CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <title>ScienceNet UK – Connecting Scientists and Educators</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <base href="."> <script language="JavaScript" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/application/_functions/common_functions.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script language="JavaScript" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/application/_functions/validate.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <style type="text/CSS" media="screen,projection" title="small">@import url(https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_styles/screen.css);</style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_styles/print.css" media="print"/> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_format/_styles/large.css" title="large"/> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_format/_styles/medium.css" title="medium"/> <link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_format/_styles/small.css" title="small"/> <script language="JavaScript" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/application/_functions/styleswitcher.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <meta name="description" content="ScienceNet UK is a collaborative platform for scientists, and enthusiasts to share knowledge, and opportunities across various scientific fields." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="ScienceNet UK – Connecting Scientists and Educators" /> <meta property="og:description" content="ScienceNet UK is a collaborative platform for scientists, and enthusiasts to share knowledge, and opportunities across various scientific fields." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Science Worlds" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-04-04T11:15:16+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.sciencenet.org.uk\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenet.org.uk%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenet.org.uk%2F&format=xml" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/scienceworldslogo-150x60.gif" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/scienceworldslogo.gif" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/scienceworldslogo.gif" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/scienceworldslogo.gif" /> </head> <script language="JavaScript" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_styles/styleswitcher.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <body class="main"> <a name="backtotop"></a> <div id="divmain"> <div id="divcolumn785">  <div id="divcolumn308"><a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/scienceworldslogo.gif" alt="Science Worlds Logo" border="0"></a></div> <div id="divcolumn9"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="9" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn468"> <iframe src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/abmw_z-15-isframe-true_ext_iframe.html" width="468" height="60" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0"></iframe> </div>  <div id="divcolumn785"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="785" height="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divfontsize"> <div id="divcolumn637"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="637" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn148"> <span class="fontsizea">FONT SIZE <a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('small');return false;" data-onmouseover="window.status=''; return true;" class="fontsizelink">A</a></span> <span class="fontsizeb"><a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('medium');return false;" data-onmouseover="window.status=''; return true;" class="fontsizelink">A</a></span> <span class="fontsizec"><a href="#" onclick="setActiveStyleSheet('large');return false;" data-onmouseover="window.status=''; return true;" class="fontsizelink">A</a></span> <span class="fontsizea"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_white.gif" alt=""></span> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn785"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_panel_top.gif" height="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn785black">  <div id="divcolumn149"> <div id="divcolumn149"> <form name="searchform" action="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/search.html" method="get"> <label for="search"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_navcol_search.gif" alt="Search" align="top"><span class="searchtext">SEARCH</span></label> </div> <div id="divcolumn5"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn144" style="padding-bottom: 20px; _padding-bottom: 2px"> <div id="divsearchfield"> <input type="text" size="10" id="search" class="searchbox" name="search_text" value=""> <input type="Hidden" name="do_search" value="true"> </div> <div id="divsearchgo"><input type="image" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_navcol_searchbutn.gif" alt="go" border="0"></form></div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text"><a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk" class="navlink">HOME</a></div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">WHAT'S HAPPENING</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">OUT & ABOUT</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">REVIEWS</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">ENGINUITY</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">JOB WORLDS</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">COMPETITIONS</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">IPORTFOLIO</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">NEWSLETTER</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">QUESTIONS</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">PROFILES</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">BLOG</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divnav_butnmain"> <div id="divnav_arrows"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_nav_w_h.gif" align="bottom" alt="" border="0"></div> <div id="divnav_text">EXPERTS</div> </div> <div id="divnav_spacer"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn149"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="15" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn149"> </div> <div id="divcolumn149"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="15" alt=""></div> </div>   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/wp-content/themes/r726dev9g474yfpm0qiaa290138/style.css" /> <div id="divcolumn631">  <div id="divcolumn631"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_contentcol_top_631x5.gif" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn631"> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_contentedge_topleft.gif" alt="" width="5"></div> <div id="divcontentcola"> <div id="divcolumn9"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_content_topstory_top.gif" alt=""></div> <div id="divtopstorytxt">Say again? Now you see it… <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_white.gif" border="0" alt=""><br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> <span class="bodytxtwhite">Xerox experiment on disappearing ink to save on paper use. Technology uses less energy and produces less waste than using new paper or recycling.</span></div> <div id="divcolumn230"></div> </div> <div id="divcolumn3"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="3" alt=""></div> <div id="divcontentcolb"> <div id="divtopstory2"> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" height="106" alt=""></div> <div id="divsecondarystorytxt">The sloth sleeps tonight <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_white.gif" border="0" alt=""><br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> <span class="bodytxt">Scientists in Panama have been the first to record the electrophysiology of sleep in wild animals – three toed sloths.</span></div> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" height="1" alt=""></div> </div> <div id="divcolumn232"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="3" alt=""></div> <div id="divtopstory3"> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" height="106" alt=""></div> <div id="divsecondarystorytxt">True cost of texting <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_white.gif" alt="" border="0"><br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> <span class="bodytxt">According to a space scientist at the University of Leicester, sending texts via mobile phones is far more expensive than downloading data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST).</span></div> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" height="1" alt=""></div> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_contentedge_topright.gif" alt="" width="5"></div> </div>  <div id="divcolumn631"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn631">  <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn621"> <div id="divcontentcolnews"> <div id="divcolumn386"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_content_head_latest.gif" alt="Latest News"></div> <div id="divcolumn386"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="5" alt=""></div>  <div id="divcolumn386"> <div id="divcolumn149"></div> <div id="divcolumn223"> <span class="bodytxt"> Science Worlds Magazine 05 <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> Hey technophiles! This edition has been a lot of fun to put together. We delved into the world of travel and transport and got a first hand look at how many exciting and rewarding careers there are. Find out what’s new in car technology, see what a NASA astronaut has to say for herself or win an Asus EEE PC 4GB laptop. It’s all here and more… </span> </div> </div> <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_content_divider_386.gif" height="1" alt=""> <div id="divcolumn386"> <div id="divcolumn370"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn303" style="margin-left: 3px;"> <span class="bodytxt"> <a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk" class="headlineorange"> The view from Westminster – political roundup <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> </a> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> Science & Engineering Ambassadors scheme to expand. </span> </div> <div id="divcolumn9"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="9" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn68" style="padding-top: 3px;"></div> </div> <div id="divcolumn386"> <div id="divcolumn370"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn303" style="margin-left: 3px;"> <span class="bodytxt"> <a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk" class="headlineorange"> Walk like a man <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> </a> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> Robot provides insight into how people walk. </span> </div> <div id="divcolumn9"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="9" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn68" style="padding-top: 3px;"></div> </div> <div id="divcolumn386"> <div id="divcolumn370"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn303" style="margin-left: 3px;"> <span class="bodytxt"> <a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk" class="headlineorange"> Bubble bread <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> </a> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> Chemical engineer reveals the secret behind making the perfect sandwich. </span> </div> <div id="divcolumn9"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="9" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn68" style="padding-top: 3px;"></div> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn3"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="3" alt=""></div> <div id="divcontentcolcareers"> <div id="divcolumn232"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_content_head_careers.gif" alt="Top Trips"></div> <div id="divcolumn232"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn232"> <div id="divcolumntextindent"> <span class="bodytxt"> <a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/out_-_about_faarea1-customwidgets_contentitem_show_1-cit_id-3362.html" class="headlineorange" target="_self"> Explore-At-Bristol and Planetarium <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> </a> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> <strong>Location:</strong> Bristol, Somerset<br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> A true 21st century science centre combining the best of hands-on activities with the very latest multi-media techniques.<br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> </span> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn232"></div> <div id="divcolumn232"> <div id="divcolumntextindent"> <span class="bodytxt"> Centre for Alternatve Technology (CAT) <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> <strong>Location:</strong> Machynlleth, Wales<br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> The Centre for Alternative Technology – Europe’s leading eco-centre shows how you can make a difference.<br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> </span> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn232"></div> <div id="divcolumn232"> <div id="divcolumntextindent"> <span class="bodytxt"> <a href="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/out_-_about_faarea1-customwidgets_contentitem_show_1-cit_id-3094.html" class="headlineorange" target="_self"> Londons Wetland Centre <img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_arrows_orange.gif" align="bottom" border="0" alt=""> </a> <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> <strong>Location:</strong> Queen Elizabeths Walk, Barnes, London<br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> Londons Wetland Centre offers hundreds of thousands of visitors the chance to see rare and beautiful wetland wildlife just a stones throw from central London. <br class="erbwopwk68siiuccd"> </span> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn232"></div> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn5"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" alt=""></div> </div> <div id="divcolumn631"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_colnewscareers_bot.gif" alt=""></div>  </div></div> <div id="divcolumn785black"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="5" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolumn785"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" height="1" alt=""></div> <div id="divcolfooterad99"> <div id="footerad728x90"> <div style="text-align:center"> <iframe src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/abmw_z-17-isframe-true_ext_iframe.html" width="468" height="60" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <div id="divcolfooter"> <div id="footertxtleft"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="window.open('http://www.scenta.co.uk/about.cfm?popup','aboutscenta','width=420, height=450, scrollbars=yes')" data-onmouseover="window.status='About scenta'; return true" class="footerlink">Powered by scenta</a> </div> <div id="footertxtright"> <a href="javascript:;" data-onmouseover="window.status='About Us'; return true" data-onmouseout="window.status=''; return true" onclick="window.open('https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/about_us.html','About','width=420,height=600,scrollbars=yes')" class="footerlink">About us</a> | <a href="javascript:;" data-onmouseover="window.status='Terms and Conditions'; return true" data-onmouseout="window.status=''; return true" onclick="window.open('https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/terms_and_conditions.html','Terms','width=420,height=600; scrollbars=1')" class="footerlink">Terms & conditions</a> | <a href="javascript:;" data-onmouseover="window.status='Copyright'; return true" data-onmouseout="window.status=''; return true" onclick="window.open('https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/copyright.html','Copyright','width=400,height=600')" class="footerlink">Copyright</a> | <a href="javascript:;" data-onmouseover="window.status='Contact Us'; return true" data-onmouseout="window.status=''; return true" onclick="window.open('https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/contact_us.html','Contact','width=400,height=600')" class="footerlink">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="divcolumn5"><img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/theme1_spacer.gif" width="5" alt=""></div> <div id="footerad120x600"> <img src="https://www.sciencenet.org.uk/files/_format/_images/sw_skyscraper.gif" border="0"> </div> </div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

ScienceNet UK – Connecting Scientists and Educators​

ScienceNet UK – Connecting Scientists and Educators