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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_sensor_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_sensor_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Image sensor interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_sensor_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_processor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_processor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Video processor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_processor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Expeed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Expeed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Expeed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Expeed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_DSLRs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_DSLRs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Early DSLRs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_DSLRs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_Expeed_DSLRs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_Expeed_DSLRs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Unofficial Expeed DSLRs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_Expeed_DSLRs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Expeed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expeed 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expeed_2_(rebranded_Expeed_1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_2_(rebranded_Expeed_1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Expeed 2 (rebranded Expeed 1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_2_(rebranded_Expeed_1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_C2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_C2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Expeed C2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_C2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Expeed 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expeed_3_(FR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_3_(FR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Expeed 3 (FR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_3_(FR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_3_(ARM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_3_(ARM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Expeed 3 (ARM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_3_(ARM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expeed_3A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_3A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2.1</span> <span>Expeed 3A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_3A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Expeed 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expeed_4A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_4A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Expeed 4A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_4A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Expeed 5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expeed_5A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_5A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Expeed 5A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_5A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Expeed 6</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeed_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeed_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Expeed 7</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeed_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_(co-)processors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_(co-)processors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Additional (co-)processors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_(co-)processors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_firmware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_firmware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative firmware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_firmware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative firmware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_firmware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_tasks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_tasks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Project tasks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DIAG_raw_hack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DIAG_raw_hack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>DIAG raw hack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DIAG_raw_hack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Expeed" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeed" title="Expeed – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Expeed" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeed" title="Expeed – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Expeed" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeed" title="Expeed – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Expeed" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nikon media processors</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EXPEED_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EXPEED_Logo.svg/220px-EXPEED_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EXPEED_Logo.svg/330px-EXPEED_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/EXPEED_Logo.svg/440px-EXPEED_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>Expeed logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> Expeed</b> <a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">image</a>/<a href="/wiki/Video_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processor">video processors</a> (often styled <i>EXPEED</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Media_processor" title="Media processor">media processors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nikon_dslr" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon dslr">Nikon's digital cameras</a>. They perform a large number of tasks: <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filtering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> corrections/<a href="/wiki/Dark-frame_subtraction" title="Dark-frame subtraction">dark-frame subtraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsharp_masking" title="Unsharp masking">image sharpening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">image scaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</a>, image enhancement/Active D-Lighting, <a href="/wiki/Colorspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorspace">colorspace</a> conversion, <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">chroma subsampling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Framerate">framerate</a> conversion, <a href="/wiki/Image_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Image distortion">lens distortion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> correction, <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image compression</a>/<a href="/wiki/JPEG_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG encoding">JPEG encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">display</a>/<a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">video interface</a> driving, <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital image editing">digital image editing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face_detection" title="Face detection">face detection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio processing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)#Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">compression</a>/<a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">encoding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>. </p><p>Expeed's <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor">multi-processor</a> <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> solution integrates an image processor in <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">multi-core processor</a> architecture, with each single processor-core able to compute many <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">instructions/operations in parallel</a>. Storage and display <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> and other modules are added and a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP) increases the number of simultaneous computations. An on-chip <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> initiates and controls the operation and <a href="/wiki/Data_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transfer">data transfers</a> of all processors, modules and interfaces and can be seen as the main <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">control unit</a> of the camera. </p><p>In each generation Nikon uses different versions for its professional and consumer <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">DSLRs</a> / <a href="/wiki/MILC" class="mw-redirect" title="MILC">MILCs</a>, whereas its <a href="/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact cameras</a> use totally different architectures. This is different from for example <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canons</a> <a href="/wiki/DIGIC" title="DIGIC">DIGIC</a>: its professional DSLRs double the processors of its consumer DSLR series. The <i>Expeed</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) built by Socionext specifically for Nikon designs according to Nikon specifications. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg/250px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg/375px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg/500px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0_-_Nikon_Expeed_EI-149-1769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>A Nikon Expeed, including an <a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">image</a>/<a href="/wiki/Video_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processor">video processor</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Nikon Expeed</i> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a> <a href="/wiki/Milbeaut" title="Milbeaut">Milbeaut</a> imaging processors with <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> per <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> multi-core <a href="/wiki/FR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="FR-V">FR-V</a> processor architecture, using a highly parallel <a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction pipeline">pipelined</a> architecture which allows efficient <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">hardware</a> use, increasing <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> and reducing power consumption. Each core uses an eight-way 256-bit <a href="/wiki/VLIW" class="mw-redirect" title="VLIW">very long instruction word</a> (VLIW, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a>) and is organized in a four-unit <a href="/wiki/Superscalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscalar">superscalar</a> <a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction pipeline">pipelined</a> architecture (<a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Integer (ALU)</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point</a>- and two media-processor-units) giving a <a href="/wiki/Algorithm_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm efficiency">peak performance</a> of up to 28 <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">instructions per clock cycle</a> and core. Due to the used four-way <a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">single instruction, multiple data</a> (SIMD) <a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">vector processor</a> units, data is processed with up to 112 data operations per cycle and core.<sup id="cite_ref-frvpap03_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frvpap03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An on-chip <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_FR" title="Fujitsu FR">Fujitsu FR</a> <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> microcontroller core is used to initiate and control all processors, modules and interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-fujimil_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujimil-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fujipdf3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujipdf3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nhack_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhack-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-photop_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Expeed</i> versions designated EI-14x and the <i>Expeed</i> 2 and 3 additionally include a <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD video</a> codec engine (FR-V based) and a <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a> with separate on-chip 4-block <a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> which is usable for example for additional image- and <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio-processing</a>. The <i>Expeed 3 (FR)</i> (EI-158/175) is based on an improved <i>Expeed 2</i> EI-154 with greatly increased processing speed. </p><p>A new architecture in the <i>Expeed 3 (ARM)</i> offers a highly increased speed in its image processor (with even two pipelines on the EI-160), its <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> video encoder and is controlled by a dual-core <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> microcontroller replacing the Fujitsu FR.<sup id="cite_ref-nexp3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nexp3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg/220px-CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg/330px-CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg/440px-CMOS_Image_Sensor_Mechanism_Illustration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>CMOS Image Sensor with column and row decoders (resembling <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Operations_to_read_a_data_bit_from_a_DRAM_storage_cell" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM decoders</a>) interfacing the <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Photo_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo diode">photo diodes</a>. Nikon's CMOS sensors have additionally patented integrated <a href="/wiki/Charge_amplifier" title="Charge amplifier">charge amplifiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_sensor_interface">Image sensor interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Image sensor interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Active pixel sensor">CMOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> are connected with additional external <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a>, Nikon drivers, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3100" title="Nikon D3100">Nikon D3100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhack_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhack-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is done by a mixed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analog" class="extiw" title="wikt:analog">analog</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> interface which controls the sensor digitally, but receives <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signals</a> with parallel 14-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital (A/D) converters</a>. The <i>Expeed</i> variants EI-142 and EI-158 use Nikon ASICs to connect all <a href="/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-frame digital SLR">full-frame (FX) digital SLR</a> sensors and additionally the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300" title="Nikon D300">Nikon D300</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D300s">D300s</a> with 12 simultaneous, parallel analog signal readout channels. Mainly due to a larger <a href="/wiki/Settling_time" title="Settling time">settling time</a> it allows improved <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter#Accuracy" title="Analog-to-digital converter">conversion accuracy</a> compared to the four channels in the previous <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D2X" title="Nikon D2X">Nikon D2X</a> / D2Xs, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D200" title="Nikon D200">Nikon D200</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_5D_Mark_II" title="Canon EOS 5D Mark II">Canon EOS 5D Mark II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> six-channel readout is supported by the EI-149 and EI-154 used on the D90, D5000, D7000 and D5100. </p><p>The D3100 uses an <a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a> sensor interface with integrated analog-to-digital converters. The result is a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> <i>only</i> at the level of competitors like the (higher priced) <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_600D" title="Canon EOS 600D">Canon EOS 600D</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lower than other Nikon DSLRs with the same Expeed 2 variant. </p><p>The <i>Expeed</i> EI-15x and EI-17x A/D converters allow an increased image sensor readout clock frequency with improved A/D converter accuracy, especially when using 14-bit sampling. <i>Expeed</i> A/D converters used for EI-149 or all EI-142 need considerably reduced clock rates (1.8 fps on Nikon D3X) for higher accuracy, limiting for example the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D3s">D3s</a> dynamic range at low ISOs.<sup id="cite_ref-comd8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comd8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-test8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dxorat_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dxorat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Expeed 3 (ARM)</i>, first used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_series" title="Nikon 1 series">Nikon 1 series</a>, connects a <a href="/wiki/Data_stream" title="Data stream">data stream</a> with 24 digital channels <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">(bus)</a>, using A/D converters integrated on the image sensor chip.<sup id="cite_ref-ex3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_pictures_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Group_of_pictures_illustration.jpg/220px-Group_of_pictures_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Group_of_pictures_illustration.jpg/330px-Group_of_pictures_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Group_of_pictures_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Example of a <a href="/wiki/Inter_frame#Typical_Group_Of_Pictures_(GOP)_structure" title="Inter frame">Group Of Pictures</a> showing I-, P- and the <a href="/wiki/Inter_frame#B-frame" title="Inter frame">B-frames</a> additionally used by the <i>Expeed 2</i> and higher for <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Video encoding">encoding</a>. "All-I" has no P- and B-frames similar to <a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">Motion JPEG</a>: Frames are separately processed, lowering <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">redundancy</a> detection and compression.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_processor">Video processor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Video processor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first variant, EI-14x originally included a <a href="/wiki/Video_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Video encoding">video encoder</a> capable of processing <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">VGA</a> resolution with 30 <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-fujipdf3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujipdf3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The software based <a href="/wiki/Video_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processor">video processor</a> realized with <a href="/wiki/FR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="FR-V">FR-V</a> processors enabled a reprogramming:<sup id="cite_ref-frvpap03_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frvpap03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using <a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">Motion JPEG</a> encoding with 24p frame rate, Nikon achieved <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> <a href="/wiki/HD_video" class="mw-redirect" title="HD video">HD video</a> resolution. The advantages are easy <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> image extraction, no <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">artifacts</a> and low processing power enabling higher resolution, and the disadvantage is a larger file size, nearly reaching the <a href="/wiki/2_GB_limit" title="2 GB limit">2 GB limit</a> (for full compatibility) in 5 minutes. The <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D90" title="Nikon D90">Nikon D90</a> was the first DSLR with video recording capabilities. </p><p>The <i>Expeed 2</i> (variant EI-154) greatly expanded the capabilities by its <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> HD video encoder. It also offers an increased image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing <a href="/wiki/Rolling_shutter" title="Rolling shutter">rolling shutter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-comd8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comd8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-test8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dxorat_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dxorat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imagd4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imagd4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to competitors from <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS#EOS_cameras" title="Canon EOS">Canon</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIGIC" title="DIGIC">DIGIC</a>, "IPP" compression – <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types#Predicted_frames/slices_(P-frames/slices)" title="Video compression picture types">equivalent</a>: Only one previous frame analyzed<sup id="cite_ref-cancomp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancomp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the <i>Expeed 2</i> offers <a href="/wiki/Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">video compression</a> also based on complex <a href="/wiki/Inter_frame#B-frame" title="Inter frame">B-frames</a> (<a href="/wiki/B-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="B-frame">bi-directional differencing between frames and motion prediction</a>), which has the advantage of higher quality (lower <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">motion blur</a> based on better <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation#Motion_Compensation_in_MPEG" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a>) even with significant higher <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">compression ratio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compression requires considerably higher computing power.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_5D_Mark_III" title="Canon EOS 5D Mark III">Canon 5D Mark III</a> introduced a similar compression called "IPB".<sup id="cite_ref-cancomp_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancomp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also introduced was "All-I", which uses the simpler I‑frames (coded pictures) without processing any differences between them, but using a low compression (high data rate) and behaves also in other uses like image extraction quite similar to Motion JPEG formerly used by Nikon.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Expeed 3 (FR)</i> (variants EI-158 and EI-175) offers no significant change, but introduced the first DSLRs to offer <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> output (8bit 4:2:2) over <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D4" title="Nikon D4">Nikon D4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D800" title="Nikon D800">Nikon D800</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nikon_D800E" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D800E">D800E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D600" title="Nikon D600">Nikon D600</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7100" title="Nikon D7100">Nikon D7100</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5200" title="Nikon D5200">Nikon D5200</a>. The <i>Expeed 3 (ARM)</i> introduced high-speed video (<a href="/wiki/Slow-motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow-motion">slow-motion</a>) in its enhanced H.264 HD video engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a> specifies each Milbeaut generation with different numbers of processors. Nikon gives no details, but uses different designated processors in its professional and consumer lines. Although the Milbeaut (<i>Expeed</i>) is used in different Nikon designs and by other manufacturers, the software/<a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> specifies many of its functions and details and the number of processors or included modules may vary in this <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Expeed">Pre-Expeed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Expeed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg/220px-Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg/330px-Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg/440px-Nikon_pre-expeed_EI-137_EI-138_chipset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Nikon EI-137/EI-138 chipset of the Nikon D80</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_DSLRs">Early DSLRs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early DSLRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLRs</a> announced before August 2006 do not contain processors named <i>Expeed</i> (for example <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D70" title="Nikon D70">Nikon D70</a>/D70s processor: EI-118), although that does not mean that these processors use a different architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-d70h_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d70h-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D200" title="Nikon D200">Nikon D200</a> processor (EI-126) uses the same, but greatly expanded firmware as the D80 (unofficial "Expeed"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unofficial_Expeed_DSLRs">Unofficial Expeed DSLRs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unofficial Expeed DSLRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Expeed</i> processor variant EI-137 is found in the Nikon D40, Nikon D40x and Nikon D80 – as it is officially in the later-released Nikon D60 and Nikon D3000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed">Expeed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expeed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg/220px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg/330px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg/440px-Nikon_D90_-_board_0-1767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6080" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Nikon D90 motherboard with Expeed EI-149</figcaption></figure> <p>First used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3" title="Nikon D3">Nikon D3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300" title="Nikon D300">Nikon D300</a> in 2007, the Expeed was used later in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3X" title="Nikon D3X">Nikon D3X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D700" title="Nikon D700">Nikon D700</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D300s">Nikon D300s</a>, marked EI-142, and the consumer line variant with reduced processor cores in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D90" title="Nikon D90">Nikon D90</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5000" title="Nikon D5000">Nikon D5000</a>, marked EI-149. It is based on a <a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a> Milbeaut imaging-processor with 720p Motion JPEG video encoder, DSP and FR-80 (EI-14x versions) core. It uses a <a href="/wiki/90_nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="90 nanometer">90 nanometer</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">process technology</a>. </p><p>The EI-137 variant in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D60" title="Nikon D60">Nikon D60</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3000" title="Nikon D3000">Nikon D3000</a> – additionally found in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D40" title="Nikon D40">Nikon D40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D40x" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D40x">Nikon D40x</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D80" title="Nikon D80">Nikon D80</a><sup id="cite_ref-photop_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is based on the older Milbeaut M-3 in <a href="/wiki/180_nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="180 nanometer">180 nanometer</a> technology (like all former Expeed/Milbeaut since 2001). It includes a FR-71 core with only 12-bit, two-channel image sensor readout, no DSP, slower memory and has a reduced feature set.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed_2">Expeed 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expeed 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1080p H.264/MPEG-4 HD video encoder, improved <a href="/wiki/Face_detection" title="Face detection">face detection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a> reduction and <a href="/wiki/Image_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Image distortion">image distortion</a> correction<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the main improved features compared to EI-14x <i>Expeeds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fujimil_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujimil-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7000" title="Nikon D7000">Nikon D7000</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3100" title="Nikon D3100">Nikon D3100</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5100" title="Nikon D5100">Nikon D5100</a> and Nikon marked EI-154.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although image sensor readout <a href="/wiki/Clock_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock frequency">clock frequency</a> has increased by a factor of 1.75, A/D converter accuracy is improved, especially when using 14-bit. Image processor performance is increased, performing a higher continuous shooting frame rate even when high ISO noise reduction or Active D-Lighting is activated. The <i>Expeed</i> EI-15x are controlled by an integrated FR-80/FR-81 core. Power consumption is also decreased by the <a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a> 65 nm process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expeed_2_(rebranded_Expeed_1)"><span id="Expeed_2_.28rebranded_Expeed_1.29"></span>Expeed 2 (rebranded Expeed 1)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expeed 2 (rebranded Expeed 1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D3s">Nikon D3s</a> processor<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although named <i>Expeed</i> 2 – uses nearly the same EI-142 processor as the previous D3/D3X<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring for example only 720p Motion JPEG video. It offers the same image sensor interface with identical speed and A/D converter accuracy, limiting the D3s dynamic range at 200 and especially 100 ISOs lower as the D7000/D5100.<sup id="cite_ref-comd8_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comd8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-test8_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expeed_C2">Expeed C2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Expeed C2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variant used in some <a href="/wiki/Coolpix" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolpix">Coolpix</a> compact cameras. Cheaper Nikon compact cameras use <a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Corporation" title="Zoran Corporation">Zoran</a> Coach image/video processors; both with a completely different technology and different firmware compared to the <i>Expeed</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-photop_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed_3">Expeed 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expeed 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expeed_3_(FR)"><span id="Expeed_3_.28FR.29"></span>Expeed 3 (FR)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Expeed 3 (FR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to the previous Expeed 1 (EI-142), it offers the same improvements as the <i>Expeed 2</i> EI-154 with <a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a> 65 nm process, including increased A/D converter accuracy and image sensor analog signal readout clock rate, reducing rolling shutter.<sup id="cite_ref-comd8_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comd8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-test8_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dxorat_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dxorat-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imagd4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imagd4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Computing power</a> is highly increased. Marked EI-158, this variant is used by the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D4" title="Nikon D4">Nikon D4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D800" title="Nikon D800">Nikon D800</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EI-158 was the first <i>Expeed</i> to offer <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> output (8bit 4:2:2) over HDMI. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D600" title="Nikon D600">Nikon D600</a> (teardown<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3200" title="Nikon D3200">Nikon D3200</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5200" title="Nikon D5200">Nikon D5200</a> (teardown<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) use an <i>Expeed 3</i> (EI-175, differently marked ML-1131 on D5200), which is, according to Nikon, the same as used for the D4 and D800 series.<sup id="cite_ref-nhack_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhack-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its architecture is close to the <i>Expeed 2</i> variant EI-154 with some improvements like <a href="/wiki/DDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="DDR3">DDR3</a> memory, and with increased computing power. The D5200 uses a <a href="/wiki/Package_on_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Package on package">package on package</a> with a 4 <a href="/wiki/Gbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit">Gbit</a> <a href="/wiki/DDR3_SDRAM" title="DDR3 SDRAM">DDR3 SDRAM</a> on top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expeed_3_(ARM)"><span id="Expeed_3_.28ARM.29"></span>Expeed 3 (ARM)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Expeed 3 (ARM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_series" title="Nikon 1 series">Nikon 1 series</a> September 2011 Nikon introduced a new largely changed architecture – the main control unit it uses an <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM microcontroller</a> which requires new firmware compared to the totally different Fujitsu FR microcontroller used in all former Milbeaut and <i>Expeed</i> processors. It is also the first <i>Expeed</i> using digital image sensor readout – no analog image sensor interface is needed. In the Nikon 1 cameras introduced September 2011 it uses 1 GB fast <a href="/wiki/DDR2_SDRAM" title="DDR2 SDRAM">DDR2</a> <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> packaged in 2x 4 Gbit chips. Nikon marked EI-160, manufactured in the <a href="/wiki/Socionext" title="Socionext">Socionext</a> 65 nm process. </p><p>High-speed dual multi-core image-processing engines with world record (Nikon claim) 600 megapixels per second speed, enhanced <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD video</a> engine and controlled by a dual-core ARM microcontroller are the main improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-f6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ex3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its high speed allows the world's fastest speed (Nikon claim) of 60 <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> (10 fps with full <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">autofocus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Expeed_3A">Expeed 3A</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Expeed 3A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Expeed 3A</i>, a successor to the Expeed 3 EI-160 used in the Nikon 1 series, was first released in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_V2" title="Nikon 1 V2">Nikon 1 V2</a> and mainly features an increased world record image-processing speed of up to 850 megapixels per second.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enables 60 frames per second (15 fps with full <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">autofocus</a>) speed even with the new 14 <a href="/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixel</a> image sensor. It is developed exclusively for Nikon 1 cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed_4">Expeed 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Expeed 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expeed 4 uses a processor with <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> central <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">controller</a>, and is used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D810" title="Nikon D810">Nikon D810</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D750" title="Nikon D750">Nikon D750</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5300" title="Nikon D5300">Nikon D5300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5500" title="Nikon D5500">Nikon D5500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5600" title="Nikon D5600">Nikon D5600</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3300" title="Nikon D3300">Nikon D3300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3400" title="Nikon D3400">Nikon D3400</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3500" title="Nikon D3500">Nikon D3500</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7200" title="Nikon D7200">Nikon D7200</a>. It offers full HD (1080p) video capture at 50/60 fps with improved <a href="/wiki/Autofocus#Contrast_detection" title="Autofocus">contrast detection autofocus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Live_preview" title="Live preview">live preview</a> autofocus. It includes all of the features of the <a href="/wiki/Expeed_3_(FR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expeed 3 (FR)">Expeed 3 (FR)</a> and older versions of Expeed, plus it consumes less power. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D4S" title="Nikon D4S">Nikon D4S</a>'s processor is identical to the Nikon D4, marked EI-158, using its processing power with improved software enabling 1080p video capture at 50/60fps, 11 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">fps</a> photos with improved autofocus, new <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">noise reduction</a> with image-content variable algorithm (context-adaptive)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expeed_4A">Expeed 4A</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Expeed 4A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Version 4A is used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_V3" title="Nikon 1 V3">Nikon 1 V3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J4" title="Nikon 1 J4">Nikon 1 J4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_S2" title="Nikon 1 S2">Nikon 1 S2</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed_5">Expeed 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Expeed 5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikon announced EXPEED 5 processor engine in their new DX and FX cameras <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D500" title="Nikon D500">Nikon D500</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5" title="Nikon D5">Nikon D5</a> at CES 2016, (Las Vegas, January 5, 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also used in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7500" title="Nikon D7500">Nikon D7500</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D850" title="Nikon D850">D850</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expeed_5A">Expeed 5A</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Expeed 5A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EXPEED 5A image-processing engine is first seen in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J5" title="Nikon 1 J5">Nikon 1 J5</a>, which was announced April 2, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Nikon 1 J5 it is capable of 4k Ultra HD (3840*2160) at 15 fps, Full-HD (1920*1080) at 60 fps, HD (1280*720) at 120 fps, 800 x 296 at 400 fps and 400 x 144 at 1200 fps. It can handle 20MP burst photos at 20 fps with autofocus at each frame, and even 60 fps with autofocus fixed at the first frame, but note that the buffer size is yet unknown and probably very small. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed_6">Expeed 6</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Expeed 6"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EXPEED_6_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/EXPEED_6_logo.svg/220px-EXPEED_6_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/EXPEED_6_logo.svg/330px-EXPEED_6_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/EXPEED_6_logo.svg/440px-EXPEED_6_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="98" /></a><figcaption>EXPEED 6 logo</figcaption></figure> <p>Nikon announced the Expeed 6 processor engine on 23 August 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-nikon-z_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikon-z-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in their <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 7">Nikon Z 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 6">Nikon Z 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 5">Nikon Z 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 50">Nikon Z 50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_30" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 30">Nikon Z 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_fc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z fc">Nikon Z fc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D780" title="Nikon D780">Nikon D780</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D6" title="Nikon D6">Nikon D6</a> cameras. The <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_6II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 6II">Nikon Z 6II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_7II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 7II">Nikon Z 7II</a> each have two Expeed 6 processors.<sup id="cite_ref-nikon-z_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikon-z-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expeed_7">Expeed 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Expeed 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EXPEED_7_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/EXPEED_7_logo.svg/220px-EXPEED_7_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/EXPEED_7_logo.svg/330px-EXPEED_7_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/EXPEED_7_logo.svg/440px-EXPEED_7_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>EXPEED 7 logo as it appears in promotional material for cameras containing the processor</figcaption></figure> <p>Nikon announced the Expeed 7 processor engine on 28 October 2021. It appears in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z50II" title="Nikon Z50II">Nikon Z 50II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_6III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 6III">Nikon Z 6III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 8">Nikon Z 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 9">Nikon Z 9</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Zf" title="Nikon Zf">Nikon Z f</a> mirrorless cameras. Expeed 7 has 10 times the image processing speed of its predecessor and is powerful enough for the camera to omit a dedicated autofocus engine.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can handle complex AF and AE calculations at 120 cycles per second, separately processes dual-streamed data from stacked image sensors, and enables features like 120 fps still shooting, internal 8k RAW video recording and a blackout-free viewing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_(co-)processors"><span id="Additional_.28co-.29processors"></span>Additional (co-)processors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Additional (co-)processors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg/220px-Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg/330px-Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg/440px-Nikon_D90_-_board_1-1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5208" data-file-height="3906" /></a><figcaption>FR80-series coprocessor in a Nikon D90</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> <a href="/wiki/I/O_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O processor">(I/O) processor</a> Nikon uses external 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> to connect additional <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">displays</a>: <a href="/wiki/Viewfinder" title="Viewfinder">Viewfinder</a>, top-<a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">display</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">flash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speedlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedlight">Speedlight</a>)/<a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">metering</a>/<a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">autofocus</a> sensors and <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">lens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Battery_grip" title="Battery grip">battery grip</a>/<a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> control. Used variants are the <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_FR" title="Fujitsu FR">Fujitsu FR</a> in the <i>Expeed</i> EI-14x series, which changed to <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS architecture</a> in the <i>Expeed</i> EI-15x and EI-17x series. The professional series uses two or more <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas</a> <a href="/wiki/H8SX" class="mw-redirect" title="H8SX">H8SX</a> controllers. Former DSLRs used <a href="/wiki/H8S" class="mw-redirect" title="H8S">H8S</a> microcontrollers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ARM-based <i>Expeed</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_series" title="Nikon 1 series">Nikon 1 series</a> with its dual ARM core needs no additional I/O processors.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nikon 1 series also includes an <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphic processor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_firmware">Alternative firmware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Alternative firmware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with <a href="/wiki/CHDK" class="mw-redirect" title="CHDK">CHDK</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magic_Lantern_(firmware)" title="Magic Lantern (firmware)">Magic Lantern</a> modified Canon digital cameras based on <a href="/wiki/CHDK" class="mw-redirect" title="CHDK">DIGIC</a> processors, a group of programmers called "Nikon Hacker" develops custom <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nhack_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhack-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making recent progress including an FR emulator for some DSLRs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was shown that Nikon uses the <a href="/wiki/Softune" title="Softune">Softune</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> together with an <a href="/wiki/ITRON_project" title="ITRON project">μITRON</a> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">realtime</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-d70h_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d70h-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently there is some modified firmware available mainly removing time based video and uncompressed NEF files restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-nikhacsimeon_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikhacsimeon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no stable alternative firmware available, as the project is still in an early state. </p><p>The Nikon supplied firmware-updates normally include the firmware A for the I/O processor and the firmware B to control <i>Expeeds</i> by integrated FR microcontrollers (different for the ARM-based <i>Expeed 3</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_tasks">Project tasks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Project tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides a general analysis of the hardware and software of the D7000, D5100 and D3100 and newer cameras,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the project focuses on: </p> <ul><li>Removing 5 minutes time video restrictions: Some modified firmware available<sup id="cite_ref-nikhacsimeon_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikhacsimeon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>High quality 1080p video with up to 64<a href="/wiki/Mbps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbps">mbps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed video</a> (Clean HDMI Output) for the D5100 and others</li> <li>Uncompressed NEF files<sup id="cite_ref-nikhacsimeon_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikhacsimeon-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>WU-1a Wireless Mobile Adapter modifications to make it usable for other cameras</li> <li>Analysis and decryption of Nikon battery communication</li> <li>Analysis of Wireless Transmitter WT-3 and its communication</li> <li>Removing third party battery blocking that Nikon introduced with some of the latest firmware versions</li> <li>Development of an Nikon Emulator<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The changelog<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows firmware also for newer variants like D800, D610, D5200 and D3200. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DIAG_raw_hack">DIAG raw hack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: DIAG raw hack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was not a firmware hack, but a method (Photopc – digital camera control<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) calling an already implemented diagnostic mode on some old <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix" title="Nikon Coolpix">Nikon Coolpix</a> cameras with Fujitsu <a href="/wiki/Sparclite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparclite">Sparclite</a> processors. Using this mode, they could <a href="/wiki/List_of_cameras_supporting_a_raw_format#Nikon" title="List of cameras supporting a raw format">write raw images</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_DIGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon DIGIC">Canon DIGIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_BIONZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony BIONZ">Sony BIONZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Exmor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Exmor">Sony Exmor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Expeed&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104638/http://www.nikon.com/news/2007/0823_06.htm">"Nikon: Nikon's original digital image-processing concept "Expeed"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikon.com/news/2007/0823_06.htm">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon%3A+Nikon%27s+original+digital+image-processing+concept+%22Expeed%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikon.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F0823_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frvpap03-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frvpap03_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frvpap03_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MAG/vol42-2/paper03.pdf">"Fujitsu: FR-V single-chip multicore processor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MAG/vol42-2/paper03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fujitsu%3A+FR-V+single-chip+multicore+processor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujitsu.com%2Fdownloads%2FMAG%2Fvol42-2%2Fpaper03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fujimil-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fujimil_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fujimil_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/microelectronics/product/assp/milbeaut/">"Fujitsu: Milbeaut Imaging Processors"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207120718/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/services/microelectronics/product/assp/milbeaut/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fujitsu%3A+Milbeaut+Imaging+Processors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujitsu.com%2Fglobal%2Fservices%2Fmicroelectronics%2Fproduct%2Fassp%2Fmilbeaut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fujipdf3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fujipdf3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fujipdf3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020507/http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/EDG/binary/pdf/find/24-1e/3.pdf">"Fujitsu: Image processing system for digital cameras: Milbeaut M-4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/EDG/binary/pdf/find/24-1e/3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fujitsu%3A+Image+processing+system+for+digital+cameras%3A+Milbeaut+M-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujitsu.com%2Fdownloads%2FEDG%2Fbinary%2Fpdf%2Ffind%2F24-1e%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhack-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhack_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhack_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhack_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhack_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403062946/https://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Camera_Matrix">"Nikon Hacker: Camera Matrix"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Camera_Matrix">the original</a> on 2015-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+Hacker%3A+Camera+Matrix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnikonhacker.com%2Fwiki%2FCamera_Matrix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photop-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-photop_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-photop_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-photop_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo-parts.com.ua/parts/dbphp.php?part=Nikon">"Photo-Parts: Nikon DSC models + components search result"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075552/http://photo-parts.com.ua/parts/dbphp.php?part=Nikon">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo-Parts%3A+Nikon+DSC+models+%2B+components+search+result&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoto-parts.com.ua%2Fparts%2Fdbphp.php%3Fpart%3DNikon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20050207-01.html">"Fujitsu Develops Multi-core Processor for High-Performance Digital Consumer Products"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214162840/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20050207-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fujitsu+Develops+Multi-core+Processor+for+High-Performance+Digital+Consumer+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujitsu.com%2Fglobal%2Fnews%2Fpr%2Farchives%2Fmonth%2F2005%2F20050207-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nexp3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nexp3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127002321/http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/A/1/EXPEED3-D-SLR-series.html">"Nikon: Expeed3 (D-SLR series)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/A/1/Expeed3-D-SLR-series.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon%3A+Expeed3+%28D-SLR+series%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2FLearn-And-Explore%2FPhotography-Glossary%2FA%2F1%2FExpeed3-D-SLR-series.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154414/http://jp.fujitsu.com/group/fsl/en/release/20110208.html">"Fujitsu Releases 6th Generation of Milbeaut Imaging Processors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jp.fujitsu.com/group/fsl/en/release/20110208.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fujitsu+Releases+6th+Generation+of+Milbeaut+Imaging+Processors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjp.fujitsu.com%2Fgroup%2Ffsl%2Fen%2Frelease%2F20110208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/history/scenes/24/index.htm">Nikon FX-Format CMOS Sensor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917004531/http://imaging.nikon.com/history/scenes/24/index.htm">Archived</a> 2013-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33371_1-57352486/nikon-d4-arrives-after-leaks-turn-into-flood/">"CNET: Nikon D4 arrives after leaks turn into flood"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106222952/http://ces.cnet.com/8301-33371_1-57352486/nikon-d4-arrives-after-leaks-turn-into-flood/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNET%3A+Nikon+D4+arrives+after+leaks+turn+into+flood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fces.cnet.com%2F8301-33371_1-57352486%2Fnikon-d4-arrives-after-leaks-turn-into-flood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nphotomag.com/2012/02/07/nikon-d800-gets-official-specs-release-date-and-price/">"NPhoto: Nikon D800 gets official: specs, release date and price"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419023059/http://www.nphotomag.com/2012/02/07/nikon-d800-gets-official-specs-release-date-and-price/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPhoto%3A+Nikon+D800+gets+official%3A+specs%2C+release+date+and+price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nphotomag.com%2F2012%2F02%2F07%2Fnikon-d800-gets-official-specs-release-date-and-price%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scrollingnews.blogspot.de/2012/03/canon-5d-mark-iii-vs-5d-mark-ii-vs.html">Canon 5D Mark III vs 5D Mark II Vs NikonD800 VsNikon D700</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/%28appareil1%29/801%7C0/%28brand%29/Nikon/%28appareil2%29/692%7C0/%28brand2%29/Canon/%28appareil3%29/664%7C0/%28brand3%29/Nikon">"Dxomark: Nikon D3200 and others: Compare cameras side by side"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014111548/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/(appareil1)/801%7C0/(brand)/Nikon/(appareil2)/692%7C0/(brand2)/Canon/(appareil3)/664%7C0/(brand3)/Nikon">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dxomark%3A+Nikon+D3200+and+others%3A+Compare+cameras+side+by+side&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dxomark.com%2Findex.php%2FCameras%2FCompare-Camera-Sensors%2FCompare-cameras-side-by-side%2F%2528appareil1%2529%2F801%257C0%2F%2528brand%2529%2FNikon%2F%2528appareil2%2529%2F692%257C0%2F%2528brand2%2529%2FCanon%2F%2528appareil3%2529%2F664%257C0%2F%2528brand3%2529%2FNikon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comd8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comd8_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comd8_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comd8_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comd8_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~NikonD70/Charts/PDR.htm#D4,D4(e),D800,D800(e)">"Sensor Analysis Primer – Engineering and Photographic Dynamic Range by Bill Claff"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406195935/http://home.comcast.net/~NikonD70/Charts/PDR.htm#D4,D4(e),D800,D800(e)">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sensor+Analysis+Primer+%E2%80%93+Engineering+and+Photographic+Dynamic+Range+by+Bill+Claff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~NikonD70%2FCharts%2FPDR.htm%23D4%2CD4%28e%29%2CD800%2CD800%28e%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-test8_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-test8_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-test8_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-test8_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://actionphotosbymarianne.com/TestIm/ISO800snr.gif">"ActionPhotos by Marianne: ISO 800 SNR: Nikon D800 compared"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001045/http://actionphotosbymarianne.com/TestIm/ISO800snr.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ActionPhotos+by+Marianne%3A+ISO+800+SNR%3A+Nikon+D800+compared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factionphotosbymarianne.com%2FTestIm%2FISO800snr.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dxorat-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dxorat_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dxorat_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dxorat_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Camera-Sensor-Ratings">DXOmark Sensor ratings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321161023/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Camera-Sensor-Ratings">Archived</a> 2012-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (needs Flash)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ex3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ex3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ex3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/NEWS/1316730752.html">"Imaging resource: Exclusive: Interview with Masahiro Suzuki, General Manager R&D, Nikon Imaging Company"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517165110/http://www.imaging-resource.com/NEWS/1316730752.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imaging+resource%3A+Exclusive%3A+Interview+with+Masahiro+Suzuki%2C+General+Manager+R%26D%2C+Nikon+Imaging+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imaging-resource.com%2FNEWS%2F1316730752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/news/pr/fmal_20040319.html">Fujitsu Releases Three New "FR-V Family" Processors for Media Processing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201233323/http://www.fujitsu.com/ph/news/pr/fmal_20040319.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Fujitsu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contech.suv.ac.kr/contech/courses/10h2microprocessordesign/IntroducingTheFR500EmbeddedMicroprocessor.pdf">"Introducing The FR500 Embedded Microprocessor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610193515/http://contech.suv.ac.kr/contech/courses/10h2microprocessordesign/IntroducingTheFR500EmbeddedMicroprocessor.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+The+FR500+Embedded+Microprocessor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontech.suv.ac.kr%2Fcontech%2Fcourses%2F10h2microprocessordesign%2FIntroducingTheFR500EmbeddedMicroprocessor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imagd4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imagd4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imagd4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/nikon-d4/nikon-d4A.HTM">"Imaging-resource: Nikon D4 Hands-on Preview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310143954/http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/nikon-d4/nikon-d4A.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imaging-resource%3A+Nikon+D4+Hands-on+Preview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imaging-resource.com%2FPRODS%2Fnikon-d4%2Fnikon-d4A.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/tools/mpeg-2-and-video-compression/201203059">MPEG-2 and Video Compression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223144016/http://www.drdobbs.com/tools/mpeg-2-and-video-compression/201203059">Archived</a> 2014-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dr.Dobbs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancomp-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cancomp_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cancomp_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.usa.canon.com/resources/articles/2012/ipp_ipb_all_i_compare.htmlp">Understanding EOS HD Compression Options</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231070702/http://learn.usa.canon.com/resources/articles/2012/ipp_ipb_all_i_compare.htmlp">Archived</a> 2012-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Canon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080922/158348/">"Canon Tips Off Enhanced Capabilities of Its New Image Processor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213135855/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20080922/158348/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+Tips+Off+Enhanced+Capabilities+of+Its+New+Image+Processor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechon.nikkeibp.co.jp%2Fenglish%2FNEWS_EN%2F20080922%2F158348%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features02.htm">Nikon D800/D800E: D-Movie shooting functions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720002041/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features02.htm">Archived</a> 2012-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documentation.apple.com/en/finalcutpro/usermanual/chapter_C_section_12.html">Video Compression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826103940/http://documentation.apple.com/en/finalcutpro/usermanual/chapter_C_section_12.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Apple</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberscholar.com/canon/camera/index.cfm?page=trainingCenter&product=eos_1d_x_shooting&productPage=mod0301&menu=mod_on3">EOS-1D X: Video Shooting Workflow: New “ALL-I” video compression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506094502/http://www.cyberscholar.com/canon/camera/index.cfm?page=trainingCenter&product=eos_1d_x_shooting&productPage=mod0301&menu=mod_on3">Archived</a> 2015-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cyberscholar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d70h-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d70h_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d70h_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.berndlux.de/doku.php/elektr:nikond70s_hack">"Nikon D70s Firmware Hack"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725154534/http://wiki.berndlux.de/doku.php/elektr:nikond70s_hack">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+D70s+Firmware+Hack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.berndlux.de%2Fdoku.php%2Felektr%3Anikond70s_hack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513042619/http://photo.net/equipment/nikon/D80">"Photo.net: Nikon D80 Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo.net/equipment/nikon/D80">the original</a> on 2012-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo.net%3A+Nikon+D80+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoto.net%2Fequipment%2Fnikon%2FD80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7499082.pdf">"Patent: Distortion correction circuit for generating distortion-corrected image using data for uncorrected image"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230738/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7499082.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patent%3A+Distortion+correction+circuit+for+generating+distortion-corrected+image+using+data+for+uncorrected+image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2F7499082.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302084019/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/01/teardown-of-the-nikon-d7000-dslr">"Chipworks: Teardown of the Nikon D7000 DSLR"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/01/teardown-of-the-nikon-d7000-dslr/">the original</a> on 2011-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chipworks%3A+Teardown+of+the+Nikon+D7000+DSLR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chipworks.com%2Fen%2Ftechnical-competitive-analysis%2Fresources%2Frecent-teardowns%2F2011%2F01%2Fteardown-of-the-nikon-d7000-dslr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon-D5100-Teardown/5271/1">"ifixit: Nikon D5100 Teardown"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203131458/http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon-D5100-Teardown/5271/1">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ifixit%3A+Nikon+D5100+Teardown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifixit.com%2FTeardown%2FNikon-D5100-Teardown%2F5271%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3S/D3SA.HTM">"Imaging-resource: Nikon D3S Full Review"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213607/http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3S/D3SA.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imaging-resource%3A+Nikon+D3S+Full+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imaging-resource.com%2FPRODS%2FD3S%2FD3SA.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3X/D3XA.HTM">"Imaging-resource: Nikon D3X Full Review"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405015157/http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/D3X/D3XA.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imaging-resource%3A+Nikon+D3X+Full+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imaging-resource.com%2FPRODS%2FD3X%2FD3XA.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/(appareil1)/628%7C0/(brand)/Nikon/(appareil2)/485%7C0/(brand2)/Nikon/(appareil3)/438%7C0/(brand3)/Nikon#measuretabs-3">DXOmark: Nikon D3s: Comparison dynamic range</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504023704/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Cameras/Compare-Camera-Sensors/Compare-cameras-side-by-side/(appareil1)/628%7C0/(brand)/Nikon/(appareil2)/485%7C0/(brand2)/Nikon/(appareil3)/438%7C0/(brand3)/Nikon#measuretabs-3">Archived</a> 2012-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (needs Flash)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d4/features01.htm">"Nikon: D4, 16.2 megapixel resolution and full-frame FX format"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208024615/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d4/features01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon%3A+D4%2C+16.2+megapixel+resolution+and+full-frame+FX+format&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimaging.nikon.com%2Flineup%2Fdslr%2Fd4%2Ffeatures01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713155822/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features01.htm">"Nikon D800/D800E: Nikon FX-format CMOS sensor with 36.3 effective megapixels"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d800/features01.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+D800%2FD800E%3A+Nikon+FX-format+CMOS+sensor+with+36.3+effective+megapixels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimaging.nikon.com%2Flineup%2Fdslr%2Fd800%2Ffeatures01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon+D600+Teardown/10708/1">Nikon D600 Teardown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108214109/http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nikon+D600+Teardown/10708/1">Archived</a> 2012-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ifixit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/01/08/inside-the-nikon-d5200-dslr-toshiba-found/">Inside the Nikon D5200 DSLR – Toshiba found!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110102538/http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/01/08/inside-the-nikon-d5200-dslr-toshiba-found/">Archived</a> 2013-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chipworks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d600/features01.htm">D600 image quality: Image-processing engine EXPEED 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528112723/http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/dslr/d600/features01.htm">Archived</a> 2018-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/E/1/Expeed-3.html">Nikon Expeed 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405144126/http://www.nikonusa.com/Learn-And-Explore/Photography-Glossary/E/1/EXPEED-3.html">Archived</a> 2012-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/digital-cameras/nikon-1/nikon-1-v2">Nikon 1 V2 specifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112955/http://www.europe-nikon.com/en_GB/product/digital-cameras/nikon-1/nikon-1-v2">Archived</a> 2012-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon Europe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikon.com/news/2012/1024_acil_01.htm">Advanced Camera with Interchangeable Lenses Nikon 1 V2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027000804/http://nikon.com/news/2012/1024_acil_01.htm">Archived</a> 2012-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Konstantinos_Plataniotis/publication/222393947_Self-adaptive_algorithm_of_impulsive_noise_reduction_in_color_images/file/3deec5154765f0adfc.pdf">Self-adaptive algorithm of impulsive noise reduction in color images</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telin.ugent.be/~sanja/Papers/CurveletProbShrink_JEI08.pdf">"Context adaptive image denoising through modeling of curvelet domain statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110903/http://telin.ugent.be/~sanja/Papers/CurveletProbShrink_JEI08.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Context+adaptive+image+denoising+through+modeling+of+curvelet+domain+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelin.ugent.be%2F~sanja%2FPapers%2FCurveletProbShrink_JEI08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCmTyCUEsXI">Nikon D4S - Product Tour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624215544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCmTyCUEsXI">Archived</a> 2016-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon - Youtube</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Digital-SLR-Cameras/1541/D4S.html">Nikon D4S</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228151522/http://www.nikonusa.com/en/Nikon-Products/Product/Digital-SLR-Cameras/1541/D4S.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d5.html?icid=hp:topbanner:dslr:d5:010516:wwa">"Nikon D5 | Professional DSLR with 4K UHD Video & More"</a>. Nikonusa.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420164508/https://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d5.html?icid=hp:topbanner:dslr:d5:010516:wwa">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+D5+%26%23124%3B+Professional+DSLR+with+4K+UHD+Video+%26+More&rft.pub=Nikonusa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fen%2Fnikon-products%2Fproduct%2Fdslr-cameras%2Fd5.html%3Ficid%3Dhp%3Atopbanner%3Adslr%3Ad5%3A010516%3Awwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d850.html#tab-ProductDetail-ProductTabs-Overview">"D850 Full Frame Digital SLR Camera | Nikon"</a>. <i>www.nikonusa.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828121517/http://www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/dslr-cameras/d850.html#tab-ProductDetail-ProductTabs-Overview">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nikonusa.com&rft.atitle=D850+Full+Frame+Digital+SLR+Camera+%7C+Nikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fen%2Fnikon-products%2Fproduct%2Fdslr-cameras%2Fd850.html%23tab-ProductDetail-ProductTabs-Overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikon.com/news/2015/0402_acil_01.htm">"Advanced Camera with Interchangeable Lenses Nikon 1 J5"</a>. <i>Nikon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174146/https://www.nikon.com/news/2015/0402_acil_01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikon&rft.atitle=Mirrorless+Reinvented%3A+Z+Series+Cameras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikonusa.com%2Fen%2Fnikon-products%2Fmirrorless-cameras%2Foverview.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikon.com/news/2019/1010_zmount_01.htm">"Nikon releases the DX-format Nikon Z 50"</a>. <i>Nikon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218041344/https://www.nikon.com/news/2019/1010_zmount_01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3&rft.atitle=Z+9+%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E8%80%85Special+Interview+vol.1%EF%BD%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E6%A9%9F%E3%80%8CZ+9%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%81%A8%E6%B3%A8%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B0%E6%A9%9F%E8%83%BD%EF%BD%9E+%7C+%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikon-image.com%2Fsp%2Fz9_specialinterview%2F01_z9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/KenyaNikon/posts/pfbid02zeBZTmEvEM1jVu5ydB77sqLzC8wurx8XXVHmn9oPiopfk981NQNXpKTSU1qwXPEWl">"Facebook"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FKenyaNikon%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02zeBZTmEvEM1jVu5ydB77sqLzC8wurx8XXVHmn9oPiopfk981NQNXpKTSU1qwXPEWl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.renesas.com/lib/eng/edge/11/special02.html">Nikon Corporation using Renesas flash microcomputers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217053530/http://resource.renesas.com/lib/eng/edge/11/special02.html">Archived</a> 2012-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Renesas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501142221/http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/11/teardown-of-the-nikon-v1-camera-%E2%80%93-aptina-found">"Chipworks: Teardown of the Nikon V1 camera – Aptina Found!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/recent-teardowns/2011/11/teardown-of-the-nikon-v1-camera-%E2%80%93-aptina-found/">the original</a> on 2012-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chipworks%3A+Teardown+of+the+Nikon+V1+camera+%E2%80%93+Aptina+Found%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chipworks.com%2Fen%2Ftechnical-competitive-analysis%2Fresources%2Frecent-teardowns%2F2011%2F11%2Fteardown-of-the-nikon-v1-camera-%25E2%2580%2593-aptina-found%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simeonpilgrim.com/blog/2011/11/07/how-to-decode-the-nikon-dslr-firmware/">"Simeon Pilgrim: How to decode the Nikon DSLR firmware"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226084844/http://simeonpilgrim.com/blog/2011/11/07/how-to-decode-the-nikon-dslr-firmware">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simeon+Pilgrim%3A+How+to+decode+the+Nikon+DSLR+firmware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimeonpilgrim.com%2Fblog%2F2011%2F11%2F07%2Fhow-to-decode-the-nikon-dslr-firmware%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikonhacker.com/index.php">"Nikon Hacker: Board Index"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023739/http://nikonhacker.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+Hacker%3A+Board+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnikonhacker.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikonrumors.com/2012/03/04/nikon-firmware-emulator-now-available.aspx/">"Nikon Rumors: Nikon firmware emulator now available"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111134/http://nikonrumors.com/2012/03/04/nikon-firmware-emulator-now-available.aspx/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+Rumors%3A+Nikon+firmware+emulator+now+available&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnikonrumors.com%2F2012%2F03%2F04%2Fnikon-firmware-emulator-now-available.aspx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExpeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nikhacsimeon-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nikhacsimeon_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nikhacsimeon_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nikhacsimeon_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/Nikon-Patch.html">Nikon patch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531234134/http://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/Nikon-Patch.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> simeonpilgrim.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Understanding_Firmware">Understanding Firmware</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130422011636/http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/Understanding_Firmware">Archived</a> 2013-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikonhacker Wiki</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/NikonEmulator">NikonEmulator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231163356/http://nikonhacker.com/wiki/NikonEmulator">Archived</a> 2012-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nikonhacker Wiki</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/changelog.html">Nikon Patch: Changelog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519011658/http://simeonpilgrim.com/nikon-patch/ChangeLog.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Simeon Pilgrim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photopc.sourceforge.net/">"Digital Cameras on Fujitsu chipset"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119125804/http://photopc.sourceforge.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikon_DSLR_cameras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nikon DSLR cameras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nikon_DSLR_timeline_(comparison)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">DSLR</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera#History" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">timeline</a> <small>(comparison)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; margin:2px 0 0 0" class="wikitable wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td rowspan="2" style="width:4em">Sensor </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">Class</a> </td> <td colspan="4">'01 </td> <td colspan="4">'02 </td> <td colspan="4">'03 </td> <td colspan="4">'04 </td> <td colspan="4">'05 </td> <td colspan="4">'06 </td> <td colspan="4">'07 </td> <td colspan="4">'08 </td> <td colspan="4">'09 </td> <td colspan="4">'10 </td> <td colspan="4">'11 </td> <td colspan="4">'12 </td> <td colspan="4">'13 </td> <td colspan="4">'14 </td> <td colspan="4">'15 </td> <td colspan="4">'16 </td> <td colspan="4">'17 </td> <td colspan="4">'18 </td> <td colspan="4">'19 </td> <td colspan="4">'20 </td> <td colspan="4">'21 </td> <td colspan="4">'22 </td> <td colspan="4">'23 </td> <td colspan="4">'24 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey"> <td rowspan="6"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_FX_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon FX format">FX<br />(Full-<br />frame)</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2">Flagship </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3X" title="Nikon D3X">D3X</a></span> <sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3" title="Nikon D3">D3</a></span> <sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#f8c3b9"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3S" title="Nikon D3S">D3S</a></span> </span><sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D4" title="Nikon D4">D4</a></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D4S" title="Nikon D4S">D4S</a></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background:#dbbde5"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5" title="Nikon D5"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">D5</span></a></span><sup> T</sup> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background:#e3a7c0"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D6" title="Nikon D6"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">D6</span></a></span><sup> T</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F2F2F2">Professional </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D700" title="Nikon D700">D700</a></span> <sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D800" title="Nikon D800">D800</a></span></span></span> / <span style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D800#D800E" title="Nikon D800">D800E</a></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D810" title="Nikon D810"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D810</span></a></span></span> / <span style="border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D810#Nikon_D810A" title="Nikon D810"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D810A</span></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="30" style="background:#dbbde5"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D850" title="Nikon D850"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">D850</span></a></span> <sup> AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#F2F2F2">Enthusiast </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="29" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Df" title="Nikon Df">Df</a></span> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="22" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D750" title="Nikon D750"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D750</span></a></span></span> <sup>A</sup> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background:#e3a7c0"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D780" title="Nikon D780"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">D780</span></a></span> <sup>AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D600" title="Nikon D600">D600</a></span></span></span> </td> <td colspan="24" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D610" title="Nikon D610">D610</a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey"> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_DX_format" title="Nikon DX format">DX</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2">Flagship </td> <td colspan="14" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1#D1H_and_D1X" title="Nikon D1">D1X</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D2X" title="Nikon D2X">D2X</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D2X#Nikon_D2Xs" title="Nikon D2X">D2Xs</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1#D1H_and_D1X" title="Nikon D1">D1H</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D2H" title="Nikon D2H">D2H</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D2H#D2Hs" title="Nikon D2H">D2Hs</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F2F2F2">Professional </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D100" title="Nikon D100">D100</a><sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#d3d9d9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D200" title="Nikon D200">D200</a></span> <sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300" title="Nikon D300">D300</a></span> <sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D300S" title="Nikon D300S"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D300S</span></a></span> <sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="25" style="background:#dbbde5"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D500" title="Nikon D500"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">D500</span></a></span> <sup>AT</sup> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F2F2F2">Enthusiast </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D70" title="Nikon D70">D70</a><sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D70#D70s" title="Nikon D70">D70s</a><sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D80" title="Nikon D80">D80</a><sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D90" title="Nikon D90">D90</a></span><sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#f8c3b9"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7000" title="Nikon D7000"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D7000</span></a> </span><sup>−P</sup> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7100" title="Nikon D7100"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D7100</span></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7200" title="Nikon D7200"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D7200</span></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="31" style="background:#dbbde5"><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D7500" title="Nikon D7500"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">D7500</span></a></span> <sup>AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F2F2F2">Upper-entry<sup> *</sup> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D50" title="Nikon D50">D50</a><sup>−E</sup> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D40#Nikon_D40x" title="Nikon D40">D40X</a><sup>−E*</sup> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#fdddaa"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D60" title="Nikon D60">D60</a><sup>−E*</sup> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#fdddaa"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5000" title="Nikon D5000">D5000</a></span> <sup> A−P*</sup> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#f8c3b9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5100" title="Nikon D5100"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D5100</span></a><sup> A−P*</sup> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#b4e4c9"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5200" title="Nikon D5200"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D5200</span></a></span> <sup>A-P*</sup> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5300" title="Nikon D5300"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D5300</span></a></span> <sup>A*</sup> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5500" title="Nikon D5500"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D5500</span></a></span> <sup>AT*</sup> </td> <td colspan="23" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D5600" title="Nikon D5600"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D5600</span></a></span> <sup>AT*</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F2F2F2">Entry-level<sup> *</sup> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#d3d9d9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D40" title="Nikon D40">D40</a><sup>−E*</sup> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#fdddaa"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3000" title="Nikon D3000">D3000</a><sup>−E*</sup> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#f8c3b9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3100" title="Nikon D3100"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D3100</span></a><sup>−P*</sup> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3200" title="Nikon D3200"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D3200</span></a><sup>−P*</sup> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3300" title="Nikon D3300"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D3300</span></a><sup>*</sup></span> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3400" title="Nikon D3400"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D3400</span></a><sup>*</sup></span> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background:#b7dcf4"><span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3500" title="Nikon D3500"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">D3500</span></a><sup>*</sup></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2">Early models </td> <td colspan="96" style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikon_SVC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikon SVC (page does not exist)">Nikon SVC</a> (prototype; 1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikon_QV-1000C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikon QV-1000C (page does not exist)">Nikon QV-1000C</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_E_series" title="Nikon E series">Nikon E2/E2S</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_E_series" title="Nikon E series">Nikon E2N/E2NS</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_E_series" title="Nikon E series">Nikon E3/E3S</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D1" title="Nikon D1">D1</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey; font-weight:bold"> <td rowspan="2" style="width:4em">Sensor </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">Class</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td colspan="4">2001 </td> <td colspan="4">2002 </td> <td colspan="4">2003 </td> <td colspan="4">2004 </td> <td colspan="4">2005 </td> <td colspan="4">2006 </td> <td colspan="4">2007 </td> <td colspan="4">2008 </td> <td colspan="4">2009 </td> <td colspan="4">2010 </td> <td colspan="4">2011 </td> <td colspan="4">2012 </td> <td colspan="4">2013 </td> <td colspan="4">2014 </td> <td colspan="4">2015 </td> <td colspan="4">2016 </td> <td colspan="4">2017 </td> <td colspan="4">2018 </td> <td colspan="4">2019 </td> <td colspan="4">2020 </td> <td colspan="4">2021 </td> <td colspan="4">2022 </td> <td colspan="4">2023 </td> <td colspan="4">2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="position:relative;text-align:left;"><div style="width:;height:;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:;left:;"><p><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikon_Z_cameras" title="Template:Nikon Z cameras">Nikon Z cameras >></a></p></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">PROCESSOR</a>:</b> <span style="background:#d3d9d9;padding:2px;">Pre-EXPEED</span> | <span style="background:#fdddaa;padding:2px;""><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed">EXPEED</a></span> | <span style="background:#f8c3b9;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_2">EXPEED 2</a></span> | <span style="background:#b4e4c9;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_3">EXPEED 3</a></span> | <span style="background:#b7dcf4;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_4">EXPEED 4</a></span> | <span style="background:#dbbde5;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_5">EXPEED 5</a></span> | <span style="background:#e3a7c0;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_6">EXPEED 6</a></span> <br /> <b>VIDEO:</b> <span style="width: 100px; display: inline; color: blue; border-bottom: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD video</a></span> / <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Video <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">AF</a></span> / <span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Uncompressed</span></a></span> / <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">4k video</span></a>   ⋅   <b>SCREEN:</b> <a href="/wiki/Articulating_screen" title="Articulating screen">Articulating</a><sup> A </sup>, <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a><sup> T </sup>   ⋅   <b>BODY FEATURE:</b> <i><span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weather Sealed</a></span></i> <br /> Without full <b><a href="/wiki/Nikon_F-mount#AF-P" title="Nikon F-mount">AF-P lens</a></b> support<sup>−P</sup>   ⋅   Without <b>AF-P</b> and without <b><a href="/wiki/Nikon_F-mount#E-type_lenses" title="Nikon F-mount">E-type lens</a></b> support<sup>−E</sup>   ⋅   Without an <b><a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">AF</a></b> motor (needs <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nikon_F-mount_lenses_with_integrated_autofocus_motor" title="List of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motor">lenses with integrated motor</a></b>, except <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D50" title="Nikon D50">D50</a>)<sup> *</sup> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nikon_Z-mount_timeline" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikon_Z_cameras" title="Template:Nikon Z cameras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nikon_Z_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Nikon Z cameras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikon_Z_cameras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nikon Z cameras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nikon_Z-mount_timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z-mount" title="Nikon Z-mount">Nikon Z-mount</a> timeline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; margin:2px 0 0 0" class="wikitable wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td rowspan="2" style="width:4em">Sensor </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">Class</a> </td> <td colspan="4">2018 </td> <td colspan="4">2019 </td> <td colspan="4">2020 </td> <td colspan="4">2021 </td> <td colspan="4">2022 </td> <td colspan="4">2023 </td> <td colspan="4">2024 </td> <td colspan="4">2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey"> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b><a href="/wiki/Nikon_FX_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon FX format">FX<br />(Full-<br />frame)</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Flagship</b> </td> <td colspan="15"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background:#dbbde5"><sup>Q 8K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z9" title="Nikon Z9">Z9</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#dbbde5"><sup>Q 8K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z8" title="Nikon Z8">Z8</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Professional</b> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#b4e4c9"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z7" title="Nikon Z7">Z7</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background:#d2eede"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z7II" title="Nikon Z7II">Z7Ⅱ</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:#b4e4c9"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z6" title="Nikon Z6">Z6</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background:#d2eede"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z6II" title="Nikon Z6II">Z6Ⅱ</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#dbbde5"><sup>Q 6K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z6III" title="Nikon Z6III">Z6Ⅲ</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Enthusiast</b> </td> <td colspan="23"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background:#dbbde5"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Zf" title="Nikon Zf">Zf</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="22" style="background:#b4e4c9"><sup>4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z5" title="Nikon Z5">Z5</a></span> <sup>AT S</sup> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey"> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b><a href="/wiki/Nikon_DX_format" title="Nikon DX format">DX</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a>)</b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Enthusiast</b> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background:#b4e4c9"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Zfc" title="Nikon Zfc">Zfc</a> <sup>AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Prosumer</b> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background:#b4e4c9"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z50" title="Nikon Z50">Z50</a></span> <sup>AT</sup> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#dbbde5"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z50II" title="Nikon Z50II">Z50Ⅱ</a></span> <sup>AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Entry-level</b> </td> <td colspan="18"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background:#b4e4c9"><sup>Q 4K</sup> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z30" title="Nikon Z30">Z30</a></span> <sup>AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey; font-weight:bold"> <td rowspan="2" style="width:4em">Sensor </td> <td rowspan="2" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">Class</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td colspan="4">2018 </td> <td colspan="4">2019 </td> <td colspan="4">2020 </td> <td colspan="4">2021 </td> <td colspan="4">2022 </td> <td colspan="4">2023 </td> <td colspan="4">2024 </td> <td colspan="4">2025 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="position:relative;text-align:left;"><div style="width:;height:;position:absolute;top:0;right:;bottom:;left:;left:0;"><p><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikon_DSLR_cameras" title="Template:Nikon DSLR cameras"><< Nikon DSLR cameras</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Nikon_1_cameras" title="Template:Nikon 1 cameras"><< Nikon 1 cameras</a></p></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">PROCESSOR</a>:</b> <span style="background:#b4e4c9;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_6">EXPEED 6</a></span> | <span style="background:#d2eede;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_6">Dual EXPEED 6</a></span> | <span style="background:#dbbde5;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_7">EXPEED 7</a></span> <br /> <b>VIDEO:</b> <sup> Q </sup> <a href="/wiki/Slow-motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow-motion">Slow-motion video</a>, <sup> 4K </sup> <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K video</a>, <sup> 6K </sup> <a href="/wiki/6K_resolution" title="6K resolution">6K video</a>, <sup> 8K </sup> <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K video</a> <br /> <b>SCREEN:</b> <a href="/wiki/Articulating_screen" title="Articulating screen">Articulating</a><sup> A </sup>, <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a><sup> T </sup> <br /> <b>BODY FEATURE:</b> <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">In-Body Image Stabilization</a><sup> S </sup>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weather Sealed</a></span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nikon_1_cameras_timeline" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikon_1_cameras" title="Template:Nikon 1 cameras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nikon_1_cameras" title="Template talk:Nikon 1 cameras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikon_1_cameras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nikon 1 cameras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nikon_1_cameras_timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> 1 cameras timeline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; margin:2px 0 0 0" class="wikitable wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">Class</a> </td> <td colspan="4">2011 </td> <td colspan="4">2012 </td> <td colspan="4">2013 </td> <td colspan="4">2014 </td> <td colspan="4">2015 </td> <td colspan="4">2016 </td> <td colspan="4">2017 </td> <td colspan="4">2018 </td> <td colspan="4">2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey"> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>High-end</b> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_V1" title="Nikon 1 V1">1 V1</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_V2" title="Nikon 1 V2">1 V2</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background:#b7dcf4"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_V3" title="Nikon 1 V3">1 V3</a> <sup>AT</sup> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-right: 3px solid #666"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Mid-range</b> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J1" title="Nikon 1 J1">1 J1</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J2" title="Nikon 1 J2">1 J2</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J3" title="Nikon 1 J3">1 J3</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#b7dcf4"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J4" title="Nikon 1 J4">1 J4</a> <sup>T</sup> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background:#dbbde5; border-right: 3px solid #666"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_J5" title="Nikon 1 J5"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">1 J5</span></a> <sup>AT</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Entry-level</b> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#b4e4c9"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_S1" title="Nikon 1 S1">1 S1</a> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background:#b7dcf4; border-right: 3px solid #666"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_S2" title="Nikon 1 S2">1 S2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F2F2F2"><b>Rugged</b> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background:#b4e4c9; border-right: 3px solid #666"><a href="/wiki/Nikon_1_AW1" title="Nikon 1 AW1">1 AW1</a> <sup>S</sup> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:solid darkgrey; font-weight:bold"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">Class</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td colspan="4">2011 </td> <td colspan="4">2012 </td> <td colspan="4">2013 </td> <td colspan="4">2014 </td> <td colspan="4">2015 </td> <td colspan="4">2016 </td> <td colspan="4">2017 </td> <td colspan="4">2018 </td> <td colspan="4">2019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="position:relative;text-align:left;"><div style="width:;height:;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:;left:;"><p><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikon_Z_cameras" title="Template:Nikon Z cameras">Nikon Z cameras >></a></p></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">PROCESSOR</a>:</b> <span style="background:#b4e4c9;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_3">EXPEED 3</a></span> | <span style="background:#b7dcf4;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_4">EXPEED 4</a></span> | <span style="background:#dbbde5;padding:2px;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Expeed_5">EXPEED 5</a></span> <br /> <b>VIDEO:</b> <span style="width: 100px; display: inline; color: blue; border-bottom: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD video</a></span> / <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Video <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">AF</a></span> / <span style="width: 100px; display: inline; border-bottom: 1px dashed blue;"><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Uncompressed</span></a></span> / <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution"><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; color: #0645AD; text-decoration: underline;">4k video</span></a>   ⋅   <b>SCREEN:</b> <a href="/wiki/Articulating_screen" title="Articulating screen">Articulating</a><sup> A </sup>, <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a><sup> T </sup>   ⋅   <b>BODY FEATURE:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">In-Body Image Stabilization</a></i><sup> S </sup>, <span style="border-top: 1px dashed #000;"><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weather Sealed</a></span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expeed&oldid=1256538999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expeed&oldid=1256538999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nikon_cameras" title="Category:Nikon cameras">Nikon cameras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Camera_firmware" title="Category:Camera firmware">Camera firmware</a></li><li><a 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