="Rosalind Gill">Gill, Rosalind</a>; Grint, Keith (eds.). The gender-technology relation: contemporary theory and research. London Bristol, Pennsylvania: Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0161-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0161-1"><bdi>978-0-7484-0161-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Negotiating+a+software+career%3A+informal+work+practices+and+%27the+lads%27+in+a+software+installation&rft.btitle=The+gender-technology+relation%3A+contemporary+theory+and+research&rft.place=London+Bristol%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=192-209&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7484-0161-1&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwbukPYoqZ2cC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper1994" class="citation book cs1">Roper, Michael (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dhq5PdRMsRQC">Masculinity and the British organization man since 1945</a>. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825693-9"><bdi>978-0-19-825693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculinity+and+the+British+organization+man+since+1945&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-825693-9&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhq5PdRMsRQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirestone1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Firestone, Shulamith</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialecticofsexca0000fire/mode/1up?view=theater">The dialectic of sex: the case for feminist revolution</a>. New York: Quill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12359-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12359-8"><bdi>978-0-688-12359-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dialectic+of+sex%3A+the+case+for+feminist+revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Quill&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-688-12359-8&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Shulamith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdialecticofsexca0000fire%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2024/wom2231.doc.htm">"'Patriarchy Is Regaining Ground', Secretary-General Warns, while Women's, Girls' Rights Face Unprecedented Threat, as Commission Opens 2024 Session"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Patriarchy+Is+Regaining+Ground%27%2C+Secretary-General+Warns%2C+while+Women%27s%2C+Girls%27+Rights+Face+Unprecedented+Threat%2C+as+Commission+Opens+2024+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2024%2Fwom2231.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_116-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaMadabushiGuptaGupta2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Mayank; Madabushi, Jayakrishna S.; Gupta, Nihit; Gupta, Mayank; Madabushi, Jayakrishna S.; Gupta, Nihit (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10332384">"Critical Overview of Patriarchy, Its Interferences With Psychological Development, and Risks for Mental Health"</a>. Cureus. 15 (6): e40216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.40216">10.7759/cureus.40216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10332384">10332384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37435274">37435274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=Critical+Overview+of+Patriarchy%2C+Its+Interferences+With+Psychological+Development%2C+and+Risks+for+Mental+Health&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e40216&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10332384%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37435274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.40216&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Mayank&rft.au=Madabushi%2C+Jayakrishna+S.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Nihit&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Mayank&rft.au=Madabushi%2C+Jayakrishna+S.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Nihit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10332384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdieu2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu, Pierre</a> (2001). Masculine domination. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2265-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-2265-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masculine+domination&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-2265-1&rft.aulast=Bourdieu&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurham1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Gigi_Durham" title="Meenakshi Gigi Durham">Durham, Meenakshi G.</a> (1999). "Articulating adolescent girls' resistance to patriarchal discourse in popular media". Women's Studies in Communication. 22 (2): 210–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07491409.1999.10162421">10.1080/07491409.1999.10162421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+in+Communication&rft.atitle=Articulating+adolescent+girls%27+resistance+to+patriarchal+discourse+in+popular+media&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-229&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07491409.1999.10162421&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilligan1982" class="citation book cs1">Gilligan, Carol (1982). <a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Voice" title="In a Different Voice">In a different voice: psychological theory and women's development</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44544-4"><bdi>978-0-674-44544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+a+different+voice%3A+psychological+theory+and+women%27s+development&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44544-4&rft.aulast=Gilligan&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>:Cited in: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Smiley, Marion (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3965&context=flr">"Gender, democratic citizenship v. patriarchy: a feminist perspective on Rawls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_Law_Review" title="Fordham Law Review">Fordham Law Review</a>. 72 (5): 1599–1627.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+democratic+citizenship+v.+patriarchy%3A+a+feminist+perspective+on+Rawls&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1599-1627&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Smiley&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3965%26context%3Dflr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2017" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Thomas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_niDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">"Patriarchy, Male Privilege, and the Consequences of Living in a Patriarchal Society"</a>. Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59534-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59534-2"><bdi>978-1-317-59534-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy%2C+Male+Privilege%2C+and+the+Consequences+of+Living+in+a+Patriarchal+Society&rft.btitle=Masculinities+in+Contemporary+American+Culture%3A+An+Intersectional+Approach+to+the+Complexities+and+Challenges+of+Male+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59534-2&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_niDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight2005" class="citation book cs1">Light, Aimee U. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_v4e3/page/453/mode/1up?view=theater">"Patriarchy"</a>. In Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo (eds.). Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography, Volume 2: K-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 453–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32737-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32737-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women%27s+Autobiography%2C+Volume+2%3A+K-Z&rft.pages=453-456&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32737-7&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Aimee+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_v4e3%2Fpage%2F453%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessner2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Messner" title="Michael Messner">Messner, Michael A.</a> (2004). "On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men's interests". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 48: 74–88. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035593">41035593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=On+patriarchs+and+losers%3A+rethinking+men%27s+interests&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=74-88&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41035593%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Messner&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelmessner.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/BJS04.pdf">Pdf.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMies2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies, Maria</a> (2014). Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale: women in the international division of labour. London: Zed Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-169-1"><bdi>978-1-78360-169-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarchy+and+accumulation+on+a+world+scale%3A+women+in+the+international+division+of+labour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78360-169-1&rft.aulast=Mies&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_G._Smith" title="Bonnie G. Smith">Smith, Bonnie G.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQz2o883S38C">Women's history in global perspective</a>. Vol. 2. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02997-4"><bdi>978-0-252-02997-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+history+in+global+perspective&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02997-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQz2o883S38C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPateman2018" class="citation book cs1">Pateman, Carole (2018). The Sexual Contract (30th anniversary ed.). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0827-6"><bdi>978-1-5036-0827-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+Contract&rft.edition=30th+anniversary&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0827-6&rft.aulast=Pateman&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilcherWheelan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pilcher" title="Jane Pilcher">Pilcher, Jane</a>; Wheelan, Imelda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160953/http://www.imd.inder.cu/adjuntos/article/329/50_Key_Concepts_in_Gender_Studies.pdf">50 key concepts in gender studies</a> (PDF). London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-7036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-7036-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-7036-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imd.inder.cu/adjuntos/article/329/50_Key_Concepts_in_Gender_Studies.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+key+concepts+in+gender+studies&rft.place=London+Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-7036-1&rft.aulast=Pilcher&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Wheelan%2C+Imelda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.inder.cu%2Fadjuntos%2Farticle%2F329%2F50_Key_Concepts_in_Gender_Studies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patriarchy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:patriarchy">patriarchy</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Patriarchy" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patriarchy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Patriarchal_System">"Patriarchal System" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920. p. 401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+System&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pages=401&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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.excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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