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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formale_Semantik" title="Formale Semantik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Formale Semantik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="علم الدلالة الشكلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الدلالة الشكلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantika_(informatika)" title="Semantika (informatika) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Semantika (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Семантика (программăлани) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Семантика (программăлани)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9mantika_programovac%C3%ADch_jazyk%C5%AF" title="Sémantika programovacích jazyků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sémantika programovacích jazyků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formale_Semantik" title="Formale Semantik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Formale Semantik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τυπική σημασιολογία των γλωσσών προγραμματισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυπική σημασιολογία των γλωσσών προγραμματισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A1ntica_de_lenguajes_de_programaci%C3%B3n" title="Semántica de lenguajes de programación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semántica de lenguajes de programación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="معنی‌شناسی (علوم رایانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معنی‌شناسی (علوم رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9mantique_des_langages_de_programmation" title="Sémantique des langages de programmation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sémantique des langages de programmation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%A1%A0_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99)" title="의미론 (컴퓨터 과학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의미론 (컴퓨터 과학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalna_semantika_programskih_jezika" title="Formalna semantika programskih jezika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Formalna semantika programskih jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantica_formale" title="Semantica formale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Semantica formale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Семантика на програмски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семантика на програмски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantiek_(informatica)" title="Semantiek (informatica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Semantiek (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%84%8F%E5%91%B3%E8%AB%96" title="プログラム意味論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プログラム意味論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A2ntica_formal" title="Semântica formal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Semântica formal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Семантика (программирование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семантика (программирование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семантика програмских језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Семантика програмских језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Семантика (інформатика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семантика (інформатика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)" title="語義 (程式語言) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語義 (程式語言)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="形式语义学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="形式语义学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:19.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;border-bottom:#fafafa solid 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Linguistic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (logic)">Logical</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Lexis (linguistics)">lexis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">lexicology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_semantics" title="Statistical semantics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_semantics" title="Structural semantics">Structural</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(linguistics)" title="Semantic analysis (linguistics)">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">Context (language use)</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_theory" title="Prototype theory">Prototype theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Force_dynamics" title="Force dynamics">Force dynamics</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_feature" title="Semantic feature">Semantic feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_gap" title="Semantic gap">Semantic gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Analysis</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(computational)" title="Semantic analysis (computational)">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Machine-learning</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Applications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_desktop" title="Semantic desktop">Semantic desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_query" title="Semantic query">Semantic query</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantics of<br />programming languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_semantics" title="Action semantics">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_semantics_(computer_science)" title="Algebraic semantics (computer science)">Algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" title="Axiomatic semantics">Axiomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorical_logic" title="Categorical logic">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_semantics" title="Concurrency semantics">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">Denotational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_semantics" title="Game semantics">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_semantics" title="Operational semantics">Operational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics" title="Predicate transformer semantics">Predicate transformational</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_interpretation" title="Abstract interpretation">Abstract interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_semantic_graph" title="Abstract semantic graph">Abstract semantic graph</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background:#ddddff"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantics" title="Template:Semantics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantics" title="Template talk:Semantics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_languages" title="Category:Formal languages"><i>a series</i></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Formal_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal languages">Formal languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Key concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system">Formal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(formal_languages)" title="Alphabet (formal languages)">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_(logic)" title="Syntax (logic)">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics (logic)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semantics (programming languages)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_rule" title="Formation rule">Formation rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-formed_formula" title="Well-formed formula">Well-formed formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">Regular expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_(computer_science)" title="Production (computer science)">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_expression" title="Ground expression">Ground expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_formula" title="Atomic formula">Atomic formula</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Applications</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_calculus" title="Propositional calculus">Propositional calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate logic">Predicate logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">Mathematical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Programming language theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax analysis">Syntax analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">Formal verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Automated theorem proving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formal_languages" title="Template:Formal languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Formal_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Formal languages (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formal_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formal languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">programming language theory</a>, <b>semantics</b> is the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semantics assigns <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computational</a> meaning to valid <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language syntax">programming language syntax</a>. It is closely related to, and often crosses over with, the <a href="/wiki/Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">semantics of mathematical proofs</a>. </p><p><b>Semantics</b> describes the processes a computer follows when <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">executing</a> a program in that specific language. This can be done by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or giving an explanation of how the program will be executed on a certain <a href="/wiki/Computer_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer platform">platform</a>, thereby creating a <a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">model of computation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a> published the paper <i>Assigning meanings to programs</i>; his chief aim was "a rigorous standard for proofs about computer programs, including <a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">proofs of correctness</a>, equivalence, and termination".<sup id="cite_ref-floyd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floyd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Floyd further wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-floyd_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floyd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>A semantic definition of a programming language, in our approach, is founded on a <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntactic</a> definition. It must specify which of the phrases in a syntactically correct program represent <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a>, and what <a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">conditions</a> must be imposed on an interpretation in the neighborhood of each command. </p> </blockquote> <p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> published a paper on <a href="/wiki/Hoare_logic" title="Hoare logic">Hoare logic</a> seeded by Floyd's ideas, now sometimes collectively called <i><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" title="Axiomatic semantics">axiomatic semantics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoare_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoare-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-winskel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winskel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Operational_semantics" title="Operational semantics">operational semantics</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">denotational semantics</a></i> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-winskel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winskel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of formal semantics encompasses all of the following: </p> <ul><li>The definition of semantic models</li> <li>The relations between different semantic models</li> <li>The relations between different approaches to meaning</li> <li>The relation between computation and the underlying mathematical structures from fields such as <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model_theory" title="Model theory">model theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">category theory</a>, etc.</li></ul> <p>It has close links with other areas of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language design">programming language design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">type theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Program_verification" class="mw-redirect" title="Program verification">program verification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many approaches to formal semantics; these belong to three major classes: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">Denotational semantics</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby each phrase in the language is interpreted as a <i><a href="/wiki/Denotation_(semiotics)" title="Denotation (semiotics)">denotation</a></i>, i.e. a conceptual meaning that can be thought of abstractly. Such denotations are often mathematical objects inhabiting a mathematical space, but it is not a requirement that they should be so. As a practical necessity, denotations are described using some form of mathematical notation, which can in turn be formalized as a denotational metalanguage. For example, denotational semantics of <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional programming language">functional languages</a> often translate the language into <a href="/wiki/Domain_theory" title="Domain theory">domain theory</a>. Denotational semantic descriptions can also serve as compositional translations from a programming language into the denotational metalanguage and used as a basis for designing <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_semantics" title="Operational semantics">Operational semantics</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Plotkin1981_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plotkin1981-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby the execution of the language is described directly (rather than by translation). Operational semantics loosely corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpretation</a>, although again the "implementation language" of the interpreter is generally a mathematical formalism. Operational semantics may define an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">abstract machine</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/SECD_machine" title="SECD machine">SECD machine</a>), and give meaning to phrases by describing the transitions they induce on states of the machine. Alternatively, as with the pure <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>, operational semantics can be defined via syntactic transformations on phrases of the language itself;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" title="Axiomatic semantics">Axiomatic semantics</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Goguen77_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goguen77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby one gives meaning to phrases by describing the <i><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axioms</a></i> that apply to them. Axiomatic semantics makes no distinction between a phrase's meaning and the logical formulas that describe it; its meaning <i>is</i> exactly what can be proven about it in some logic. The canonical example of axiomatic semantics is <a href="/wiki/Hoare_logic" title="Hoare logic">Hoare logic</a>.</li></ul> <p>Apart from the choice between denotational, operational, or axiomatic approaches, most variations in formal semantic systems arise from the choice of supporting mathematical formalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some variations of formal semantics include the following: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Action_semantics" title="Action semantics">Action semantics</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Mosses1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosses1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an approach that tries to modularize denotational semantics, splitting the formalization process in two layers (macro and microsemantics) and predefining three semantic entities (actions, data and yielders) to simplify the specification;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_semantics_(computer_science)" title="Algebraic semantics (computer science)">Algebraic semantics</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Goguen77_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goguen77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_semantics" title="Axiomatic semantics">axiomatic semantics</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebraic</a> laws for describing and reasoning about <a href="/wiki/Program_semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Program semantics">program semantics</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">formal</a> manner. It also supports <a href="/wiki/Denotational_semantics" title="Denotational semantics">denotational semantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operational_semantics" title="Operational semantics">operational semantics</a>;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Attribute_grammar" title="Attribute grammar">Attribute grammars</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> define systems that systematically compute "<a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>" (called <i>attributes</i>) for the various cases of <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">the language's syntax</a>. Attribute grammars can be understood as a denotational semantics where the target language is simply the original language enriched with attribute annotations. Aside from formal semantics, attribute grammars have also been used for code generation in <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, and to augment <a href="/wiki/Regular_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular languages">regular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Context-free_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Context-free languages">context-free grammars</a> with <a href="/wiki/Context-sensitive_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Context-sensitive languages">context-sensitive</a> conditions;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Categorical_semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorical semantics">Categorical</a> (or "functorial") semantics</b><sup id="cite_ref-Lawvere1963_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawvere1963-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses <a href="/wiki/Category_theory" title="Category theory">category theory</a> as the core mathematical formalism. Categorical semantics is usually proven to correspond to some axiomatic semantics that gives a syntactic presentation of the categorical structures. Also, denotational semantics are often instances of a general categorical semantics;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_semantics" title="Concurrency semantics">Concurrency semantics</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a catch-all term for any formal semantics that describes concurrent computations. Historically important concurrent formalisms have included the <a href="/wiki/Actor_model" title="Actor model">actor model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Process_calculi" class="mw-redirect" title="Process calculi">process calculi</a>;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Game_semantics" title="Game semantics">Game semantics</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Abramsky2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramsky2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses a metaphor inspired by <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics" title="Predicate transformer semantics">Predicate transformer semantics</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dijkstra1975_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijkstra1975-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed by <a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a>, describes the meaning of a program fragment as the function transforming a <a href="/wiki/Postcondition" title="Postcondition">postcondition</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Precondition" title="Precondition">precondition</a> needed to establish it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Describing_relationships">Describing relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Describing relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a variety of reasons, one might wish to describe the relationships between different formal semantics. For example: </p> <ul><li>To prove that a particular operational semantics for a language satisfies the logical formulas of an axiomatic semantics for that language. Such a proof demonstrates that it is "sound" to reason about a particular (operational) <i>interpretation strategy</i> using a particular (axiomatic) <i>proof system</i>.</li> <li>To prove that operational semantics over a high-level machine is related by a <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> with the semantics over a low-level machine, whereby the low-level abstract machine contains more primitive operations than the high-level abstract machine definition of a given language. Such a proof demonstrates that the low-level machine "faithfully implements" the high-level machine.</li></ul> <p>It is also possible to relate multiple semantics through <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)#Semantics" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstractions</a> via the theory of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_interpretation" title="Abstract interpretation">abstract interpretation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (logic)">Formal semantics (logic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic equivalence">Semantic equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_technology" title="Semantic technology">Semantic technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoguen1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goguen" title="Joseph Goguen">Goguen, Joseph A.</a> (1975). "Semantics of computation". <i>Category Theory Applied to Computation and Control</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 25. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. 151–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-07142-3_75">10.1007/3-540-07142-3_75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-07142-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-07142-6"><bdi>978-3-540-07142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semantics+of+computation&rft.btitle=Category+Theory+Applied+to+Computation+and+Control&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=151-163&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-07142-3_75&rft.isbn=978-3-540-07142-6&rft.aulast=Goguen&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-floyd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-floyd_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-floyd_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Floyd, Robert W.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~necula/Papers/FloydMeaning.pdf">"Assigning Meanings to Programs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Schwartz, J.T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynigSICJflYC"><i>Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science</i></a>. Proceedings of Symposium on Applied Mathematics. Vol. 19. 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Floyd (1936–2001)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stanford University Faculty Memorials</i>. Stanford Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University+Faculty+Memorials&rft.atitle=Memorial+Resolution%3A+Robert+W.+Floyd+%281936%E2%80%932001%29&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.stanford.edu%2Ffile%2Fdruid%3Azy788sr3998%2FSC0193_MemorialResolution_Floyd_Robert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoare-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoare_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Hoare, C. A. 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"Semantics of interaction: An introduction to game semantics". In Andrew M. Pitts; P. Dybjer (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab3ece5b-cd8d-49e6-ba33-010ea4c1a1ac"><i>Semantics and Logics of Computation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511526619.002">10.1017/CBO9780511526619.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521580571" title="Special:BookSources/9780521580571"><bdi>9780521580571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Semantics+of+interaction%3A+An+introduction+to+game+semantics&rft.btitle=Semantics+and+Logics+of+Computation&rft.pages=1-32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511526619.002&rft.isbn=9780521580571&rft.aulast=Abramsky&rft.aufirst=Samson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Aab3ece5b-cd8d-49e6-ba33-010ea4c1a1ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dijkstra1975-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dijkstra1975_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Dijkstra, Edsger W.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360933.360975">"Guarded commands, nondeterminacy and formal derivation of programs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>18</b> (8): 453–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F360933.360975">10.1145/360933.360975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1679242">1679242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Guarded+commands%2C+nondeterminacy+and+formal+derivation+of+programs&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=453-457&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F360933.360975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1679242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Edsger+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F360933.360975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Textbooks</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Floyd, Robert W.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/term/FloydMeaning.pdf">"Assigning Meanings to Programs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Schwartz, J.T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynigSICJflYC"><i>Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science</i></a>. Proceedings of Symposium on Applied Mathematics. Vol. 19. American Mathematical Society. pp. 19–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821867288" title="Special:BookSources/0821867288"><bdi>0821867288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assigning+Meanings+to+Programs&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Aspects+of+Computer+Science&rft.series=Proceedings+of+Symposium+on+Applied+Mathematics&rft.pages=19-32&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0821867288&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.tau.ac.il%2F~nachumd%2Fterm%2FFloydMeaning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessy1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hennessy" title="Matthew Hennessy">Hennessy, M.</a> (1990). <i>The semantics of programming languages: an elementary introduction using structural operational semantics</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92772-3"><bdi>978-0-471-92772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+semantics+of+programming+languages%3A+an+elementary+introduction+using+structural+operational+semantics&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-471-92772-3&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_D._Tennent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert D. Tennent (page does not exist)">Tennent, Robert D.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7N7QgAACAAJ"><i>Semantics of Programming Languages</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-805599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-805599-8"><bdi>978-0-13-805599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics+of+Programming+Languages&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-13-805599-8&rft.aulast=Tennent&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7N7QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gunter_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gunter (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Gunter, Carl</a> (1992). <i>Semantics of Programming Languages</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-07143-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-07143-6"><bdi>0-262-07143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics+of+Programming+Languages&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-262-07143-6&rft.aulast=Gunter&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsonNielson1992" class="citation book cs1">Nielson, H. R.; Nielson, Flemming (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417112149/http://www.daimi.au.dk/~bra8130/Wiley_book/wiley.pdf"><i>Semantics With Applications: A Formal Introduction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-92980-2"><bdi>978-0-471-92980-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daimi.au.dk/~bra8130/Wiley_book/wiley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics+With+Applications%3A+A+Formal+Introduction&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-471-92980-2&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft.au=Nielson%2C+Flemming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daimi.au.dk%2F~bra8130%2FWiley_book%2Fwiley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinskel1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glynn_Winskel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glynn Winskel (page does not exist)">Winskel, Glynn</a> (1993). <i>The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages: An Introduction</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-73103-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-73103-7"><bdi>0-262-73103-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formal+Semantics+of+Programming+Languages%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-262-73103-7&rft.aulast=Winskel&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mitchell" title="John C. Mitchell">Mitchell, John C.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lix.polytechnique.fr/~catuscia/teaching/cg520/papers_and_books/Mitchell_book.ps.gz"><i>Foundations for Programming Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Postscript)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+for+Programming+Languages&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lix.polytechnique.fr%2F~catuscia%2Fteaching%2Fcg520%2Fpapers_and_books%2FMitchell_book.ps.gz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlonnegerKurtz1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Slonneger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Slonneger (page does not exist)">Slonneger, Kenneth</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_L._Kurtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry L. Kurtz (page does not exist)">Kurtz, Barry L.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~slonnegr/plf/Book/"><i>Formal Syntax and Semantics of Programming Languages</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-65697-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-65697-3"><bdi>0-201-65697-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formal+Syntax+and+Semantics+of+Programming+Languages&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-201-65697-3&rft.aulast=Slonneger&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Barry+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uiowa.edu%2F~slonnegr%2Fplf%2FBook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Reynolds" title="John C. Reynolds">Reynolds, John C.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriesofprogra0000reyn"><i>Theories of Programming Languages</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59414-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59414-6"><bdi>0-521-59414-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Programming+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-59414-6&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoriesofprogra0000reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harper_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Harper (computer scientist)">Harper, Robert</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627041059/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/plbook/book.pdf"><i>Practical Foundations for Programming Languages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rwh/plbook/book.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Foundations+for+Programming+Languages&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~rwh%2Fplbook%2Fbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span> (Working draft)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsonNielson2007" class="citation book cs1">Nielson, H. R.; Nielson, Flemming (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPi0yERDUeYC"><i>Semantics with Applications: An Appetizer</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-692-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84628-692-6"><bdi>978-1-84628-692-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semantics+with+Applications%3A+An+Appetizer&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-692-6&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft.au=Nielson%2C+Flemming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoPi0yERDUeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStump2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Stump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Stump (page does not exist)">Stump, Aaron</a> (2014). <i>Programming Language Foundations</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-00747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-00747-1"><bdi>978-1-118-00747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Language+Foundations&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-00747-1&rft.aulast=Stump&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthi2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Krishnamurthi, Shriram</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.brown.edu/courses/cs173/2012/book/">"Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation"</a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programming+Languages%3A+Application+and+Interpretation&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthi&rft.aufirst=Shriram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.brown.edu%2Fcourses%2Fcs173%2F2012%2Fbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lecture notes</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinskel" class="citation web cs1">Winskel, Glynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~gw104/dens.pdf">"Denotational Semantics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denotational+Semantics&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.aulast=Winskel&rft.aufirst=Glynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2F~gw104%2Fdens.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaby2004" class="citation book cs1">Aaby, Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619164601/http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/semantic.htm"><i>Introduction to Programming Languages</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/semantic.htm">the original</a> on 2015-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Programming+Languages&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Aaby&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emu.edu.tr%2Faelci%2FCourses%2FD-318%2FD-318-Files%2Fplbook%2Fsemantic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantics+%28computer+science%29" class="Z3988"></span> Semantics.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&oldid=1235422907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantics_(computer_science)&oldid=1235422907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_methods" title="Category:Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Logic_in_computer_science" title="Category:Logic in computer science">Logic in computer science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_specification_languages" title="Category:Formal specification languages">Formal specification languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_language_semantics" title="Category:Programming language semantics">Programming language semantics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 July 2024, at 06:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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