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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_integration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories of integration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-integration_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-integration_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proto-integration period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-integration_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_phase:_explaining_integration,_1960s_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase:_explaining_integration,_1960s_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First phase: explaining integration, 1960s onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase:_explaining_integration,_1960s_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase:_analyzing_governance,_1980s_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase:_analyzing_governance,_1980s_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second phase: analyzing governance, 1980s onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase:_analyzing_governance,_1980s_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_phase:_constructing_the_EU,_1990s_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_phase:_constructing_the_EU,_1990s_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Third phase: constructing the EU, 1990s onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_phase:_constructing_the_EU,_1990s_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizens'_organisations_calling_for_further_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizens'_organisations_calling_for_further_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Citizens' organisations calling for further integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizens'_organisations_calling_for_further_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlap_of_membership_in_various_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlap_of_membership_in_various_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overlap of membership in various agreements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overlap_of_membership_in_various_agreements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overlap of membership in various agreements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overlap_of_membership_in_various_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_membership_of_member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_membership_of_member_states_of_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Common membership of member states of the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_membership_of_member_states_of_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_integrated_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_integrated_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Most integrated countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_integrated_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geographic scope</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_scope-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic scope subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beyond_geographic_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_geographic_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Beyond geographic Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_geographic_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_to_regions_within_geographic_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_to_regions_within_geographic_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Limited to regions within geographic Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_to_regions_within_geographic_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Nordic countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_Sea_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_Sea_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Baltic Sea region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_Sea_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic-Baltic_Eight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic-Baltic_Eight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Nordic-Baltic Eight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic-Baltic_Eight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Countries_region_(Benelux)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Countries_region_(Benelux)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Low Countries region (Benelux)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Countries_region_(Benelux)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Sea_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Black Sea region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>United Kingdom and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danube_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danube_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.9</span> <span>Danube region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danube_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.10</span> <span>Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Council of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Political_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Political_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>European Political Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Political_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Free_Trade_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Free_Trade_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>European Free Trade Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Free_Trade_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Broadcasting_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Broadcasting_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>European Broadcasting Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Broadcasting_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Patent_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Patent_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>European Patent Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Patent_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>European Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Competences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Economic integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_trade_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.1</span> <span>Free trade area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.2</span> <span>Customs union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Single_Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Single_Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.3</span> <span>European Single Market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Single_Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurozone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurozone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.4</span> <span>Eurozone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurozone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.5</span> <span>Fiscal union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.6</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.7</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.8</span> <span>Standardisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Social and political integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.3</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.4</span> <span>Charter of Fundamental Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.5</span> <span>Right to vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schengen_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schengen_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.6</span> <span>Schengen Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schengen_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visa_policy_in_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visa_policy_in_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.7</span> <span>Visa policy in EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visa_policy_in_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_in_European_Union_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_in_European_Union_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Membership in European Union agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_in_European_Union_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_of_European_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_of_European_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Future of European integration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future_of_European_integration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future of European integration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future_of_European_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Security_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Security_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>European Security Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Security_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_space_from_Lisbon_to_Vladivostok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_space_from_Lisbon_to_Vladivostok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Common space from Lisbon to Vladivostok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_space_from_Lisbon_to_Vladivostok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_a_single_legal_space_for_the_CIS_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_a_single_legal_space_for_the_CIS_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Concept of a single legal space for the CIS and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_a_single_legal_space_for_the_CIS_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Beyond Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Euro-Mediterranean Partnership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ties_with_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ties_with_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1.1</span> <span>Ties with partners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ties_with_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Commonwealth of Independent States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_and_other_regions_and_countries_in_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_and_other_regions_and_countries_in_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>EU and other regions and countries in the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_and_other_regions_and_countries_in_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organisations_in_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organisations_in_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Other organisations in world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organisations_in_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_languages_in_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_languages_in_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.6</span> <span>European languages in the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_languages_in_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.7</span> <span>World integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">European integration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_integrasie" title="Europese integrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europese integrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تكامل أوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكامل أوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Еўрапейская інтэграцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўрапейская інтэграцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эўрапейская інтэграцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўрапейская інтэграцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Европейска интеграция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европейска интеграция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3_europea" title="Integració europea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Integració europea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_integrace" title="Evropská integrace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evropská integrace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A6isk_integration" title="Europæisk integration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europæisk integration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Integration" title="Europäische Integration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europäische Integration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_europea" title="Integración europea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Integración europea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_integrado" title="Eŭropa integrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropa integrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europar_integrazioa" title="Europar integrazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europar integrazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ادغام اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادغام اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%C3%A9gration_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Intégration européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intégration européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9" title="유럽 통합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 통합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europske_integracije" title="Europske integracije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europske integracije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrasi_Eropa" title="Integrasi Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Integrasi Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrazione_europea" title="Integrazione europea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Integrazione europea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integratio_Europaea" title="Integratio Europaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Integratio Europaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropas_integr%C4%81cija" title="Eiropas integrācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropas integrācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES_integracija" title="ES integracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ES integracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europees_integratieperses" title="Europees integratieperses – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Europees integratieperses" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Европска интеграција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европска интеграција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_integratie" title="Europese integratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europese integratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88" title="欧州統合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州統合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_integrasjon" title="Europeisk integrasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europeisk integrasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integracja_europejska" title="Integracja europejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Integracja europejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_europeia" title="Integração europeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Integração europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa_integratsiyas%C4%B1" title="Avropa integratsiyası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avropa integratsiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrare_european%C4%83" title="Integrare europeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Integrare europeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Европейская интеграция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европейская интеграция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropska_integracija" title="Evropska integracija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Evropska integracija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropske_integracije" title="Evropske integracije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evropske integracije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_yhdentyminen" title="Euroopan yhdentyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan yhdentyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_integration" title="Europeisk integration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeisk integration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஐரோப்பிய ஒருங்கிணைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய ஒருங்கிணைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_b%C3%BCt%C3%BCnle%C5%9Fmesi" title="Avrupa bütünleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa bütünleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Європейська інтеграція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європейська інтеграція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_nh%E1%BA%ADp_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Hội nhập châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội nhập châu Âu" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of political, economic, social, and cultural integration of states in and around Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the process of state integration into Europe. For other meanings, see <a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member state of the European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations of the European Union</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>European integration</b> is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, or nearby. European integration has primarily but not exclusively come about through the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and its policies. </p><p>The history of European integration is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s consolidation of European and Mediterranean territories, which set a precedent for the notion of a unified Europe. This idea was echoed through attempts at unity, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a>. The devastation of World War I reignited the concept of a unified Europe, leading to the establishment of international organizations aimed at political coordination across Europe. The interwar period saw politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> advocating for European unity, albeit with differing visions. </p><p>Post-World War II Europe saw a significant push towards integration, with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s call for a "United States of Europe" in 1946 being a notable example. This period saw the formation of theories around European integration, categorizing into proto-integration, explaining integration, analyzing governance, and constructing the EU, reflecting a shift from viewing European integration as a unique process, to incorporating broader international relations and comparative politics theories. </p><p>Citizens' organizations have played a role in advocating further European integration, exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>. Various agreements and memberships demonstrate the web of relations and commitments between European countries, showing the multi-layered nature of integration. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></div> <p>In antiquity, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> brought about integration of multiple European and Mediterranean territories. The numerous subsequent claims of <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">succession of the Roman Empire</a>, even the iterations of the Classical Empire and its ancient peoples, have occasionally been reinterpreted in the light of post-1950 European integration as providing inspiration and historical precedents. Important examples include the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a>, and the unification of <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">the Balkans</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union" title="Latin Monetary Union">Latin Monetary Union</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_1928_RV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_1928_RV.jpg/220px-Europa_1928_RV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_1928_RV.jpg/330px-Europa_1928_RV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_1928_RV.jpg/440px-Europa_1928_RV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>A 1928 <a href="/wiki/Europa_(currency)" title="Europa (currency)">Europa</a> coin for the hypothetical "Federated States of Europe" (<i>États fédérés d'Europe</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the catastrophe of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> of 1914–1918, thinkers and visionaries from a range of political traditions again began to float the idea of a politically unified Europe. In the early 1920s a range of international organisations were founded (or re-founded) to help like-minded political parties to coordinate their activities. These ranged from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> (1919), to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Socialist_International" title="Labour and Socialist International">Labour and Socialist International</a> (1921) to the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">Radical and Democratic Entente</a> of centre-left progressive parties (1924), to the <a href="/wiki/International_Agrarian_Bureau" title="International Agrarian Bureau">Green International</a> of farmers' parties (1923), to the centre-right International Secretariat of <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democratic Parties inspired by Christianity</a> (1925).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the remit of these international bodies was global, the predominance of political parties from Europe meant that they facilitated interaction between the adherents of a given ideology across European borders. Within each political tradition, voices emerged advocating not merely the cooperation of various national parties, but the pursuit of political institutions at the European level. </p><p>One of the first to articulate this view was <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>, who outlined a conservative vision of European unity in his <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi#Pan-European_political_activist" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Pan-Europa manifesto</a> (1923).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean" class="mw-redirect" title="Paneuropean">Paneuropean</a> Congress took place in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1926, and the association possessed 8000 members by the time of the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash</a>. They envisaged a specifically Christian, and by implication Catholic, Europe. The British civil-servant and future Conservative minister <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Salter,_1st_Baron_Salter" title="Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter">Arthur Salter</a> published a book advocating <i>The United States of Europe</i> in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast the Soviet commissar (minister) <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> raised the slogan "For a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> United States of Europe" in 1923, advocating a Europe united along communist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among liberal-democratic parties, the French centre-left undertook several initiatives to group like-minded parties from the European states. In 1927, the French mathematician and politician <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Borel" title="Émile Borel">Émile Borel</a>, a leader of the centre-left Radical Party and the founder of the Radical International, set up a French Committee for European Cooperation, and a further twenty countries set up equivalent committees. However, it remained an élite venture: the largest committee, the French one, possessed fewer than six-hundred members, two-thirds of them parliamentarians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two centre-left French prime ministers went further. In 1929 <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> gave a speech in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> Assembly in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. In 1930, at the League's request, Briand presented a <i>Memorandum on the organisation of a system of European Federal Union</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year the future French prime minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a> published his book <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation"><i>The United States of Europe</i></a>. Indeed, a template for such a system already existed, in the form of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Luxembourg_Economic_Union" title="Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgian and Luxembourgish customs and monetary union.</a> </p><p>Support for the proposals by the French centre-left came from a range of prestigious figures. Many eminent economists, aware that the economic race-to-the-bottom between states was creating ever-greater instability, supported the view: these included <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>. The French political scientist and economist <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">Bertrand Jouvenel</a> remembered a widespread mood after 1924 calling for a "harmonisation of national interests along the lines of European union, for the purpose of common prosperity".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish philosopher and politician, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a>, expressed a position shared by many within <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican Spain</a>: "European unity is no fantasy, but reality itself; and the fantasy is precisely the opposite: the belief that France, Germany, Italy or Spain are substantive & independent realities."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Greece</a>, outlined his government's support in a 1929 speech by saying that "the <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a> will represent, even without Russia, a power strong enough to advance, up to a satisfactory point, the prosperity of the other continents as well".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Between the two world wars</a>, the Polish statesman <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> (1867–1935) envisaged the idea of a European federation that he called <i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzymorze" class="mw-redirect" title="Międzymorze">Międzymorze</a></i> ("Intersea" or "Between-seas"), known in English as <i><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a></i>, which was a Polish-oriented version of <a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> prevented<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the inter-war movements from gaining further support: between 1933 and 1936 most of Europe's remaining democracies became dictatorships, and Ortega's Spain and Venizelos's Greece had both plunged into civil war. But although the social-democratic, liberal or Christian-democratic supporters of European unity were out of power during the 1930s and unable to put their ideas into practice, many would find themselves in power in the 1940s and 1950s, and better-placed to put into effect their earlier remedies against economic and political crisis. </p><p>During World War II (1939–1945) <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> came to dominate - <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">directly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">indirectly</a> - much of Europe at various times. The plans for German-oriented political, social, and economic integration of Europe - such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span> - did not survive the war. </p><p>At the end of World War II, the continental political climate favoured unity in democratic European countries, seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> which had devastated the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Zürich">University of Zürich</a> in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> postulated a <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same speech however contains remarks, less-often quoted, which make it clear that Churchill did not initially see Britain as being part of this United States of Europe: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We British have our own Commonwealth of Nations<span class="nowrap"> </span>... And why should there not be a European group which could give a sense of enlarged patriotism and common citizenship to the distracted peoples of this turbulent and mighty continent and why should it not take its rightful place with other great groupings in shaping the destinies of men?<span class="nowrap"> </span>... France and Germany must take the lead together. Great Britain, the British Commonwealth of Nations, mighty America[,] and I trust Soviet Russia—for then indeed all would be well—must be the friends and sponsors of the new Europe and must champion its right to live and shine. </p><p>We must build a kind of United States of Europe. In this way only, will hundreds of millions of toilers be able to regain the simple joys and hopes which make life worth living. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Winston Churchill<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_integration">Theories of integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theories of integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European integration scholars Thomas Diez and Antje Wiener identify the general tendencies in the development of European integration theory and suggest to divide theories of integration into three broad phases, which are preceded by a normative proto-integration theory period.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There's a gradual shift from theories studying European integration as <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> towards new approaches that incorporate theories of International Relations and Comparative politics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-integration_period">Proto-integration period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-integration period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The question of how to avoid wars between the nation-states was essential for the first theories. <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionalism in international relations">functionalism</a> proposed the containment of the nation-state, while <a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">transactionalism</a> sought to theorise the conditions for the stabilisation of the nation-state system. Early federalism was more like a political movement calling for European federation by various political actors, for example, <a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a> calling for a federal Europe in his <a href="/wiki/Ventotene_Manifesto" title="Ventotene Manifesto">Ventotene Manifesto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a> envisioning European civilization for unity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State sovereignty was an issue for federalists who hoped political organizations at higher regional level would solve the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A representative scholar of functionalism was <a href="/wiki/David_Mitrany" title="David Mitrany">David Mitrany</a>, who also saw states and their sovereignty as a core problem and believed that one should restrain states to prevent future wars. However, Mitrany disagreed with regional integration as he viewed it as mere replication of the state-model.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transactionalism, on the other hand, sees increased cross-border exchanges as promoting regional integration so that the risk of war is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase:_explaining_integration,_1960s_onwards"><span id="First_phase:_explaining_integration.2C_1960s_onwards"></span>First phase: explaining integration, 1960s onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First phase: explaining integration, 1960s onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European integration theory initially focused on explaining integration process of <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> institution-building.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most influential theories of European integration is <a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>, influenced by functionalist ideas, developed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_B._Haas" title="Ernst B. Haas">Ernst B. Haas</a> (1958) and further investigated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Lindberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Lindberg (page does not exist)">Leon Lindberg</a> (1963). This theory focuses on spillovers of integration, where well-integrated and interdependent areas led to more integration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neofunctionalism well captures the spillover from the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> to the European Economic Community established in the 1957 Treaties of Rome. Transfers of loyalties from the national level to the supranational level is expected to occur as integration progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other big influential theory in Integration Studies is <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a>, advanced by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hoffmann" title="Stanley Hoffmann">Stanley Hoffmann</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Empty_chair_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty chair crisis">Empty Chair Crisis</a> by French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles De Gaulle</a> in the 1960s. Intergovernmentalism and later, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_intergovernmentalism" title="Liberal intergovernmentalism">Liberal Intergovernmentalism</a>, developed in the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moravcsik" title="Andrew Moravcsik">Andrew Moravcsik</a> focus on governmental actors' impacts that are enhanced by supranational institutions but not restrained from them.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important debate between neofunctionalism and (liberal) intergovernmentalism still remains central in understanding the development and setbacks of the European integration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_phase:_analyzing_governance,_1980s_onwards"><span id="Second_phase:_analyzing_governance.2C_1980s_onwards"></span>Second phase: analyzing governance, 1980s onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second phase: analyzing governance, 1980s onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the empirical world has changed, so have the theories and thus the understanding of European Integration. The second generation of integration theorists focused on the importance of institutions and their impacts on both integration process and European governance development.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second phase brought in perspectives from comparative politics in addition to traditional International Relations theoretical references. Studies attempted to understand what kind of polity the EU is and how it operates.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, new theory <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_governance" title="Multi-level governance">multi-level governance</a> (MLG) was developed to understand the workings and development of the EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_phase:_constructing_the_EU,_1990s_onwards"><span id="Third_phase:_constructing_the_EU.2C_1990s_onwards"></span>Third phase: constructing the EU, 1990s onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third phase: constructing the EU, 1990s onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third phase of integration theory marked a return of International Relations theory with the rise of critical and constructivist approaches in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perspectives from social constructivists, post-structuralists, critical theories, feminist theories are incorporated in integration theories to conceptualize European integration process of widening and deepening.<sup id="cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citizens'_organisations_calling_for_further_integration"><span id="Citizens.27_organisations_calling_for_further_integration"></span>Citizens' organisations calling for further integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citizens' organisations calling for further integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various federalist organisations have been created over time supporting the idea of a federal Europe. These include the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Young_European_Federalists" title="Young European Federalists">Young European Federalists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Party" title="European Federalist Party">European Federalist Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a> (UEF) is a European non-governmental organisation, campaigning for a Federal Europe. It consists of 20 constituent organisations and it has been active at the European, national and local levels for more than 50 years. The <a href="/wiki/European_Movement_International" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a> is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it. The <a href="/wiki/European_Federalist_Party" title="European Federalist Party">European Federalist Party</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-European">pro-European</a>, pan-European and federalist political party which advocates further integration of the EU and the establishment of a Federal Europe. Its aim is to gather all Europeans to promote European federalism and to participate in all elections all over Europe. It has national sections in 15 countries. <a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a> is a pan-European and European federalist political movement that also serves as the pan-European structure for subsidiary parties in EU member states. It is present in 29 countries and participates in elections all over the EU on the local, national and European level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overlap_of_membership_in_various_agreements">Overlap of membership in various agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overlap of membership in various agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">List of European countries by membership in international organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" 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/><area href="/wiki/Spain" shape="rect" coords="204,243,233,262" alt="Spain" title="Spain" /><area href="/wiki/Austria" shape="rect" coords="241,188,269,209" alt="Austria" title="Austria" /><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="rect" coords="241,216,269,236" alt="Germany" title="Germany" /><area href="/wiki/Portugal" shape="rect" coords="241,243,269,262" alt="Portugal" title="Portugal" /><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="rect" coords="277,216,306,236" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia" /><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="277,243,306,262" alt="Malta" title="Malta" /><area href="/wiki/Croatia" shape="rect" coords="241,284,269,303" alt="Croatia" title="Croatia" /><area href="/wiki/Cyprus" shape="rect" coords="318,216,346,236" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus" /><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="rect" coords="320,250,349,269" alt="Republic of Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland" /><area href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" shape="rect" coords="366,250,395,269" alt="United Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Turkey" shape="rect" coords="318,58,346,77" alt="Turkey" title="Turkey" /><area href="/wiki/Monaco" shape="rect" coords="257,334,284,354" alt="Monaco" title="Monaco" /><area href="/wiki/Andorra" shape="rect" coords="289,334,318,354" alt="Andorra" title="Andorra" /><area href="/wiki/San_Marino" shape="rect" coords="320,334,349,354" alt="San Marino" title="San Marino" /><area href="/wiki/Vatican_City" shape="rect" coords="539,334,568,354" alt="Vatican City" title="Vatican City" /><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="370,89,397,108" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)" /><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="370,118,397,140" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine" /><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="407,89,435,108" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan" /><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="407,118,435,140" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" shape="rect" coords="414,214,443,233" alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina" /><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="452,89,481,108" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia" /><area href="/wiki/Montenegro" shape="rect" coords="452,214,481,233" alt="Montenegro" title="Montenegro" /><area href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" shape="rect" coords="452,178,481,197" alt="North Macedonia" title="North Macedonia" /><area href="/wiki/Albania" shape="rect" coords="452,152,481,171" alt="Albania" title="Albania" /><area href="/wiki/Serbia" shape="rect" coords="414,178,443,197" alt="Serbia" title="Serbia" /><area href="/wiki/Kosovo" shape="rect" coords="496,214,524,233" alt="Kosovo" title="Kosovo" /><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="539,183,568,202" alt="Russia" title="Russia" /><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="539,214,568,233" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>There are various agreements with overlapping membership. Several countries take part in a larger number of agreements than others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_membership_of_member_states_of_the_European_Union">Common membership of member states of the European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common membership of member states of the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a> (EU) are members of the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), Secretariat: Vienna, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a> (EPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (CoE), HQ: Strasbourg, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a> (ECAC), HQ: Neuilly-sur-Seine/Paris, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Safety_of_Air_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation">European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation</a> (Eurocontrol), HQ: Brussels, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a> (CEN), HQ: Brussels, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a> (ETSI), HQ: Sophia Antipolis, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a> (CENELEC), HQ: Brussels, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a> (EUCU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees" title="European Olympic Committees">European Olympic Committees</a> (EOC), HQ: Rome, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">European Patent Convention</a> (EPC)/European Patent Organisation (EPOrg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (EAEC, Euratom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Euro_Payments_Area" title="Single Euro Payments Area">Single Euro Payments Area</a> (SEPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a> (ECAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a> (EHEA) – Belgium as <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a>, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a> is not included.</li></ul> <p>have organizations that are members of the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> (EBU), HQ: Geneva, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Football_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of European Football Associations">Union of European Football Associations</a> (UEFA), HQ: Nyon, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Electricity" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity</a>, HQ: Brussels, Belgium</li></ul> <p>have organisations that are members, associated partners or observers of the </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Gas" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas</a>, HQ: Brussels, Belgium</li></ul> <p>are located in the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Area" title="European Broadcasting Area">European Broadcasting Area</a> (EBA) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_integrated_countries">Most integrated countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Most integrated countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>21 states are part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> or in ERM II without Euro opt-out. </p><p>These are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. </p><p>They are all members of or take part in: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a> (EDA)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"> <caption>Countries in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> or in <a href="/wiki/ERM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM II">ERM II</a> without Euro opt-out </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%"> <th><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> since:</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>1999</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2023</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%"> <th>Benelux/ WU/ WEU/ EC/ EU since:</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>1948</th> <th>1948</th> <th>1948</th> <th>1948</th> <th>1951</th> <th>1951</th> <th>1973</th> <th>1986</th> <th>1986</th> <th>1995</th> <th>1995</th> <th>1981</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2007 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rule not met</th> <th>Comment</th> <th></th> <th>Qty</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">BE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">LU</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NL</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FR</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">IE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ES</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">PT</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">AT</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">FI</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">GR</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">SI</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">CY</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">MT</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">SK</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">EE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">LV</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">LT</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">HR</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">BG</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%;"> <th> </th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr class="sorttop" style="background-color:#"> <th>Quantity total:</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>251</th> <th>3</th> <th>10</th> <th>6</th> <th>2</th> <th>4</th> <th>6</th> <th>21</th> <th>3</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>12</th> <th>12</th> <th>11</th> <th>23</th> <th>24</th> <th>10</th> <th>16</th> <th>19</th> <th>17</th> <th>19</th> <th>16 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> </td> <td>BG meets the requirement to be two years in ERM II and coin design is approved </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone_participation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/50px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/75px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eurozone_participation.svg/100px-Eurozone_participation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA) </td> <td>provisionally applied to HR </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg/50px-European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg/75px-European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg/100px-European_Economic_Area_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="PESCO">PESCO</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg/50px-Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg/75px-Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg/100px-Permanent_Structured_Cooperation_in_Defence_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Development_Bank" title="Council of Europe Development Bank">Council of Europe Development Bank</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BDCE_pays.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/BDCE_pays.PNG/50px-BDCE_pays.PNG" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/BDCE_pays.PNG/75px-BDCE_pays.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/BDCE_pays.PNG/99px-BDCE_pays.PNG 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="915" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>did implement the <a href="/wiki/EUCARIS" title="EUCARIS">EUCARIS</a> system </td> <td>PT is preparing, AT is not party to the EUCARIS Treaty (2000) as such </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a> (EPPO) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/50px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/75px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg/100px-European_Public_Prosecutor_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">AFSJ</a> </td> <td>IE has flexible opt-in </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice_participation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice_participation.svg/50px-Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice_participation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice_participation.svg/75px-Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice_participation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice_participation.svg/100px-Area_of_freedom%2C_security_and_justice_participation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>uses <a href="/wiki/UIC_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="UIC gauge">UIC gauge</a> for existing or planned high-speed rail </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_gauge_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/50px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/75px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/100px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is part of <a href="/wiki/EUMETNET" title="EUMETNET">EUMETNET</a> </td> <td>BG is a partner state </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EUMETNET_Members_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EUMETNET_Members_map.svg/50px-EUMETNET_Members_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EUMETNET_Members_map.svg/75px-EUMETNET_Members_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EUMETNET_Members_map.svg/100px-EUMETNET_Members_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member state of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Inland_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture_Advisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission (page does not exist)">European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission</a> (EIFAAC) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is party to the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">Revised European Social Charter</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg/50px-European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg/75px-European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg/100px-European_Social_Charter_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>did sign the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_a_Unified_Patent_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on a Unified Patent Court">Agreement on a Unified Patent Court</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EUpatent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EUpatent.svg/50px-EUpatent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EUpatent.svg/75px-EUpatent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/EUpatent.svg/100px-EUpatent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> for the main language resulting in "EURO" on Euro banknotes. In Cyprus the Latin script is co-official. </td> <td>GR uses Greek "ΕΥΡΩ", BG uses Cyrillic "ЕВРО" </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/50px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/75px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/100px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/50px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/75px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/100px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </div> </td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does use an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> as the main language </td> <td>EE, FI finno-ugric, MT semitic </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png/50px-Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png/75px-Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png/100px-Indo-European_Language_Family_Branches_in_Eurasia.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> </td> <td>IE has an opt-out, CY is obliged to join, BG limited Schengen with air and maritime borders only </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/50px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/75px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/100px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Right_hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hand traffic">right hand traffic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png/50px-European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png/75px-European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png/100px-European_countries_with_left-hand_or_right-hand_traffic.png 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="3192" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member of <a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a> (EMBL) </td> <td>BG has been a prospect member since 2024 </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg/50px-EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg/75px-EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg/100px-EMBL_Member_States_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="655" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is party to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Charter_Treaty" title="Energy Charter Treaty">Energy Charter Treaty</a> </td> <td>IT, FR, DE have withdrawn Other EU members are in the process of leaving </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finabel" title="Finabel">Finabel</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FINABEL_Countries_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FINABEL_Countries_2024.png/50px-FINABEL_Countries_2024.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FINABEL_Countries_2024.png/75px-FINABEL_Countries_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/FINABEL_Countries_2024.png/100px-FINABEL_Countries_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png/50px-Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png/75px-Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png/100px-Member_states_of_NATO_-_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3196" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Property regimes of international couples </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg/50px-European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg/75px-European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg/100px-European_Union_international_couples_property_regime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> </td> <td>LV is in the process of accession </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png/50px-IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png/75px-IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png/100px-IEA_International_Energy_Agency_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">Nuclear Energy Agency</a> (NEA) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png/50px-OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png/75px-OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png/100px-OECD-NEA_Membership_March_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span> </p> </div> </td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is part of <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a> (ECMWF) </td> <td>SK, LV, LT, BG signed a co-operation agreement, MT, CY not </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_forecasting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/European_forecasting.svg/50px-European_forecasting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/European_forecasting.svg/75px-European_forecasting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/European_forecasting.svg/100px-European_forecasting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Divorce_Law_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Divorce Law Pact">European Union Divorce Law Pact</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_Divorce.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EU_Divorce.svg/50px-EU_Divorce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EU_Divorce.svg/75px-EU_Divorce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EU_Divorce.svg/100px-EU_Divorce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>did sign the Declaration 52 on <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">symbols of the European Union</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/European_Union_symbols.svg/50px-European_Union_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/European_Union_symbols.svg/75px-European_Union_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/European_Union_symbols.svg/100px-European_Union_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>did join the RG Continental Europe of the <a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Electricity" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity</a>, managing the <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_grid_of_Continental_Europe" title="Synchronous grid of Continental Europe">synchronous grid of Continental Europe</a> (UCTE) </td> <td>EE, LV, LT are in RG Baltic and expected to synchronize and join upon entry into service of the Harmony Link </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectricityUCTE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElectricityUCTE.svg/50px-ElectricityUCTE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElectricityUCTE.svg/75px-ElectricityUCTE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ElectricityUCTE.svg/100px-ElectricityUCTE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>7</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) </td> <td>LV, LT, SK, SL are associates </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_ESA_member_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_ESA_member_countries.svg/50px-Location_ESA_member_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_ESA_member_countries.svg/75px-Location_ESA_member_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_ESA_member_countries.svg/100px-Location_ESA_member_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>did ratify the <a href="/wiki/Oviedo_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviedo Convention">Oviedo Convention</a> </td> <td>LU, NL, IT signed </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>8</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is part of <a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN) </td> <td>EE, CY, SL are associate states in the pre-stage to membership. HR is an associate state </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"> </div> </td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>did sign the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a> </td> <td>except for LV each notified the Council of their desire to become part of the convention </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg/50px-Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg/75px-Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg/100px-Pr%C3%BCm_Convention.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does use the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a> (CET) </td> <td>PT, IE are in WET, the others in EET </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg/50px-Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg/75px-Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg/100px-Time_zones_of_the_Greater_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does have 1435 mm UIC <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> as the main railway track gauge </td> <td>PT, ES use 1668 mm Iberian gauge, EE, LV, LT use 1520 mm Russian gauge, FI uses 1524 mm Russian gauge, IE uses 1600  No operational railways in MT,CY </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_gauge_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/50px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/75px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/100px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Sky_Shield_Initiative" title="European Sky Shield Initiative">European Sky Shield Initiative</a> (ESSI) </td> <td>GR is expected to join in 2024 </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png/50px-Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png/75px-Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png/100px-Teilnehmer_European_Sky_Shield_2024-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="2541" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is party to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ESO_member_states.svg/50px-ESO_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ESO_member_states.svg/75px-ESO_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ESO_member_states.svg/100px-ESO_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>11</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is member of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> </td> <td>PT is an ad hoc participant </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Club_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris_Club_Map.png/50px-Paris_Club_Map.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris_Club_Map.png/75px-Paris_Club_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paris_Club_Map.png/100px-Paris_Club_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="7192" data-file-height="3503" /></a></span> </div> </td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does participate in the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue–Langevin</a> (ILL) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png/50px-Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png/75px-Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png/100px-Institut_Laue_Langevin_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="7192" data-file-height="3318" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>13</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Gendarmerie_Force" title="European Gendarmerie Force">European Gendarmerie Force</a> </td> <td>LT is an associate member </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurogendfor_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eurogendfor_members.svg/50px-Eurogendfor_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eurogendfor_members.svg/75px-Eurogendfor_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Eurogendfor_members.svg/100px-Eurogendfor_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>16</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/Eurocorps" title="Eurocorps">Eurocorps</a> </td> <td>AT, GR, IT are associated states </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"></div> </td> <td>16</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>does participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Maritime_Force" title="European Maritime Force">European Maritime Force</a> (Euromarfor or EMF) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="background-color:#fff;width:50px;margin:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg/50px-Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg/75px-Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg/100px-Paesi_membri_dell%E2%80%99EUROMARFOR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> </td> <td>17</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_scope">Geographic scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographic scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_geographic_Europe">Beyond geographic Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beyond geographic Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some agreements that are mostly related to countries of the European continent, are also valid in territories outside the continent. </p><p>Not listed below are agreements if their scope is beyond geographic Europe only because the agreement includes: </p> <ul><li>Territories of transcontinental countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia contain some territory in Europe and some in Asia</li> <li>The EU uses bilateral Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreements as an integration tool.<sup id="cite_ref-epca_kz_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epca_kz-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Special territories of European countries, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special territories of member states of the European Union">Special territories of member states of the European Union</a></li> <li>Cyprus, which is a member of the Council of Europe and several other agreements</li></ul> <p>List: </p> <ul><li>NATO contains USA and Canada, but has a European focus, Article 10 of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> describes how non-member states may join: "The Parties may [...] invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) contains the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> (EBU) contains North African and Middle East countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees" title="European Olympic Committees">European Olympic Committees</a> (EOC) contains <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limited_to_regions_within_geographic_Europe">Limited to regions within geographic Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Limited to regions within geographic Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">regional integration</a> efforts have effectively promoted intergovernmental cooperation and reduced the possibility of regional armed conflict. Other initiatives have removed barriers to free trade in European regions, and increased the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nordic countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of the Second World War, the following organisations have been established in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic region">Nordic region</a>: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a co-operation forum for the parliaments and governments of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> created in February 1953. It includes the states of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and their autonomous territories (<a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Passport Union</a>, created in 1954 but implemented on 1 May 1958, establishes free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. It comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway as foundational states; further, it includes Finland and Iceland since 24 September 1965, and the Danish autonomous territories of <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> since 1 January 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltic_Sea_region">Baltic Sea region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baltic Sea region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following political and/or economic organisations have been in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">post-modern era</a>: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a> aims to promote co-operation between the parliaments of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, namely the Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The organisation was planned in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> on 1 December 1990, and the three nations agreed to its structure and rules on 13 June 1994. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Free Trade Area">Baltic Free Trade Area</a> (BAFTA) was a trade agreement between Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. It was signed on 13 September 1993 and came into force on 1 April 1994. The agreement was later extended to apply also to agricultural products, effective from 1 January 1997. BAFTA ceased to exist when its members joined the EU on 1 May 2004. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a> (CBSS) was founded in 1992 to promote intergovernmental cooperation among <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> countries in questions concerning economy, civil society development, human rights issues, and nuclear and radiation safety. It has 12 members including <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (since 1995), <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. </p><p>In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> approved the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) following a communication from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. The EUSBSR was the first macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy aims to reinforce cooperation within the Baltic Sea Region, to address challenges together, and to promote balanced development in the Region. The Strategy contributes to major EU policies, including <a href="/wiki/Europe_2020" title="Europe 2020">Europe 2020</a>, and reinforces integration within the Region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic-Baltic_Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nordic-Baltic Eight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low_Countries_region_(Benelux)"><span id="Low_Countries_region_.28Benelux.29"></span>Low Countries region (Benelux)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Low Countries region (Benelux)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of the First World War the following unions have been set in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> region: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> is an economic and political union between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. On 5 September 1944, a treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed. It entered into force in 1948, and ceased to exist on 1 November 1960, when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Benelux Economic Union">Benelux Economic Union</a> after a treaty signed in The Hague on 3 February 1958. A <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> was created in 1955. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belgium-Luxembourg_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union</a> (BLEU) can be seen as a forerunner of the Benelux. BLEU was created by the treaty signed on 25 July 1921. It established a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> between both countries, while setting the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian franc">Luxembourgian franc</a> at a fixed parity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Sea_region">Black Sea region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Black Sea region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several regional organisations have been founded in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region since the fall of the Soviet Union, such as: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a> (BSEC) aims to ensure peace, stability and prosperity by encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations among the 12 state members, located mainly in the Black Sea region. It was created on 25 June 1992 in Istanbul, and entered into force on 1 May 1999. The 11 founding members were Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) joined in April 2004. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a> is a regional organisation of four post-Soviet states, which aims to promote cooperation and democratic values, ensure stable development, enhance international and regional security, and stepping up European integration. Current members include the four founding ones, namely, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Uzbekistan joined in 1999, and left in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of the First World War, the following agreements have been signed in the United Kingdom and Ireland region: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> in 1998 to <i>"promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands"</i>. It was formally established on 2 December 1999. Its membership comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, three of the <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the UK</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, Scotland and Wales), and three British <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependencies">Crown dependencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>). Because England does not have a <a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_parliament" title="Devolved English parliament">devolved parliament</a>, it is not represented on the Council as a separate entity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> is a passport-free zone established in 1922 that comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. Under Irish law, all British citizens are exempt from immigration control and immune from deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are entitled to live in Ireland without any restrictions or conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Residence_rights_of_UK_citizens_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Residence_rights_of_UK_citizens-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_1971" title="Immigration Act 1971">British law</a>, Irish citizens are entitled to enter and live in the United Kingdom without any restrictions or conditions. They also have the right to vote, work, study and access welfare and healthcare services.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">the United Kingdom left the EU</a>, reversing most aspects of its 40+ years of participation in EU integration. Ireland continues to remain an enthusiastic member of the Union and participates in some elements of the Schengen Agreement other than the common visa policy [a position likely to remain for as a long as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> remains part of the United Kingdom]. The Common Travel Area continues to operate though, as of June 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, other aspects of the relationship are <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill#Irish_government" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">encountering difficulties</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V4_Sunday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/V4_Sunday.jpg/220px-V4_Sunday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/V4_Sunday.jpg/330px-V4_Sunday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/V4_Sunday.jpg/440px-V4_Sunday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Flags of Visegrád Group countries</figcaption></figure> <p>The following cooperation agreements have been signed in Central Europe: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> is a Central-European alliance for cooperation and European integration, based on an ancient strategic alliance of core Central European countries. The Group originated in a summit meeting of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Hungary and Poland held in the Hungarian castle town of <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> on 15 February 1991. The Czech Republic and Slovakia became members after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1993. </p><p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a>, a forum of regional cooperation in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> with 18 member states, was formed in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. The CEI headquarters have been in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Italy, since 1996. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/CEFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CEFTA">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a> (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, which works as a preparation for full European Union membership. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it has 7 members: <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, Albania, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNMIK" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIK">UNMIK</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>). </p><p>It was established in 1992 by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, but came into force only in 1994. Czechoslovakia had in the meantime split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason. Subsequently, North Macedonia joined it in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-FYROM_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FYROM-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and <a href="/wiki/UNMIK" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIK">UNMIK</a> (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. In 2013, Croatia left the CEFTA to join the EU. </p><p><b>Switzerland and Liechtenstein</b> participate in a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> since 1924, and both employ the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> as national currency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of the EU integration process of the countries from the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern bloc</a> are still debated. As a result, the relationship between immigration levels and EU public support remains uncertain. Through the integration, the countries in Eastern Europe have experienced growth of the economy, benefits of the free market agreements and freedom of the labor movement within the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the results of the empirical socioeconomic analyses<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest that in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the immigration from CEE had negative effects on support for European integration in the host societies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The research<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> also implies that the immigration from the CEE seems to undermine the long-term effects of the integration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are theories<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> for the programs of social development that range in views from: an extended contact with the immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> might help forge a common European identity and it could also lead to a potential national isolation, caused by tightening support mechanisms for the labor immigration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Equal amount of research also implies that the internal migration of the countries within the EU is necessary for the successful development of its economic union.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Danube_region">Danube region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Danube region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EU Strategy for the Danube Region was endorsed by the European Council in 2011 and is the second macro-regional strategy in Europe. The Strategy provides a basis for improved cooperation among 14 countries along the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a>. It aims to improve the effectiveness of regional integration efforts and leverage the impact of policies at the EU, national and local levels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkans">Balkans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a>, Craiova Four, or C4 is a cooperation project of four European states – Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia – for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Council_of_Europe">Council of Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Council of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Europe_(blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg/250px-Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg/375px-Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg/500px-Council_of_Europe_%28blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#039; color:white;"> </span> Blue: Council of Europe member states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccced1; color:black;"> </span> Light-grey: Non-member states</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Against the background of the devastation and human suffering during the Second World War as well as the need for reconciliation after the war, the idea of European integration led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in 1949. </p><p>The most important achievement of the Council of Europe is the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> of 1950 with its <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in Strasbourg, which serves as a <i>de facto</i> supreme court for human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout Europe. Human rights are also protected by the Council of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Convention_(2011)_participation_map,_current.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Istanbul_Convention_%282011%29_participation_map%2C_current.svg/220px-Istanbul_Convention_%282011%29_participation_map%2C_current.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Istanbul_Convention_%282011%29_participation_map%2C_current.svg/330px-Istanbul_Convention_%282011%29_participation_map%2C_current.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Istanbul_Convention_%282011%29_participation_map%2C_current.svg/440px-Istanbul_Convention_%282011%29_participation_map%2C_current.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Convention" title="Istanbul Convention">Istanbul Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most conventions of the Council of Europe pursue the aim of greater legal integration, such as the conventions on legal assistance, against corruption, against <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">doping in sport</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Internet_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet crime">internet crime</a>. </p><p>Cultural co-operation is based on the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict" title="Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict">Cultural Convention of 1954</a> and subsequent conventions on the recognition of university studies and diplomas as well as on the protection of minority languages. </p><p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, former communist European countries were able to accede to the Council of Europe, which now comprises 46 states in Europe. Therefore, European integration has practically succeeded at the level of the Council of Europe, encompassing almost the whole European continent, with the exception of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Russia, and the Vatican City. </p><p>European integration at the level of the Council of Europe functions through the accession of member states to its conventions, and through political coordination at the level of ministerial conferences and inter-parliamentary sessions. In accordance with its Statute of 1949, the Council of Europe works to achieve greater unity among its members based on common values, such as human rights and democracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Political_Community">European Political Community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: European Political Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Political_Community.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/European_Political_Community.svg/220px-European_Political_Community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/European_Political_Community.svg/330px-European_Political_Community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/European_Political_Community.svg/440px-European_Political_Community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a> member states</figcaption></figure> <p>The European Political Community (EPC) is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> forum for political and strategic discussions about the future of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-euronews_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euronews-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1st_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="1st European Political Community Summit">inaugural summit</a> was held on 6 October 2022 in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, with participants from 44 <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">European countries</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Presidents of the European Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-consilium6oct_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consilium6oct-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) is a trans-Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organisation</a> whose aim is to secure stability in Europe. It was established as the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (CSCE) in July 1973, and was subsequently transformed into its current form in January 1995. The OSCE has 56 member states, covering most of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">northern hemisphere</a>. </p><p>The OSCE develops three lines of activities, namely the <i>Politico-Military Dimension</i>, the <i>Economic and Environmental Dimension</i> and the <i>Human Dimension</i>. These respectively promote (i) mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution; (ii) the monitoring, alerting and assistance in case of economic and environmental threats; and (iii) full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSCE_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OSCE_map.svg/610px-OSCE_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OSCE_map.svg/915px-OSCE_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OSCE_map.svg/1220px-OSCE_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Free_Trade_Association">European Free Trade Association</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: European Free Trade Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_AELE_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EFTA_AELE_countries.svg/200px-EFTA_AELE_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EFTA_AELE_countries.svg/300px-EFTA_AELE_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EFTA_AELE_countries.svg/400px-EFTA_AELE_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>EFTA members</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA) is a European <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who did not join the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a>. EFTA currently has four member states: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein; just Norway and Switzerland are founding members. </p><p>The EFTA Convention was signed on 4 January 1960 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> by seven states: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Finland became an associate member in 1961 and a full member in 1986; Iceland joined in 1970 and Liechtenstein did the same in 1991. A revised Convention, the <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> Convention, was signed on 21 June 2001 and entered into force on 1 June 2002. </p><p>The United Kingdom and Denmark left in 1973, when they joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> (EC). Portugal left EFTA in 1986, when it also joined the EC. Austria, Finland and Sweden ceased to be EFTA members in 1995 by joining the European Union, which superseded the EC in 1993. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Broadcasting_Union">European Broadcasting Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: European Broadcasting Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBU_enlargement_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EBU_enlargement_animation.gif/200px-EBU_enlargement_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EBU_enlargement_animation.gif/300px-EBU_enlargement_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EBU_enlargement_animation.gif/400px-EBU_enlargement_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Countries with Active EBU Membership coloured in order of accession from 1950</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></div> <p>The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the organisation comprises 112 active members in 54 countries,<sup id="cite_ref-EBU_Active2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBU_Active2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 30 associate members from a further 19 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-EBU_Associates2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBU_Associates2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most EU states are part of this organisation, and therefore the EBU has been subject to <a href="/wiki/Supranational_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranational legislature">supranational</a> legislation and regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also hosted debates between candidates for the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Union" title="President of the European Union">presidency</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014 parliamentary elections</a>, but is unrelated to the EU itself.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Patent_Convention">European Patent Convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: European Patent Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_europeen_brevets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Office_europeen_brevets.svg/200px-Office_europeen_brevets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Office_europeen_brevets.svg/300px-Office_europeen_brevets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Office_europeen_brevets.svg/400px-Office_europeen_brevets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>EPC contracting states and the extension state Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">European Patent Convention</a></div> <p>The European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, is a multilateral <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> instituting the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> and providing an autonomous legal system according to which European patents are granted. As of 2022, there are 39 parties to the European Patent Convention. The Convention on the Grant of European Patents was first signed on 5 October 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Communities">European Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: European Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany agreed to confer powers over their steel and coal production to the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> (ECSC) in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which came into force on 23 July 1952. </p><p>Coal and steel production was essential for the reconstruction of countries in Europe after the Second World War and this sector of the national economy had been important for warfare in the First and Second World Wars. Therefore, France had originally maintained its occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> with its steel companies after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949. By transferring national powers over the coal and steel production to a newly created ECSC Commission, the member states of the ECSC were able to provide for greater transparency and trust among themselves. </p><p>This transfer of national powers to a "Community" to be exercised by its Commission was paralleled under the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a> (or Euratom) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) in Brussels. </p><p>In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> (or <b>Brussels Treaty</b>) combine the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC. They already shared a <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">Parliamentary Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Courts</a>. Collectively they were known as the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>. In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation. The Communities originally had independent personalities although they were increasingly integrated, and over the years were transformed into what is now called the European Union. </p><p>The six states that founded the three Communities were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Inner_six" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner six">inner six</a>" (the "outer seven" were those countries who formed the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a>). These were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Greece joined in 1981, and Portugal and Spain in 1986. On 3 October 1990 East Germany and West Germany were reunified, hence East Germany became part of the Community in the new reunified Germany (not increasing the number of states). </p><p>A key person in the Community creation process was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a>, regarded as the "founding father" of the European Union, which is seen as the dominant force in European integration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union">European Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Single_Market_integration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/European_Single_Market_integration.svg/310px-European_Single_Market_integration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/European_Single_Market_integration.svg/465px-European_Single_Market_integration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/European_Single_Market_integration.svg/620px-European_Single_Market_integration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> integration:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#039; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">European Union member states</a> form the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a050ff; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Non-EU states that participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions: <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c39467; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Part of a former EU state that remains partially aligned to the EU Single Market on goods: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Non-EU states with a <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Agreement</a> with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: EU accession candidates <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; EU accession potential candidates: <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F29527; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Non-EU states with a <a href="/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area" title="Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area">Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area</a> agreement with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Non-EU states which have a bilateral Customs Union arrangement with the EU: <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">an accession candidate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a></div> <p>The European Union (EU) is an association of 27 sovereign <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states</a>, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states. Officially established by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Maastricht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Maastricht">Treaty of Maastricht</a> in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. </p><p>Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. The United Kingdom withdrew in 2020 after 47 years of membership. Official candidate states include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, North Macedonia,<sup id="cite_ref-FYROM_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FYROM-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC. Iceland and Switzerland have withdrawn their respective applications. Norway rejected membership in two referendums. The <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">membership negotiations process between the EU and Turkey</a>, which started on 3 October 2005, has been suspended since 2019. </p><p>The institutions of the European Union, its parliamentarians, judges, commissioners and secretariat, the governments of its member states as well as their people, all play a role in European Integration. Nevertheless, the question of who plays the key role is disputed as there are different theories on European Integration focusing on different actors and agency. </p><p>The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union. According to the European Union's official site, and a statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen, the aim is to have a ring of countries, sharing EU's democratic ideals and joining them in further integration without necessarily becoming full member states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competences">Competences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Competences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member state of the European Union</a></div> <p>Whilst most responsibilities ('competences') are retained by the member states, some competences are conferred exclusively on the Union for collective decision, some are shared pending Union action and some receive Union support. These are shown on this table: </p> <table style="width:100%;background:none;"> <caption><b>Competences of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in relation to those of its <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist" style="float:right;font-size:100%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:EU competences"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EU_competences" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:EU competences"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_competences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EU competences"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:25%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;border:1px solid #9db0f6;background:#becdf1; padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Exclusive competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:50%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:50%;border:1px solid #bac6f4;background:#d7dff4;padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Shared competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:25%;border:1px solid #e6ecfd;background:#f3f5fd;padding:5px; font-weight:bold">Supporting competence </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#9db0f6;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act as to …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#9db0f6;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the establishing of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">competition rules</a> necessary for the functioning of the internal market</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the conservation of marine biological resources under the <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">common fisheries policy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/EU_Common_Commercial_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Common Commercial Policy">Common Commercial Policy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">conclusion of certain <a href="/wiki/International_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International agreement">international agreements</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so, that is …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">internal market</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">social policy, for the aspects defined in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union">this Treaty</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">economic, social and territorial cohesion</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">fisheries</a>, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment in the European Union">environment</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">consumer protection</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_European_Union" title="Transport in the European Union">transport</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Networks" title="Trans-European Networks">trans-European networks</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">energy</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the <a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">area of freedom, security and justice</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;border-bottom:4px solid white;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">research, technological development and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Policy">(outer) space</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">development cooperation, humanitarian aid</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to their common policies not covered elsewhere in …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#bac6f4;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the coordination of economic, employment and social policies</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">common <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">foreign, security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">defence</a> policies</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:25%;vertical-align:top;"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="padding-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e6ecfd;padding:5px;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:2px dotted white;"><i>The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in …</i> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;"> <td style="background:#e6ecfd;padding-bottom:5px;"> <div><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;">the protection and improvement of human health</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">industry</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">culture</a></li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">tourism</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">education</a>, youth, <a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">sport</a> and vocational training</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">civil protection (disaster prevention)</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;">administrative cooperation</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_integration">Economic integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Economic integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Third country economic relationships with the European Union">Third country economic relationships with the European Union</a></div> <p>The European Union operates a single economic market across the territory of all its members, and uses a single currency between the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> members. Further, the EU has a number of economic relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union through the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> and customs union agreements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_trade_area">Free trade area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Free trade area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_FTAs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/220px-EU_FTAs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/330px-EU_FTAs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU_FTAs.svg/440px-EU_FTAs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">EU Free trade agreements</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of the EEC eliminated tariffs, quotas and preferences on goods among member states, which are the requisites to define a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">free trade area</a> (FTA). The United Kingdom remains part of the FTA during the transition period of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a>. </p><p>Numerous countries have signed a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a> (AA) with FTA provisions. These mainly include Mediterranean countries (Algeria in 2005, Egypt in 2004, Israel in 2000, Jordan in 2002, Lebanon in 2006, Morocco in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> in 1997, and Tunisia in 1998), albeit some countries from other trade blocs have also signed one (such as Chile in 2003, Mexico in 2000, and South Africa in 2000). </p><p>Further, many Balkan states have signed a <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Agreement</a> (SAA) with FTA provisions, such as Albania (signed 2006), Montenegro (2007), North Macedonia<sup id="cite_ref-FYROM_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FYROM-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia (both 2008, entry-into-force pending). </p><p>In 2008, Poland and Sweden proposed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> which would include setting a FTA between the EU and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Customs_union">Customs union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Customs union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a> defines an area where no customs are levied on goods travelling within it. It includes all <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a>. The abolition of internal tariff barriers between <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> member states was achieved in 1968. </p><p>Andorra and San Marino belong to the EU customs unions with third states. Turkey is linked by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">European Union–Turkey Customs Union</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Single_Market">European Single Market</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: European Single Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a></div> <p>A prominent goal of the EU since its creation by the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> in 1992 is establishing and maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a>. This seeks to guarantee the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (European Union)">four basic freedoms</a>, which are related to ensure the free movement of goods, services, capital and people around the EU's internal market. </p><p>The United Kingdom remained part of the single market during the transition period of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA) agreement allows Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein to participate in the European Single Market without joining the EU. The four basic freedoms apply. However, some restrictions on fisheries and agriculture take place. Switzerland is linked to the European Union by <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland and the European Union">Swiss-EU bilateral agreements</a>, with a different content from that of the EEA agreement. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurozone">Eurozone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Eurozone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/220px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/330px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg/440px-Europ%C3%A4ische_Wirtschafts-_und_W%C3%A4hrungsunion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> Members of the Eurozone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#339900; color:black;"> </span> ERM-II members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8984d; color:black;"> </span> ERM-II member with opt-out (Denmark)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#704c4c; color:white;"> </span> The rest of the EU-members, which are obliged to join</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> refers to the European Union member states that have adopted the euro <a href="/wiki/Currency_union" title="Currency union">currency union</a> as the third stage of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">European Economic and Monetary Union</a> (EMU). Further, certain states outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency, despite not belonging to the EMU. Thus, a total of 26 states, including 20 European Union states and six non-EU members, currently use the euro. </p><p>The Eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro on 1 January 1999. Physical <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">banknotes</a> were introduced on 1 January 2002. </p><p>The original members were Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece adopted the euro on 1 January 2001. Slovenia joined on 1 January 2007, Cyprus and Malta were admitted on 1 January 2008, Slovakia joined on 1 January 2009, Estonia on 1 January 2011, Latvia on 1 January 2014, Lithuania on 1 January 2015 and Croatia on 1 January 2023. </p><p>Outside the EU, agreements have been concluded with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City for formal adoption, including the right to issue their own coins. Montenegro and Kosovo} unilaterally adopted the euro when it launched. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_union">Fiscal union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fiscal union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Fiscal_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Fiscal Union">European Fiscal Union</a></div> <p>There has long been speculation about the possibility of the European Union eventually becoming a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">fiscal union</a>. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a> that began in 2009, calls for closer fiscal ties, possibly leading to some sort of fiscal union have increased; though it is generally regarded as implausible in the short term, some analysts regard fiscal union as a long-term necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While stressing the need for coordination, governments have rejected talk of fiscal union or harmonisation in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviation">Aviation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_aviation_organisations_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/European_aviation_organisations_members.svg/220px-European_aviation_organisations_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/European_aviation_organisations_members.svg/330px-European_aviation_organisations_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/European_aviation_organisations_members.svg/440px-European_aviation_organisations_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7dffff; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0101; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff7d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>There are three main aviation related institutions present in Europe: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area (ECAA)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_Community_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/220px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/330px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Energy_Community_Map.svg/440px-Energy_Community_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a> in 2023 – Contracting Parties in blue and purple, Observers in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>The transnational energy related structures present in Europe are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Electricity" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Gas" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INOGATE" title="INOGATE">INOGATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Charter_Treaty" title="Energy Charter Treaty">Energy Charter Treaty</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standardisation">Standardisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Standardisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transnational standardisation organisations present in Europe are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization (CEN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Reference_Materials_and_Measurements" title="Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements">Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_political_integration">Social and political integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Social and political integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ERASMUS_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="ERASMUS programme">ERASMUS programme</a> (<b>E</b>uropean <b>R</b>egion <b>A</b>ction <b>S</b>cheme for the <b>M</b>obility of <b>U</b>niversity <b>S</b>tudents) seeks to encourage and support free movement of the academic community. It was established in 1987. </p><p>A total of 33 states (including all European Union states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey) are involved. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EHEA_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EHEA_map.svg/400px-EHEA_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EHEA_map.svg/600px-EHEA_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EHEA_map.svg/800px-EHEA_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a> (<b>EHEA</b>) aims to integrate education systems in Europe. Thus, degrees and study periods are recognised mutually. This is done by following the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>, and under the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Recognition_Convention" title="Lisbon Recognition Convention">Lisbon Recognition Convention</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. </p><p>The Bologna declaration was signed in 1999 by 29 countries, all EU members or candidates at the moment (except Cyprus which joined later) and three out of four EFTA countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. Croatia, Cyprus, Liechtenstein, and Turkey joined in 2001. In 2003, Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (a Council of Europe permanent observer), North Macedonia,<sup id="cite_ref-FYROM_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FYROM-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia, and Serbia signed the convention. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine followed in 2005. Montenegro joined in 2007. Finally, Kazakhstan (not a member of the Council of Europe) joined in 2010. This makes a total of 47 member states. Monaco and San Marino are the only members of the Council of Europe which have not adopted the convention. The other European nation that is eligible to join, but has not, is Belarus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research">Research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of multinational research institutions based in Europe. </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/EIROforum" class="mw-redirect" title="EIROforum">EIROforum</a> collaboration: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fusion_Development_Agreement" title="European Fusion Development Agreement">European Fusion Development Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li>Particle physics: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Synchrotron_Radiation_Facility" title="European Synchrotron Radiation Facility">European Synchrotron Radiation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue–Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_XFEL" title="European XFEL">European XFEL</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Meteorology: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETNET" title="EUMETNET">EUMETNET</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health">Health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_and_EFTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/250px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/375px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/500px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">EHIC participating nations (EU members in blue, non-members in green)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg/230px-Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg/345px-Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg/460px-Smart_Open_Services_nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">epSOS participating nations</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">European Health Insurance Card</a> (or <b>EHIC</b>) is issued free of charge and allows anyone who is insured by or covered by a statutory social security scheme of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> countries and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to receive medical treatment in another member state for free or at a reduced cost, if that treatment becomes necessary during their visit (for example, due to illness or an accident), or if they have a chronic <a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_condition" title="Pre-existing condition">pre-existing condition</a> which requires care such as <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">kidney dialysis</a>. </p><p>The <b>epSOS</b> project, also known as <i>Smart Open Services for European Patients</i>, aims to promote free movement of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will allow health professionals to electronically access the data from patients from another country, to electronically process prescriptions in all involved countries, or to provide treatment in another EU state to a patient on a waiting list. </p><p>The project has been launched by the EU and 47 member institutions from 23 EU member states and 3 non-EU members. They include national health ministries, national competence centres, social insurance institutions and scientific institutions as well as technical and administrative management entities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights">Charter of Fundamental Rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Charter of Fundamental Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> is a document enshrining certain <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a>. The wording of the document has been agreed at ministerial level and has been incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>. Poland has negotiated an opt out from this Charter, as had the United Kingdom before the latter's <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawal from the European Union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_to_vote">Right to vote</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Right to vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European integration process has extended the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote">right of foreigners to vote</a>. Thus, European Union citizens were given <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">local elections</a> by the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>. Several member states (Belgium, Luxembourg, Lithuania, and Slovenia) have extended since then the right to vote to all foreign residents. This was already the case in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Further, voting and eligibility rights are granted among citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Passport Union</a>, and between numerous countries through bilateral treaties (i.e. between Norway and Spain, or between Portugal and Brazil, Cape Verde, Iceland, Norway, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina), or without them (i.e. Ireland and the United Kingdom). Finally, within the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a>, Iceland and Norway also grant the right to vote to all foreign residents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schengen_Area">Schengen Area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Schengen Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schengenzone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Schengenzone.svg/230px-Schengenzone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Schengenzone.svg/345px-Schengenzone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Schengenzone.svg/460px-Schengenzone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> Future members (Cyprus)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F29527; color:black;"> </span> Cooperating countries (Ireland)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The main purpose of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> is the abolition of physical borders among European countries. A total of 30 states, including 26 European Union states (all except Ireland, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> with the United Kingdom) and four non-EU members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland), are subject to the Schengen rules. Its provisions have already been implemented by 29 states, leaving just Cyprus to do so among signatory states. </p><p>Further, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are <i>de facto</i> members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visa_policy_in_EU">Visa policy in EU</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Visa policy in EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></div> <p>European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Moldova.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters concerning Turkey have also been debated.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland maintains an independent visa policy in the EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence">Defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">European Union–NATO relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nato-csto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nato-csto.svg/400px-Nato-csto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nato-csto.svg/600px-Nato-csto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nato-csto.svg/800px-Nato-csto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members in blue, <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a> members in orange</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of multi-national military and peacekeeping forces which are ultimately under the command of the EU, and therefore can be seen as the core for a future European Union army.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These corps include forces from 26 EU states (all except Malta, which currently does not participate in any battlegroup), Norway and Turkey. Denmark used to have an opt-out clause in its accession treaty and was not obliged to participate in the common defence policy, but in 2022 decided to abandon its stance. Further, the <b><a href="/wiki/WEU" class="mw-redirect" title="WEU">Western European Union</a></b> (WEU) capabilities and functions have been transferred to the European Union, under its developing <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> (CFSP) and <a href="/wiki/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Security and Defence Policy">European Security and Defence Policy</a> (ESDP).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU also has close ties with the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), according to the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Plus_agreement" title="Berlin Plus agreement">Berlin Plus agreement</a>. This is a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002. With this agreement the EU is given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO does not want to act itself – the so-called "right of first refusal".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_defence_integration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/European_defence_integration.svg/320px-European_defence_integration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/European_defence_integration.svg/480px-European_defence_integration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/European_defence_integration.svg/640px-European_defence_integration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The participation in European defence organisations</figcaption></figure> <p>In fact, many EU member states are among the 32 NATO members. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a> is considered the precursor to NATO. The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> was signed in Washington, D.C., in 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in 1952, and West Germany did the same in 1955. Spain entered in 1982. In 1999, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland became NATO members. Finally, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia joined in 2004. In 2009, Albania and Croatia joined. In 2008, Ukraine and Georgia were told that they will also eventually become members. Montenegro and North Macedonia joined in 2017 and 2020 respectively. In 2023 and 2024, Finland and Sweden joined. Thus, 23 out of 32 NATO states are among the 27 EU members, another two are members of the EEA, and one more is an EU candidate and also a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency Science Programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Space_Agency" title="Enlargement of the European Space Agency">Enlargement of the European Space Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">European Union Agency for the Space Programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union Space Programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">European Union Satellite Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane (rocket family)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:508px;max-width:508px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_ESA_member_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_ESA_member_countries.svg/250px-Location_ESA_member_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_ESA_member_countries.svg/375px-Location_ESA_member_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_ESA_member_countries.svg/500px-Location_ESA_member_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5B9ED7; color:black;"> </span> ESA member countries</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5FB4A1; color:black;"> </span> ECS states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3D9345; color:black;"> </span> signed Cooperation Agreement (CA)</div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA_and_EU.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ESA_and_EU.png/250px-ESA_and_EU.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ESA_and_EU.png/375px-ESA_and_EU.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ESA_and_EU.png/500px-ESA_and_EU.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81c846; color:black;"> </span> ESA and EU member countries</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b94954; color:white;"> </span> ESA-only members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3b54b1; color:white;"> </span> EU-only members</div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 22 May 2007, the member states of the European Union have agreed to create a common political framework for space activities in Europe by unifying the approach of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) with those of the individual European Union member states.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, ESA is an intergovernmental organisation with no formal organic link to the EU; indeed the two institutions have different member states and are governed by different rules and procedures. ESA was created in 1975 by the merger of the two pre-existing European organisations engaged in space activities, <a href="/wiki/ELDO" class="mw-redirect" title="ELDO">ELDO</a> and <a href="/wiki/ESRO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESRO">ESRO</a>. The 10 founding members were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Ireland joined on 31 December 1975. In 1987, Austria and Norway became member states. Finland joined in 1995, Portugal in 2000, Greece and Luxembourg in 2005, the Czech Republic in 2008, and Romania in 2011. Currently, it has 20 member states: all the EU member states before 2004, plus Czech Republic, Norway, Poland, Romania, and Switzerland. In addition, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State under a series of cooperation agreements dating since 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 the political perspective of the European Union was to make ESA an <a href="/wiki/Agency_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency of the European Union">agency of the EU</a> by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESA is likely to expand in the coming years with the countries which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007. Currently, almost all EU member states are in different stages of affiliation with ESA. Poland<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has joined on 19 November 2012. Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Estonia<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have signed ESA Convention. Latvia and Slovenia have started to implement a Plan for European Cooperating State (PECS) Charter. Slovakia, Lithuania and Bulgaria have signed a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. Cyprus,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malta and Croatia have signed Cooperation Agreements with ESA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_in_European_Union_agreements">Membership in European Union agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Membership in European Union agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For participation of non-EU countries in EU integration initiatives, see <a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe#Participation_of_European_countries_in_EU_integration_initiatives" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe § Participation of European countries in EU integration initiatives</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Agreements_current.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU-Agreements_current.svg/320px-EU-Agreements_current.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU-Agreements_current.svg/480px-EU-Agreements_current.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/EU-Agreements_current.svg/640px-EU-Agreements_current.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000080; color:white;"> </span> EU, Schengen, EMU, AFSJ (All agreements): 18 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;"> </span> EU, Schengen, AFSJ: 6 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> EU, EMU, AFSJ: 1 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ffff; color:black;"> </span> EU, Schengen: 1 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> EU, EMU: 1 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> EEA, Schengen: 3 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#803300; color:white;"> </span> Schengen, Bilateral treaties: 1 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;"> </span> Candidates, some agreements: 9 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5FF52; color:black;"> </span> Microstates, some agreements: 4 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Association Agreement: 1 c.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> some agreements: 0 c.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>A small group of EU member states have joined all European treaties, instead of opting out on some. They drive the development of a federal model for the European integration. This is linked to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a> where some countries would create a core union; and goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Six" title="Inner Six">Inner Six</a> references to the founding member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>. </p><p>At present, the formation of a formal Core Europe Federation ("a federation within the confederation") has been held off at every occasion where such a federation treaty had been discussed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Instead, supranational institutions are created that govern more areas in "Inner Europe" than existing European integration provides for. </p><p>Among the 27 EU state members, 18 states have signed all integration agreements: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The agreements considered include the fifth stage of economic integration or <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen agreement">Schengen agreement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> (AFSJ). </p><p>Thus, among the 27 EU countries, 20 have joined the Eurozone, 25 have joined Schengen, and also 25 have no opt-outs under AFSJ. </p><p>Further, some countries which do not belong to the EU have joined several of these initiatives, albeit sometimes at a lower stage such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">Common Market (EEA)</a>, or even unilaterally adopting the euro, and by taking part in <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen</a>, either as a signatory state, or <i>de facto.</i> </p><p>Thus, 6 non-EU countries have adopted the euro (4 through an agreement with the EU and 2 unilaterally), and 4 non-EU states have joined the Schengen agreement officially. </p><p>The following table shows the status of each state membership to the different agreements promoted by the EU. It lists 47 countries, including the 27 EU member states, 9 candidate states, 3 members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> and Switzerland, Kosovo which has applied for membership, 4 microstates, and the United Kingdom and Armenia as special cases. </p><p>Hence, this table summarises some components of EU laws applied in most European states. Some territories of EU member states also have a <a href="/wiki/Special_Member_State_territories_and_the_European_Union#Summary" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Member State territories and the European Union">special status</a> in regard to EU laws applied. Some territories of EFTA member states also have a <a href="/wiki/EFTA_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="EFTA and the European Union">special status</a> in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some <a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union#Summary" title="Microstates and the European Union">European microstates</a>. For member states that do not have special-status territories the EU law applies fully with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs in the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">states under a safeguard clause</a> or alternatively some states participate in <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_co-operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced co-operation">enhanced co-operation</a> between a subset of the EU members. Additionally, there are various examples of non-participation by some EU members and non-EU states participation in particular <a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a>, the programmes for <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Area" title="European Research Area">European Research Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Mundus" title="Erasmus Mundus">Erasmus Mundus</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: center; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption style="font-size: 130%;">European Union Agreements </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Map </th> <th>EU </th> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">EMU (Euro)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">AFSJ</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Austria </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/17px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/27px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></span> Belgium </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Croatia </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">Yes, provisionally</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone member states">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> Estonia </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> Finland </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> France </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Germany </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Greece </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Italy </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Latvia </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Lithuania </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> Luxembourg </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Malta </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Netherlands </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Portugal </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Slovakia </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Slovenia </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Spain </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone#European_Union_member_states" title="Eurozone">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Bulgaria </td> <td style="background:teal;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/ERM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM II">ERM II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Czech Republic </td> <td style="background:teal;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Obliged to join</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Hungary </td> <td style="background:teal;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Obliged to join</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Poland </td> <td style="background:teal;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Obliged to join</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union#The_UK_and_Polish_protocol" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">CFR partial opt-out</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Romania </td> <td style="background:teal;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Obliged to join</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Sweden </td> <td style="background:teal;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Obliged to join</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Cyprus </td> <td style="background:green;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Prospective_members" title="Schengen Area">Obliged to join</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone member states">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> Denmark </td> <td style="background:#00ffff;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union#Economic_and_Monetary_Union_–_Denmark" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">Opt-out</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM II">ERM II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ#Opt-outs" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Opt-out</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Ireland </td> <td style="background:#0000ff;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union#Schengen_Agreement_–_Ireland" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">Opt-out</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurozone member states">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/AFSJ#Opt-outs" class="mw-redirect" title="AFSJ">Opt-out (Opt-in)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Liechtenstein </td> <td style="background:#800080;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">No</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations">Swiss-Liecht CU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> Norway </td> <td style="background:#800080;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Applications withdrawn</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Iceland </td> <td style="background:#800080;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Applications withdrawn</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> Switzerland </td> <td style="background:#803300;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Application withdrawn</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Bilateral treaties</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations">Swiss-Liecht CU</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Current_members" title="Schengen Area">Yes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Albania </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Bosnia and Herzegovina </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Georgia </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union-Georgia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union-Georgia relations">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Moldova </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Montenegro </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_and_the_euro" title="Montenegro and the euro">Unilaterally adopted</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> North Macedonia </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> Serbia </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Turkey </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-CU_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Ukraine </td> <td style="background:#f60;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union–Ukraine relations">Candidate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> Andorra </td> <td style="background:#F5FF52;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">No</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-CU_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Status_of_the_European_microstates" title="Schengen Area">No</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Yes</a><sup id="cite_ref-euros_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euros-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Monaco </td> <td style="background:#F5FF52;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">No</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"><i>de facto</i>, with France </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Status_of_the_European_microstates" title="Schengen Area"><i>de facto</i>, with France</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Yes</a><sup id="cite_ref-euros_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euros-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> San Marino </td> <td style="background:#F5FF52;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">No</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-CU_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Status_of_the_European_microstates" title="Schengen Area">Open border</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Yes</a><sup id="cite_ref-euros_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euros-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Vatican City </td> <td style="background:#F5FF52;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">No</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area#Status_of_the_European_microstates" title="Schengen Area">Open border</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">Yes</a><sup id="cite_ref-euros_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euros-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Republic of Kosovo </td> <td style="background:#000;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Applicant, SAA signed</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_exemptions" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Unilaterally adopted</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Armenia </td> <td style="background#000;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">No</a> (<span style="color:black;background: #fdb"> <a href="/wiki/Armenia-EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement">CEPA signed</a> </span>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">ECAA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> United Kingdom </td> <td style="background#000;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">No</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrew</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No (withdrew) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;">No, <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area#Visa_requirements_for_the_Schengen_Area,_Bulgaria,_Cyprus_and_Romania" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa Free</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CU-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CU_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CU_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CU_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In a customs union with the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euros-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euros_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euros_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euros_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euros_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Formal <a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" title="International status and usage of the euro">agreement</a> with the EU to issue euros.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_of_European_integration">Future of European integration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Future of European integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement of the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">Federal Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg/220px-Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg/330px-Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg/440px-Further_European_Union_Enlargement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a> status of possible <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">future enlargement of the European Union</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#039; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Current member states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F29527; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Former member state which has <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">withdrawn from the EU</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">United Kingdom</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova-European Union relations">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-status1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Potential candidates that have applied for membership: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo*</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">status disputed</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-status1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#da2131; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> States that have withdrawn their applications: <a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no fixed end to the process of integration. The discussion on the possible final political shape or configuration of the European Union is sometimes referred to as the debate on the <b>finalité politique</b> (French for "political purpose").<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integration and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement of the European Union</a> are major issues in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">politics of Europe</a>, each at European, national and local level. Integration may conflict with national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, and is opposed by <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">eurosceptics</a>. To the east of the European Union, the countries of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> launched the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> in the year 2015, which was subsequently joined by <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Other states in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> may also join. Meanwhile, the post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Disputed_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed states">disputed states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> have created the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a> to closer integrate among each other. Some Eastern European countries such as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> have opted to cooperate with both the EU and the Eurasian Union. On 24 February 2017 <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Sargsyan" title="Tigran Sargsyan">Tigran Sargsyan</a>, the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a> stated that Armenia's stance was to cooperate and work with both the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>. Sargsyan added that although Armenia is part of the Eurasian Union, a new <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a> between Armenia and the EU would be finalized shortly.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_economical_bloc.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Europe_economical_bloc.PNG/450px-Europe_economical_bloc.PNG" decoding="async" width="450" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Europe_economical_bloc.PNG/675px-Europe_economical_bloc.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Europe_economical_bloc.PNG 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Economical integration <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">blocs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> have engaged the EU with the aim to grow economic and political ties. The <a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a>, established in 2003, is the inter-parliamentary forum in which members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the national parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> participate and forge closer political and economic ties with the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these States participate in the EU's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> program. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a> are other organizations established to promote European integration, stability, and democracy. On 12 January 2002, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 March 2024, Armenian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a> advised that Armenia would officially "apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days, within a month at most".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 March, Pashinyan stated that Armenia would apply for EU candidacy by autumn 2024 at the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 March 2024, the European Parliament passed a resolution confirming Armenia meets <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union/Title_VI:_Final_Provisions#Article_49" class="extiw" title="s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title VI: Final Provisions">Article 49</a> requirements and may apply for EU membership.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> is the only country in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> actively seeking EU membership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Security_Treaty">European Security Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: European Security Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> announced a new concept for Russian foreign politics and called for the creation of a common space in Euro-Atlantic and Eurasia area "from Vancouver to Vladivostok".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 June 2009 in Berlin he proposed a new all-European pact for security that would include all European, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 November 2009 a draft version of the European Security Treaty appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French president Sarkozy spoke positively about Medvedev's ideas and called for closer security and economic relation between Europe and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_space_from_Lisbon_to_Vladivostok">Common space from Lisbon to Vladivostok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Common space from Lisbon to Vladivostok"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg/650px-Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg/975px-Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg/1300px-Lisbon_to_Vladivostok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Area from Lisbon to Vladivostok with all <a href="/wiki/European_country" class="mw-redirect" title="European country">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries</figcaption></figure> <p>Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in a German newspaper in 2010 called for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also said it is quite possible Russia could join the eurozone one day.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French president <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> in 2010 said he believed in 10 or 15 years there will be common economic space between EU and Russia with visa-free regime and general concept of security.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead Russia has chosen economic policy of self-sufficiency and economic autarky. Russia has been unable to compete with the EU economy, so integration might be at the cost of its own political and socio-economic stability.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_of_a_single_legal_space_for_the_CIS_and_Europe">Concept of a single legal space for the CIS and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Concept of a single legal space for the CIS and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png/400px-European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png/600px-European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png/800px-European_Union_OCTs_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3C62DD; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">Member states of the European Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38DD6E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Current_agenda_and_applicants" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">Current enlargement agenda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#804000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Special_Member_State_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Member State territories and the European Union">Special member state territories</a> outside the EU</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8040; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic zone">EEZ</a> of <a href="/wiki/Special_Member_State_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Member State territories and the European Union">special member state territories</a> outside the EU</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Russian legal scholar Oleg Kutafin and economist Alexander Zakharov produced a Concept of a Single Legal Space for the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> and Europe in 2002. This idea was fully incorporated in the resolution of the 2003 Moscow Legal Forum. The Forum gathered representatives of more than 20 countries including 10 CIS countries. In 2007 both the International Union of Jurists of the CIS and the International Union (Commonwealth) of Advocates passed resolutions that strongly support the Concept of a Single Legal Space for Europe and post-Soviet Countries. </p><p>The concept said: "Obviously, to improve its legislation Russia and other countries of CIS should be oriented toward the continental legal family of European law. The civil law system is much closer to the Russian and other CIS countries will be instrumental in harmonising legislation of CIS countries and the European Community but all values of common law should be also investigated on the subject of possible implementation in some laws and norms. It is suggested that the introduction of the concept of a Single legal space and a single Rule of Law space for Europe and CIS be implemented in four steps: </p> <ol><li>Development plans at the national level regarding adoption of selected EC legal standards in the legislation of CIS countries;</li> <li>Promotion of measures for harmonisation of law with the goal of developing a single legal space for Europe and CIS countries in the area of commercial and corporate law;</li> <li>Making the harmonisation of judicial practice of CIS countries compatible with Rule of Law principles and coordination of the basic requirements of the Rule of Law in CIS countries with the EU legal standards.</li> <li>Development of ideas the <a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a> (International Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institution and Historic Monuments initiated by Russian thinker Nicholas Roerich and signed in 1935 by 40 % of sovereign states in Washington D.C.) into the law of CIS countries and European law.</li></ol> <p><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Europe">Beyond Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Beyond Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership">Euro-Mediterranean Partnership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Euro-Mediterranean Partnership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg/220px-EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg/330px-EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg/440px-EU_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>EU regional initiatives; <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Current_agenda_and_applicants" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">current enlargement agenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">SAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Current_agenda_and_applicants" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">candidate countries</a>), <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">ENP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euromediterranean_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Euromediterranean Partnership">Euromediterranean Partnership</a> and <a href="/wiki/EU-Russia_Common_Spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-Russia Common Spaces">EU-Russia Common Spaces</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Mediterranean Partnership">Euro-Mediterranean Partnership</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Process">Barcelona Process</a> was organised by the European Union to strengthen its relations with the countries in the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> regions. It started in 1995 with the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Euro-Mediterranean_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference">Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference</a>, and it has been developed in successive annual meetings. </p><p>The European Union enlargement of 2004 brought two more Mediterranean countries (Cyprus and Malta) into the Union, while adding a total of 10 to the number of Member States. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership today comprises 43 members: 27 European Union member states, and 15 partner countries (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Syria and Tunisia, as well as the Palestinian Territories). Libya has had observer status since 1999. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_free_trade_area" title="Euro-Mediterranean free trade area">Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area</a> (EU-MEFTA) is based on the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Process">Barcelona Process</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP). It will cover the EU, the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU customs unions with third states</a> (Andorra, San Marino, and Turkey), the <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">EU candidate states</a>, and the partners of the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Process">Barcelona Process</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a> is a community of countries, mostly bordering the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, established in July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-EA167_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA167-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ties_with_partners">Ties with partners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Ties with partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morocco already has a number of close ties with the EU, including an Association Agreement with FTA provisions, air transport integration, or the participation in military operations such as ALTHEA in Bosnia. </p><p>Further, it will be the first partner to go beyond association by enhancing political and economic ties, entering the Single Market, and participating in some EU agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States">Commonwealth of Independent States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Commonwealth of Independent States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states#Regional_organizations" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states § Regional organizations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eu-cis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eu-cis.svg/590px-Eu-cis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eu-cis.svg/885px-Eu-cis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eu-cis.svg/1180px-Eu-cis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) is a loose organisation in which most former Soviet republics participate. A visa-free regime operates among members and a free-trade area is planned. Ukraine is not an official member, but has participated in the organisation. Some members are more integrated than others, for example Russia and Belarus form a <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a>. In 2010, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan formed a <a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia">customs union</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_(CIS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Economic Space (CIS)">single market</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_(CIS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Economic Space (CIS)">Common Economic Space</a>) commenced on 1 January 2012. The Presidents of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan established the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> with a Eurasian Commission in 2015, subsequently joined by <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Common_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Common currency">common currency</a> is also planned, potentially to be named "evraz". Some other countries in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> are potential members of these organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Disputed_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed states">disputed states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a> which aims to forge closer integration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_and_other_regions_and_countries_in_the_world">EU and other regions and countries in the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: EU and other regions and countries in the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:742px;max-width:742px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASEM_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ASEM_map.svg/145px-ASEM_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ASEM_map.svg/218px-ASEM_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ASEM_map.svg/290px-ASEM_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ASEM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEM">ASEM</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg/213px-African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg/320px-African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg/426px-African%2C_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States_member_nations_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ACP_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP countries">ACP countries</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg/183px-European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg/275px-European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg/366px-European_Union_Latin_America_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Euro-Latin_American_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly">EuroLat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TAFTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TAFTA.svg/185px-TAFTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TAFTA.svg/278px-TAFTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TAFTA.svg/370px-TAFTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Proposed <a href="/wiki/TAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="TAFTA">TAFTA</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The European Union cooperates with some other countries and regions via loose organisations and regular meetings. The <a href="/wiki/ASEM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEM">ASEM</a> forum, consisting of the EU and some Asian countries, has been held every two years since 1996. The EU and <a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</a> form the <a href="/wiki/ACP%E2%80%93EU_Joint_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly">ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly</a>, promoting <a href="/wiki/ACP%E2%80%93EU_development_cooperation" title="ACP–EU development cooperation">ACP–EU development cooperation</a>, democracy and human rights. The EU and Latin American countries form the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Latin_American_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly">Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly</a>. <a href="/wiki/TAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="TAFTA">TAFTA</a> is a proposed free-trade area between EU and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <ul><li>ASEM – <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li> <li>ACP – <a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a>)</li> <li>EuroLat – <a href="/wiki/Euro-Latin_American_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly">Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li>TAFTA – <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Free_Trade_Area" title="Transatlantic Free Trade Area">Transatlantic Free Trade Area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_organisations_in_world">Other organisations in world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Other organisations in world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European countries like the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> have made organisations with other countries in the world with which they have strong cultural and historical links. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:742px;max-width:742px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg/232px-Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg/348px-Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg/464px-Commonwealth_of_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_francophonie_mapa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/La_francophonie_mapa.svg/266px-La_francophonie_mapa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/La_francophonie_mapa.svg/399px-La_francophonie_mapa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/La_francophonie_mapa.svg/532px-La_francophonie_mapa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OEI_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OEI_map.svg/232px-OEI_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OEI_map.svg/348px-OEI_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OEI_map.svg/464px-OEI_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Ibero-American States</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_languages_in_the_world">European languages in the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: European languages in the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is considered to be the global <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. European languages like English, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> are official, co-official or widely in use in many countries with a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> past or with a <a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">European diaspora</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:743px;max-width:743px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_language_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/English_language_distribution.svg/118px-English_language_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/English_language_distribution.svg/177px-English_language_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/English_language_distribution.svg/236px-English_language_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">Anglophone</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Francophone_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/117px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/176px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/234px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1412" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Hispanophone_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg/118px-Map-Hispanophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg/177px-Map-Hispanophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Map-Hispanophone_World.svg/236px-Map-Hispanophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/117px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/176px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg/234px-Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Lusophone_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg/117px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg/176px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg/234px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italophone</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/132px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/198px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/264px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Germanophone</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_integration">World integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: World integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">Globalisation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:742px;max-width:742px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:50px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg/98px-World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" 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href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_immigrants" title="Integration of immigrants">Integration of immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North American integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-European identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_of_Europe" title="Pulse of Europe">Pulse of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FYROM-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FYROM_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FYROM_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FYROM_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FYROM_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Until February 2019, officially referred to by the EU and most other European organisations by the provisional appellation "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", due to a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKosowska-Gąstoł2017" class="citation book cs1">Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata (6 November 2017). "A Truly 'European' Christian Democracy? The European People's Party". In Kosicki, Piotr H.; Łukasiewicz, Sławomir (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mu09DwAAQBAJ"><i>Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain: Europe Redefined</i></a>. Cham, Zug: Springer. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319640877" title="Special:BookSources/9783319640877"><bdi>9783319640877</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813053716/https://books.google.com/books?id=mu09DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] forerunners of contemporary Christian Democracy had pioneered transnational cooperation beginning in 1925 with the International Secretariat of Democratic Parties of Christian Inspiration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Truly+%27European%27+Christian+Democracy%3F+The+European+People%27s+Party&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+Across+the+Iron+Curtain%3A+Europe+Redefined&rft.place=Cham%2C+Zug&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.isbn=9783319640877&rft.aulast=Kosowska-G%C4%85sto%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmu09DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalter1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Salter,_1st_Baron_Salter" title="Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter">Salter, James Arthur</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehrchL7zd4kC"><i>The United States of Europe: And Other Papers</i></a>. Essay index reprint series. Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836917185" title="Special:BookSources/9780836917185"><bdi>9780836917185</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813053716/https://books.google.com/books?id=ehrchL7zd4kC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+of+Europe%3A+And+Other+Papers&rft.series=Essay+index+reprint+series&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=9780836917185&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=James+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DehrchL7zd4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Slogan of the Soviet United States of Europe</i> by Leon Trotsky. From <i>The Draft Program of the Communist International</i>, 1936. Retrieved through <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/socialist-viewpoint-us/feb_05/feb_05_22.html">https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/socialist-viewpoint-us/feb_05/feb_05_22.html</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuieu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Guieu, Jean-Michel (2003). "Le Comité fédéral de coopération européenne". <i>Organisations Internationales et Architectures Européennes (1929–1939)</i>: 73–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organisations+Internationales+et+Architectures+Europ%C3%A9ennes+%281929%E2%80%931939%29&rft.atitle=Le+Comit%C3%A9+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral+de+coop%C3%A9ration+europ%C3%A9enne&rft.pages=73-91&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Guieu&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Weigall and P. 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September 1946"</a> [A British Patriot for Europe: Winston Churchill's Speech on Europe University of Zurich, 19 September 1946]. <i>Zeit Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222143525/http://www.zeit.de/reden/die_historische_rede/200115_hr_churchill1_englisch">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeit+Online&rft.atitle=Ein+britischer+Patriot+f%C3%BCr+Europa%3A+Winston+Churchills+Europa-Rede%2C+Universit%C3%A4t+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+19.+September+1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Freden%2Fdie_historische_rede%2F200115_hr_churchill1_englisch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1946" class="citation speech cs1">Churchill, Winston (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515133233/http://www.europa-web.de/europa/02wwswww/202histo/churchill.htm"><i>Speech to the Academic Youth</i></a> (Speech). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+to+the+Academic+Youth&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europa-web.de%2Feuropa%2F02wwswww%2F202histo%2Fchurchill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diez_2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez_2019_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diez, Thomas, and Antje Wiener. 2019. ‘Introducing the Mosaic of Integration Theory’. 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Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36724-2"><bdi>978-1-137-36724-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967394091">967394091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theoretical+approaches+to+European+integration&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967394091&rft.isbn=978-1-137-36724-2&rft.au=Saurugger%2C+Sabine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F967394091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginsberg, Roy H. 2010. <i>Demystifying the European Union the Enduring Logic of Regional Integration / Roy H. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120200139/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ceca784c-f02a-11df-88db-00144feab49a.html#axzz1BYYp0bwj">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>The establishment of a fiscal union would require such a massive change in the European treaties that it is hard to see how it could be done.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Fiscal+union+is+crucial+to+the+euro%27s+survival&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.au=M%C3%BCnchau%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fceca784c-f02a-11df-88db-00144feab49a.html%23axzz1BYYp0bwj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMünchau,_Wolfgang2010" class="citation news cs1">Münchau, Wolfgang (12 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d55ec168-061e-11e0-976b-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1">"How a mini fiscal union could end instability"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115040331/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d55ec168-061e-11e0-976b-00144feabdc0.html#ixzz1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Yet almost all political and legal experts who specialise in the European Union believe a fiscal union is Utopian. If both are right a fiscal union is simultaneously necessary and impossible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+mini+fiscal+union+could+end+instability&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft.au=M%C3%BCnchau%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fd55ec168-061e-11e0-976b-00144feabdc0.html%23ixzz1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltmarsh,_Matthew2011" class="citation news cs1">Saltmarsh, Matthew (24 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/25/business/global/25iht-euro25.html?src=busln">"Tighter Fiscal Union in Europe? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Putin%3A+Russia+will+join+the+euro+one+day&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Armitstead&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fcurrency%2F8163347%2FPutin-Russia-will-join-the-euro-one-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visahouse.com/news-visa-free-regime-is-possible-in-10-15-years.asp">"Nicolas Sarkozy believes the visa-free regime (EU-Russia) is possible in 10–15 years"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolas+Sarkozy+believes+the+visa-free+regime+%28EU-Russia%29+is+possible+in+10%E2%80%9315+years&rft.pub=Visahouse.com&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visahouse.com%2Fnews-visa-free-regime-is-possible-in-10-15-years.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlugeRichter2020" class="citation web cs1">Kluge, Janis; Richter, Michael (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ridl.io/the-lisbon-vladivostok-illusion/">"The Lisbon-Vladivostok illusion"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/31228">"afrol News – Morocco enters EU market"</a>. <i>Afrol.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201515/http://www.afrol.com/articles/31228">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afrol.com&rft.atitle=afrol+News+%E2%80%93+Morocco+enters+EU+market&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2Farticles%2F31228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212092435/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/01/23/feature-01">"Europe supports Morocco's EU partnership aspirations"</a>. 23 January 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe+supports+Morocco%27s+EU+partnership+aspirations&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magharebia.com%2Fcocoon%2Fawi%2Fxhtml1%2Fen_GB%2Ffeatures%2Fawi%2Ffeatures%2F2008%2F01%2F23%2Ffeature-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+integration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106044608/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_2409215,00.html">"Closer ties for EU, Morocco"</a>. <i>/www.news24.com</i>. 14 October 2008. 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Retrieved 15 October 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_integration&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carrasco, C. A., & Peinado, P. (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeckler.de/pdf/v_2014_10_30_peinado_carrasco.pdf">On the origin of European imbalances in the context of European integration</a>,</i> Working papers wpaper71, Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development (FESSUD) Project.</li> <li>Glencross, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405193948.html">The Politics of European Integration: Political Union or a House Divided.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="See_also:_Economic_relationships_with_third_countries"><i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">Economic relationships with third countries</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria-European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria-European Union relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Cape Verde–European Union relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Egypt–European Union relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Libya–European Union relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Morocco–European Union relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="South Africa–European Union relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="European Union–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Tunisia–European Union relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Argentina–European Union relations">Argentina</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Argentina_foreign_trade_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Argentina foreign trade relations with the European Union">trade</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Brazil–European Union relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Colombia–European Union relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Cuba–European Union relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_and_the_European_Union" title="Greenland and the European Union">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Mexico–European Union relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="European Union–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Uruguay–European Union relations">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Bahrain–European Union relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Bangladesh–European Union relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Indonesia–European Union relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iraq–European Union relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Israel–European Union relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Japan–European Union relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Jordan–European Union relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Lebanon–European Union relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Malaysia–European Union relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Nepal–European Union relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="North Korea–European Union relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Pakistan–European Union relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Palestine–European Union relations">Palestine</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Philippines–European Union relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="South Korea–European Union relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Syria–European Union relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Taiwan–European Union relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Vietnam–European Union relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Yemen–European Union relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands_and_the_European_Union" title="Faroe Islands and the European Union">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cyprus and the European Union">Northern Cyprus</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta–European Union relations">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">Turkey</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Micronesia–European Union relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="New Zealand–European Union relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–European Union relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Overseas territories of member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">European microstates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_European_Union" title="List of the largest trading partners of the European Union">Largest trading partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">Association Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Sanctions">European Union Sanctions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>†= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations_and_initiatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations and initiatives</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; ;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_G7" title="European Union and the G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="European Union and the International Criminal Court">ICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_Mission_of_the_Organization_of_Islamic_Cooperation_to_the_European_Union" title="Permanent Observer Mission of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation to the European Union">IOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">UN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; ;">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Latin_American_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly">Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_free_trade_area" title="Euro-Mediterranean free trade area">Euro-Mediterranean free trade area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Mediterranean Partnership">Euro-Mediterranean Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_CBRN_Risk_Mitigation_CoE_Initiative" title="EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative">EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administration_and_policies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration and policies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Foreign and Security Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Security and Defence Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; ;">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Aid_and_Civil_Protection_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department">Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_International_Cooperation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development">Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">External Action Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Council" title="Foreign Affairs Council">Foreign Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs">Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Instruments_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy Instruments Service">Foreign Policy Instruments Service</a></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions of the European Union">of the EU</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors of the European Union">ambassadors</a>) / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Belgium#Missions_to_the_European_Union" title="List of diplomatic missions in Belgium">to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Special_Representative" title="European Union Special Representative">Special Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; ;">Funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_for_Pre-Accession_Assistance" title="Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance">Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Europe">Global Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Template:Common Security and Defence Policy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Template talk:Common Security and Defence Policy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common Security and Defence Policy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_European_Union_Military_Staff" title="Director General of the European Union Military Staff">Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability" title="Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability">Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_European_Union_Military_Committee" title="Chairman of the European Union Military Committee">Chairman of the Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Council" title="Foreign Affairs Council">Foreign Affairs Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">External Action Service</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (<a href="/wiki/Military_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability" title="Military Planning and Conduct Capability">Military Planning and Conduct Capability</a> within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">Military Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Planning_and_Conduct_Capability" title="Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability">Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_Coordination_Cell" title="Joint Support Coordination Cell">Joint Support Coordination Cell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Intelligence_and_Situation_Centre" title="European Union Intelligence and Situation Centre">Intelligence and Situation Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_Management_and_Planning_Directorate_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (European Union)">Crisis Management and Planning Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Security_and_Defence_College" title="European Security and Defence College">Security & Defence College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">Defence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="European Union Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">Satellite Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Council" title="Foreign Affairs Council">Council</a> preparatory bodies</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives" title="Committee of Permanent Representatives">Committee of Permanent Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politico-Military_Group" title="Politico-Military Group">Politico-Military Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Civilian_Aspects_of_Crisis_Management" title="Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management">Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> bodies</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><b>Funding</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Fund" title="European Defence Fund">Defence Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Security_Strategy" title="European Security Strategy">Security Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_but_Arms" title="Everything but Arms">Everything but Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Annual_Review_on_Defence" title="Coordinated Annual Review on Defence">Annual Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Secure_Software-defined_Radio" title="European Secure Software-defined Radio">Secure Software-defined Radio</a> (PESCO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy_Service_Medal" title="Common Security and Defence Policy Service Medal">Service medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy_Service_Medal" title="Common Security and Defence Policy Service Medal">Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community_Monitor_Mission_Medal" title="European Community Monitor Mission Medal">Monitor mission medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a> (PESCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headline_Goal_2010" title="Headline Goal 2010">Headline Goal 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Erasmus" title="Military Erasmus">Military Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Mobility" title="Military Mobility">Military Mobility</a> (PESCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_European_Union_Intelligence_School" title="Joint European Union Intelligence School">Intelligence School</a> (PESCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortenberg_building" title="Kortenberg building">Kortenberg building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">NATO relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin_Plus_agreement" title="Berlin Plus agreement">Berlin Plus agreement</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Declaration_on_EU-NATO_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Declaration on EU-NATO Cooperation (page does not exist)">Joint Declaration</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–<i>2012</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions <span style="font-size:85%;">(first-level NUTS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />international-law<br />EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union"><i>Official Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign <br />relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Current agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Douzelage" title="Douzelage">Douzelage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_European_History" title="House of European History">House of European History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_laissez-passer" title="European Union laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_the_European_Union" title="Media freedom in the European Union">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_European_Union" title="Public holidays in the European Union">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Europe" title="Telephone numbers in Europe">Telephone numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Union-related_lists" title="Category:European Union-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_on_the_European_Union" title="List of books on the European Union">Books on the subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_directives" title="List of European Union directives">Directives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">Largest cities by population within city limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_political_parties_in_Europe_by_pancontinental_organisation" title="Table of political parties in Europe by pancontinental organisation">National parties by affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="List of presidents of the institutions of the European Union">Presidents of the institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe" title="Terrorism in Europe">Terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">Urban areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_European_Union" title="Outline of the European 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union">Monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_monetary_union" title="Customs and monetary union">Customs and monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">Economic and monetary union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_economic_integration" title="Complete economic integration">Complete economic integration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">Fiscal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_union" title="Social union">Social union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic integration effects">Economic integration effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_of_distance" title="Friction of distance">Friction of distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonisation_of_law" title="Harmonisation of law">Harmonisation of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_second_best" title="Theory of the second best">Theory of the second best</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_economic_integration" title="Middle East economic integration">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_integration" title="North American integration">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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