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<li id="toc-Historical_past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historical past</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_remains_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_remains_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeological remains and features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_remains_and_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological remains and features subsection</span> </button> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967_vandalism_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1967 vandalism incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967_vandalism_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirror_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirror_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mirror wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirror_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gardens</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gardens subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Water gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boulder_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boulder_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Boulder gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boulder_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terraced_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terraced_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Terraced gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terraced_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sigiriya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيجيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيجيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সিগিরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিগিরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сігірыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сігірыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сигирия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сигирия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigirija" title="Sigirija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sigirija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیگیرییا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیگیرییا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigir%C3%AEya" title="Sigirîya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sigirîya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="સીગીરીયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સીગીરીયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%BC" title="시기리야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시기리야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սիգիրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիգիրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF" title="सिगिरिय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिगिरिय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigirija" title="Sigirija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sigirija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="סיגירייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיגירייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიგირიია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიგირიია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сигирия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сигирия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigirija" title="Sigirija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sigirija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szigirija" title="Szigirija – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szigirija" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सिगिरिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिगिरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="സിഗിരിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഗിരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيجيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيجيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="သီဂိရိယမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သီဂိရိယမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सिगिरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिगिरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4" title="シーギリヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シーギリヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ସିଗିରିୟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିଗିରିୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigirija" title="Sigirija – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sigirija" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сигирия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сигирия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සීගිරිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සීගිරිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADgirija" title="Sígirija – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sígirija" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigirija" title="Sigirija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sigirija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сигирија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сигирија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigirija" title="Sigirija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sigirija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சிகிரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிகிரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="సిగిరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిగిరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="สีคิริยะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีคิริยะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sigiriya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сігірія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сігірія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیگیرییا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیگیرییا" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sigiriya&params=07_57_25_N_80_45_35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">07°57′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°45′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.95694°N 80.75972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.95694; 80.75972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient rock fortress near Dambulla, Sri Lanka</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Sigiriya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_(141688197).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sigiriya_%28141688197%29.jpeg/250px-Sigiriya_%28141688197%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sigiriya_%28141688197%29.jpeg/375px-Sigiriya_%28141688197%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sigiriya_%28141688197%29.jpeg/500px-Sigiriya_%28141688197%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sigiriya ancient rock</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sigiriya&params=07_57_25_N_80_45_35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">07°57′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°45′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.95694°N 80.75972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.95694; 80.75972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">349 m (1,145 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built for</th><td class="infobox-data">King Kashyapa of Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">1 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data">Government of Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigiriyafortress.com/">www.sigiriyafortress.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient City of Sigiriya</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1982 <small>(6th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202">202</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region">UNESCO Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Asia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia">Asia-Pacific</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigiriya is located in Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sigiriya is located in Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg/250px-Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg/375px-Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg/500px-Sri_Lanka_adm-2_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.762%;left:53.325%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sigiriya"><img alt="Sigiriya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Sigiriya in Sri Lanka</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sigiriya</b> or <b>Sinhagiri</b> (<i>Lion Rock</i> <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span lang="si">සීගිරිය</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">சிகிரியா/சிங்ககிரி</span>, pronounced SEE-gi-ri-yə) is an ancient rock <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> located in the northern <a href="/wiki/Matale_District" title="Matale District">Matale District</a> near the town of <a href="/wiki/Dambulla" title="Dambulla">Dambulla</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Province, Sri Lanka">Central Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. It is a site of historical and archaeological significance that is dominated by a massive column of granite approximately 180 m (590 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the ancient Sri Lankan chronicle the <i><a href="/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cūḷavaṃsa">Cūḷavaṃsa</a></i>, this area was a large forest, then after storms and landslides it became a hill and was selected by King <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura">Kashyapa</a> (AD 477–495) for his new capital. He built his palace on top of this rock and decorated its sides with colourful <a href="/wiki/Frescoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Frescoes">frescoes</a>. On a small plateau about halfway up the side of this rock he built a gateway in the form of an enormous lion. The name of this place is derived from this structure; <i>Sinhagiri</i>, the Lion Rock. </p><p>The capital and the royal palace were abandoned after the king's death. It was used as a Buddhist monastery until the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponnamperuma_2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponnamperuma_2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigiriya today is a UNESCO listed <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. It is one of the best preserved examples of ancient urban planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Bandaranayake_2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandaranayake_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_past">Historical past</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is likely that the area around Sigiriya was inhabited since prehistoric times. There is clear evidence that the many rock shelters and caves in the vicinity were occupied by <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monks</a> and ascetics from as early as the 3rd century BC. The earliest evidence of human habitation at Sigiriya is the Aligala rock shelter to the east of Sigiriya rock, indicating that the area was occupied circa 3000 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Period">Mesolithic Period</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg/220px-Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg/330px-Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg/440px-Beauty_of_Sigiriya_by_Binuka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Sigiriya Rock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sigiryia_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Sigiryia_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_Sigiryia_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Sigiryia_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_Sigiryia_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Map_of_Sigiryia_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_Sigiryia_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption> Map of Sigirya archaeological site.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhist monastic settlements were established during the 3rd century BC in the western and northern slopes of the boulder-strewn hills surrounding the Sigiriya rock. Several rock shelters or caves were created during this period. These shelters were made under large boulders, with carved drip ledges around the cave mouths. <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Rock inscriptions</a> are carved near the drip ledges on many of the shelters, recording the donation of the shelters to the Buddhist monastic order as residences. These were made in the period between the 3rd century BC and the 1st century AD. </p><p>In 477 AD, <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura">Kashyapa I</a>, the king’s son by a non-royal consort, seized the throne from King <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatusena of Anuradhapura">Dhatusena</a>, following a coup assisted by Migara, the King’s nephew and army commander. The rightful heir, <a href="/wiki/Moggallana_I_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Moggallana I of Anuradhapura">Moggallana</a>, fearing for his life, fled to <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. Afraid of an attack by Moggallana, Kashyapa moved the capital and his residence from the traditional capital of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> to the more secure Sigiriya. During King Kashyapa’s reign (477–495 AD), Sigiriya was developed into a complex city and fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponnamperuma_2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponnamperuma_2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bandaranayake_2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandaranayake_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the elaborate constructions on the rock summit and around it, including defensive structures, palaces, and gardens, date from this period. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cūḷavaṃsa">Cūḷavaṃsa</a></i> describes King Kashyapa as the son of King Dhatusena. Kashyapa murdered his father by <a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">walling him up alive</a> and then usurping the throne which rightfully belonged to his half-brother Moggallana, Dhatusena's son by the true queen. Moggallana fled to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to escape being assassinated by Kashyapa, but vowed revenge. In India he raised an army with the intention of returning and retaking the throne of Sri Lanka, which he considered to be rightfully his. Expecting the inevitable return of Moggallana, Kashyapa is said to have built his palace on the summit of Sigiriya as a fortress as well as a pleasure palace. Moggallana finally arrived, declared war, and defeated Kashyapa in 495 AD. During the battle Kashyapa's armies abandoned him and he committed suicide by falling on his sword. </p><p>The <i>Cūḷavaṃsa</i> and folklore inform us that the <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> on which Kashyapa was mounted changed course to take a strategic advantage, but the army misinterpreted the movement as the king's having opted to retreat, prompting the army to abandon him altogether. It is said that being too proud to surrender he took his dagger from his waistband, cut his throat, raised the dagger proudly, sheathed it, and fell dead. Moggallana returned the capital to Anuradhapura, converting Sigiriya into a Buddhist monastery complex,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which survived until the 13th or 14th century. After this period, no records are found on Sigiriya until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was used briefly as an outpost of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_Luftbild_(29781064900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg/450px-Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg/675px-Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg/900px-Sigiriya_Luftbild_%2829781064900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3241" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Sigiriya Rock from above</figcaption></figure> <p>Alternative stories have the primary builder of Sigiriya as King Dhatusena, with Kashyapa finishing the work in honour of his father. Still other stories describe Kashyapa as a playboy king, with Sigiriya his pleasure palace. Even Kashyapa's eventual fate is uncertain. In some versions he is assassinated by poison administered by a concubine; in others he cuts his own throat when deserted in his final battle.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGIRIYA-ASIAN-TRIB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGIRIYA-ASIAN-TRIB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still further interpretations regard the site as the work of a Buddhist community, without a military function. This site may have been important in the competition between the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist traditions in ancient Sri Lanka. </p><p>In Professor <a href="/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana" title="Senarath Paranavithana">Senarath Paranavithana</a>'s book <i>The Story of Sigiri</i>, King Dathusena is said to have taken the advice of the Persian Nestorian Priest Maga Brahmana on building his palace on Sigirya. According to Paranavithana, during this period over 75 ships carrying Murundi soldiers from Mangalore arrived in Sri Lanka and landed in Chilaw to protect King Dathusena, most of them Christians. King Dathusena's daughter was married to Migara, a Christian and the commander of the Singhalese army.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Leonard Pinto, Paranavitana's story is not widely accepted as it is contrary to recorded <i>Mahavamsa</i> textual sources from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_remains_and_features">Archaeological remains and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeological remains and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG/220px-Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG/330px-Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG/440px-Sigiriya_lion_gate_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Lion Gate and Climbing Stretch</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1831 Major Jonathan Forbes of the <a href="/wiki/78th_(Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot">78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot</a> of the British Army, while returning on horseback from a trip to Pollonnuruwa, encountered the "brushwood-covered summit of the rock of Sigiri".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigiriya came to the attention of antiquarians and, later, archaeologists. Archaeological work at Sigiriya began on a small scale in the 1890s. <a href="/wiki/H.C.P._Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C.P. Bell">H.C.P. Bell</a> was the first archaeologist to conduct extensive research on Sigiriya. The Cultural Triangle Project, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government of Sri Lanka</a>, focused its attention on Sigiriya in 1982. Archaeological work began on the entire city for the first time under this project. There was a sculpted lion's head above the legs and paws flanking the entrance, but the head collapsed years ago. </p><p>Sigiriya consists of an ancient citadel built by King Kashyapa during the 5th century. The Sigiriya site contains the ruins of an upper palace located on the flat top of the rock, a mid-level terrace that includes the Lion Gate and the mirror wall with its frescoes, the lower palaces clings to the slopes below the rocks. The moats, walls and gardens of the palace extended for a few hundred metres from the base of the rock. The site was both a palace and a fortress. The upper palace on the top of the rock includes cisterns cut into the rock. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_Paw,_Sigirya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lions_Paw%2C_Sigirya.jpg/220px-Lions_Paw%2C_Sigirya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lions_Paw%2C_Sigirya.jpg/330px-Lions_Paw%2C_Sigirya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lions_Paw%2C_Sigirya.jpg/440px-Lions_Paw%2C_Sigirya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Close up of the Lion's Paw</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_plan">Site plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Site plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sigiriya is considered to be one of the most important urban planning sites of the first millennium, and the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological plan">site plan</a> is considered very elaborate and imaginative. The plan combined concepts of symmetry and asymmetry to intentionally interlock the man-made geometrical and natural forms of the surroundings. On the west side of the rock lies a park for the royals, laid out on a symmetrical plan; the park contains water-retaining structures, including sophisticated surface/subsurface hydraulic systems, some of which are working today. The south contains a man-made reservoir; these were extensively used from the previous capital of the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Five gates were placed at entrances. The more elaborate western gate is thought to have been reserved for the royals.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frescoes">Frescoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frescoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya,_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sigiriya%2C_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg/220px-Sigiriya%2C_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sigiriya%2C_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg/330px-Sigiriya%2C_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sigiriya%2C_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg/440px-Sigiriya%2C_Wolkenm%C3%A4dchen_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4111" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>Artwork</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg/220px-Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg/330px-Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg/440px-Frescoes_at_Sigiriya_SriLanka_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Still_(author)" title="John Still (author)">John Still</a> in 1907 wrote, "The whole face of the hill appears to have been a gigantic picture gallery... the largest picture in the world perhaps".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paintings would have covered most of the western face of the rock, an area 140 m (460 ft) long and 40 m (130 ft) high. There are references in the graffiti to 500 ladies in these paintings. However, most have been lost forever. More frescoes, different from those on the rock face, can be seen elsewhere, for example on the ceiling of the location called the "Cobra Hood Cave". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave,_Sri_lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave%2C_Sri_lanka.jpg/220px-Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave%2C_Sri_lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave%2C_Sri_lanka.jpg/330px-Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave%2C_Sri_lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave%2C_Sri_lanka.jpg/440px-Frescoes_at_Sigiriya-at_cobra_cave%2C_Sri_lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Frescos at Sigiriya found at Cobra hood cave</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the frescoes are classified as in the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> period, the painting style is considered unique;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the line and style of application of the paintings differing from Anuradhapura paintings. The lines are painted in a form which enhances the sense of volume of the figures. The paint has been applied in sweeping strokes, using more pressure on one side, giving the effect of a deeper colour tone towards the edge. Other paintings of the Anuradhapura period contain similar approaches to painting, but do not have the sketchy lines of the Sigiriya style, having a distinct artists' boundary line. The true identity of the ladies in these paintings still has not been confirmed. There are various ideas about their identity. Some believe that they are the ladies of the kings while others think that they are women taking part in religious observances. These pictures have a close resemblance to paintings seen in the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_vandalism_incident">1967 vandalism incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1967 vandalism incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 October 1967, paint was splashed on the frescoes in a act of vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-dailynews-vandalism_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailynews-vandalism-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-island-vandalism_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-island-vandalism-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luciano Maranzi, an expert trained at the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Preservation_and_Restoration_of_Cultural_Property" title="International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property">International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property</a> in Rome, assisted the restoration, which took until 11 April 1968. It was considered the most challenging effort undertaken by the Chemical Preservation Division of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Archaeology_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)">Department of Archaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is continued concern that the original colours of the frescoes are fading, with a report presented in 2010 suggesting that the 22 frescoes have been fading since 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mirror_wall">Mirror wall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mirror wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg/220px-The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg/330px-The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg/440px-The_Mirror_Wall_%26_Spiral_Stairs_leading_to_the_Frescoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The mirror wall and spiral stairs leading to the frescoes</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally this wall was so reflective that the king could see himself as he walked alongside it. Made of brick masonry and covered in highly polished white plaster, the wall is now partially covered with verses scribbled by visitors, some of them dating from as early as the 8th century. Most, however, date from the 9th and 10th century. People of all walks of life, from poets to provincial governors to housewives, wrote on the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only evidence of poetry found in the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example is; </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ඇසිමි</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Aesimi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">දුන්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">හසුන්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hasun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">හසුන්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hasun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">සෙයින්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">seyin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">විල්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vil</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">දුත්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dut</p></div><p style="display: none;">ඇසිමි දුන් හසුන් හසුන් සෙයින් විල් දුත්</p><p style="display: none;">Aesimi dun hasun hasun seyin vil dut</p><p style="clear: left;">Like geese who have seen a lake, I listened to the message given by her.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">මුල</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mula</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ලා</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">මා</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">සැනැහි</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">saenaehi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">පුල්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pul</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">පියුමන්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">piyuman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">සේය්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sey</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">බමර්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bamar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">දුත්</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div><p style="display: none;">මුල ලා මා සැනැහි පුල් පියුමන් සේය් බමර් දුත්</p><p style="display: none;">Mula la ma saenaehi pul piyuman sey bamar dut</p><p style="clear: left;">Like a bee who has seen full-blown lotuses, the bewildered heart of mine was consoled.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This couplet uses a play on words as in the combination of <i>hasun</i> (message) with <i>hasun</i> (swans). The poet’s eagerness to hear from his lady love is compared to the bee’s fascination for lotus blooms, whose large petals provide it an easy landing pad to drink its nectar and frolic if it wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of the 1500 plus poems, most are addressed to the ladies on the frescoes. Men praised their beauty and women shared their envy. A contemporary female, clearly less enamoured with the frescoes, records different, if equally passionate emotions: </p><p>"A deer-eyed maiden of the mountain side arouses anger in my mind. In her hand she holds a string of pearls, and in her eyes she assumes rivalry with me."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/heritage/sigiriya/graffiti.htm">[1]</a> </p><p>Further writing on the mirror wall now has been banned for the protection of the old writings. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Archaeology_(Sri_Lanka)#Archaeological_Commissioner" title="Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)">Archaeological Commissioner of Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senarath_Paranavithana" title="Senarath Paranavithana">Senarath Paranavithana</a>, deciphered 685 verses written in the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries CE on the mirror wall. One such poem from these long-past centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>බුදල්මි</dd> <dd>සියොර ආමි සිහිගිරි</dd> <dd>බැලීමි ගි බොහො ජන</dd> <dd>ලිතූයෙන් නොලිමි <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Roughly translated from ancient Sinhala, is: "I am Budal [the writer's name]. Came with hundreds of people to see Sigiriya. Since all the others wrote poems, I did not!"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardens">Gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gardens of Sigiriya are among the oldest landscaped gardens in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gardens are divided into three distinct but linked forms: water gardens, cave and boulder gardens, and terraced gardens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_gardens">Water gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg/220px-SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg/330px-SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg/440px-SriLanka_Sigiriya_gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>A pool in the garden complex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg/220px-Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg/330px-Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg/440px-Sigiriya_garden_from_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>The gardens of Sigiriya, as seen from the summit of the Sigiriya rock</figcaption></figure> <p>The water gardens are in the central section of the western precinct. Three principal gardens are found here. The first garden consists of a plot surrounded by water. It is connected to the main precinct using four causeways, with gateways placed at the head of each causeway. </p><p>The second contains two long, deep pools set on either side of the path. Two shallow, serpentine streams lead to these pools. Fountains made of circular limestone plates are placed here. Underground water conduits supply water to these fountains which are still functional, especially during the rainy season. Two large islands are located on either side of the second water garden. Summer palaces are built on the flattened surfaces of these islands. Two more islands are located farther to the north and the south. These islands are built in a manner similar to the island in the first water garden. </p><p>The third garden is situated on a higher level than the other two. It contains a large, octagonal pool with a raised podium on its northeast corner. The large brick and stone wall of the citadel is on the eastern edge of this garden. </p><p>The water gardens are built symmetrically on an east-west axis. The outer moat connects them on the west and the large artificial lake to the south of the Sigiriya rock. All the pools are also interlinked using an underground conduit network fed by the lake, and connected to the moats. A miniature water garden is located to the west of the first water garden, consisting of several small pools and watercourses. This recently discovered smaller garden appears to have been built after the Kashyapan period, possibly between the 10th and 13th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boulder_gardens">Boulder gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Boulder gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boulder gardens consist of several large boulders linked by winding pathways. The gardens extend from the northern slopes to the southern slopes of the hills at the foot of Sigiris rock. Most of these boulders had a building or pavilion upon them; there are cuttings that were used as footings for brick walls and beams. They used to be pushed off from the top to attack enemies when they approached. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_(36399791715).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg/220px-On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg/330px-On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg/440px-On_top_of_Sigir%C3%AEya%27s_Lion_Rock_%2836399791715%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Views from the top of Sigiriya rock</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terraced_gardens">Terraced gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Terraced gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terraced gardens are formed from the natural hill at the base of the Sigiriya rock. A series of terraces rises from the pathways of the boulder garden to the staircases on the rock. These have been created by the construction of brick walls, and are located in a roughly concentric plan around the rock. The path through the terraced gardens is formed by a limestone staircase. From this staircase, there is a covered path on the side of the rock, leading to the uppermost terrace where the lion staircase is situated. </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg/220px-Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg/330px-Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg/440px-Sigiriya_from_Pidurangala_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="5992" /></a><figcaption>Sigiriya as seen from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Pidurangala_Vihara" title="Pidurangala Vihara">Pidurangala Rock</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some scenes from the music video for the 1982 single "<a href="/wiki/Save_a_Prayer" title="Save a Prayer">Save a Prayer</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> were filmed at the top of Sigiriya.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sigiriya was featured in the eleventh episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_6" title="The Amazing Race 6">The Amazing Race 6</a></i> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> based the fictional "Yakkagala" on Sigiriya in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountains_of_Paradise" title="The Fountains of Paradise">The Fountains of Paradise</a></i>. He felt that the reality of Sigiriya was "so astonishing that I have had no need to change it in any way."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mapagala_fortress" title="Mapagala fortress">Mapagala fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherkala" title="Sherkala">Sherkala</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sigiriya">"Sigiriya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sigiriya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSigiriya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202/">"Ancient City of Sigiriya"</a>. <i>whc.unesco.org</i>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+City+of+Sigiriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponnamperuma_2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ponnamperuma_2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ponnamperuma_2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnamperuma2013" class="citation book cs1">Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013). <i>The Story of Sigiriya</i>. Panique Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-7-2"><bdi>978-0-9873451-7-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Sigiriya&rft.pub=Panique+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9873451-7-2&rft.aulast=Ponnamperuma&rft.aufirst=Senani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bandaranayake_2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bandaranayake_2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bandaranayake_2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandaranayakeAramudala2005" class="citation book cs1">Bandaranayake, Senake; Aramudala, Madhyama Saṃskr̥tika (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVRuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sigiriya: City, Palace, Gardens, Monasteries, Painting</i></a>. Central Cultural Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-631-146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-631-146-4"><bdi>978-955-631-146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigiriya%3A+City%2C+Palace%2C+Gardens%2C+Monasteries%2C+Painting&rft.pub=Central+Cultural+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-955-631-146-4&rft.aulast=Bandaranayake&rft.aufirst=Senake&rft.au=Aramudala%2C+Madhyama+Sa%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5tika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVRuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1929" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Wilhelm (1929). "Chapter 39". <i>Culavamsa Being The More Recent Part Of Mahavamsa</i>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+39&rft.btitle=Culavamsa+Being+The+More+Recent+Part+Of+Mahavamsa&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGIRIYA-ASIAN-TRIB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIGIRIYA-ASIAN-TRIB_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/202">"The Sigiriya Story"</a>. <i>Asian Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2006</span> – via whc.unesco.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Sigiriya+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2015" class="citation book cs1">Pinto, Leonard (14 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifVMCgAAQBAJ&dq=senarath+paranavithana&pg=PT88"><i>Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations</i></a>. Balboa Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452528632" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452528632"><bdi>978-1452528632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+a+Christian+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Historical%2C+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Religious+Considerations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Balboa+Publishers&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1452528632&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DifVMCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsenarath%2Bparanavithana%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeerakoon2011" class="citation news cs1">Weerakoon, Rajitha (26 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sundaytimes.lk/110626/Plus/plus_07.html">"Did Christianity exist in ancient Sri Lanka?"</a>. <i>Sunday Times</i>. Colombo: Wijeya Newspapers Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Did+Christianity+exist+in+ancient+Sri+Lanka%3F&rft.date=2011-06-26&rft.aulast=Weerakoon&rft.aufirst=Rajitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaytimes.lk%2F110626%2FPlus%2Fplus_07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2015" class="citation book cs1">Pinto, Leonard (14 July 2015). <i>Being a Christian in Sri Lanka: Historical, Political, Social, and Religious Considerations</i>. Balboa Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452528632" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452528632"><bdi>978-1452528632</bdi></a>. <q>Leonard Pinto notes <i>"All this is contrary to the account in Mahawansa and what is in Sri Lankan history books. Most scholars in Sri Lanka do not accept this story of Sigiriya by Paranavitana."</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+a+Christian+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Historical%2C+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Religious+Considerations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Balboa+Publishers&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1452528632&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1841" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Jonathan (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_4yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Eleven Years in Ceylon (Volume 2)</i></a>. London: Richard Benley. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleven+Years+in+Ceylon+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Richard+Benley&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_4yAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/10/10/juniorob06.html">"Sigiriya – The fortress in the sky"</a>. Sunday Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041101120522/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2004/10/10/juniorob06.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sigiriya+%E2%80%93+The+fortress+in+the+sky&rft.pub=Sunday+Observer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.sundayobserver.lk%2F2004%2F10%2F10%2Fjuniorob06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIGIRIYA-OBSERVER2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605011919/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/08/03/fea03.asp">"Sigiriya: the most spectacular site in South Asia"</a>. Sunday Observer. 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Chandana Ruwan KumaraVisual Arts and Designing and Performing Arts UnitDepartment of Fine ArtsUniversity of Kelaniya</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadhu.com/sigiriya/mirror.html">"Sigiriya"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sigiriya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saadhu.com%2Fsigiriya%2Fmirror.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SIGIRI GRAFFITI, Jacques COULARDEAUDiyakapilla, October 5, 2005 Olliergues, December 27-31, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickramasinghe, Rohan. (2009). Sigiriya: The Rock Fortress. Emmanuel College Magazine, Cambridge University. 91. 149-157. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart2021" class="citation news cs1">Lockhart, Katie (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20211205-sigiriya-sri-lankas-ancient-water-gardens">"Sigiriya: Sri Lanka's ancient water gardens"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>The gardens at Sigiriya are not only the best-preserved water gardens in South Asia but some of the oldest landscaped gardens in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sigiriya%3A+Sri+Lanka%27s+ancient+water+gardens&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20211205-sigiriya-sri-lankas-ancient-water-gardens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonnamperuma" class="citation web cs1">Ponnamperuma, Senani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223112128/http://seelanka.net/sigiriya/">"About Sigiriya or Simhagiri"</a>. <i>The Story of Sigiriya</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+Sigiriya&rft.atitle=About+Sigiriya+or+Simhagiri&rft.aulast=Ponnamperuma&rft.aufirst=Senani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseelanka.net%2Fsigiriya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameshownewsnet.com/prime/ar6/012505.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It Always Comes Down to the Details - Leg 9 " - January 25"</a>. <i>Game Show Newsnet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Show+Newsnet&rft.atitle=%22It+Always+Comes+Down+to+the+Details+-+Leg+9+%22+-+January+25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameshownewsnet.com%2Fprime%2Far6%2F012505.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1997" class="citation web cs1">Boyle, Richard (14 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sundaytimes.lk/971214/plusm.html">"Many Many Happy Returns"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Many+Many+Happy+Returns&rft.date=1997-12-14&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaytimes.lk%2F971214%2Fplusm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Story of Sigiriya</i>, by Senani Ponnamperuma (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-7-2">978-0-9873451-7-2</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-9-6">978-0-9873451-9-6</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9873451-4-1">978-0-9873451-4-1</a>;).</li> <li><i>Sigiriya</i>, by Senake Bandaranayake (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-631-146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-631-146-4">978-955-631-146-4</a>).</li> <li><i>The Story of Sigiri</i>, by Professor Senerath Paranavitana (1972), Lake House Investments</li> <li><i>The Mystique of Sigiriya: Whispers of the Mirror Wall</i>, W.J.M. Lokubandara (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9553006103" title="Special:BookSources/978-9553006103">978-9553006103</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sīgiri"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/S%C4%ABgiri">"Sīgiri" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C4%ABgiri&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigiriya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jonathan Forbes and the 'Discovery' of Sigiriya by Avishka Mario Senewiratne (2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://medium.com/@avishkamario/jonathan-forbes-and-the-discovery-of-sigiriya-e768a982989f">https://medium.com/@avishkamario/jonathan-forbes-and-the-discovery-of-sigiriya-e768a982989f</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigiriya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts of Sri Lanka">Forts of Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balana_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Balana fort">Balana fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapagala_fortress" title="Mapagala fortress">Mapagala fortress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitawaka_fort" title="Sitawaka fort">Sitawaka fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijithapura" title="Vijithapura">Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batticaloa_Portuguese_(dutch)_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg/125px-Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg/188px-Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg/250px-Batticaloa_Portuguese_%28dutch%29_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="904" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg/125px-SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg/188px-SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg/250px-SL_Galle_Fort_asv2020-01_img20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7865" data-file-height="4424" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandora_fort" title="Arandora fort">Arandora fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arippu_fort" title="Arippu fort">Arippu fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_fort" title="Batticaloa fort">Batticaloa fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo fort">Colombo fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delft_Island_fort" title="Delft Island fort">Delft Island fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Fredrick" title="Fort Fredrick">Fort Fredrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hammenheil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hammenheil">Fort Hammenheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galle_Fort" title="Galle Fort">Galle Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldummulla_fort" title="Haldummulla fort">Haldummulla fort</a><sup><i>†</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanwella_fort" title="Hanwella fort">Hanwella fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna fort">Jaffna fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalutara_fort" title="Kalutara fort">Kalutara fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayts_Island_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayts Island fort">Kayts Island fort</a><sup><i>†</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotugodella_fort" title="Kotugodella fort">Kotugodella fort</a><sup><i>†</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwana_fort" title="Malwana fort">Malwana fort</a><sup><i>†</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar_fort" title="Mannar fort">Mannar fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matara_fort" title="Matara fort">Matara fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menikkadawara_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Menikkadawara fort">Menikkadawara fort</a><sup><i>†</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_fort" title="Negombo fort">Negombo fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooneryn_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Pooneryn fort">Pooneryn fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura_Portuguese_fort" title="Ratnapura Portuguese fort">Ratnapura Portuguese fort</a><sup><i>†</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwanwella_fort" title="Ruwanwella fort">Ruwanwella fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Pass_fort" title="Elephant Pass fort">Elephant Pass fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beschutter" title="Fort Beschutter">Fort Beschutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ostenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ostenburg">Fort Ostenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pyl" title="Fort Pyl">Fort Pyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpitiya_fort" title="Kalpitiya fort">Kalpitiya fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankesanthurai_fort" title="Kankesanthurai fort">Kankesanthurai fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katuwana_fort" title="Katuwana fort">Katuwana fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koddiyar_fort" title="Koddiyar fort">Koddiyar fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu_fort" title="Mullaitivu fort">Mullaitivu fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Pedro_fort" title="Point Pedro fort">Point Pedro fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura_Dutch_fort" title="Ratnapura Dutch fort">Ratnapura Dutch fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort,_Matara" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort, Matara">Star fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangalle_fort" title="Tangalle fort">Tangalle fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_MacDowall" title="Fort MacDowall">Fort MacDowall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower_(Hambantota)" title="Martello tower (Hambantota)">Martello tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Less or no contribution/renovation works of Dutch are marked by <b>†</b> symbol under "Portuguese Forts", and others are considered as Dutch forts too.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_Anuradhapura_period_topics_→856" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Template:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Template talk:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_Anuradhapura_period_topics_→856" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pre_Anuradhapura_period_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pre Anuradhapura period topics (page does not exist)">←</a> <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> topics <a href="/wiki/Template:Polonnaruwa_period_topics" title="Template:Polonnaruwa period topics">→</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a> 377 BC – 1017 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(377 BC–463 AD)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka#Introduction_of_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Arrival of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutugamunu_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutugamunu Campaign (page does not exist)">Dutugamunu Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">The Five Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajabahu%27s_invasion_of_Chola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajabahu's invasion of Chola (page does not exist)">Gajabahu's invasion of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beminitiya_Seya" title="Beminitiya Seya">Beminitiya Seya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">The Six Dravidians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(463–691)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigiriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(691–1017)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Government_and_military" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Military" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Tamil mercenaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Law" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a> and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Rata" title="Malaya Rata">Malaya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigiriya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_vih%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri vihāra">Abhayagiri vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamasthana" title="Atamasthana">Atamasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamevn%C4%81wa_Gardens" title="Mahamevnāwa Gardens">Mahamevnāwa Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapagala_fortress" title="Mapagala fortress">Mapagala fortress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Economy" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">Irrigation network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank_cascade_system" title="Tank cascade system">Tank cascade system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahapana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahapana (page does not exist)">Kahapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahavanu" title="Kahavanu">Kahavanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Gokanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Gokanna (page does not exist)">Port of Gokanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Port of Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Mahatittha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Mahatittha (page does not exist)">Port of Mahatittha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakariya">Rajakariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Culture" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">Constructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Immigration</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">in Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala literature">in Sinhalese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Esala_Perahera" title="Kandy Esala Perahera">Perahera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_period_in_popular_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anuradhapura period in popular culture (page does not exist)">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Religion" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anuradhapura_period" title="Category:Anuradhapura period">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template talk:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sinhalese_monarchy286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinhalese monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template:Timeline of the Sinhalese Monarchy">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajavaliya" title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre Anuradhapura period">Pre Anuradhapura</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vijayabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vijayabahu (page does not exist)">Vijayabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Kalinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Kalinga (page does not exist)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">Siri Sanga Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Senasammata_Vikramabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Senasammata Vikramabahu (page does not exist)">Senasammata Vikramabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vimaladharmasuriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vimaladharmasuriya (page does not exist)">Vimaladharmasuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_monarchs_by_length_of_reign" title="List of Sinhalese monarchs by length of reign">By reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese monarchs family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Interregnums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Interregnums (page does not exist)">Interregnums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_(regent)" title="Upatissa (regent)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tissa" title="Prince Tissa">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_female_monarchs" title="List of Sinhalese female monarchs">Sinhalese female monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sri_Lanka_royal_consorts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Sri Lanka royal consorts (page does not exist)">Sinhalese Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurpers_of_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usurpers of the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Usurpers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_regnal_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese regnal names (page does not exist)">Regnal name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal court (page does not exist)">Royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amātya Mandalaya (page does not exist)">Amātya Mandalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81j%C4%81kariya" title="Rājākariya">Rājākariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Royal Residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tambapa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Tambapaṇṇī">Tambapaṇṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upatissag%C4%81ma" title="Upatissagāma">Upatissagāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijithapura" title="Vijithapura">Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhuna">Rohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambadeniya" title="Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedigama" title="Dedigama">Dedigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayigama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayigama (page does not exist)">Rayigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhapura" title="Sinhapura">Sinhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhabahu" title="Sinhabahu">Sinhabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_titles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal titles (page does not exist)">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Crown_Jewels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Crown Jewels (page does not exist)">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Standards_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Standards of the Sinhala Kingdom (page does not exist)">Royal Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretenders_to_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretenders to the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Pretenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayab%C4%81_Kollaya" title="Vijayabā Kollaya">Vijayabā Kollaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272153#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata784" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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